PETROVIETNAM<br />
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NghiSn ctfu<br />
tinh chat<br />
cua khdi<br />
thai ilong cd<br />
i(hi sjir dung<br />
nhien iieu<br />
sinh hue<br />
Biodiesei<br />
Tom tat TS. Nguyin Khanh Dieu Hong<br />
TS. Le Ngoc Thuy<br />
Trong mgt so cong trinh trwac diy [1-4], chung toi da trinh<br />
biy cic kit qui vi nghien cwu tong hgp nhien lieu sinh hgc GS.TS. Dinh Thj Ngo<br />
Biodiesei tir nguon nguyen lieu Ii dau phi thwc pham nhw dau Trwang Dai hoc Bach Khoa Hi Ndi<br />
hat cao su, dau hat bong, dau in phi thii... si> dung xiic tic di<br />
thi Baza ran: NaOH/MgO, NajCOa/AliOj. Chat Iwang cua<br />
Biodiesei da dwgv xic djnh bang cic phwang phip hoa hgc<br />
cung nhw hoa ly theo tieu chuan ASTM. Di su" dung nhien lieu<br />
niy, phii tiin hinh pha chi theo cic ty le khic nhau: B5 (5%<br />
Biodiesei, 95% Diesel dau khoing), BIO (10% Biodiesei, 90%<br />
Diesel dau khoing) ho$c cic B cao han. Dwai diy se trinh biy<br />
cic kit qui khio sit di xic dinh him Iwgng Biodiesei toi da co<br />
thi pha chi mi van dim bio cong suat dgng ca Diesel cung<br />
nhw thong so vi tfnh chat khoi thii cua dgng ca Diesel khi sw<br />
dung hon hgp nhiin ligu Biodiesel/DieseL<br />
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I. ThiFc nghiem su. Tiln hanh khuiy trdn d nhiet dp thudng trong<br />
1. Pha chi hon hgp nhien lieu vdng 30 phut. De yen trong 1 gid roi bao quan<br />
trong can nhua sau dd dem di thCp nghiem. Cach<br />
De thCp nghiem, ehung tdi tien hanh pha che<br />
cac hdn hgp khac nhau theo phuang phap trdn co pha ehe cae hon hgp khac: BIO, 815, B20, B25<br />
hpc. Pha e h i hon hgp B5 nhu sau: Liy 9,5 lit cung tuang ty nhu vay. Khao sat toe dp khuay<br />
Diesel d i u khoang cho vao binh ed khuiy. Them trdn tai cac nhiet dp khac nhau d l tim ra dieu kien<br />
vao dd 0,5 lit Biodiesei tong hgp tu- d i u hat cao hgp ly nhit.<br />
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D&U K H i - S 6 3/2010 41<br />
AN TOAN - M d i TRUdNG DAU Khf<br />
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2. Thir nghiem nhien lieu tren dgng ca Diesel khac, do nhiet trj eua Biodiesei thip han Diesel dau<br />
khoang nen cdng suit dpng ea se giam. Vi vay, can<br />
Hdn hgp nhien lieu pha ehe d tren dugc thCp phai tim ra nhu-ng ty le pha trdn Biodiesei vdi Diesel<br />
nghiem tren dpng ca Diesel tai phdng thCp nghiem dau khoang thich hgp dam tiao dap Cpng dugc eac<br />
ddng ca dot trong AVL5402 eua Bd mdn Dpng ea - yeu eau sau:<br />
Trudng DHBK Ha Ndi. + Ty le pha trpn Biodiesei vao Diesel la Idn<br />
Dpng ea Diesel ed eac thdng so nhu sau: So nhit de giam thieu khi thai ddc hai cho mdi trudng.<br />
lugng xylanh: 1, dudng kinh xylanh: 85mm, hanh + Vdi ty le pha trdn dd dpng ca van boat dpng<br />
