Kết quả xây dựng mô hình trồng cỏ thâm canh phát triển chăn nuôi gia súc ăn cỏ tại hộ nông dân Định Hóa - Thái Nguyên

VIEN C H A N NUOI - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghi Chdn nudi - 56 7 - Thang 8-2007<br /> <br /> <br /> KET QUA X A Y DUNG MO HINH TRONG CO T H A M CANH PHAT TRIEN C H A N<br /> NUOI GIA sue AN CO TAI HO N O N G D A N DINH HOA - THAI NGUYEN<br /> Nguyin Vdn Quang'*, Le Hod Binh', Phimg Dice Tiidn^<br /> <br /> ' Vien Chan Nuoi; ^ Phong Ndng Nghiep & PTNT Dmh Hoa<br /> *Tac gia dd lidn he: Nguydn Van Quang, Bp mdn Ddng Cd va Cay Thire An Gia Stic,<br /> Vidn Chan nudi<br /> DT: 04.8386130/0912351433; Fax: 04.8389775; E mail: nguyenvanquangven(a)yahoo.eom<br /> <br /> ABSTRACT<br /> Establishment of an intensive pasture pilot for ruminant production in Dinh Hoa - Thai Nguyen province<br /> An intensive planted pasture pilot for increasing ruminant production in Dinh Hoa- Thai Nguyen was<br /> developed total 47 household farmers in 3 communes of this district involved in this model. A total area for pilots<br /> was 15ha. The grasses and legumes in these pilots were Penisentum purpureum (74.7%), Panicum maximum<br /> TD58 (14.7%), Paspalum atratum (5.3%), Leucaena leucocephala (3.3%) and Stylo guianensis 184 (2.0%). The<br /> results showed that during first year under intensive conditions, on average, Iha of planted pasture can supply<br /> enough forage for 14 to 22 heads of ruminants per year<br /> Key words:. Penisentum purpureum, Panicum maximum TD58, Paspalum atratum. Leucaena leucocephala.<br /> Stylo guianensis 184.<br /> <br /> . ' ^ - • ' " " - '• . . . . . , , ; . ' .<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> DAT VAN DE<br /> Djnh Hod la mdt huyen mien niii, chien khu each mang nam xua (ATK) ndm d phia tay<br /> bdc ciia tinh Thai Nguyen, each trung tam thanh phd 50km theo qud'c Id 3 va tinh Id 254. Phia<br /> bdc giap huyen Chp Ddn, phia ddng giap huyen Chp Mdi tinh Bde Kan, Phia nam giap huyen<br /> Dai Tir va Huyen Phii Luong tinh Thai Nguydn, phia tay giap huyen Yen Son tinh Tuydn<br /> Quang.<br /> Tdng didn tich da't tu nhidn la 52.272 ha. Trong dd ddt ndng nghiep 35.600 ha, ddt Iiia<br /> 4.810 ha, dat trdng cay hang nam 900,34 ha, ddt lam nghidp 24.791,97 ha. Dja hinh tuong ddi<br /> phirc tap, phdn Idn la niii cao ed dja hinh hidm trd va bi chia cdt manh.<br /> Dan sd ciia huyen la 89.638 ngudi, trong dd sd ngudi trong dp tudi lao ddng ehid'm khoang<br /> 52%. Thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi 3.600.000d/ngudi/nam. Trong dd thu nhap tir trdng trpt<br /> ehid'm khoang 71,6%, thu nhap tir ehan nudi ehid'm 26,1%, thu nhdp tir djch vu ndng nghidp<br /> 2,3% (Bao eao Tdng ke't nganh ndng nghidp huyen Djnh Hda, 2005).