Nghien cdu<br />
Gia dinh va Gi6i<br />
S^ 3 -2012<br />
<br />
Nhan thuc cua can bg<br />
lanh aao, quan ly ve phan tang xa hpi<br />
(Nghien ctKU tru'dng hdp tmh Bic Giang)<br />
<br />
Nguyen Thi Thiiy Linh<br />
Vi6n Xa tiOi hoc, Hoc vien Chinh In - H^fih chinh Qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh<br />
<br />
Tom tat: Bai viet tap trung tim hieu nhin thfic ciia can bo lanh<br />
dao, quan ly ve vi'n de phan t^ng xa hpi (PTXH), Nghien cdu cho<br />
thay CO sii khac nhau trong danh gia ciia nam va ni3 can bo lanh<br />
dao quan Iy v^ quan niem the nao la PTXH, ve khia canh, hinh<br />
thdc diln ra PTXH, va mdc do anh hUdng cua no do'i v6i ddi song<br />
xa hpi hien nay. Nh&n thiJtc ro ve PTXH se giup cho can bp lanh<br />
dao quan ly n^m dUdc ban chat va ddi so'ng cua cac giai ting xa<br />
hoi khac nhau, qua do co chinh sach quan ly xa hpi hieu qua, dac<br />
biet la chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, nham thu hep khoang each bat<br />
binh ding trong moi iTnh vilc cua dcfi so'ng xa hpi,<br />
TU khoa: Gidi va phan tang xa hoi; Nhan thiic ve phan tang xa<br />
hpi; Can bp quan ly va lanh dao.<br />
<br />
1. Gidi thieu<br />
Ndi t6i phan l^ng xa h6i (PTXH) la ndi tdi su phan chia, su sap xep cac<br />
thanh vign trong xa h6i thanh cac t^ng xa h6i khac nhau. Do co str phan<br />
ting xa h6i, cac nhom xa h6i co su khac nhau ve dieu kiSn, co hoi, nguon<br />
I lire va quy^n lgi trong d6i s6'ng. Hien nay cd nhieu dinh nghTa khac nhau<br />
v^ phan tang xa h6i, bai viet nay stt dung khai nifim phan ting xa hgi cua<br />
<br />
70<br />
<br />
Nghien cUu Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quyen 22, so 3, tr. 69-75<br />
<br />
Nguydn Dinh Tftn (2005:91) cho riing: Phan ting xa hfli 1^ su ba't binh<br />
dang mang tinh ccf ca'u ciia mgi x;! hfli loai ngu6i, tri^ nhiJng xa hfli so khai<br />
(thdi ky diu cua xn hfli cflng xa nguyfin thtiy). Do la str khac nhau vi dia<br />
vi kinh ic hay tki san, vi dia vi chi'nh tri hay quy^n Itrc, v^ dia vi xa hfli<br />
hay uy tin, cung nhu khac nhau vi trinh dfl hgc va'n, loai ngh6 nghifip,<br />
phong each sinh hoat, each fln mSc, kidu nha d, noi cu tru, thj hi^u nghfi<br />
thuat, trinh dfl tifiu dDng,vv. Trong do tifiu chi kinh tfi' la tifiu chf co ban va<br />
mang tfnh n^n tiitig. quyfi'l dinh cac tifiu chf con lai. Cac khai nifim nhu<br />
phan h6a gi^u ngh^o, phan hda giai cap, phan cue xa hfli dugc xem la str<br />
cu the hda hay nhihig bifi'n thd ciia nfl.<br />
Bti^c tranh khai quat v^ PTXH d Vifit Nam hifin nay cho tha'y day la mflt<br />
va'n di xa hfli co ca mat lich cue va tifiu cue. Mat tich cue cua no la thiic<br />
day tinh nSng dflng xa hfli trong mfli ca nhan, mfli nhom xa hfli. ki'eh thich<br />
hg tim kifi'm va khai thac eae co hfli dd lam giau chinh dang nang cao mtic<br />
sO'ng,v.v.; Mat ticu cttc cua phan ting xa hfli eung dang dat ra nhi^u v^Cn<br />
de ma xa hfli phai quan tflm, dd la su phan hda giau ngheo, chfinh Ifich ve'<br />