trinh xylanh: 90mm, dung tich xylanh: 510,7mm3, ap binh thudng ma khdng c i n thay doi k i t c i u .<br />
suit phun: SOOkPa, gdc phun: 12° trudc diem chet<br />
+ Khdng giam nhieu cdng suit dpng ca.<br />
tren, lugng nhien lieu phun: 30 mm3/1ehu trinh.<br />
Tren the gidi, Biodiesei dugc pha trpn vao<br />
II. Ket qua va thao luan Diesel vdi ty le thay doi tuy theo yeu cau eua khach<br />
hang, nhung thdng thudng la tCp 5% den 25%. Tren<br />
1. Kit qui pha chi nhien lieu ea sd dd ehung tdi da tien hanh pha trpn 5%<br />
Theo cac kit qua thu dugc tCp thyc nghiem Biodiesei vdi 95% Diesel (B5); 10% Biodiesei vdi<br />
thiy rang, de hdn hgp pha trdn dong diu, khdng 90% Diesel (B10); 20% Biodiesei vdi 80% Diesel<br />
phan Idp trong thdi gian dai, ein phai khuiy trdn vdi (B20) va 25% Biodiesei vdi 75% Diesel dau khoang<br />
toe dp khuiy khoang 500 vdng/phCit trong vdng 30 (B25). Cae tinh chit boa ly cua BIO, B20 va B25 da<br />
phut. Cd the dun ndng hdn hgp khoang 40-450C, pha c h i so vdi Diesel d i u khoang tieu chuin dugc<br />
khi dd thdi gian khuiy ehi cin 10 phut. Tuy nhien de the hien trong Bang 1.<br />
thuan tien pha ehi va chi phi it nhit trong cdng TCP bang s l lieu tren cho thiy, tinh chit hoa ly<br />
nghiep, nen pha trdn d nhiet dp thudng vdi thdi eua B10, B20 so vdi Diesel d i u khoang hoan toan<br />
gian 30 phut nhu tren. phu hgp vdi nhien lieu SLP dung trong ddng co-<br />
2. Xac djnh ty le pha chi toi da Diesel ngay nay. Han nCVa, BIO, B20 cdn cd mpt so<br />
chi tieu ve mdi trudng tot ban nhieu so vdi nhien<br />
2.1. Xic dinh mdt so tinh chit cua cac hon hgp<br />
lieu Diesel d i u khoang, dd la ham lugng luu huynh,<br />
nhien lieu<br />
ham lugng nude... Cdn vdi B25, nhiet trj giam di<br />
Nhu ehung ta da biet, nlu SCP dung Biodiesei kha nhieu, vi vay khi SLP dung se lam giam cdng<br />
100% tryc tilp lam nhien lieu cho ddng co Diesel thi suit, hieu suit dpng ca. De khang djnh dieu nay,<br />
lugng khi thai gay d nhiem mdi trudng se giam rat Chung tdi da tien hanh thCp nghiem nhien lieu tren<br />
nhieu so vdi viec SLP dung nhien lieu Diesel d i u dpng ea dot trong.<br />
khoang. Tuy nhien, neu SLP dung tryc tilp Biodiesei<br />
100% thi ein phai thay doi hoan toan ciu tao ddng 2.2. Anh hwang cua ty le pha chi nhien lieu<br />
CO, nhu vay B100 ehi phu hgp cho dpng co mdi. Biodiesei tai cdng suit ddng ca<br />
Viec nay kha ton kem, pbCpc tap vi lugng phuang Gia trj cdng suit eua ddng ca dugc liy tren co-<br />
tien su- dung ddng ca Diesel hien tai la rit Idn, sd giu- tay ga d 100% va do cdng suit ddng co phat<br />
khdng the thay the trong thdi gian hien nay. Mat ra tai cac so vdng quay tCp 1400-2100 vdng/phut.<br />
Bang 1. Mdt so ehi tieu chit lugng eua Diesel d i u khoang va cac hon hgp Biodiesei<br />
Diesel<br />
Chi tieu phan tich 810 820 825<br />
d i u khoang<br />
Dd nhdt dpng hpc d 40°C, cSt 3,43 3,48 3,52 3,55<br />