<br /> Bang 1 : Didn tich, nang sudt, san lupng mdt so cdy trdng chinh eiia huyen<br /> TT Cay trdng Didn tich (ha) Nang suat (ta/ha) San lucmg (tan)<br /> 1 C!ay Ilia 7.797,4 46,35 36.141,0<br /> 2 cay ngd 1.236,0 32,57 4.027,0<br /> 3 Cay khoai lang 565,5 34,32 1.941,0<br /> 4 Cdy lac 91,8 87,36 80,2<br /> 5 Cdy dd tucmg 69,9 8,89 62,2<br /> 6 Cay ddu dd khac 137,2 8,09 111,1<br /> Nguon : Phdng NN&PTNT huyen Dinh Hod nam 2005.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 50<br />  NGDY^N WAN QUANG-Kei qud xdy dung md hinh...<br /> <br /> Bang 2: Udc tinh khd'i lupng ngudn phu phdm ndng nghidp lam thirc an thd xanh cho gia sue<br /> <br /> Tdn phu pham Didn tich gieo Khdi lupng san pham Sd lupng gia siic ed the nudi<br /> tr6ng(ba/nam) phu (tan CK/nam) ^ ^ ^00 -250 kg/con)<br /> Cdy Iiia 1.191A<br /> 26.509 , 14.727<br /> Cay ngd 1.236<br /> 3.831 2.128<br /> cay khoai lang 565,5<br /> 165 . 92<br /> Cay lac 91,8<br /> 509 283<br /> Cdng 31.014 17.230<br /> <br /> Tinh hinh phat trien dan gia siic an ed eiia dia phuong dupc the hidn trong Bang 3<br /> Bang 3 : Sd lupng dan gia siic an ed eua huyen qua cdc nam (2002 2004)<br /> Nam So sanh 2002-2004<br /> TT Loai gia siic<br /> 2002 2003 2004 (%)<br /> 1 Trau 14.885 13.173 12.685 - 14,8<br /> 2 Bd 2.025 2.238 2.600 + 28,4<br /> 3 Dd 4.300 4.300 4.500 -K 4,6<br /> 4 Ngua 250 200 150 -40,0<br /> Ngudn: Phdng NN&PTNT huyen Dinh Hod nam 2005<br /> Bang 4 : Cdc loai thtic an thd xanh sir dung eho gia sue hidn tai<br /> TT Loai thire an Miia mua (%) Mua kh6 (%)<br /> I Cd tu nhidn 50,0 20,0<br /> 2 Cd trdng 10,0 6,0<br /> 3 Rom liia 30,0 50,0<br /> 4 cay ngd 2,0 15,0<br /> 5 La sdn 2,0 1,0<br /> 6 La mia 1,0 5,0<br /> 7 La rimg 5,0 3,0<br /> Ngudn: Sdlieu dieu tra ctia phdng NN&PTNT Dinh Hod nam 2005.<br /> <br /> Thuc trang hidn nay ehan nuoi gia sue an cd edn ehua phat trien manh, san xudt cdn manh<br /> miin, nhd le, chua ed nhieu md hinh ehan nudi theo hudng trang trai ldn, tap trung dd' tao san<br /> phdm hang hod. Tap quan ehan nudi ehii yd'u la chan tha tu do, tan dung ngudn cd tir nhien va<br /> mdt phdn phu phdm ndng nghidp. Mdt sd hd gia dinh da trdng ed ehan nudi nhung theo hudng<br /> quang canh, chua ddu tu phii hpp ndn nang sudt chdt xanh thu dupe thdp, ehua dap irng dii thiire<br /> an thd xanh cho ehan nudi sd lupng gia sue ldn, dae bidt ve miia ddng.<br /> De phat huy Ipi the eiia dja phuong ve dieu kidn tu nhidn, nhan lire vd nang eao hieu qua<br /> kinh te trong ehan nudi gia sue an ed d Djnh Hod - Thai Nguydn, ehiing tdi tie'n hanh xay<br /> dung md hinh "Trdng cd tham canh" nhdm:<br /> - Nang cao nang suat, chat lupng thire an xanh trdn don vj didn tich, phii hpp vdi dieu<br /> kidn dai dai, sd lupng gia siie eiia cac hd gia dinh mang lai hidu qua kinh tc cao.<br /> <br /> <br /> 51<br />  VIEN CHAN NUOI - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - So 7 - Thang 8-2007<br /> <br /> <br /> - Tan dung ngudn lao ddng sdn cd day manh chan nudi gia siic an cd trdn dia ban huyen.