Hiện tượng phân biệt đối xử theo vùng miền: Nghiên cứu trường hợp người lao động gốc Thanh Hóa

70<br /> <br /> Xd hgi hgc, sd 2 (138). 2017<br /> <br /> HIEN TLTC^NG PHAN BIET DOI XlT THEO VUNG MIEN:<br /> NGHIEN CUXJ TRirdNG HOP NGlTCil LAO D O N G GOC THANH HOA<br /> DO THI VAN ANH*<br /> <br /> Tdtn tdt: Dua tren sd lieu khdo sdt 544 ngudi lao ddng tgi 7 tinh vdo ndm 2016, bai<br /> viit md td th{rc trgng vd tim hieu nguyen nhdn chinh ddn din hiin tugng phdn biit ddi xu<br /> theo vimg miin qua phdn tich trudng hgp ky thj ngudi lao ddng gdc Thanh Hda. Kit qud<br /> cho thdy, hi?n tugng ky thi ngudi Thanh Hda chu yiu la do su lay lan nhiing thanh ldm vi<br /> ngudi Thank Hda dudi dgng tin ddn trong xa hgi vd qua truyen thdng khdng chinh thuc<br /> trong khi chua cd che tdi xii ty vd ngan chgn thuc su hiiu qud, tii do hdnh vi phdn bi$t doi<br /> xu vdi ngudi Thanh Hda phdt trien tit ngdm ngam ehuyin sang cdng khai ngodi xa hgi.<br /> Tu khda: phdn biOt ddi xd, ky thi theo viing mien, ngudi Thanh Hda, gan nhan,<br /> chinh saeh.<br /> 1. D i n nhdp<br /> Trong khoang ban ba thdp ky qua, xd hdi Viet Nam da cd su chuyen bien manh me<br /> td xa hOi truyen thdng hudng ddn xd hOi hiOn dai. Nhieu khu do thi, khu cdng nghiep da<br /> hinh thanh, phat trien va thu hut hang trieu lao dOng. Dilu ndy da gdp phan ddy manh<br /> nhftng ludng di eu tien toan qude, ddc biet la di cu td ndng thdn ra thanh thi va cdc khu<br /> cdng nghidp. Trong bdi canh lan sdng ngudi di cu td eae vung miin vdi dac diem van hoa<br /> da dang dan xen vdi eOng ddng sd tai, viec duy tri sy dodn kit va ddng thuan xa hOi la<br /> mOt dilu rdt quan trpng de hudng tdi muc tieu phdt triln bin vftng. Tuy nhien tien thyc te,<br /> qua trinh hda nhdp khdng phdi bao gid eung sudn se.. Chdng hgn, mOt sd ca sd san xuat,<br /> kinh doanh cdng khai khdng tuyen dyng lao dOng din td Ha TTnh, Ngh? An hay Thanh<br /> Hda (Due Lpe va Minh Quan, 2014). Khdng chi ngudi tu miin Bdc, miin Trung ma ca<br /> ngudi tir miin Nam ciing cd khi bi ky thi. Mdt cdng ty cd try sd tai khu cdng nghiep Binh<br /> Duong da cdng khai khdng tuyIn ngudi Ca Mau (Vu Hiiu Sy, 2014). MOt td bdo diOn tur<br /> da bi phat khd ndng vi ddng bdi viet mang tinh miet thi phu nft tie midn Tay Nam BO (NW<br /> vd Anh, 2014).<br /> Trong vdn d l k^ tiii theo viing mien ndi chung thi cd le vipc ky thi ngudi Thanh<br /> Hda tiiudng dugc d l cdp din nhilu nhdt tidn cac phuang tien truyin thong. Tai khdng it<br /> cdng sd hay vdn phdng cac doanh nghiep, mOt so ngudi e ngai khi phai Idm viec vdi ddng<br /> nghiep Thanh Hda. Nhin chung ed mot ludng du ludn la ngudi gdc Thanh Hda xdu tinh,<br /> Trudng Dgi hgc Cong doan.