miJc sfl'ng ngay cang gia tang.v.v. Tim hidu nhan thiie vd PTXH eua can bfl<br />
lanh dao, quan 1^ la mflt didu cin thifi't, bcri nhimg hidu bi^l vd PTXH se<br />
giup ho n^m dugc ban eha't va ddi .sfl'ng cua cac giai ting xa hfli trong xa<br />
hfli, qua do dd ra nhutig chinh sach quan ly xa hfli hifiu qua, dae biet la<br />
chinh sach an sinh xa hfli nham thu hep su phan hoa giau ngheo va bat<br />
binh dang xa hfli 6 dia phuong.<br />
Bai vi^t nay dua trfin sfl lifiu cua nghifin ciiu "Khac bifit gidi trong nhan<br />
thu'c cua can bfl lanh dao, quan Iy vd PTXH" nam 2011, dugc tifi'n hanh<br />
phong va'n bang phidu hoi 400 can bfl lanh dao, quan ly. Ia nhung nguci<br />
giQ cucmg vi ca'p trucmg, d p ph6 ctia cac co quan Dang, chfnh quydn,<br />
dotin thd, l6 chiic chfnh tri xa hfli trong hfi thfl'ng chfnh tri hifin nay cf cac<br />
so ban nganh, 3 huyfin (Scfn Dflng, Tan Yfin, Vifit Yfin) va thanh phfl' Bac<br />
Giang ctia tinh Bie Giang. Trong dd eo 272 can bfl lanh dao, quan 1^ la<br />
nam gioi (68'.r) va 128 can bfl lanh dao, quan-Iy la nSgidi (32%).<br />
Bae Giang la mflt linh thuflc viJng trung du vj midn niii phia Bae, la<br />
mflt tinh ngheo vdi miic Ihu nhap binh quan diu ngudi la 1,1 trifiu<br />
ddng/ngudi thing, tha'p hon mirc trung binh ciia ca nudc (1,4 trifiu<br />
ddng/ngudi thang) vk hifin tugng PTXH eung dang difin ra kha manh me<br />
giiia cac huyfin trong tinh va nfli bfl giii'a cac vCing ciia huyfin va thanh phfl'<br />
Bac Giang. Bai vifi't tim hidu nhan thiic ctia nhdm can bfl lanh dao va quan<br />
1^ vd thuc trang phan ting xa hfli dang difin ra d dia phuong, mtic dd anh<br />
<br />
N g u y g n T h i Thiiy L i n h<br />
<br />
71<br />
<br />
hudng ciia hifin tugng nay dd'i vdi xa hfli, cQng nhu khfa eanh chu yfi'u ciaa<br />
phan ting xa hfli.<br />
2. Nhan thijrc cua can bo lanh dao, quan ly ve phan t i n g xa hoi<br />
Quan niem the nao la phan tfing xa hoi<br />
Cach hidu vd PTXH hifin nay vin cdn ehua cfl str thd'ng nhl'l, do vay<br />
mdi can bfl lanh dao, quan If cung cd nhan thiie khic nhau vd va'n dd nay<br />
Qua khao sat cho tha'y hiu hfi't can bfl lanh dao, quan ly d tinh Bic Giang<br />
ddu da dugc nghe va str dung cum ttr PTXH it nhit mflt Iln (91,7%).<br />
Nhdm can bd lanh dao, quan ly 11 nam gidi ed ly lfi "da nghe" va "su<br />
dung" eum tiir PTXH tha'p hcfn so vdi nhdm nii can bfl lanh dao, quan Iy<br />
(90,8% so vdi 93,8%).<br />
Nghifin ctiu nay da dua mflt sd nhan dinh vd phan tang xa hdi nhu:<br />
PTXH la mflt xa hdi dugc phin chia ra thanh ca'u tnic ting bac cao thSp<br />
khac nhau trong xa hdi; la mdt xa hfli khdng ngang bang nhau (cd ngudi<br />
giau, ke ngheo); la mdt xa hdi trong do cd ngudi cd dia vi xa hdi cao,<br />
ngudi cd dja vi xa hdi thi'p; va la xa hfli trong dd cd ngudi cd quydn luc<br />
cao, ngudi cd quyen luc thap. Ke't qua cho thi'y chi cd 53,5% can bd ddng<br />
