Mối quan hệ giữa các quốc gia Bancăng trong thời gian giữa hai cuộc chiến tranh thế giới (1919-1930)

SW'>'|3!i<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> MOI OUAN HE GIUA CAC QUOC GIA<br /> BANCANG TRONG THdl GIAN GlUA HAI<br /> CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE GI61 (1919-1910)<br /> <br /> DAO TUAN THANH*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> l.Mddau chien trUdng cua cac chien dich quan sU<br /> ldn, khdc liet. Vay sau khi dd gidnh dUdc<br /> Sau khi Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't ddc Idp, trd thdnh nhflng nhd nfldc ddn tpc<br /> ket thuc cudi ndm 1918, hau bet cac qudc thd'ng nhd't, chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc<br /> gia tren ban dao Bancdng: Hy Lap, Nam qud'c gia tren ban dao Bancdng cd nhflng<br /> Tu (1), Rumani, Anbani, Bungari, vd Thd diem gi mdi so vdi giai doan trfldc dd? Mdi<br /> Nhi Ky (2) deu da gidnh dUdc ddc Idp trai quan h$ ddng minh lien Bancang lieu cd<br /> qua nhieu ndm dd'u tranh kien cUdng, anh dfldc thiet Idp? Cac qud'c gia Bancang cd<br /> dung. Khoang thdi gian ngdn ngui gifla hai nhflng dd'i sdch gi de ngdn can dfldc sfl can<br /> cupc chien tranh the gidi (1919-1939) da thiep cua cac cfldng qud'c chdu Au, nhdm<br /> khdng dem lai mdt n I n hoa binh vflng chdc bao ve thdnh cdng ldi ich dan tpc? Trong<br /> vd sfl binh yen thflc sfl ddi vdi mdi qud'c gia khudn khd cua bai viet ndy, chung tdi<br /> chdu Au ndi rieng va the' gidi ndi chung, ma mudn gdp phdn lam sang td nhflng cdu hdi<br /> ngupc lai ddy lai Id giai doan khung hoang neu tren.<br /> thudng xuyen. Cd the ndi, nhflng he qua<br /> tieu cflc cua cudc Chien tranh thd gidi thfl 2. NhiJng n h a n to' t a c d p n g d e n moi<br /> Nhd't (1914-1918), nhflng han che cila trdt quan h§ giiifa c u a c a c q u o c gia B a n c a n g<br /> tfl Versailles - Washington, he qua tieu cflc sau Chien tranh t h e gidi thiif N h a t<br /> cua cudc dai khung hoang kinh te' the gidi Sau khi cudc chien tranh ddm mdu ddu<br /> 1929-1933,... da cd tac ddng da chilu tdi td^t tien trong lich sil nhan loai ket thuc, cdc<br /> ca cdc qud'c gia Bancdng ndi rieng, chdu Au qud'c gia tren ban dao Bancang tie'p tuc<br /> ndi chung. Thiic td, cdc cU dan sinh sd'ng chiu sfl tac ddng sau sac cua boi cdnh chdu<br /> tren ban dao Bancdng chi dUdc tdn hudng Au vd the gidi. Sfl bien mdt tren san khd'u<br /> bdu khdng khi hod binh vd thinh vUdng chi chinh tri chdu Au cua bd'n cfldng qud'c tflng<br /> trong vai ndm ngan ngili, rdi sau dd, mpi cd anh hfldng to ldn, ldu dai tdi tie'n trinh<br /> viec deu diin bid'n theo hUdng khac, ddy lich sfl cua ban dao Bancdng (de qud'c<br /> tinh tieu ciic, ma dinh cao Id sau nam 1940, Ottoman, de qud'c Ao - Hung, de qudc Nga<br /> ban dao Bancdng da thiic sU trd thanh va de qud'c Dflc) da thflc sU tao ra nhflng cd<br /> <br /> <br /> •PGS.TS. Khoa Ljeh sfl - Trudng D?ii hoc Su pham Hd Npi<br /> 40 Rghien curu Lich sit, sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> hdi phdt trien mdi ddi vdi cdc nha nUdc ddc Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't trong nhflng<br /> Idp non tre tren bdn dao Bancang, song nam 1919-1923 (3) da khdng nhflng khdng<br /> ddng thdi cung dUa lai khdng it thdch thflc. giai quyet dUdc vdn d l dan tpc gifla cac<br /> Ben canh dd, sfl bung nd vd thdng Ipi cua qud'c gia chau Au noi chung, Bancang ndi<br /> cupc Cdch mang xa hdi chu nghia thdng rieng, md lai cdn ldm cho nd cdng thdng vd<br /> Mudi Nga nam 1917, viec thdnh Idp nUdc phflc tap them. Mdt thflc td Id, d tren ban<br /> Nga Xd viet cung cd tdc ddng khd manh tdi dao Bancdng rd't khd xdc Idp dfldc mdt nhd<br /> ddi sd'ng chinh tri - xa hpi cac nUdc nfldc dan tdc thudn nhd't cd dudng bien gidi<br /> Bancdng. Nhflng tac ddng tieu cflc cila cudc dupc phan dinh r5 rdng. Sau nam 1918,<br /> Dai khung hoang kinh te' the' gidi cudi thdp quyln dan tdc tU quyet dUdc nhd'n manh<br /> nien 20 - ddu thdp nien 30 cua the' ky XX trong ddi sd'ng quan he qud'c te d chau Au,<br /> vd sfl xud't hien, ldn manh cua chu nghia vd cd the coi nd chinh Id 'Tdm chi nam" ddn<br /> xdt lai, chil nghia phdt xit d chau Au da dudng cho sfl thdnh Idp cdc nhd nfldc dan<br /> dUa den nhilu thay ddi ldn trong chinh tdc thd'ng nhd't d chau Au dfla tren quy<br /> sach ddi ndi, ddi ngoai cua chinh phu cac dinh cua cac hiep dinh hda binh cila he<br /> nUdc Bancang. thd'ng Versailles. Tuy vdy, cung cdn phai<br /> Su cang t h i n g trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi, thdy rdng, do quyln ldi cua ban thdn mdi<br /> chinh tri d cdc nUdc Bancdng do tdc ddng qud'c gia Bancdng ma each nhin nhdn v l<br /> nguyen tdc "quyln tfl quyet dan tdc" cung<br /> cua cdc cudc khung hoang kinh te da lam<br /> khdc nhau. Cdc nfldc thdng tran mudn cd<br /> sdu sdc them mau thudn ddn tdc, sdc tpc d<br /> dfldc nhilu chien ldi ph^m, trong khi cac<br /> mdi qud'c gia vd gifla cdc qud'c gia Bancdng<br /> nfldc bai tran lai h&a viu vdo quyln tfl<br /> vdi nhau. Tfl nam 1919 trd di, td't ca cac<br /> quye't dan tdc de h a n che' nhflng mdt mat to<br /> qud'c gia Bancdng d i u phai ddi mdt vdi 4<br /> ldn v l lanh thd. He qua la nhilu vung dd't<br /> vd'n de cd ban: Thd nhd't Id sfl tiep tuc da'u<br /> lich sfl, ndi vd'n la que hfldng cua nhilu ddn<br /> tranh gifla cdc ddn tpc trong khudn khd<br /> tpc da hi cat nhfldng, trao di ddi lai ma<br /> nha nfldc dan tpc vd sfl xung dot ldi ich<br /> khdng cdn dfla tren tieu chi dan tdc. Trong<br /> gifla cac qud'c gia Bancdng lien quan de'n<br /> cdc qud'c gia Bancang thi Nam Tfl va<br /> dudng bien gidi, tranh chd'p lanh thd; Thd<br /> Rumani la nhflng nfldc cd nhilu phflc tap<br /> hai la nhflng khd khan kinh te do hdu qua<br /> lien quan den vd'n d l dan tpc va xung dpt<br /> cua chidn tranh; Thd ba Id anh hudng cua<br /> ddn tpc.<br /> nhdn to' nUdc Nga XP viet tren sdn kha'u<br /> quan he qud'c te chau Au vd Thd tii Id sU Cac cudc xung dot dan tpc d Nam Tfl chii<br /> dilu chinh cac mdi quan he qudc te sao cho yeu xoay quanh mau thudn v l ldi fch gifla<br /> phu hdp vdi bdi canh mdi d chdu luc vd cdc dan tdc chie'm da so' nhfl Serbi, Croat,<br /> qud'c te'. Sloveni vd Bosni theo Hdi giao; mau thudn<br /> gifla cac dan tdc chie'm da sd'vdi cdc dan tdc<br /> Nhflng vdn de ddn tpc, mdu thudn ddn thieu sd (4); ben canh dd, mdu thudn gifla<br /> tpc CM vd mdi trong khudn khd mdi qud'c gia ngfldi Serbi vdi ngUdi Anbani (lien quan<br /> Bancang cd tdc ddng manh me de'n chinh de'n viec kiem soat Kosovo (5), Vojvodina).