<br /> <br /> Bo Thi Vdn Anh 71<br /> <br /> khd choi va ldm dn vdi ngudi Thanh Hda ludn sdn sang phdi ehiu thiOt (Ddc Lpc vd Minh<br /> Qudn, 2014; Luang Hong Gdm, 2013; D^u Hong Quang, 2013). Nhftngtiidngtin vl hien<br /> tugng ky thj vung miin ddng tdi trdn cdc tiang bao didn tii thudng nhan dugc khd nhieu<br /> phan hdi, ca ung hd vd phdn ddi. Mae du cd thi hdu hit thdngtinky thi ngudi Thanh Hda<br /> dugc lan truyen dudi d^g tin ddn, nhung nlu khdng dugc dinh hudng va dilu ehinh kip<br /> thdi thi ed thd dnh hudng tieu cyc din khdi dai doan kit ddn tdc va su dong thudn trong<br /> xd hpi. Bai vidt nay t$.p trung phantichImh tr?aig ky thi doi vdi ngudi que Thanh Hda nhu<br /> mOt trudng hgp dien hinh de tra ldi cdu hdi: tai sao lai noi 16n hipn tugng ky thi, phdn bipt<br /> ddi xd theo vdng mien va lam thi ndo dl han che, khde phye tinh tr^g nay?<br /> 2. Khai nipm, ca sd ly ludn va phuong phap nghien cthi<br /> Su IcJ' thi, dinh kiln ddn din hanh vi phan bipt ddi xu tiong ddi sdng hang ngay da<br /> dugc cdc nha khoa hgc quan tdm va ed nhieu cdng trinh nghien edu. Stafforf vd Seoti<br /> (1986: 80) cho rang ky thi (stigma) la mOt ddc dilm ciia nhiing ngudi vdn mang nhdng<br /> gia tri mau thuan vdi mOt he ehuan myc ciia mpt nhdm xa hOi. MOt sd hgc gid khac lai<br /> dua ra dinh nghia ky thi la mOt qud trinh xd hOi hoac trdi nghiem ea nhan ed lien quan den<br /> viec logi bd, xa Idnh, khien trach hodc ha thdp gia tri mOt ngudi hodc mOt nhdm ngudi<br /> thong qua vice dl phdng hay phdn xet xa hOi bdt Igi vl hg (Weiss vd Ramakrishna, 2006).<br /> Theo Goffinan (1963: 3) thi ky thi la hinh thdc lam gidm manh uy tin va gia tri ciia ngudi<br /> khac. Theo Crocker vd cdc cOng su (1998: 505) thi ky thi Id khi mOt thuOc tinh xd hOi<br /> ho^c ca nhdn bi danh gia thdp vd khdng dugc tdn trgngtiongmOt boi canh xa hOi cu thi.<br /> Cu thi hon. Link va Phelan (2001) dd xac dinh ky thi qua sy hien diOn vd hpi tu cda bdn<br /> thanh phdn lien quan. Thu nhat, xa hOi phdn biet va dan nhan sy khdc bipt cda con ngudi.<br /> Thd hai, cdc thanh vien cua nhdm vdn hoa thong tri gdn kit nhftng ngudi nhat dinh vdi<br /> mOt sd thudc tinh khdng mong mudn. Thd ba, cac nhdm hode ea nhan hi dan nhan tieu<br /> cyc dugc ddt vao cdc nhdm rieng biet vdi nhftng ngudi khdc. Thu tu, cac ea nhan bi dan<br /> nhan tieu cue roi vdo tinh trang mdt vi thi. Dieu dang luu -^ la qua tiinh xudt hipn ky thi<br /> phu thuOc vao muc dO tilp cdn ciia chu thi dii vdi quyen lyc xd hOi, kinh tl, va chinh tri.<br /> Tinh trang k^ thi, phan bidt ddi xd trong xd hOi thudng lidn quan din mOt d^c<br /> tinh cy till nhu: chiing tdc, gidi tinh, tinh trang sdc khde, nghi nghipp, hgc vdn, mdc<br /> sing... Sy ky thi theo vdng miin dugc xac dinh la vipc ky thi, hay thdnh kiln, cda mOt<br /> nhdm xd hdi ddi vdi mOt nhdm ngudi khdc dua tren nai xudt xd hay que qudn cua hg.