<br /> - Nhan nhanh md hinh trdn didn rdng, gdp phdn chuyen djch co edu cay trdng, vat nudi<br /> ciia dia phuong.<br /> <br /> VAT LIEU vA PHUONG PHAP XAY DUNG M 6 HINH<br /> ' t.J<br /> <br /> Ddi tugng xdy dung mo hinh<br /> Tieu chi chgn dia diem<br /> - Chpn dja phuong thudn ndng, dai didn cho 3 viing cita huyen dd la : Linh Thdng - Scm<br /> Phii - Tan Duong.<br /> Tieu chi chgn hp<br /> - Hd ed nguydn vpng phat trien ehan nudi gia siic an cd.<br /> - Cd 3-5 con dai gia siic trd ldn. . ^,^<br /> - Cd didu kien vd nhdn luc, da't dai va vdn dau tu<br /> Gidng CO . . .<br /> Chpn mdt so gid'ng da dupc nghidn ciiu, ehpn Ipe, danh gia phat trien tdt vdi dieu kidn ciia<br /> dia phuong dd la eae gid'ng: Pennisetum Pupureum (cd voi), Panicummximum TD58 (ghind),<br /> Paspalum atratum (paspalum), Leucaena leucocephala (Keo giau K280), Stylosanthes<br /> guianensis 184 (stylo).<br /> Phdn bon<br /> Phan chudng 20 tan/ha, N:P:K 160 :80:80 kg/ha. Ridng ed hp dau lupng N ehi bdn 60kg<br /> N/ha giai doan cay con. Tudi nude eho cd trong giai doan miia khd.<br /> Dien tich xdy dung mo hinh: 15 ha.<br /> Npi dung xdy dung mo hinh<br /> - Chuyen giao gid'ng cd nang sudt, ehdt lupng cao tdi cac hd tham gia lam md hinh.<br /> - (Jng dung mdt so bidn phap ky thuat tham canh ed (tudi nude, bdn phan).<br /> - Tdng kd't md hinh, tinh hidu qua kinh td'.<br /> • t t<br /> <br /> Phuang phdp tien hdnh<br /> - Tham khao phucmg phap '"Phat trien ky thudt cdy thicc dn xanh vdi hp nong ddd' ciia<br /> Peter.M.Home va Werner Stur (2000).<br /> - To chiic tham quan, hpc tap kinh nghidm cac md hinh trdng cd ehan nudi trdu bd theo<br /> hudng trang trai.<br /> - Chpn hd ndng dan tu nguydn tham gia xay dung md hinh theo tidu ehi tham canh (tudi<br /> nude, bdn phan) so sanh vdi nhung bidn phap ky thuat truyen thdng nhan dan vdn lam.<br /> - Tap huan ky thudt trdng cd va chd' bid'n thtic an thd xanh cho cac hd tham gia md hinh va<br /> mdt sd hd ndng dan khde trong tieu viing xdy dung md hinh. ^^^^<br /> - Cir can bd khuye'n ndng true tid'p chi dao, hudng ddn ky thudt cho cac hd d mdi dja ban<br /> - Theo ddi danh gia mdt sd chi tidu ve sd Ilia cdt, cao tham, nang suat chat xanh eiia eae<br /> gid'ng, hach loan hidu qua kinh te' eua md hinh.<br /> Thdi gian vd dia diem xdy dung .. . - : . .-f.! . u »<br /> Tir thdng 3 / 2 0 0 5 dd'n thdng 8 / 2 0 0 6 . ^' • . . , ..ir"<br /> - Dia diem: 3 xa Linh Thdng, Son Phu va Tdn Ducmg (Huyen Dinh Hod - Thai Nguydn).<br /> <br /> 52<br />  NGUYEN WAN QUANG-Kei qua xdy dung md hinh...<br /> <br /> <br /> KET QUA X A Y DUNG MO HINH<br /> Kit qud tham quan vd tap hudn ky thudt<br /> Kit qud td chuc tham quan hgc tap<br /> - Bd m6n Ddng cd - Vidn Chan nudi kd't hpp vdi Phdng ndng nghidp & phdt trien n6ng<br /> thdn huyen Djnh Hoa td chirc cho 100 hd nong dan va can bp cdc xa xay dimg m6 hinh tham<br /> quan, hpc tap kinh nghidm tai cac eo sd ehan nudi tap trung va hd gia dinh ndng dan ve trdng<br /> va ehe bid'n thtic an xanh de ehan nudi trau, bd d Phd Ydn, Sdng (idng. Qua dd da giiip eho ba<br /> eon ndng dan hpc bdi dupc kinh nghidm thuc te, dp dung vao dieu kidn ciia gia dinh minh.