Chi s6 Axit, mg KOH/g 0,037 0,036 0,035 0,035<br />
Trj sd Xetan 51 52 52 52<br />
Nhi#t dO chdp chiy,°C 94 98 105 112<br />
50% 282 290 297 302<br />
Th^nh phin cit, °C 350 354<br />
90% 347 355<br />
Ham luang nudc + tap chat, % 0,010 0,009 0,008 0,007<br />
Ty trong 0,850 0,854 0,856 0,858<br />
Nhiet do ddng dac, "C +5 +3 -2 -5<br />
H^m lugng luu huynh, %kl 0.0378 0,0325 0,0307 0,0500<br />
Nhi#t tri, J/q 45969 45760 45631 44&<br />
H^m luanq tro, % 0,025 0.024 0,023 0,2:^ ~<br />
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4 2 DAU K H i - 3 6 3/2010<br />
PETROVIETNAM<br />
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Ket qua thCp nghiem anh hudng eua hon hgp Hydrocaebon chua chay bet trong khdi thai eua<br />
nhien lieu Biodiesei d i u hat eao su va Diesel d i u ddng ea khi SLP dung nhien lieu 820 giam di so vdi<br />
khoang den cdng suit eua dpng ea duge the hien khi su- dung nhien lieu Diesel d i u khoang. Dieu nay<br />
ddo thi Hinh 1. la phu hgp vdi ly thuyet chay, do trong nhien lieu<br />
TCP do thj Hinh 1 thiy rang cdng suit cua dpng Biodiesei 820 cd ham lugng Oxy eao han nen khi<br />
CO khi dung hon hgp B20 tuy ed giam so vdi khi chay se chay triet de han, dan d i n lugng<br />
dung Diesel d i u khoang nhung van nam trong gidi Hydrocaebon trong khdi thai khi chay bing nhien<br />
ban cho phep va do thj cdng suit cung hoan toan lieu Biodiesei thip ban so vdi nhien lieu Diesel.<br />
phu hgp vdi ly thuyet chay trong dpng ca [5]. Trong Mat khac, phan Cpng chay C^Hy + (x + y/4) O2 ^<br />
khi dd, vdi B25, cdng suit dpng ea da giam di kha X CO2 + y/2 H2O + Q da lam giam lugng Hydrocaebon<br />
nhieu so vdi Diesel d i u khoang va nhu vay se<br />
khdng dam bao duy tri ehe dp van hanh binh<br />
thudng eua dpng ca nhu khi SLP dung Diesel d i u<br />
khoang. Chinh vi vay ma chi nen SLP dung 820 lam<br />
nhien lieu cho dpng ca Diesel. -Diesel<br />
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2.3. Xac dinh tinh chit khdi thai -B20<br />
-B25<br />
Tiep theo ehung tdi tiep tue SLP dung hdn hgp 820<br />
tii uu d tren va Diesel diu khoang thCp nghiem trong<br />
ddng CO de so sanh thanh phin khi thai. Cac khi thai<br />
1400 1600 1800 2000<br />
duge nghien CCPU la COx, NOx, RH (Hydrocaebon<br />
Toe dp (Jpng ca, v/p<br />
chua chay bet). Day la nhu-ng thanh phin ehinh trong<br />
Hinh 1. Sw phu thuoc cdng suit ddng ea<br />
khdi thai eua ddng ea Diesel va la nguyen nhan gay d<br />
nhiem mdi trudng. vao ban chat nhien lieu<br />
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2.4. So sanh ham Iwgng CO^ 1250<br />
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Kit qua xac djnh ham lugng CO^ trong khdi<br />
thai ddng co khi chay vdi nhien lieu hon hgp<br />
Biodiesei B20 va Diesel d i u khoang d cac toe dp<br />
khac nhau dugc the hien trong Hinh 2.<br />