<br /> Thyc tl kinh nghipm tren thi gidi cho thdy, ngudn gdc xudt xd hay qud qudn co thi<br /> lien quan mat thilt vdi dan tOc hay chung tOc. Tuy nhien, nghien cuu nay chi xem xet<br /> phan tich vdn dl k^' thi va phan biet ddi xd theo vung mien ma khdng cd ylu td ddn<br /> tOc ho§c ehung tOc.<br /> Van dl k^ thi, phan bipt ddi xd vdng miin tdn tgi vdi mdc dg khac nhau d hdu hit<br /> cac quoc gia tren thi gidi. Sau ndm 1945, vdn dl kj' thj, dinh kiln, phan bipt dii xd vdi<br /> ngudi di cu tii ndng thdn ra dd thi bilu hipn rd rpt d cdc qude gia phdt tiiln, diln hinh la d<br /> MS*, Canada, mOt so nude chdu Au, Ue (Bertiand vd Mullainathan, 2004: 991). Trong gjai<br /> doan nay, tinh tigng ky thi dugc lan tda va tap trung d cdc nhdm da sd, nhdm manh qua<br /> <br /> 72 Hien tugng phdn bi^t doi xir theo vimg n<br /> <br /> viec dan nhdn tidu eye cho nhdm thilu sd hodc nhiing ngudi ylu thi trong xd hOi. Khi<br /> mOt eai nhan tidu cue va ky thi dugc gdn cho mOt nhdm thi xd hOi xung quanh ciing ed xu<br /> hudng dng x d v d i ngudi bj gdn nhan nhu the hg vdn da tieu cue nhu vgy. O nude Due,<br /> tinh trang phdn bidt ddi xd giiia cdng dan hai mien Ddng vd Tdy van cdn tdn tai dai d2ng<br /> sau hon 25 ndm tiidng nhat ddt nude (Xuan Hieu, 2016). 6 Trung Qude, mOt sd nghien<br /> cuu cho thay ed su phan bipt ddi sd theo vung miin, nhat la ddi vdi ngudi lao dOng nhap<br /> cu vdo cdc dd thi Idn (Li va cOng sy, 2006; Kuang va Liu, 2012; Maurer-Fazio vd cpng<br /> sy, 2015). d Vift Nam, ddc diem dia ly cimg nhu qua trinh xay dyng va phat trien ddt<br /> nude da din din sy da dang dang kl ve dde dilm kinh te, van hda, ldi sdng va ngdn ngQ<br /> theo viing miin. Mdt sd cuOc chien tianh chia cdt dat nude kha Idu dai trong may the ky<br /> qua cung tao dieu kien gia tdng sy da dang ke tien. Sau khi ddt nude thdng nhat vao ndm<br /> 1975, Vipt Nam eo nhieu ehinh saeh ciing nhu no lyc nhdm cung cd khdi dai doan ket dan<br /> tOc va da thu dugc nhftng thanh tyu ddng ghi n h ^ . Bdn canh dd, trong bii canh edng<br /> n ^ p p hoa cung vdi sy phat trien manh me eac ludng lao ddng di cu td cdc viing miin<br /> vdi dde dilm vdn hda da dang dan xen vdi cOng dong sd tai, viee xuat hipn nhiing va<br /> chgm nhdt dinh vl vdn hda vd Idi sdng Id dilu tdt ylu.<br /> Bdi viet ndy tap trung phdn tich nhdm ly gidi nguyen nhan ddn den ky thi theo vung<br /> midn vdi gia thuydt nghien cdu: vipc xdy ra nhung hipn tugng ky thi ngudi Thanh Hda la<br /> do sy lay lan nhftng dinh kien qua tin ddn tiong xa hOi va truyen thdng khdng chinh thiic<br /> tiong khi chua cd chi tdi xd ly vd ngdn chdn thyc sy hiOu qua, td dd hdnh vi phdn biOt doi<br /> xd phat trien tu ngam ngam chuyen sang edng khai. Ket qua nghien cdu cd thd ggi y eho<br /> chinh sach dng phd vdi van de ky thi ngudi lao dOng Thanh Hda cimg nhu ky thi theo<br /> vung miin d ViOt Nam ndi chung.