<br /> sdch ddi ngoai cua tflng nfldc. Hp thd'ng cdc Nam Tu cdn cd sU tranh chd'p v l lanh thd<br /> hiep dinh hod binh dfldc ky ke't gifla cac vdi Italia vd Ao (nhflng qudc gia kiem soat<br /> nfldc chie'n thdng vd chie'n bai trong cudc nhflng vung dd't cd ddng dao ngfldi Slavd<br /> rotfi qaan h& giura cAc (|udc gia Ban(Uing— 41<br /> <br /> <br /> phfldng Nam, ngfldi Sloveni vd Croati sinh Bancdng deu vay mdt so' tien kha ldn tfl<br /> sd'ng). trfldc hay trong thdi gian xay ra chie'n<br /> tranh, viec tra cac khoan vay nay cung<br /> Chfnh phu Rumani cung phai dfldng<br /> khdng de giai quye't. Trong cac nfldc<br /> ddu vdi nhflng phflc tap v l vd'n d l dan tdc,<br /> Bancdng, Bungari vd Thd Nhi Ky la nhflng<br /> ddc biet la mdi quan he gifla ngfldi Rumani<br /> nfldc bai trdn (10), vd khoan bdi thfldng<br /> chiem da so' vd cac cdng ddng dan tdc thieu<br /> chien phf ma cac nfldc ndy phai tra cho cac<br /> so. Sau Chien tranh the gidi ldn thfl Nhd't,<br /> nfldc thang tr^n cung da tao ra khdng ft<br /> ddn sd' nfldc Dai Rumani tang hdn 2 ldn so<br /> khd khan cho n I n kinh te sau chien tranh<br /> vdi trfldc ndm 1914, ca'u tnic dan tpc cung<br /> (11). Sau nam 1918, sfl bien ddng cua cac<br /> cd nhflng thay ddi quan trpng, hdn 5 trieu<br /> thi trfldng truyin thd'ng da gay nhilu tac<br /> ngfldi tren tdng so' hdn 18 trieu dan khdng<br /> ddng tieu cflc tdi boat ddng ngoai thfldng<br /> phai Id ngfldi Rumani (6).<br /> cila cac nfldc Bancang. Trfldc chien tranh,<br /> Nhin nhan v l vdn d l dan tdc d Bancdng tuy cdn ban che song de qud'c Dflc vd Ao -<br /> sau nam 1918, trong cdng trinh nghien cflu Hung vdn la nhflng ddi tac thfldng mai<br /> cua minh, mdt chuyen gia v l Lich sfl ban hang ddu cua Serbia vd Rumani; sau ndm<br /> dao Bancang, Barbara Jelavich da cho 1918, hai nfldc nay phai tim kiem cdc thi<br /> rdng, "cdc che dp ddn tpc mdi se dp dung trudng thay the' khac. Mdt vdt can mdi xud't<br /> mpt quan diem khong co cho cho sii thoa hien, nhUng lai cd anh hfldng ldn tdi sfl<br /> hiep. Vi the' cua mpt cong dong ddn tpc phdt trien cua thi trfldng hen Bancdng dd<br /> thieu so'CO the bdt ldi hdn diidi sii tho'ng tri chfnh la khuynh hfldng bao hd cila mdi<br /> cua hg so vdi cdc de'quo'c cu. Nhin chung, qud'c gia Bancang ddi vdi n I n kinh te dan<br /> bdt cd hdnh dpng ndo nhdm chong lai tdc tre tudi cua minh ngay cang dfldc tdng<br /> chinh quyen trung lidng hay ung hp sii thay cfldng thdng qua viec thiet Idp hang rdo<br /> dPi the che' deu bi coi Id mpt hdnh dpng thue quan. Cd the tha'y, kinh te tuy la mdt<br /> phdn bpi^' (7). nhan td ddi ndi, song lai cd tac ddng ra't ldn<br /> de'n chfnh sach ddi ngoai cila mdi qud'c gia,<br /> Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't, bflc<br /> nha't la trong bdi canh khi xay ra cudc dai<br /> tranh kinh te cua cdc qud'c gia Bancdng<br /> khung hoang kinh te 1929 - 1933.<br /> thdt am dam. Ngheo ddi vd sfl lac hdu cua<br /> nIn kinh ^e'tiep tuc deo dudi cac nhd nfldc Sfl bung nd, thdng Ipi cua cudc Cdch<br /> dan tpc tre tudi. Cd rd't nhilu vdt can kim mang Xa hdi chu nghia thang Mfldi Nga<br /> ham qua trinh hdi phuc vd phat trien cua nam 1917 va sfl ra ddi va ngay cang ldn<br /> nIn kinh te cac quoc gia Bancang sau chien manh cua niidc Nga XP viet da khdng chi cd<br /> tranh. Nhflng hllu qua quan sfl vd kinh te tdc ddng sau sdc tdi dien bien cua cua cudc<br /> cua mdt cudc chien kdo ddi khien cho cdc Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl Nhd't, ciing nhfl<br /> nudc Bancang tham chie'n gdn nhU kiet thdi dp cua cdc ben tham chien md nd cdn<br /> que. Su thipt hfd v l ngUdi Id ra't ldn (Serbia de lai nhilu tac dpng ldu dai tdi ddi sdng<br /> ma't 700.000 ngudi; •)»ungari - 300.000 quan he qud'c te d chdu Au sau chie'n tranh.<br /> ngudi (8); Rumani - 340.000 ngUdi... (9), Ddi vdi chinh phu td't ca cac nUdc tren ban<br /> dilu ndy cd anh hudng tieu ciic lau ddi tdi dao Bancdng, sii tdn tai cua mdt cUdng<br /> ngudn cung cd'p sflc lao ddng cho n I n kinh qudc ludn cd vu nhflng thay ddi cdp tien<br /> td. Ben canh dd hdu het cac chinh phu trong td chflc chinh tri, kinh te, xd hdi cila<br /> 42 Rghign curu Lich sit. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> cdc nha nfldc dang tdn tai d chau Au nhfl Sfl hinh thanh he thdng cdc dong minh<br /> nfldc Nga Xd viet (Lien Xd tfl 1922) trong mdi sau Chien tranh thd gidi thfl Nhd't<br /> thdi gian gifla hai cudc chien tranh thd gidi ciing Id mpt nhan td^ cd anh hfldng ldn den<br /> da tao r a nhflng lo ngai, thu dich (gid'ng chfnh sach ddi ngoai cua cac qud'c gia<br /> nhfl each hdnh xii ciia cac nfldc phfldng Bancdng.<br /> Tdy). He qua Id, cho den het thap nien 20<br /> Vipc nfldc Nga Xd viet vd nfldc Dflc cd<br /> cua the ky XX, khdng mdt chfnh phu ndo d<br /> vai trd ban che trong ddi sd'ng quan he qudc<br /> Bancang cdng nhan v l mat ngoai giao vd<br /> te chau Au trong thdp nien 20 cua the ky<br /> thiet lap quan he vdi nfldc Nga Xd vie't/Lien<br /> XX da tao dilu kien thuan ldi cho cac cfldng<br /> Xd (12). Sfl lo ngai nay khdng phai la<br /> qud'c khac phat huy va md rdng anh hfldng<br /> khdng cd cd sd, bdi le, ngay sau nam 1918,<br /> cila minh. Phap trd thdnh cfldng qud'c hdng<br /> d Nam Tfl (13) hay Bungari, cac dang<br /> ddu tren chfnh trfldng chau Au sau chien<br /> Cdng san (dfldc td chflc dfla tren cdc dang<br /> tranh. Mi^c tieu ma Phap theo dudi la ldm<br /> Xd hdi mac xft hay Xa hdi - Dan chil) tuy<br /> sao phai duy t n statu-quo (nguyen trang)<br /> cdn rd't non tre (ddu dfldc thdnh Idp ndm<br /> ban dd chfnh tri chau Au da dfldc ve sau<br /> 1919 (14), song da gianh dfldc nhflng<br /> cac hiep dinh hod binh cua Hp thd'ng<br /> thang ldi ldn trong cac cudc bdu cil, khidn<br /> Versailles. Mud'n vdy, cdn phai ngdn can<br /> cho cac dang canh hflu cua giai cdp tfl san<br /> thanh cdng qua trinh phuc hdi cila nfldc<br /> dang nam q u y l n phai canh gidc, thdn<br /> Dflc (nfldc cd mdi tham thu truyin kiep vdi<br /> trpng. Thai dp ca'p tidn v l va'n de dan tpc<br /> Phdp, lai cd so' dan ddng hdn, cd tilm nang<br /> cila Qud'c te Cdng san tai Dai hdi ldn thfl 5<br /> kinh td ldn hdn