TLP Hinh 2 ta thiy, ham lugng CO^ trong khdi<br />
thai eua ddng co Diesel khi SLP dung nhien lieu 820<br />
thip ban so vdi khi SLP dung nhien lieu Diesel d i u<br />
khoang. Dieu nay cd the giai thich la do trong<br />
1400 1600 1800 2000<br />
Biodiesei ed ham lugng Oxy cao han trong Diesel Tec dp dpng ca, v/p<br />
diu khoang (Biodiesei chCpa 11% Oxy) nen qua<br />
trinh chay se xay ra triet de ban: Hinh 2. So sanh ham Iwgng CO^ trong khi thai cua<br />
ddng ca khi sw dung nhien lieu Diesel<br />
C + O2 ^ CO2 + Q va hdn hgp B20<br />
CO + 1/2 O2 -^ CO2 + Q<br />
Mat khac do trong nhien lieu Diesel ham lugng 1200<br />
Hydrocaebon tham cao ban so vdi nhien lieu<br />
Biodiesei nen eac san phim chay cua nhien lieu<br />
Biodiesei se cho lugng CO^ thip han so vdi nhien<br />
lieu Diesel d i u khoang.<br />
2.5. So sanh ham Iwgng Hydrocaebon trong khdi thai<br />
Kit qua xac djnh ham lugng Hydrocaebon<br />
(RH) trong khdi thai cua ddng co khi SLP dung nhien<br />
lieu Biodiesei 820 va Diesel d i u khoang d cac toe 1400 1600 1800 2000<br />
dp khac nhau duge the hien trong Hinh 3. Toe dp dpng ca, v/p<br />
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Ket qua tren Hinh 3 cho thay ham lugng Hinh 3. So sinh ham Iwgng Hydrocaebon trong khi thai<br />
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DAU KHi - s6 3/2010 43<br />
AN TOAN - M d i TRUdNG D A U Khi<br />
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thai ra, dong thdi gdp phin tang nhiet chay vi phan nay can dugc thCp nghiem lau dai, vi vay, de dam<br />
Cpng nay toa nhiet. Neu qua trinh chay khdng hoan bao an toan cho ddng ea, hien nay tren t h i gidi va<br />
toan, xay ra phan Cpng phan huy: d Viet Nam nen SLP dung hdn hgp 85 cho cae dpng<br />
C^Hy ^ X C + y/2 H2 - Q. CO Diesel hien tai. Trong tuang lai, n l u san xuat<br />
Phan Cpng nay thu nhiet. Nhu vay vCpa tao ra ddng ea Diesel mdi, ed the SCP dung 8100, khi do<br />
khdi thai ddc hai chCpa cac hat bui ran la Cacbon ham lugng khdi thai ddc hai se cd h i u nhu khdng<br />
(C), vCpa lam giam nhiet trj. Day la qua trinh khdng dang ke.<br />
ed Igi cho ddng ea. Hdn hgp Biodiesel/Diesel d i u Nhu vay, Biodiesei la nhien lieu sinh hpc da<br />
khoang trg giup giam thieu phan Cpng nay. lam giam dang ke eac khi dpc hai trong khdi xa, gdp<br />
phin bao ve mdi trudng va SCPC khoe eon ngudi.<br />
2.6. So sanh ham Iwgng N0„ trong thanh phan khdi<br />
thai ddng ea Ket luan<br />
Kit qua khao sat sy thay doi ham lugng NO^ 1. Da xac djnh dugc eac dieu kien de pha che<br />
trong khdi thai eua ddng ea khi SLP dung nhien lieu tao hon hgp nhien lieu 85, 810, 815, 820... dd la<br />
hon hgp Biodiesei va Diesel diu khoang d eac t i c pha trpn d nhiet dp thudng vdi thiet bj cd khuay<br />
dp khac nhau duge the hien trong Hinh 4. Toe dp khuiy trpn 500 vdng/phut.<br />