<br /> Cae phdn tich chu yeu sd dyng sd lieu thu thap tii cuOc khdo sat vao ndm 2016 tiong<br /> khudn khi dl tdi nghien cdu ciia UBND tinh Thanh Hoa "Phdt huy cae gid tii truyin<br /> thing ciia con ngudi Thanh Hda dap ung yeu can cdng nghipp hda, hipn dai hda va hOi<br /> nhgp quoc te" do trudng Dgi hpc Hdng Due thyc hiOn. Dja bdn khao sat bao gdm 7 tinh:<br /> Hd Npi, Hai Phdng, Thanh Hda, Dd Ndng, Thanh p h i Ho Chi Minh, Binh Duong va Gia<br /> Lai. Nhdm doi tugng chinh duge khao sdt Id ngudi lao dpng tai cdc khu cdng nghiep hodc<br /> cac doanh nghipp - noi tap trung nhieu lao dOng Thanh Hda. Cy thi, bdn cgnh cdc phdng<br /> vdn dinh tinh, cupe khdo sdt da chgn mau va phdng vdn dinh lugng 544 lao ddng, tiong<br /> do 272 ngudi gdc Thanh Hda va 272 ngudi tinh khac.<br /> 3. Thuc trang kJ' thi, phan bift dii xiir vdi ngirdi goc Thanh Hda<br /> 3.1.Nh^n<br /> <br /> thUe ve phdn hi^t doi xii vdi ngudi Thanh Hda<br /> <br /> vdn dl vipc lam cua lao dOng di eu ngudi Thanh Hda Id mOt trong nhftng minh<br /> chung phan anh tinh trang ky thi theo vung miin. Theo kit qua euOe khdo sdt, cd tdi<br /> 92% ngudi Thanh Hoa khi dugc phdng vdn da cho rdng hg bi ngudi tinh khdc thanh<br /> kiln. Dilu do ciing thi hidn kha ro qua phdng van dinh tmh mOt s i cdng nhdn ngudi<br /> Thanh Hda.<br /> <br /> Dd Thi Vdn Anh 73<br /> <br /> Ludt cua minh da quy dinh khdng dugc phdn biet ddi xir vdi ngudi lao ddng nen<br /> minh ldm viic vdi nhiing cong ty treo biin do. Nhimg em thdy cd nhiiu cdng ty hg<br /> ddi xu ngdm di ky thi chiing em, chiing em la ngudi Thanh Hda cung thdy rdt budn<br /> ve nhiing suy nghi cda ngudi ta chua tdi. Thanh Hda ddu phdi ai ciing xdu. Ddu<br /> phdi d ddu ai ciing tdt. Ngudi Thanh Hda vd Nghi An tinh thuang qui huong nd<br /> Idn nen khi cd ddnh nhau thi hg hay dimg ra di bdo vi nhau. Vi thi hg thdy ngudi<br /> Thanh Hda hay ddnh nhau.<br /> (TLN cdng nhdn lao dOng Thanh Hda tgi Binh Duong)<br /> NgwOT Thanh Hda ddng qud. Chung ta di ddu ciing gap ngudi Thanh Hoa. Cd dgt<br /> d trong nhiing khu cdng nghi?p hg cd su phdn bi?t ngudi Thanh Hoa rdt gay gdt.<br /> Chinh trong nhgn thuc cua nhitng ngudi trong dd hg cd djnh kiin cao. Cdn nhu anh<br /> em di ldm d ngodi Hd Ngi hay a Sdi Gdn, hay d Dd Ndng ddy, do hi dnh hudng bdi<br /> nhiing cdu chuyen nhu thi nen nhieu khi chinh bgn em cUng khdng mudn gidi thiiu<br /> minh la ngudi Thanh Hda.