Phap). Ben canh viec dp<br /> dupc td chflc vao nam 1924 dd cd tdc ddng<br /> dat Dflc phai bdi thudng mdt khoan bdi<br /> sdu sdc den td't ca chfnh phu cdc qud'c gia<br /> thudng chien phi khdng Id, vUdt qua kha<br /> Bancdng. Viec Qud'c te Cdng san ddi hdi<br /> ndng tai chfnh cila ca Dflc l i n he thd'ng tdi<br /> tudn thu "quyln dan tdc tU quye't" cua cac<br /> chfnh chdu Au, Phap cdn theo dudi vipc<br /> dan tdc hi dp bflc d Macedonia, Tracia,<br /> thiet Idp mdt vanh dai an ninh bao vay, cd<br /> Croatia, Slovenia, Transilvania,<br /> Idp Dflc vdi sfl tham gia cua cac nfldc thdng<br /> Dogrogea, Basarabia vd Bucovina; ddng trdn chd'p nhdn sfl lanh dao, chi huy cua<br /> thdi yeu cdu Basarabia va Bucovina phai nfldc ndy. Sau khi My n i t bdt sfl can dfl cua<br /> dupc tra lai cho Lien Xd, cdn d tren cac minh vdo cac va'n d l cua chau Au sau chien<br /> Idnh thd cdn lai se t h a n h Idp cdc nhd nUdc tranh, Anh vd Phap (Italia se cung tham<br /> rieng re, trd thanh mdt bd phan cua Lien dfl sau dd) Id nhiJng cudng qudc tU cho<br /> bang Cdng san dUdi sfl lanh dao cua Lien minh Id nhflng nUdc cd trach nhiem phai<br /> Xd (15) da gay ra sii lo ngai sau sdc cua bao ve h$ thdng cac hiep dinh hoa binh da<br /> chfnh phu cac nfldc Bancdng nhfl dupc ky ket gifla phe thang tr^n vdi cac<br /> Rumani, Nam Tfl, Hy Lap. Rd rang, nfldc nfldc bai tran (16), nhdm duy tri ldi the' cd<br /> Nga X6 vie't/Lien Xd la mpt nhan td' quan dfldc sau chien tranh, ddi phd khdng chi ddi<br /> trpng ma bat ky mdt chfnh phu nao d ban vdi Dflc (ke thu cu) ma cdn vdi ca nUdc Nga<br /> dao Bancang khdng the khdng tfnh ddn Xd viet/Lien Xd (ke thu mdi). Ld cUdng qudc<br /> khi xac dinh dfldng ldl ddi ngoai cua minh manh nhd^t d chdu Au luc dia sau nam 1918<br /> trong nhflng ndm gifla hai cudc chidn nen Phap Id nUdc ludn khdi xUdng cdc sang<br /> tranh the gidi. kien ngoai giao cua chau Au. Chinh sach<br /> ^6i quan h& giCra cac qudc gia Bancang... 42<br /> <br /> <br /> ma Phap theo dudi Id lam sao phai thdng lam sao phai xda bd dUdc nhflng quy dinh<br /> nhd't trong mpt lien minh manh me td't ca bd't ldi cua cac hiep dinh hda binh, khdi<br /> cac nudc dupc hudng ldi tfl he thd'ng cdc hod phuc lai sflc manh kinh te', qudn sfl, thu hdi<br /> udc, ddi phd hieu qua vdi sU phuc thu cung lai nhflng vung dd't vd'n tflng ndm dfldi sfl<br /> nhu tu tudng xet lai cua nhiing nUdc thfl kiem soat cua hp da bi tfldc doat. Tuy<br /> dich (17). Theo tinh toan cua Phdp thi bdii nhien, de dat dfldc nhflng dilu dd, viec Ifla<br /> qud'c gia Ddng Au: Ba Lan, Tiep Khdc, chpn ddng minh mdi khdng h i ddn gian. Sii<br /> Rumani vd Nam Tfl la "mot trong nhiing phdn hoa tren Id mpt vat cdn rd't ldn de'n<br /> dong minh hy vong" (18) cila minh. Nhfl viec xdc lap moi quan he hoa binh, thdn<br /> vay, trong sd'cac qud'c gia ndm tren ban dao thien gida cdc qudc gia Bancdng sau chie'n<br /> Bancdng, Nam Tfl va Rumani se cd mot vi tranh, gida hg vdi nhau co qud nhieu bdt<br /> tri khdng the bd qua trong tinh todn chie'n hod deep the thiet lap diidc sU phdi hdp vdi<br /> Ifldc cua Phdp. nhau, doi pho co hieu qud sU can thiep tii<br /> phia cdc ciidng qudc.<br /> 3. Ve m o i q u a n h e givla c a c q u o c gia<br /> B a n c a n g t r o n g nhu(ng n a m 1919-1939 Sfl thay ddi cua tfldng quan Iflc Ifldng vd<br /> vi the mdi cfldng qud'c chau Au sau nam<br /> Cd the thd'y, sau Chien tranh the gidi<br /> ldn thfl Nhd't, vi the qud'c te cua cac nfldc 1918 dd tao cd sd cho cdc nfldc Bancdng thi<br /> ndm tren ban dao Bancang la rd't khdc hanh mdt dfldng ldl ddi ngoai ddc Idp, tfl<br /> nhau. Trong luc Viidng quo'c cua nhSng chu d mflc dp nhd't dinh. Cd the khang dinh<br /> ngiidi Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni (tfl 1929, ddi rdng, chfla bao gid gifla cdc qud'c gia ndm d<br /> ten Id Vudng quo'c Nam Tu), Rumani, Hy khu viic Nam Au vd Ddng Au ndy lai cd mdi<br /> Lap la nhflng nfldc thudc phe thdng trdn, trUdng thudn ldi de phat trien moi quan he<br /> dUdc hudng ldi tfl nhflng quy dinh cua He khu vUc, nhdm thiet Idp nen mdng cho mdi<br /> thd'ng Versailles thi Bungari vd Thd Nhi quan he song phUdng va da phUdng mang<br /> Ky lai Id nhflng nfldc bai trdn. He qua Id, tinh hieu biet ldn nhau, cung bao ve ldi ich<br /> khi xem x6t ve chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc chung cua ca ban dao Bancang trUdc sU can<br /> nUdc Bancang trong thdi gian gifla hai cudc thiep cua cdc cUdng qud'c nhU da tflng dien<br /> chien tranh the gidi, theo chiing toi, cd the ra trong sud't chilu ddi lich sii. Sau nam<br /> tam phdn chia ldm hai nhom nfldc: nhom 1919, sfl sup dd, tan rd cua de' qud'c Nga va<br /> thd nhdt gdm cd Nam Tii, Rumani vd Hy de qudc Ao - Hung (hai cUdng qud'c da tiing<br /> Lap, Anbani. Vdi nhom nay thi muc tieu thao tung ddi sd'ng quan he qudc te d khu<br /> hang dau hp se phai theo dudi Id ldm sao vUc ndy trong sud't the ky XIX cho de'n •<br /> duy tri dupc sii tdn tai nguyen trang cua trUdc nam 1914), cung nhU sii sao nhang<br /> dudng bien gidi dd dUdc xac dinh bdi he cua Anh ddi vdi khu vUc da tao ra nhflng<br /> thd'ng cdc hiep dinh hod binh, tim kiem mdi khoang trd^ng "tich cflc" cho cac qud'c gia<br /> quan he ddng minh tfl phia cac cfldng qud'c Bancdng the hien cdc sang kie'n ngoai giao<br /> dang ndm quyln "cdm can nay miic" d chau cila minh. Tuy Phap vd Italia da nd Iflc<br /> Au sau chien tranh (Phdp, Anh), ddng thdi thiet lap mpt he tho'ng cac ddng minh mdi<br /> phai ddi phd cd hieu qua vdi chu nghia xet nang dpng d Dong Au, song ca hai d i u<br /> lai, tham vpng phuc thu cua cac nUdc bai khong CO du tilm Iflc quan sU cdn thiet<br /> trdn; nhom thd hai gdm Bungari, Tho Nhi nhdm cu the hod vd hien thiic boa nhanh<br /> Ky. Muc tieu ma nhom nay theo dudi la chong dupc tham vpng cua minh d khu vUc.<br /> 44 Rghien curu Lich siJr. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> Nha nghien cflu M^, Barbara Jelavich, Bancdng ndi rieng va cdc nfldc Ddng vd<br /> da dung khi nhdn dinh rdng, tuy gifla cdc Nam Au ndi chung. Sii ra ddi cua khdi Tieu<br /> nfldc Bancdng cd sfl tdn tai nhflng kha hiep Udc dpn dudng cho viec ky ket hang<br /> ndng thiet Idp mdt td chflc khu viic mang loat cdc hiep udc ddng minh song phUdng<br /> tinh xay dflng, song "viec thda ke sii thu gifla cdc qudc gia chau Au. Ngdy 14 thang 8<br /> hdn td qud khd dd to ra la qud ldn" (19). ndm 1920, hiep udc ddng minh gifla Nam<br /> Td't ca cac qud'c gia Bancang d i u nam Tfl vd Tiep Khdc da dupc ky ket. Theo<br /> quyln kiem soat nhflng vflng Idnh thd khdc gUdng Nam Tu, ngdy 23 thang 4 nam 1921,<br /> nhau vd'n tflng dfldc chuyen giao di chuyen Rumani cung da ky mpt hiep Udc ddng<br /> giao lai gifla cac nfldc lang gilng trfldc nam minh tUdng tii vdi Tiep Khdc. Phdn md ddu<br /> 1914, hoac bi cac cfldng qud'c cdt, nhfldng cila hiep Udc neu ro muc dich cua hiep Udc<br /> sau cac cudc chie'n tranh gifla cac de' qud'c la "nhdm duy tri hod binh theo tinh thdn<br /> trong sud't cdc the ky XIV - XIX (20). Thflc cua Hpi Quo'c Liin vd trdt tii diidc thiei lap<br /> the ndy khien cho cd hpi cila sfl hod giai td hiep dinh Trianon" (24). Phdn ndi dung<br /> gifla hp vdi nhau la rd't it va mong manh. gdm cd 7 dilu khoan, d l cdp den each thflc<br /> Ngay sau cudc Chien tranh the' gidi thfl hdnh ddng gifla cac ben nhdm ddi phd vdi<br /> Nhd't ket thuc, sfl quan tam hdng dau cua mdt cudc ta'n cdng ba't ngd cua Hunggari.<br /> cdc nfldc thdng tran la lam sao phai bao ve Hiep fldc cd gid tri trong thdi ban 2 nam<br /> dfldc thdnh qua dd gianh dfldc. Trong bdi (dieu 5), ndi dung cua hiep fldc se dfldc<br /> canh dien ra sfl dao ldn cdn cdn Iflc lfl(?ng thdng bdo cho Hdi Qud'c Lien (dilu 6) (25).<br /> theo hfldng cd'p tien d chau Au khi dd, mdt Ngay 7 thang 6 ndm 1921, Bd trfldng Ngoai<br /> lien minh khu viic mang tinh chd't phdng giao Nam Tfl, Nikola Pasic va ngfldi ddng<br /> thu ddu tien da dfldc thdnh Idp vdo thdng 8 cdp Rumani, Take lonescu da ky ke't hiep<br /> nam 1920 - khdi Tieu hiep lidc - vdi sfl dinh ddng minh ddu tien gifla hai qudc gia<br /> tham gia cila Nam Tfl, Rumani vd Tiep Bancdng vdi nhau. NhU vdy, thdng qua cac<br /> lOidc. Sfl thanh Idp khdi Tieu hiep fldc - hiep dinh ddng minh song phUdng, ba nUdc<br /> dfldc nhflng ngudi sang Idp coi la cdng cu (Nam Tu, Rumani vd Tiep Khdc) da thiet<br /> "bdo ve cdc diidng biin gidi dd diidc hiep lap mdt lien minh phdng thu chung nhdm<br /> dinh Trianon quy dinh" (21) - da nhdn dUpc ddi phd vdi Hunggari. Vay tai sao cac nUdc<br /> sii hoan ngheng vd ung hd cua Phap, vdi hy nay lai gdp gap khi dat but ky cac hipp<br /> vpng thdng qua khdi nay se cung cd' vi the' dinh ddng minh nhfl vdy, khi vfla mdi ciing<br /> cua Phap d Ddng va Nam Au. Phdp mudn nhau ky vdi Hunggari hipp dinh Trianon<br /> ben canh Rumani, Nam Tu vd Tiep Khdc, hdn mdt ndm trfldc dd. Theo nghien cflu<br /> khdi Tieu hiep Udc cdn ldi kdo dUdc sii tham cua Nicolae Ciachir, nhd sfl hpc Rumani,<br /> gia cila Ba Lan vd Hy Lap. Cd y kie'n cho sfl vdi va dd xud't phat tfl sU kien thang 3<br /> rdng khdi Tieu hiep fldc dupc td chflc nhfl nam 1921, ciiu hoang de cua de qud'c Ao -<br /> Id mdt cdng cu cua gidi ngoai giao Phdp Hung, Carol de Habsburg, da quay trd lai<br /> nhdm duy tri statu-quo (nguyen trang), HunggEiri, tim each gidnh lai ngai vdng.<br /> ddng thdi nhdm chdiig lai Hunggari (22) vd Ngay Idp tflc, ca Nam Tfl, Rumani ldn Tipp<br /> Bungari (23). Cd the thd'y khdi lien minh Khdc d i u tuyen bd" sfl dung vu Iflc neu cdn<br /> nay khdng h i phu hdp chut nao cho viec de chdiig lai am mflu dd, se cat quan hp<br /> thuc d^y kha nang hod giai gifla cac nfldc ngoai giao vdi Hunggari. Trfldc tinh hinh<br /> rodi quan h0 giira cac qudc gia Banctog. 45<br /> <br /> <br /> dd, Hpi nghi cac dai sfl dd nhdm hpp tai Ngay trong thang 10 ndm 1933, Bd<br /> Paris va thong qua Nghi quyet ngdy 31 trUdng Ngoai giao Rumani da tien hdnh<br /> thdng 3 nam 1921, bupc Hunggari phai tdn chuyen vieng thdm Thd Nhi Ky vd ky ket<br /> trpng tuyen bd' cua Hdi nghi hod binh ngdy 2 "hiep lidc hdu nghi, khong xdm liidc, phdn<br /> thdng 2 nam 1920, trong dd neu ro viec phuc xd tranh chap theo hiidng thoa hiep gida<br /> hdi lai vfldng trieu Hapsburg la bi cdm. Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky" (29), tao cd sd cho<br /> Khdng the di ngU(Jc lai y chi cua cdc cUdng sU gdn gui vd phdi hdp chdt che trong<br /> qudc thang trdn, ngdy 3 thang 11 ndm 1921, nhflng nd Iflc dam bao an ninh, hod binh d<br /> Qudc hdi Hunggari budc phai buy bd quyen khu viic bdn dao Bancdng. Mdt sfl kien<br /> thfla ke ngai vdng cua hodng gia Ao va khdc cung cdn dfldc nhdc de'n, tai phien hpp<br /> Carol de Habsburg (Carol TV) bi true xud't cua Hdi ddng Thudng tnic cua khdi Tieu<br /> vd dp giai den qudn dao Madeira (26). hiep Udc tai Zagreb (Nam Tu) vdo thdng 1<br /> nam 1934, doan dai bieu Tidp Khdc dd<br /> Trong nhflng nam 30 cua the ky XX, cdc<br /> ddng y viec ky ket mdt Thoa thu^n<br /> qud'c gia Bancdng da cd nhflng cd' gdng<br /> nhdm hod giai, xod bd sfl hdn thu gifla cac Bancang, "nhdm phot hdp nhiing nP lUc<br /> ben, cac nfldc vd'n ddi nghich nhau trong cua cdc niidc nhdm chdng lai chu nghia xet<br /> cudc Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl Nha't, tie'n tdi lai dDPng - Nam Au" (30).<br /> thiet lap mdi lien he khdng kbit hdn gifla Viec Bungari va Anbani, nhflng nfldc<br /> cdc nfldc cung ndm tren mdt ban dao. Budc chiu anh hfldng cua Dflc vd Italia, khdng cd<br /> di quan trpng ddu tien da dien ra tai Aten bd't cfl ddng thai ndo nhdm dap lai ldi d l<br /> (Hy Lap) vdo thdng 10 ndm 1930 khi Hdi nghi cung xdy diing mdt td chflc khu viic<br /> nghi Bancdng dUdc khai mac. Cudc gap nhdm cung cd' an ninh vd gin gifl hod binh<br /> khong chinh thflc nay da thu hut dfldc sfl d Bancdng da thuc d^y cac nfldc tren bdn<br /> tham gia cua dai dien cac td chflc van boa dao Bancdng phai hdnh dpng gd'p. Tai tbil<br /> va nghe nghipp, dai dien cdc trfldng dai dd Aten cila Hy Lap ngdy 9 thdng 2 nam<br /> hpc, vd cac chinh tri gia. Nhilu uy ban 1934, Bp trUdng Ngoai giao cua bd'n qud'c<br /> chuyen mdn dfldc thdnh lap, mpt sd^ budi gia Bancang la Hy Lap (Demetrios<br /> giao lUu va trao ddi van hoa gifla cdc qud'c Maximos), Rumani (Nicolae Titulescu), Thd<br /> gia Bancang da dfldc ky ke't. Nhi Ky (Tewfik RUstu Aras) vd Nam Tu<br /> Su kien Hitler va Dang Qud'c xa ndm (Bogoliub Jeftic) da ky ket Thoa thudn<br /> quyln lUc d nUdc Dflc (thang 1 nam 1933), Bancdng gdm cd 3 dieu khoan (31). Phdn<br /> dac biet Id viec Dflc n i t khdi Hpi Qud'c Lien md ddu cua ban Thoan thudn neu ro ly do<br /> vd Hdi nghi qud'c te v l giai trfl qudn bi tai cua cdc nUdc khi quye't dinh ky ke't nd Id<br /> Geneva (thdng 11 nam 1933) cung nhU "xudt phdt td long mong mudn gop phdn<br /> hdnh ddng cua Mussolini (27) ddi xem xet vdo viic cung cp'hod binh d Bancdng; thdm<br /> lai cdc dudng bien gidi dUdc thiet Idp tfl he nhudn tinh thdn hiiu biit vd hod gidi diidc<br /> thd'ng Versailles dd khdng chi ldm cho neu ra trong Hiep Udc Briand - Kellog (32)<br /> Rumani md ta't ca cdc ddng minh Bancang vd quyei dinh liin quan de'n hiep Udc ndy<br /> khac trong khudn khd khoi Tieu hiep fldc lo ciia Hpi Qudc Liin; dong thdi vdi quyet tdm<br /> ngai (28), tim each ddi pho vdi sU bien dpng mg.nh me nhdm duy tri sU tPn tg.i cua cdc<br /> day nguy hiem cua ddi sd^ng quan he qud'c thoa thudn co liin quan din duy tri trdt tU<br /> te' chau Au. ICnh thn hien thdi d Bancdng" (33). Ndi<br /> 46 Rghien curu Lich sJr. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> dung cd ban cila 3 dilu khoan da cho thd'y sii ra ddi cua Khoi Thod thudn Bancdng<br /> mong mdi cua bd'n qud'c gia Bancdng vdo gdm 4 nudc: Nam Tu, Hy Lap, Rumani vd<br /> thdi diem gifla nhflng nam 30 cua the ky Thd Nhi Ky.<br /> XX. Dilu 1 chi r5: "Hy Lap, Rumani, Tho<br /> Cd the thdy, sU thdnh Idp khdi Tieu hiep<br /> Nhi Ky vd Nam Tu cung nhau ddm bdo sU<br /> Udc (Nam Tu, Rumani, Tiep Khdc) va khdi<br /> an todn cua tdt cd ngUdi ddn d Bancdng";<br /> Thod thudn Bancdng (Nam TU, Hy Lap,<br /> dilu 2 cd ndi dung la: "Cdc ben tham gia ky<br /> Rumani vd Thd Nhi Ky) trong nhflng thdp<br /> Thoa thudn co nghia vu dUa ra y kie'n cua<br /> nien 20 vd 30 cua the ky XX da tao thdnh<br /> minh ve nhSng bien phdp se dp dung trong<br /> mdt lien minh mang tinh chdt phdng thu d<br /> tiing trUdng hdp cu the nhdm bdo ve ldi ich<br /> khu viic Nam vd Ddng Au, vdi so' ddn tdi 70<br /> cua minh. Cdc ben co nghia vu khong sd<br /> trieu ngUdi (37), cd the coi la nhflng nd Iflc<br /> dung bdt cd hdnh dpng chinh tri trUdc bdt<br /> cila cdc nfldc Bancdng nhdm chd'ng lai chu<br /> ky mpt nUdc Bancdng ndo khdc khPng tham<br /> nghia xdt lai va banh trfldng dang ngay<br /> gia ky Thoa thudn, trUdc khi co sii tham<br /> cdng trd nen manh me d chdu Au.<br /> khao y kii'n chung vd se khong nhdn bd't ky<br /> nghia vu chinh tri ndo trUdc bdt ky mpt Tuy da tuyen bd' cdng khai v l kha ndng<br /> nUdc Bancdng ndo khdc trUdc khi co sU gia nhdp td chflc khu viic cua cdc nUdc khac<br /> dPng thudn cua cdc ben ky ke't Thod ndm tren ban dao Bancang song khoi Thod<br /> thudn". Npi dung cua dilu 3 cung chi ro thudn Bancdng da khong ldi kdo dUdc sU<br /> rdng: "Thoa thudn ndy se co gid tri hieu lUc tham gia cua Bungari vd Anbani. Theo<br /> ngay sau khi dUdc chinh quyen cdc nUdc chung tdi, nhflng mau thudn sau sdc vl<br /> phi chudn trong thdi gian nhanh nhdt co lanh thd, quyln kiem soat cac vung ddt lich<br /> the. Thod thudn se md cda cho bdt ky nUdc sfl da khien cho sfl hdn thu gifla cdc qud'c<br /> Bancdng ndo mong muo'n gia nhdp, sau khi gia Bancdng trong qua khfl Id khdng de xod<br /> dUdc cdc nUdc ky Thod thudn xem xet vd co bd. Viec Bungari vd Anbani dflng ngoai<br /> sUdong thudn" (34). khdi da khien cho khdi Hiep fldc Bancdng<br /> chi Id mdt cdng cu de mdt so' nfldc thdnh<br /> Tinh cha't phong thu ciia Thoa thuan<br /> vien sfl dung de chd'ng lai sU phan khdng<br /> Bancang da dfldc k h i n g dinh them trong<br /> cua Bungari vd duy tri dudng bien gidi<br /> Phdn Phu luc cua vdn ban ndy khi chi ro:<br /> dang tdn tai. Mdt trong nhflng diem ye'u cd<br /> "Thod thudn khong nhdm chdng lg,i bdt ky<br /> ban cua khoi Thod thudn Bancdng Id mdi<br /> cUdng qudc ndo, no chi Id mot cong cu<br /> thanh vien trong khdi diu khdng sdn sang<br /> phong thu. Thod thudn se khong dUdc thiic<br /> bao ve ldi ich cua cdc ddng minh khac trfldc<br /> hien trong trUdng hdp mpt trong so'cdc ben<br /> sfl can thiep cua cdc cUdng quo'c (Hy Lap<br /> tham gia ky Thod thuan co hdnh dpng xdm<br /> khdng h i cd y dinh can thiep vao cudc xung<br /> lUdc" (35). De khdng gdy sfl hieu ldm cho<br /> dot Nam TU - Italia; Thd Nhi Ky khdng<br /> Lien Xd, Bd trfldng Ngoai giao Thd Nhi Ky<br /> cung dd ra tuyen bd' ngay sau khi ky Thoa mudn can dii trong tnidng hdp xay ra cudc<br /> thudn, trong dd k h i n g dinh rdng: "Trong chie'n tranh Nga - Rumani), viec hp coi<br /> bdt ky trudng hdp ndo Thd Nhi Ky cung nhau la ddng minh chi de nhdm ddi phd vdi<br /> khPng cho phep coi Thod thudn Bancdng Id Bungari. Thflc te nay cho tha'y, cdc cam ke't<br /> mpt vdn kien nhdm chong lai Liin Xd" (36). gifla cac nfldc tham gia khdi Thoa thudn<br /> Thoa thudn Ban cdng da ddt nen mdng cho Bancang "khong thiic sU co ich" (38).<br /> EPdi quan ha giUa e^c qudc gia Bancang... 47<br /> <br /> <br /> Mpt vf du nfla v l sfl cd'gdng nfla cila cac Bd trfldng Bd Ngoai giao Lien Xd Molotov<br /> nfldc Bancang nhdm bao ve boa binh cua vd Bp trfldng Ngoai giao Dflc Ribbentrop kf<br /> khu viic la viec ngay 20 thang 7 ndm 1936, thoa thudn hai nfldc khdng xam Ifldc ldn<br /> da sd' cac nfldc Bancang: Thd Nhi Ky, nhau, cvmg nhau phan chia khu vflc anh<br /> Rumani, Bungari, Nam Tfl vd Hy Lap da hfldng (trong ndi dung cua Nghi dinh thfl<br /> tham gia ky Hi4p Udc Montreux (hiep dinh bf mdt di'nh kdm Thoa thudn Xd - Dflc cd<br /> v l che dp ddi vdi cac eo bien Den, neu ro: "Liin quan din khu vUc DPng vd<br /> Dardanele va Bosfor) cung vdi cac cfldng Nam Au, phia Liin XP nhdn manh din ldi<br /> qud'c nhfl Phdp, Anh, Lien Xd va Nhdt Ban. ich cua minh d Basarabia. Phia Bdc tuyen<br /> Dieu dang ndi la hiep dinh ndy khdng chi bo'khPng he quan tdm dudi goc dp chinh tri<br /> giup cho Thd Nhi Ky gianh lai chil quyln din khu vUc lanh thd ndy" (40). Hp qua la,<br /> ddi vdi cdc eo bien Den ma nd cdn quy dinh, trong bdi canh cac cfldng qud'c Anh, Phap<br /> "ddi vdi tdt cd cdc nUdc tiep gidp vdi bien thd d. Lien Xd vd Dflc bdt tay vdi nhau,<br /> Ben thi se khPng co bdt ky han che ndo ddi Rumani cung gidng nhfl cac nfldc Bancdng<br /> vdi cdc tdu chien cua hg td Bia Trung Hdi khac da khdng the cfl lai sflc dp tfl phfa<br /> ra hay vdo bien Ben thPng qua cdc eo biin Dflc vd Italia, ldn Ifldt trd thdnh ddng minh<br /> Dardanele vd Bosfor'' (39). hay chfl hdu cila phe phat xft.<br /> Sfl thoa hiep cua Anh, Phap trfldc 3. Ket l u a n<br /> nhflng hanh ddng xam Ifldc cila phdt xft<br /> Khoang thdi gian hda binh qua ngdn<br /> Dflc, Italia da cd tdc ddng sau sdc tdi van<br /> ngili, hiem hoi gifla hai cudc chien tranh<br /> menh cua cdc qud'c gia Bancdng cung nhfl<br /> ldn tan khdc da khdng hda giai dfldc mdi<br /> mdi quan hp gifla cdc nfldc trong khu viic.