<br /> Kit qud tap hudn ky thudt.<br /> - Bd mdn Ddng ed - Vidn Chan nudi bidn soan tdi lieu tap hudn va phdi hpp vdi Phdng<br /> NN&PTNT huyen to chire 2 ldn tap hudn ky thuat eho hp n6ng dan vdi tdng sd 300 lupt ngudi<br /> tham gia tai cac diem xay dung md hinh.<br /> -t- Ldn 1: sau khi xdc djnh dja didm va chpn hp, chuong trinh td chire tap huan ky thuat<br /> trdng cay thii'c an xanh trudc khi chuydn giao gid'ng xudng eae md hinh.<br /> + Ldn 2: sau khi ede md hinh trdng ed budc vao thu cdt, tie'n hanh tap huan ky thuat thu<br /> cdt va che bid'n, bao quan thiie an thd xanh eho gia siie du trir vao miia d6ng.<br /> Kd't qua eua cac ldn tap hudn dupc cdn bp va nhdn dan dja phuong danh gia cao vd phucmg<br /> phdp va ndi dung tap hudn, dap ung dupc nguydn vpng eiia ngudi dan.<br /> Kit qud xdy dung md hinh<br /> Dien tich trdng cd ciia mo hinh. , , ,<br /> Bang 5: Didn tich trdng ed, lupng gid'ng cdp va ty Id giiia ede gid'ng<br /> TT Gid'ng ed Didn tich (ha) Lupng gid'ng (kg) Ty Id didn tich (%)<br /> I Cd voi 11,2 31.218 74,7<br /> 2 Cd ghind 2,2 4.950 14,7<br /> 3 Cd paspalum (hat) 0,8 1,5 5,3<br /> 4 Keo giau (hat) 0,5 1,4 3,3<br /> 5 Stylo (hat) 0,3 1,8 2,0<br /> Cong 15,0 100<br /> Ty Id cd voi ehid'm phdn Idn didn tich (74,7%), sau dd la ed ghind TD58 (14,7%),<br /> Paspalum (5,3%). Hai gid'ng cd bd dau ed didn tich thdp nhdt do mdi dua vao thir nghiem.<br /> Ndng sudt cua cdc gidng cd dua vdo mo hinh<br /> Bang 6 : Nang sudt chdt xanh thu dupc eua cac gid'ng ed (tdn/halndm)<br /> <br /> TT Gid'ng ed Liira cdt Xa Son Phii Linh 'ni6ng Tan Ducmg Trung binh<br /> I Cd voi 319 325 315 320<br /> 5<br /> 2 Cd ghind 7 152 144 ' 150<br /> 154<br /> 3 Cd paspalum 181 184 176 180<br /> 6<br /> 4 Keo giau 4 .56 58 52 55<br /> 5 Stylo 4 62 66 59 62<br /> <br /> 53<br />  VIEN CHAN NUOI - Tap chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghi Chdn nudi - So 7 - Thang 8-2007<br /> <br /> So Ilia cdt cua cac gid'ng cd tai 3 xa la nhu nhau vdi nang suat chd't xanh eua cac gid'ng<br /> chenh lech nhau khdng Idn. Nang sudt chd't xanh thu dupe trong dieu kien thdm canh eiia eae<br /> gid'ng ed nam thii nhat dat kha eao. Cac gid'ng cd hoa thao dat nang suat chat xanh tir 150-320<br /> ta'n/ha/nam, cao hem so vdi ky thuat trdng thdng thudng ciia ndng dan tir 50 de'n 60%. Hai<br /> gid'ng ed bd dau nang suat chat xanh dat 55-62 tan/ha/nam. Theo Nguydn Thj Miii (2004) va<br /> Ld Xuan Ddng (2005), nang sudt cua cac gid'ng ed hda thao thu dupc d trong md hinh tai Thai<br /> Nguydn va Ba Vi tir 120 dd'n 290ta'n/ha/nam, ed hp dau thu dupe 50-60tdn/ha/nam. Kdi qua<br /> thu dupe eua ehiing tdi Id eao hem. ; • ^-i '<br /> Bang 7: Nang suat VCK, protein eua cac gid'ng ed trdng trong md hinh<br /> TT Gid'ng ed NS VCK (tdn/ha) NS Protein (tdn/ha)<br /> 1 Cd voi . 