<br /> (PVS, nam, phdng vidn bao chi ngudi Thanh Hda dang ldm vide tai Da Ndng)<br /> Sy ky thi dugc phdn dnh kha nhieu d cae cdng ty phia Nam, ddc biet la tai thdnh<br /> phi Hd Chi Minh va tinh Binh Duong. Nhilu cdng ty d khu vue nay "dm thdm" khdng<br /> tuyen dung lao dOng nam den td cae tinh Tlianh Hda, Nghe An vd Ha TTnh bdng nhieu<br /> each khac nhau (xem: Ddc LOc vd Minh Quan, 2014). CuOc phdng vdn nu can bO Lien<br /> doan Lao dOng Da Ndng da cung cap them bang ehiing cho nhan dinh tien:<br /> Cd mgt thtfC ti la hg rdt uu tiin nhdn lao ddng tgi dia phuong ndy vd hg ngdm ndi<br /> vdi nhau rdng nhiing lao ddng gidng nhu d Thanh Hda, Nghi An. Hg khdng ndi ra<br /> nhung d ngay chd tiep nhgn hd sa thi hg ndi Id tim cdch tu chdi. Ngay chinh ho<br /> cUng nhdn dinh Id nhiing ngudi mien Trung co tinh cd kit rdt cao. Vi dii cd mdt su<br /> v\i gl dd thi cd thi alo vd bdo v^ nhau. Do cUng Id mdt dgc diem hay nhung hg lgi<br /> hay qud khich nin a irong cdc doanh nghiep thudng xdy ra cdc vu viec. Hay la vi<br /> mdu thudn rdt nhd thdi. Vd ngudi ta cUng nghe d nhieu cdc doanh nghiep khdc nen<br /> tifC hg, tiic Id t^e trong gidi chu hg cUng e nggi vi$c do. Chinh d ngay trong cdng ty d<br /> dia bdn nay ludn tim cdch tit chdi nhOng hd sa ciia ngudi d Thanh Hda, Ngh4 An.<br /> (PVS, nft, cdn bO Lien dodn Lao dOng Dd Ndng)<br /> Nhu vay, tin ddn tieu cyc vl ngudi Thanh Hda khdng cdn Id thdng tin mdi la va gdy<br /> nggc nhien vdi ngudi ddn. Tham chi tilng xau nay cdn cd xu hudng tham ddn vdo nhdn<br /> thdc ciia nhieu ngudi trong xa hOi.<br /> Phdn tich nh|in djnh ve moi quan hd xa hOi cua ngudi gde Thanh Hda cd the gidn<br /> tilp phdn anh nhan thdc va thai dO cua ngudi dugc hdi ve tinh trgng phan biet dii xu<br /> (Bang 1). Danh gid vl "mdi quan hp eiia ngudi Thanh Hda vdi cac lao dOng tii tinh khac<br /> trong doanh nghipp", nhin nhan ciia ngudi tinh khac kha khac biet so vdi sy nhin nhgn<br /> ciia chinh ngudi Thanh Hda khi ty Ip ddnh gia "tdt" cua hai nhdm nay tuong dng la 42,9%<br /> va86,l%.<br /> <br /> 74<br /> <br /> Hijn tugngphdn bijt ddi xir theo vimgmien...<br /> <br /> Bing 1. M S I quan hg giO^ ngiriyi Thanh H6a vdi cic thinh vien t^i noi lim vi$c<br /> Bon Vf: %<br /> Nguiri Thanh H6a d ^ h gid<br /> <br /> Ngu5i tinh khic dinh gii<br /> <br /> V*iLD<br /> tinh khic<br /> <br /> V6iLD<br /> Thanh H6a<br /> <br /> Vdichti<br /> doanh<br /> nghi?p<br /> <br /> VSi LD<br /> tinh<br /> khic<br /> <br /> Vdi LD<br /> Thanh<br /> H6a<br /> <br /> ViH chu<br /> doanh<br /> nghiep<br /> <br /> T6t<br /> <br /> 86,1<br /> <br /> 78,7<br /> <br /> 67,3<br /> <br /> 42,9<br /> <br /> 54,9<br /> <br /> 45,6<br /> <br /> Binh thuimg<br /> <br /> 13,2<br /> <br /> 20,2<br /> <br /> 29,9<br /> <br /> 56,7<br /> <br /> 45,1<br /> <br /> 54,0<br /> <br /> Xau, khong tfit<br /> <br /> 0,8<br /> <br /> 2,8<br /> <br /> 0,4<br /> <br /> 0,0<br /> <br /> 0,4<br /> <br /> N<br /> <br /> 272<br /> <br /> 1,1<br /> 272<br /> <br /> 272<br /> <br /> 272<br /> <br /> 272<br /> <br /> 272<br /> <br /> Ddnh gi§ v^ m6\ quan h$<br /> <br /> Ngudn- Khao sal tgi 7 linh ndm 2016.