<br /> quan he gifla cac nfldc Bancang thudc phe<br /> Sfl kien Dflc de ddng sap nhdp do vao ben<br /> thang tran vdi cac nfldc thudc phe bai tran<br /> trong dfldng bien gidi cua nfldc ndy (thdng<br /> trong cudc Chien tranh the gidi thfl Nha't.<br /> 3 nam 1938) dd khuyen khi'ch Hitler hanh<br /> ddng manh tay hdn. Vi ldi fch cila ban Do nhflng mau t h u l n ve vSfn d l tranh cha'p<br /> than, Anh vd Phdp da nhfldng bd mdt each lanh thd, cpng them s\f hiem khfch v l va'n<br /> dang xd'u hd trfldc tham vpng lanh thd ngay d l dan tdc da lam cho cd hdi thiet Idp mpt<br /> cdng ldn cua Hitler. Thod thuan Miinkhen nen hod binh, hflu nghi gifla cac qudc gia<br /> ngdy 30 thdng 12 nam 1938 khdng chi giup Bancdng trd ndn ra't nhd nhoi.<br /> cho Dflc nud't gpn Tiep Khdc ma nd cdn ldm Mdt sfl that Id cac nfldc Bancdng da<br /> tan ra khdi Tieu hiep fldc sau 18 ndm tdn khdng cd kha nang tao Idp dfldc mdt cd sd<br /> tai (1920 - 1938), khien cho Rumani vd vflng chdc cho sfl hdp tac vd bao ve ldn<br /> Nam Tfl them lo sd v l so' phdn cila minh nhau trfldc sflc dp tfl ben ngodi. Tfl niia sau<br /> khi md cac cfldng qud'c da bdt tay vdi nhau thdp nien 30 cua the' ky XX, trong bdi canh<br /> de phan chia khu viic anh hfldng. Cho de'n phat xft Dflc (41) va phat xft Italia ngdy<br /> thdi diem bung nd cudc Chie'n tranh thd cdng bdc Id ro tham vpng vd tfnh toan chien<br /> gidi thfl Hai (thdng 9 ndm 1939), cac nfldc Ifldc cua minh ddi vdi ban dao Bancang;<br /> Bancang khdng the tfl bao v$ dfldc minh vide Phap giam bdt sfl chu y tdi cac vd'n d l<br /> nfla. Cd thd coi sii kipn ngdy 23 thang 8 cila Ddng va Nam Au; viec Lien Xd vd Dflc<br /> nam 1939 da tao ra bUdc ngoat quan trpng cd nhflng nhfldng bd tam thdi vdi nhau da<br /> trong dfldng loi doi ngoai cua Rumani khi khidn cho sfl an todn cua cac nfldc trong<br /> 48<br /> Rghi&n curu Lich sJr. sd 6.2010<br /> <br /> khu vflc trd nen mong manh (42). Cd the kinh te cua khu vflc Bancdng so vdi mdt<br /> thd'y, cung gid'ng nhfl sud't chilu ddi lich sfl, bang chung cua chau Au, cdng vdi nhflng di<br /> trong tien trinh p h a t trien cila minh, cac san tieu cue qua ldn cua qua khfl ve lanh<br /> qud'c gia Bancang do nam d vi the dia - thd, dan tpc da khien cho cd hdi t h a n h cdng<br /> chfnh tri quan trpng nen khd thoat khdi sfl trong qua trinh phdn da'u cho sfl thinh<br /> nhdm ngd va t h a m vpng thao tung cua cac vfldng cua cdc nfldc nam d phfa Nam vd<br /> cfldng qud'c. Trinh dp p h a t trien tha'p v l Ddng Au nay thdt hiem hoi va mong manh.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). TU nam 1918 den nam 1929 ten gpi chinh thong tri ciia Ottoman d chau Au gom toan bd<br /> thUc cua quoc gia nay la Viidng qudc cua ngiidi viing lanh thd' phia Nam Au va phan ldn Ddng Au<br /> Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni. Den nam 1929 dUpc dd'i (ban dao Bancang). Tuy nhien, tii cuoi the ky<br /> ten la VUcfng qudc Nam Tii (Yugoslavia). Song de XVIII, de qud'c Ottoman ngay cang suy yeu, khung<br /> thuan tipn, chiing tdi xin dUdc ph6p dilng ten gpi hoang roi suy svp, trd thanh con bpnh cua chau<br /> ngan Nam Tii de chi vUng lanh thd' ciia ngudi Au. Day chinh la hoan canh vd ciing thuan Ipi de<br /> Slavd phUdng Nam trong khoang thdi gian nghien cac dan tpc sinh sdrig tren ban dao Bancang (Hy<br /> ciiu ciia bai viet. Lap, Serbi, Rumani, Anbani, Bungari...) vilng len<br /> da'u tranh chd'ng lai ach ap bUc cua de quoc<br /> (2). Tuy phan ldn lanh thd' cua Thd' Nhi K^ nam<br /> Ottoman, gianh lai chu quyen, t\f do. Ben canh dd,<br /> b chau A, song trong khudn kho cua bai viet nay,<br /> si^l suy ye'u cua Ottoman cung da tao cd hdi cho cac<br /> chiing tdi v i n coi Tho Nhi K^ la mpt quoc gia<br /> cUdng qudc chau Au can thipp vao cdng vipc ndi bd<br /> thupc ban dao Bancang bdi mpt so li do sau: Thii<br /> cua de quoc. Tii cuoi the ky XVIII den dau the ky<br /> nhdt, dudi khfa canh lich sul, trong nhieu the ky,<br /> XX, cac de qudc Anh, Phap, DUc, Nga, Ao/Ao -<br /> de quoc Ottoman/Thd' NhT K;^ nam quyen kiem<br /> Hung (1867-1918), Italia da tranh gianh quyet lipt<br /> soat ban dao BancSng; ThU hai, vdi tha't bai trong<br /> anh hudng b de quoc Ottoman, thao tiing ve kinh<br /> cupc Chien tranh the gidi thii Nha't, Thd' Nhi Kj><br /> te, tai chinh, khien cho quyen lUc ciia hoang de<br /> budc phai ki Hda Udc Sevres (thang 8 nam 1920)<br /> (Sultan) Ottoman chi la hu vd. Trong cupc Chig'n<br /> vdi cac nUdc thudc phe thSng tran. Theo qui dinh<br /> tranh the gidi thfl nha't, Ottoman thupc phe Lien<br /> ciia Hipp dinh Sevres, b phin da't thupc chau Au,<br /> minh (Dflc, Ao - Hung, Bungari). Do la mpt nUdc<br /> Thd' Nhi K^ vSn cdn kiem soat dUdc thanh phd'<br /> thupc phe bpi tran nen sau nam 1918, tinh hinh<br /> Constantinople (Istambul) va viing ngoai d. NhU<br /> npi bp Ottoman ngay cang roi ren, cac cUdng quoc<br /> vay v i n cd the coi Thd' Nhi K^ la mpt quoc gia<br /> thang tran tiep tyc thao tung chinh sach doi npi,<br /> chau Au.<br /> doi ngoai cua Ottoman, nhieu vflng lanh thd von<br /> thupc quyen kiem soat cua de quoc bi cfit x6t.<br /> Lien quan de'n khai nipm "dpc lap", dd'i vdi<br /> Trong boi canh dd, cupc each mang no' ra thang 11<br /> trudng hpp cua Thd' Nhi K^ cung dn hieu khai<br /> nam 1922 da xoa bo che dp phong kien ton tai<br /> nipm nay cd nhiing diem khac khi so sanh vdi cac<br /> hang nghin nam b Thd' Nhi K^, md dudng cho vipc<br /> qud'c gia khac tren ban dao Bancang. De qud'c<br /> tuyen bo thanh lap nUdc Cpng hoa Thd' NhT K^ vao<br /> Ottoman (Thd' Nhi K^ la h^t nhan) vao thdi kj><br /> thang 11 nam 1923. Si^ kipn trpng d^i nay cung da<br /> thinh tri (khoang tii cud'i the ky XVI den giiia the<br /> gdp phin giup cho quoc gia nay thoat khdi si^ thao<br /> ky XVIII) da tiing kiem soat nhflng vung lanh thd'<br /> tung, kiem soat ciia cac cUdng quoc chau Au ve<br /> rdng ldn vlt ngang qua ba chau luc Au, A, Phi. Su<br />  rodi quiin h& gii]ra c^c qudc gia Bancang... 49<br /> <br /> <br /> kinh te, chfnh tri. Tuy vay, de cd mpt nen dpc lap dictacturd (Lich sii! Rumani trong nhiing ndm<br /> thi^c sii thi cin phai cd thdi gian va khdng he di 1918-1940. Sii tie'n trien cua che dp chinh tri tii<br /> dang. ddn chd de'n dpc tdi), Nxb. Giao Dye, Bucaret,<br /> 1996, tr. 3 (tieng Rumani).