40,0 4,2<br /> 2 Cd ghine 25,0 2,2 ......<br /> 3 Cd paspalum 27,9 2,9<br /> 4 Keo giau 13,7. ,,, 3,4 , .,,<br /> 5 Stylo 15,9 2,4<br /> Nang suat vat chat khd cua cac gid'ng ed trdng trong md hinh thu dupc tir 13,7 dd'n 40,0<br /> ta'n/ha/nam, cao hem la nhdm cd hoa thao nhung ty Id nang sudt Protein eua nhdm ed bd dau<br /> lai cao hon nhdm cd boa thao. Day la ngudn thiic an bd sung ed dinh dudng cao rat tdt eho gia<br /> siic phat trien. Cdn trdng vdi ty Id thich hpp gid'ng cd bd dau trong eo cau didn tich trdng cay<br /> thiic an xanh d mdi eo sd ehan nudi<br /> Bang 8: Udc tinh so lupng gia sue nudi dupe/ha ed trdng ' ' *' ^ ^ C<br /> TT Gid'ng ed NS VCK (tan/ha) SL bd nudi/ha (P: 200-250kg)<br /> 1 Cd voi 40,0 22<br /> 2 Cd ghind 25,0 . 1 4 •<br /> 3 Cd paspalum 27,9 16<br /> 4 Keo gidu 13,7 " - '<br /> 5 Stylo 15,9<br /> Nhu vay vdi 1 ha trdng cd tham canh ed thd' nudi 14-22 con trau bd ed khdi lucmg trung<br /> binh 200-250kg (tuy theo gid'ng ed).<br /> Hieu qud sdn xudt ciia md hinh ' • "' :' ; .<br /> Bang 9: Hach loan hidu qua san xudt va hieu qua kinh td' cua md hinh<br /> <br /> Khoan muc Loai hinh san xuat<br /> Trdng 2 vu liia/nam Trdng ed/nam<br /> I.Chi phi san xuat (trieu ddng) 15.495 38.620<br /> Nguydn vat lieu 8.205 23.200<br /> Cdng lao ddng 7.290 15.420<br /> 2. San lupng/nam (tdn/ha) 10 , _ .., J2Q : •<br /> 3. Tdng thu (trieu ddng) 23 64<br /> 4. Lai/ha/nam 7,505 25,38<br /> 5. Lai/Chi phi (%) : 65,72<br /> Ghi chii: Gid lita tinh 2.300d/kg, Gid cd xanh 200d/kg<br /> <br /> 54<br />  NGUYEN VAN QUANG - Kei qud xdy dung md hinh...<br /> <br /> So sanh hidu qua giira 2 md hinh trdng liia va trdng ed cho tha'y:<br /> - Thu nhap eiia 1 ha vdi 2 vu liia la 23 trieu ddng trong khi thu nhap tir trdng ed la 64 trieu<br /> ddng. Hidu qua kinh te eho 1 ha trdng cd eao gap 1,35 ldn so vdi Iha trdng liia.<br /> - Trdng cd dd' ehan nudi bd thjt, hidu qua kinh td' dupe the hidn qua bang 10.<br /> Bang 10: Hidu qua eua md hinh trdng ed ehan nudi bd thjt<br /> Didn giai Cd voi Ghind Paspalum<br /> l.Thu So lupng bd nudi (eon) 22 14 16<br /> Tang trpng/nam (kg) 3.960 2.520 2.880<br /> Tien thu tang trpng bd (trieu ddng) 118,8 75,6 86,4<br /> Thu tien phan bdn (trieu ddng) 19,8 12,6 14.4<br /> Tdng thu (trieu ddng) 138,6 88,2 700,5<br /> II. Chi Thiirc an xanh (trieu ddng) 11,4 15,5 14,8<br /> Thire an tinh (trieu ddng) 23,7 15,1 17.3<br /> Thii y (trieu ddng) 0,8 0,5 0,6<br /> Cdng lao ddng (trieu ddng) 11,8 7,6 8,6<br /> Tdng chi (trieu ddng) 47,7 38,7 41,3<br /> III. Chdnh lech thu ehi (trieu ddng) 90,9 49,5 59,5<br /> Ghi chii: Tdng trong binh c/udn 0,5kg/con/ngay. Gia ban 35.000d/kg thit hai.