<br /> <br /> Su khde biet tiep tyc the hipn d tidu ehi vl "mdi quan h? cda ngudi Thanh Hda vdi<br /> ngudi Thanh Hda": ehi ed 32,5% ngudi tinh khac nhung lgi din 68,4% ngudi Thanh Hda<br /> danh gia mdi quan he nay Id tdt. Vd d tieu chi thd ba, "mdi quan hd cda ngudi Thanh Hoa<br /> vdi chd doanh nghiep", thi van cd sy khac bipt rat dang ke tiong quan nidm cda chinh hg<br /> vdi ngudi tinh khac. Chi cd 28,9% ngudi tinh khac nhung lai din 62,5% ngudi Thanh<br /> Hda danh gia mdi quan he ndy Id tdt. Sy doi eye nay cho thdy, xd hdi c6 sy nhin nhan kha<br /> khdt khe vl mdi quan he xd hOi cua ngudi Thanh Hda. Dilu nay co the la nguyen nhan<br /> gdp phdn ddn din sy k;^ thi, phan biet ddi xd va thanh kiln vdi ngudi Thanh Hda khdng<br /> mudn nhgn lao dOng hodc phai lam viee cimg ngudi Thanh Hda.<br /> 3.2. Thai do phan Met doi xH v&i ngirdi Thanh Hda<br /> Hien tugng phan biet va ky thi theo vimg miin tiong xd hOi mdc dd thudng khdng cdng<br /> khai nhung cd thd nhdn thay qua thai dO va danh gia ve ngudi Thanh Hda. Trong sd nhihig<br /> lao ddng khdng phdi goc Thanh Hda duge khao sat, cd 43,6% ddng y vdi ^ kien "khdng nen<br /> choi vdi ngudi Thanh Hda" va 66,1% ding y vdi y kien "khdng nen lam viOe vdi ngirdi<br /> Thanh Hda". Ty Ip ddng y vdi y kien "khdng nen ket hdn vdi ngudi Thanh Hoa" tuy thap<br /> hon, nhung van len den mdt phan ba (33,6%). Dieu nay eho thay khd rd tinh trang nguoi<br /> Thanh Hda bj nhin nhdn mOt each ky thi, khdng chi tai nai lam vipc ma ca ngodi xd hOi.<br /> Bang 2. Thii d$ cQa ngirdi tinh khic vdi ngirdi Thanh H6a<br /> <br /> Danvi%<br /> <br /> D^ngy<br /> Khang d6ng ^<br /> Khong y kien<br /> N<br /> <br /> Khong nen choi vdi<br /> ngudi Thanh Hda<br /> 43,6<br /> <br /> Khong nSn lim vi^c ctuig<br /> vdi ngudi Thanh Hda<br /> 66,1<br /> <br /> KhSng n6n ket hdn vdi<br /> ngudi Thanh Hda<br /> 33,6<br /> <br /> 51,4<br /> <br /> 32,4<br /> <br /> 5,0<br /> 272<br /> <br /> 1,5<br /> 272<br /> <br /> 65,5<br /> 0,9<br /> 272<br /> <br /> Nguon: Khdo sal tgi 7 tinh ndm 2016.<br /> <br /> 3.3. Hanh viphan bi$t vung miin v&i ngirdi Thanh Hda<br /> Sy ky thi, phan biet vimg miin khdng chi dimg lai d nhgn tiidc vd du luan, md cdn<br /> thi hipn d hanh vi dng xd cua xa hOi vdi ngudi Thanh Hda d cOng dong cung nhu nai ldm<br /> vipc. Bdng 3 trinh bdy kit qud khdo sat nhgn djnh cua ngudi tra ldi vl mdc dO ngudi<br /> <br />