Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 3: Cells (part c)

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Chapter 3 (part c) provides knowledge of the cytoplasm. This chapter describe the composition of the cytosol; discuss the structure and function of mitochondria; discuss the structure and function of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus, including functional interrelationships among these organelles; compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes.

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Nội dung Text: Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 3: Cells (part c)

Cells: The Living Units: Part C
 Located between plasma membrane and nucleus  Cytosol ◦Water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc.)  Cytoplasmic organelles ◦Metabolic machinery of cell  Inclusions ◦Granules of glycogen or pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, and crystals
 Membranous  Nonmembranous ◦Mitochondria ◦Cytoskeleton ◦Peroxisomes ◦Centrioles ◦Lysosomes ◦Ribosomes ◦Endoplasmic reticulum ◦Golgi apparatus
 Doublemembrane structure with shelflike cristae  Provide most of cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration  Contain their own DNA and RNA
Outer mitochondrial membrane Ribosome Mitochondrial DNA Inner mitochondrial (a) membrane Cristae Matrix (c) Enzymes (b) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.17
 Granules containing protein and rRNA  Site of protein synthesis  Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins  Membranebound ribosomes (on rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes or exported from the cell
 Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae  Continuous with nuclear membrane  Two varieties: ◦Rough ER ◦Smooth ER
Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Rough ER Ribosomes (a) Diagrammatic view of smooth and rough ER Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.18a
 External surface studded with ribosomes  Manufactures all secreted proteins  Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
 Tubules arranged in a looping network  Enzyme (integral protein) functions: ◦In the liver — lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen, and, along with kidneys, detoxification of drugs, pesticides, and carcinogens ◦Synthesis of steroidbased hormones ◦In intestinal cells—absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats ◦In skeletal and cardiac muscle — storage and release of calcium
 Stacked and flattened membranous sacs  Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids  Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face of Golgi apparatus  Proteins then pass through Golgi apparatus to trans face  Secretory vesicles leave trans face of Golgi stack and move to designated parts of cell
1 Protein- containing Rough ER ER Phagosome Plasma vesicles pinch membrane mem- off rough ER Proteins in brane and migrate to cisterna fuse with Pathway C: membranes of Lysosome containing Golgi acid hydrolase apparatus. enzymes 2 Proteins are Vesicle becomes modified within lysosome the Golgi compartments. 3 Proteins are then packaged Secretory Golgi Pathway B: within different vesicle apparatus Vesicle membrane vesicle types, to be incorporated depending on into plasma their ultimate Pathway A: membrane Vesicle contents Secretion by destination. destined for exocytosis exocytosis Extracellular fluid Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.20
 Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)  Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins  Degrade nonfunctional organelles  Break down and release glycogen  Break down bone to release Ca2+  Destroy cells in injured or nonuseful tissue (autolysis)
 Overall function ◦Produce, store, and export biological molecules ◦Degrade potentially harmful substances
Nucleus Nuclear envelope Smooth ER Rough ER Vesicle Golgi Plasma apparatus membrane Transport Lysosome vesicle Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.22
PLAY Animation: Endomembrane System
 Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases  Detoxify harmful or toxic substances  Neutralize dangerous free radicals (highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons)
 Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol ◦Microtubules ◦Microfilaments ◦Intermediate filaments
 Dynamic actin strands attached to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane  Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis
 Cilia and flagella ◦Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells ◦Contain microtubules and motor molecules ◦Cilia move substances across cell surfaces ◦ Longer flagella propel whole cells (tail of sperm) PLAY Animation: Cilia and Flagella