<br /> <br /> Vdi I ha trdng ed de chan nudi bd thjt thi 1 nam theo tinh loan so bd cho thdy: gia trj thu<br /> dupe tuy vao timg gid'ng ed. Trdng ed voi thu dupc 90,9 trieu, ghine 49,5 trieu, paspalum 59,5<br /> trieu. Ngoai ra edn tao ra edng an vide lam eho ngudi dan, gdp phdn phat trien kinh te theo<br /> hudng ben viing.<br /> <br /> KET LUAN VA DE NGHI.<br /> Kit ludn<br /> - Md hinh trdng ed tham canh cho nang suat chat xanh eao trdn dem vj didn tich. Nang<br /> sudt ehdt xanh thu dupc cao hon so vdi trdng thdng thudng 40-50%. Nam thir nhat cd voi cd<br /> the dat 320 tan/ha, cd ghine TD58 150 tdn/ha, paspalum 180ta'n/ha, stylo 62 tan/ha, keo giau<br /> 55 ta'n/ha. 1 ha ed the nudi dupe 14-22 eon trau, bd tuy theo gid'ng ed.<br /> - Hidu qua kinh td' eiia mo binh trdng ed tham canh thu nhap cao hem 1,35 lan so vdi trdng<br /> 2 vu liia. Ndu trdng ed nudi bd thjt, thu nhap binh quan 49,5-90,9 trieu ddng /ha/nam, cao hon<br /> hdn so vdi trdng liia.<br /> Di nghi<br /> - Ap dung bidn phdp ky thuat trdng cd tham canh trdn didn rdng dd thiic ddy phat tridn<br /> chan nudi gia sue an ed trong huyen.<br /> - Kdi hpp bidn phap che bid'n, bao quan thire an thd xanh, trong dd tan dung ngu6n phu<br /> phdm ndng nghidp de ehii ddng hem trong vide dam bao dii va deu thire an eho gia sue trong<br /> nam, giam chi phi thire an, tang hidu qua kinh te trong md hinh chan nudi.<br /> <br /> <br /> 55<br />  VIEN CHAN NUOI - Tgp chi Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Chdn nudi - 86' 7 - Thang 8-2007<br /> <br /> <br /> T A I LIEU THAM K H A O •<br /> Bao cao t6ng kei nganh nong nghiep huyen Dinh Hoa nam 2005. , . : .MH* .(;>:><br /> Le Xuan Dong, Pham Thi Kidm va Dao Dure Bien (2005) - Nghien cun xay dung md hinh thur nghifim tham canh,<br /> xen canh co hoa thao, ho dau trong he thong canh tac phuc vu chan nuoi bo sira tai Ba Vi<br /> Nguyen thi Mui, Nguydn Van Lgi va Dang Dinh Hanh (2004) - Nghien ciai xay dung mo hinh thur nghiem tham<br /> canh, xen canh co hoa thao, ho dau trong he thong canh tac phuc vu san xua't thirc an xanh cho gia siic an<br /> CO tai Thai Nguyen<br /> Nguyen Xuan Trucrng, Le Van NghTa, Le Qu6c Phong, Nguydn Dang NghTa (2000) - S6 tay sir dung phan bon,<br /> NXB N6ng nghiep TPHCM.<br /> Peter.M.Home va Wemer Stur, Phat trien ky thuat cay thiic an xanh vdi ho nong dan. Nguoi dich: Le Van An.<br /> chuyen khao so 71 do ACIAR va CIAT xua't ban, 2000./.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ..-•• 1 i<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ' . ' ..'"l;'' : >:> ,<br /> . :' :^r''' 1 1'! ' i < : • u . ,<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> \t\Vi ',('»<br /> ; ... . .,. M A -<br /> <br /> .: , , . A -.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> i' • : :njil I'j..-! -<br /> <br /> <br /> •>. ..: V 1,<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 56<br />