<br /> (3). Hang lopt cac hoa Udc da dUpc cac nUdc<br /> thAng tr^n ky vdi cac nUdc b^i trdn, ddi vdi Dflc la (7), (8), (14), (15), (18), (19), (23), (38). Barbara<br /> hipp dinh Versailles (28 thang 7 nam 1919), ddi vdi Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX - lea<br /> Ao la hipp dinh Saint - Germaine (10 thang 9 nam (Lich sd Bancdng the ky XX), Vipn Chau Au, lasi,<br /> 1919), ddi vdi Bungari la hipp dinh Neuilly (27 2000, tap II, tr. 128-129, 129, 131, 132, 132, 132,<br /> thang 11 nam 1919), ddi vdi Hunggari la hipp dinh 195, 195 (tieng Rumani).<br /> Trianon (4 thang 6 nam 1920), ddi vdi Thd' Nhi Kj> (9), (21), (24), (25), (26), (28), (29), (30), (35),<br /> la hipp dinh Sevres (10 thang 8 nam 1920; sau dd la (36), (37), (39). Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria relatiilor<br /> hiep dinh Lausanne 24 thang 7 nam 1923). Internationale de la pacea Westfalicd (1648), pdnd<br /> in contemporaneitate (1947) [Lich sd quan he qudc<br /> (4). ca'u triic dan tdc ciia Vuang qudc cua ngiidi<br /> te tii hoa tide Vestfalia (1648) den thdi hien tai<br /> Serbi, Croat vd Sloveni thanh lap nam 1918 nhu<br /> (1947)], Bucaret, 1996, tr. 124, 135, 135, 135, 135-<br /> sau: ngUdi Serbi chiem 43%, Croati - 23%, Sloveni<br /> 136, 137, 137, 137, 138, 138, 137, 138-139 (tieng<br /> - 8,5%, Bosni theo Hoi giao - 6%, Slavd d<br /> Rumani).<br /> Macedonia - 5%, Anbani - 3,6%, phin cdn Ipi - 14%<br /> bao gom ngUdi Dflc, ngudi Hunggari/Maghiar, (10). Cd the coi Hiep dinh Sevres Ik v&n ban<br /> ngudi Vlahi, ngudi Do Thai va Digan (Din theo phap ly xoa bd si;( ton tpi cua de quoc Hoi giao<br /> Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between Ottoman theo hudng cd Ipi cho cac dan tpc theo<br /> the Two World Wars, University of Washington Thien chiia giao, ngudi Arap va cac cUdng quoc<br /> Press, Seattle, 1974, p. 202-203). thing tran (Anh, Phap, Italia mdi la nhiing nUdc<br /> nim quyen kiem soat thilc sU doi vdi cac vflng da't<br /> (5). Xem them Dao Tua'n Thanh, Vdn de ddn<br /> vdii nim trong thanh phin cua de quoc Ottoman •<br /> tpc vd xung dot ddn tpc d Kosovo trong lich su!,<br /> Xiri, Palextin, Irlc tach ra khdi Thd' Nhi K$ vk dat<br /> trong Tap chi Nghien cflu chau Au, so' 5 (92), 2008,<br /> dudi che dp "uy trj" cua Hpi Qudc Lien, dUdc Anh,<br /> tr. 19-28.<br /> Phap "bao hp"; Ai Cap phai chiu sU bao hp cua<br /> (6). Sau nam 1918, nUdc Dai Rumani cd dipn Anh, ban dao Arap dupc qui dinh la "pham vi anh<br /> tich la 295.049 km^ (so vdi 137.000 km^ trUdc nam hudng" cua Anh; cac eo bien Thd' Nhi K^/eo bien<br /> 1918); cupc thdiig ke dan sd nam 1930 cho tha'y, Den (Dardanele va Bosfor) dUpc dat dUdi sU kiem<br /> td'ng sd' dan cua Rumani la 18.052.896 ngudi (so soat ciia mpt uy ban gom dai bieu cac nfldc Anh,<br /> vdi 7.250.000 ngudi trUdc nam 1918), trong dd, Phap, Italia, Nhat Ban va tau bd cac nUdc tham<br /> ngudi Rumani chiem 71,9%, ngudi Maghiar/ gia Hpi Qud'c Lien cd quyen qua l^i; Anh, Phap,<br /> Hungari chie'm 7,9%, ngUdi Dflc - 4,1%, ngudi Do Italia cdn nim quyen kiem soat tai chfnh cua Tho<br /> Thai - 4%, ngudi Ruteni va Ucraina - 2,3%, ngUdi Nhi Ky va cac nguon tai nguyen cua nUdc nay).<br /> Nga - 2,3%, ngUdi Bungari - 2%, ngudi Digan - Ben canh dd, Hipp dinh Sevres cdn bupc Thd' Nhi<br /> 1,5%, ngudi Thd' Nhi Kj^ - 0,6%, ngudi Gaugauzi - Ky phai cat phin ldn d i t dai chau Au cho Hy Lap<br /> 0,3%, ngudi Serbi, Sloveni va Croat - 0,3%, ngudi (mpt phin Tracia), Hy Lap cd quyen chiem ddng<br /> Ba Lan - 0,3%, ngudi Tactar - 0,1%, ngUdi Hy Lap - Izmir (phai dpi de'n Hipp djnh Lausanne nam<br /> 0,1%, cac dan tpc khac - 0,3% [Din theo, loan 1923, Thd' Nhi Ky mdi thanh cdng trong vipc thay<br /> Scurtu, Istoria Romdniei in anii 1918-1940. ddi npi dung Hipp dinh hoa binh Sevres, chim dflt<br /> Evolutia regimului politic de la democratic la si^ chie'm ddng cua Hy Lap d Tracia va Izmir).<br /> 50<br /> Rghien cihi Lich sil'. so 6.2Qlj^<br /> <br /> [Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria relatiilor Internationale de phe thing tran. Dang ke nhat la trfldng hdp<br /> la pacea Westfalicd (1648), pdnd in Bungari. Theo quy dinh cua Hda Udc Neuilly<br /> contemporaneitate (1947) [Lich sic quan he qudc te (1919), Bungari phai nhflpng lai cho Hy Lap vflng<br /> tic hoa lidc Vestfalia (1648) den thdi hien tai Tay Tracia, cho Nam Tfl mpt phin Macedonia.<br /> (1947)], Bucaret, 1996, tr. 130, 134 (tieng Ben canh dd, dudng bien gidi gifla Bungari vdi<br /> Rumani). Rumani dUpc xac dinh la duy tri nguyen trang nhU<br /> (11). Vdi Bungari, theo quy dinh ciia Hoa Udc trudc ngay 1 thang 8 nam 1914 (sau that bai trong<br /> Neuilly, ngoai vipc phai cat da't dai cho cac nUdc cupc Chien tranh Bancang lin thfl hai nam 1913,<br /> thing tran, nUdc nay cdn phai boi thudng khoan Bungari bupc phai chap nhan ky hoa Udc<br /> Bucuresti (Rumani, thang 8 nam 1913) vdi cac<br /> tien boi thudng chie'n phf ra't ldn, 2,25 ti phdrang<br /> nUdc thing trsln (Serbia. Montenegro, Hy Lap va<br /> va phai nop cho cac nUdc lang gieng trong phe<br /> Rumani), Bungari phai nhUdng cho cho Rumani<br /> chie'n thing (Nam Tu, Hy Lap, Rumani) 37.000 gia<br /> phin lanh thd' Nam Dobrogea) [Din theo, Nicolae<br /> sue ldn va 33.000 gia sue nhd (Dan theo, Nguyin<br /> Ciachir, Istoria relatiilor Internationale de la pacea<br /> Anh Thai, Lich sd The gidi hien dai, Nxb. Giao<br /> Westfalicd (1648), pdnd in contemporaneitate<br /> due, Ha Npi, 2002, tr. 71-72).<br /> (1947) (Lich sd quan he quoc te' tU hoa lidc<br /> (12). Mai de'n nam 1934, Bungari mdi cdng Vestfalia (1648) den thdi hien tai (1947), tr. 134<br /> nhan Lien Xd, den nam 1940, Nam Tu la nUdc (tieng Rumani).<br /> Bancang thfl hai thfla nhan va dat quan hp ngoai<br /> giao vdi Lien Xd. Vi nhieu ly do, cho den nam (17). Sau nSm 1919, Italia, Hunggari, Bungari<br /> 1939, Hy Lap, Anbani va Rumani van chUa the cd va do dupc coi la nhflng nUdc thupc nhom cdc niidc<br /> dupc mflc dp quan hp vdi nha nUdc Xa hpi chu theo chu nghia xet lai. Ngoai trfl Italia, tuy la nUdc<br /> nghia giong nhU Bungari hay Nam Tu (Din theo, thupc phe thing tran nhUng khdng dUdc hudng ldi<br /> Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul al XX - nhieu tfl hp thdiig hoa fldc Versailles, ba nfldc cdn<br /> lea (Lich sd Bancdng the ky XX), Vien Chau Au, lai deu la nhflng nfldc thudc phe bai trdn (Dan<br /> lasi, 2000, tap II, tr. 178). theo, Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Balcanilor secolul<br /> al XX - lea (Lich sd Bancdng the ky XX), Vien<br /> (13). Xem them Dao Tuan Thanh, Qud trinh Chau Au, lasi, 2000, t|ip II, tr. 128-129 (tieng<br /> xdc lap quyen liCc da nhSng ngiidi cpng sdn Nam Rumani).