Kit qua tren Hinh 4 cho thiy, ham lugng NO^ 2. Khao sat cae hdn hgp Biodiesel/Diesel dau<br />
trong khdi thai ddng co khi SLP dung hon hgp nhien khoang thiy rang, hon hgp 820 la ty le pha che tii<br />
lieu B20 tCp diu hat cao su da giam hon so vdi khi SCP da d l dam bao du cdng suit ddng ea Diesel. Neu<br />
dung nhien lieu Diesel diu khoang. Nguyen nhan ed SLP dung hon hgp Idn han 820 thi phai thay dii cau<br />
the giai thich nhu sau: NOx tao thanh la do N2 tac tao dpng ea, dieu nay khdng the thyc hien dupc<br />
dung vdi O2 ed trong khdng khi khi dua vao buong trong dilu kien hien nay.<br />
dot cua ddng ca (trong khdng khi Nita chilm khoang 3. Kit qua nghien CCPU thanh phin khdi thai cho<br />
78%, Oxy chilm khoang 20%). Do Biodiesei cd nhiet bilt, SLP dung hon hgp nhien lieu sinh hpc Biodiesei<br />
trj thip ban so vdi Diesel diu khoang nen nhiet trj giup giam thieu cae khi thai ddc hai nhu COx, NOx,<br />
eua hon hgp 820 cung thip ban. Vay khi SLP dung Hydrocaebon chua chay hit..., gdp phin bao ve<br />
hdn hgp 820, kha nang phan Cpng giu-a Nj va O2 tao mdi trudng va SCPC khde cdng dong.<br />
ra NOx se kem ban nen lugng NOx (thudng la cae<br />
khi N2O, NO, NO2, N2O2...) tao thanh se thip ban. Tai lieu tham khao<br />
NOx la khi gay hieu Cpng nha kinh, gay mua 1. Nguyen Van Thanh, Vd Van Hung, Dinh Thj<br />
Axit, cin phai giam cac khi nay trong thanh phin Ngp (2008). Nghien ciru xCf ly diu hat eao su di<br />
khdi thai.<br />
tong hgp Biodiesei tren xuc tac NaOH. Tap chi Hoa<br />
TCP eac kit qua khao sat d tren cho thiy, hon hpc va U'ng dung T75, So 3, tr.44-46<br />
hgp Biodiesei 820 hoan toan cd the SLP dung dugc<br />
2. Vu 0 6 Hdng Duang, Nguyen Trung San,<br />
trong ddng ca Diesel ma khdng cin thay doi kit c i u<br />
Dinh Thj Ngp (2008). Nghien CLPU tong hgp<br />
ddng ea, day cung la lugng Biodiesei t i i da cd the<br />
Biodiesei tir diu hat eao su bing phan wng hai giai<br />
pha ehe vao Diesel d i u khoang. Tuy nhien vin d l<br />
doan tren xuc tac ddng the. Tap chi Hoa hpc va<br />
IJng dung, T 79, So 7, tr. 35-37.<br />
3. Nguyin Trung San, Nguyen Khanh Dieu<br />
Hdng, Dinh Thj Ngp (2009). Nghien cu'u chi tao xiic<br />
tie di thi tren ea sa Na2Si03/MgO cho phan ung<br />
tdng hgp Biodiesei tCr diu hat eao su. Tap chi Hoa<br />
hpc, T 47 (2A),tr. 184-188<br />
4. Nguyen Trung San, Dinh Thj Ngp (2009).<br />
Nghien cwu che tpo xuc tie di the Na2COg/Si02<br />
trong phan irng tong hgp Biodiesei. Tap chi Hoa<br />
hpc va IJ'ng dung, T 88, So 4, tr. 37-40.<br />
1400 1600 1800 2000<br />
5. http:// www Biodiesei. org/pdf files/emis-<br />
Tdc d6 dftng ca, v/p<br />
sions.PDF (2004). m<br />
Hinh 4. So sanh ham Iwgng NO^ trong khi thai cua ddng<br />
ca khi sw dung nhien lieu Diesel va hdn hgp B20<br />
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4 4 D&U K H i - 3 6 3/2010<br />