<br /> Tii trong nhiing ndm 30 - 40 cua theki XX, trong<br /> (20). Cd the din ra mpt sd'vi du: Anbani ddi hdi<br /> Tap chf Nghien cflu Lich s^, 8 (400), 2009, tr. 47-<br /> chu quyen ciia minh ddi vdi vflng Epir cua Hy Lap<br /> 60.<br /> va Kosovo thupc quyen kiem soat ciia Nam Tu, ndi<br /> (16). Ke't cue cua cupc Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl cd tdi 1/4 so dan la ngudi Anbani dang sinh sdng;<br /> Nhat (1914 - 1918) dd'i vdi cac qud'c gia nim tren Bungari khdng bao gid cha'p nhan vipc de mit<br /> ban dao Bancang la r i t khac nhau, va chinh dieu Tracia (do Hy Lap kiem soat) hay Dobrogea (do<br /> nay se cd tac dpng to ldn de'n mdi quan hp gifla cac Rumani nim gifl); Hy Lap khdng chi cd tranh chip<br /> qud'c gia Bancang sau chie'n tranh. Trong khi Nam vdi Bungari ve lanh thd, ddi hoi ddi vdi vung phfa<br /> Tu (Yugoslavia), Rumani, Hy Lap la nhflng nUdc Nam Anbani ma cdn tranh gianh quyen kiem soat<br /> thudc phe thing tran, dUdc hudng Ipi tfl nhflng quy cang Salonic vdi Nam Tfl - con dfldng din ra bien<br /> dinh ciia cac hiep dinh hoa binh (nhan boi thudng ciia Macedonia; Rumani ludn y thflc dflpc sfl cin<br /> chien phf, dUdc quyen sap nhap mpt so vflng dit thiet phai bao vp dfldng bien gidi cua nfldc Dai<br /> dai) thi Bungari va Thd' Nhi Ky lai thupc phe bai Rumani ra ddi nam 1918, bao vp chii quyen ddi vdi<br /> tran, phai chap nhan nhflng ap dat khic nghipt tfl Basarabia, Bucovina (tranh chip vdi nudc Nga Xd<br /> ffldi qutm b& giura c6c qudc gia BancSng... 51<br /> <br /> <br /> vie't/Lien Xd, tflng nim trong thanh phin cua de hay Hy Lap (Dan theo, Barbara Jelavich, Istoria<br /> qud'c Nga, de quoc Ao - Hung), Transilvania (tranh Balcanilor secolul al XX - lea (Lich su! Bancdng the<br /> chip vdi Hungari, ndi cd dai da sd' ngfldi Rumani ky XX), Vipn Chau Au, lasi, 2000, tap II, tr. 134<br /> sinh sdiig, tflng nim trong thanh phin cua de qudc (tieng Rumani).<br /> Ao - Hung), Dobrogea (tranh chip vdi Bungari),<br /> (31), (33), (34), (40). loan Scurtu, Romdnia pi<br /> chdiig lai tfl tudng xdt Ipi va mUu do phyc thfl cua<br /> marile puteri (1933 - 1940). Documente. Editura<br /> cac nfldc lang gieng; Nam Tii cung phai dd'i phd vdi<br /> Fundapiei Romania de Maine, Bucurepti, 2000, p.<br /> nhUng ddi hoi ciia cac nUdc lang gieng doi vdi vflng<br /> 30 - 31 (Rumani vd cdc ciidng qudc (1933 - 1940).<br /> dit do nUdc nay kiem soat c6 da so' ngUdi Anbani,<br /> Tii lieu), Nxb cua Quy "Rumani ngay mai",<br /> ngUdi Macedonia hay Marghiar/Hunggari sinh<br /> Bucurepti, 2000, tr. 30-31, 30-31, 31, 150 (tieng<br /> sdng.<br /> Rumani).<br /> (22). Bi bai tr^n trong Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl<br /> (32). Hiep lidc Briand - Kellog hay cdn dfldc gpi<br /> Nhat, Hunggari budc phai ky Hipp dinh Trianon<br /> la Hiep lidc Paris, dflpc ky ket tai thii dd ciia nfldc<br /> vdi cac nfldc thupc phe thing trtkn. Dudi gdc dp ddn<br /> Phip ngay 27 thing 8 nam 1928 vdi sfl tham gia<br /> tpc thi npi dung cua Hipp dinh Trianon thiic sfl la<br /> cila 15 nfldc (Phap, My, Anh, Dflc, Italia, Nhat<br /> mpt tham hoa dd'i vdi Hunggari. Vipc Hunggari<br /> Ban, Rumani, Bi, Ba Lan, Ti$p Khic...). Hipp fldc<br /> phai cit nhieu vflng lanh thd' cho Nam Tu va<br /> dfldc xay dflng theo sang kie'n cua Bp trfldng Ngopi<br /> Rumani (so vdi trUdc chien tranh, Hunggari m&'t<br /> giao Phap Aristide Briand, vdi sfl hudng flng cila<br /> 71% dipn tfch dit dai va 63% dan sd) da khien cho<br /> Ngoai trfldng My, Frank Kellog, cd npi dung cd ban<br /> 3 tripu trong td'ng so 11 tripu ngudi<br /> la: cim vipc sil dyng chien tranh "nhii mpt cdng cu<br /> Maghiar/Hunggari trd thanh dan tpc thieu so' b cac<br /> chinh tri qudc gia trong mdt quan he givCa cdc<br /> nudc lang gieng Bancang (Din theo, Steven W.<br /> niCdc" (dieu 1) va cac ben tham gia ky hipp fldc<br /> Sowards, "Twenty - Five Lectures on Modern<br /> cdng nhan ring vipc dieu chinh, giai quyet ta't ca<br /> Balkans History" trong<br /> mpi khac bipt hay cac cupc xung dpt dfldi bit cfl<br /> http://www.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balkan/lec.16). hinh thflc nao, cd nguon gdc tfl dau se "chi diidc sd<br /> (27). Chfnh sach banh trUdng cua Italia da dung cdc bien phdp hod binh" (dieu 2) [loan<br /> dupc diy manh vao thdi diem len nim chfnh Scurtu, Romdnia pi marile puteri (1918-1933).<br /> quyen cua Benito Mussolini (thang 11 nam 1922). Documente. Editura Fundapiei Romania de Maine,<br /> Che' dp phat xft Italia da ngay l^p tflc da thdng Bucurepti, 2000, p. 30-31 (Rumani vd cdc ciidng<br /> qua mpt chUdng trinh chinh phyc cac vflng dit dai qudc (1918-1933). Tii lieu), Nxb. cila Quy "Rumani<br /> diy tham vpng, ma myc tieu cuoi cung la tai lap ngay mai", Bucaret, 1999, tr. 171].<br /> Ipi de qud'c Roma d vflng Dia Trung Hai. Phap la<br /> nfldc chong Ipi mpnh me n h i t tham vpng ciia (41). Sij quan tam dfldi gdc dp kinh te cua Dflc<br /> Italia. De dat dflpc muc dfch cua minh, Italia da ddi vdi khu vUc Ddng va Nam Au, ma trUdc tien<br /> tim each ldi kdo cac nfldc nim ngoai hp thd'ng ddng nhim vao Rumani chil yeu la nguon tai nguyen<br /> minh cila Phap va cung cd tfl tfldng xdt lai nhfl Ao, giau cd: cac san phim ndng nghipp nhu lua mi, gia<br /> Hunggari va Bungari. Ben canh dd, phat xft Italia sue ldn, diu md (nhflng thfl r i t cin thiet cho mpt<br /> cdn trd giup cho cac nhdm chdng ddi Iflu vong cudc chien tranh hipn dai).<br /> ngudi Croat va Macedonia nhim gay sflc dp ddi vdi (42). Xem them Dao Tuin Thanh, Tim hieu bdt<br /> Nam Tfl ve vin de tranh chip lanh thd. Anbani la cdnh tham gia cua Rumani trong cupc Chien tranh<br /> ddi tflpng nhdm ngd quan trpng n h i t cua phat xft the gidi thii! hai, trong Tpp chf Nghien cflu Chau<br /> Italia b ban dao Bancang chfl khdng phai Nam Tfl Au, sd 5 (65), 2005, tr. 33-42.<br />