y cho ring PTXH la mdt xa hdi dugc phin chia thanh ciu triic tang bac<br />
eao thi'p khac nhau trong xa hgi; 48,5% can bd ddng y cho ring PTXH la<br />
mgt xa hfli khdng ngang bang nhau (cd ngudi giau, ke ngheo); 21,5% y<br />
kien eho ring PTXH la mdt xa hdi trong dd cd ngudi cd dia vi xa hdi cao<br />
va ngudi cd dia vi xa hfli tha'p; 14,5% hieu PTXH la mdt xa hdi trong dd<br />
CO ngudi ed quydn luc xa hfli cao, ngudi cd it quydn lire xa hdi.<br />
Ket qua khao sat cho thi'y miic dfl ddng y vdi cac quan niem vd phan<br />
ting xa hfli nfiu trfin cd su khac nhau trong nhdm nam va ntt can bfl, lanh<br />
dao quan Iy (Bang I). Cu thd vdi khai nifim PTXH la mflt xa hfli dugc phin<br />
chia ra thanh c^u tnic ting bac cao thi'p khae nhau trong xa hfli thi ty lfi can<br />
bfl nam dflng y vdi khai nifim nay vd PTXH chifi'm 48,5% trong khi dd can<br />
bd nii chifi'm 64,1%; Ty lfi nam can bfl lanh dao, quan Iy cho ring PTXH la<br />
"La mflt xa hdi khdng ngang bang nhau (ed ngudi giau, ke ngheo)" chidm<br />
50,7%, cao hon so vdi nhdm ntt can bd, lanh dao quan ly (43,8%).<br />
Danh gia vd miic do bieu hifin cua hifin tugng PTXH d dia phuong cho<br />
tha'y cd su khac nhau trong y kifi'n eua nam va nu can bd lanh dao quan ly:<br />
cd 63,2% nam can bd lanh dao, quan I^ cho la hien tugng PTXH d dia<br />
phuong la rd net so 59,4% nir can bd lanh dao, quan ly.<br />
<br />
7K<br />
<br />
NghlSn ciJru Gia dinh vk Gidl. Quyen 22, so 3, tr. 69-75<br />
<br />
Itang I . Quan ni^m ciia ciin bp ldnh dao quan ly vc khai niem<br />
Ihc nito ik P T X H phan chia theo gitii ti'nh (%)<br />
Khai nkm PTXH<br />
<br />
GiiM tfnh<br />
<br />
Nam<br />
<br />
NO<br />
<br />
1. Lit mdt xa hOi dupc phan chi;i lii th&nh ca'u trdc tSng bac cao<br />
thap khac nhau trong xa hdi<br />
<br />
48,5<br />
<br />
64,1<br />
<br />
2. Lii miM xa hOi khfing ngang bflng nhau (c6 ngudi giau. ke<br />
nghfeo)<br />
<br />
50,7<br />
<br />
43.8<br />
<br />
3. [ ,.i mijl xa h6i irong 66 c6 ngudi c6 dja vi xa h6i cao, ngUdi<br />
c6dia vi xa h6i tha'p<br />
<br />
20,2<br />
<br />
24.2<br />
<br />
4 I ,;i xa hbi trong d6 c6 ngudi c6 quy^n luc xa h6i cao, ngudi<br />
c6 quy^n luc xa h6i Iha'p<br />
<br />
12.5<br />
<br />
18.8<br />
<br />
Mii'c do dien ra hien tugng phan t^ng xa hgi<br />
Phin Idn can bfl lanh dao, quan ly cho ring hifin tugng PTXH 6 Bac<br />
Giang hifin nay II hifin tugng khaeh quan, vi nd la hau qua tit yfi'u cua ndn<br />
kinh tc' thi trudng. Co 82,1 % sd can bd lanh dao, quan 1^ eho ring PTXH<br />
phat trifi'n ngay cang rdng hon trong thdi ky da't nudc md ciia htbi nhap kinh<br />
tfi'qud'c tfi'. Nhung eung cd 2/3 sfl' can bt) lanh dao quan Iy eung thira nhan<br />
rang su PTXH da tdn tai trong thdi bao cap (68^f),<br />
Vay hifin tugng PTXH la khach quan hay chu quan? Ket qua nghifin<br />
Cliu cho tha'y da s6' cin bfl lanh dao, quan ly dfiu cho rang PTXH la hifin<br />
khach quan; ed 14,1% cho ring diy la hifin tugng chii quan: va chi cd<br />
3.8% can bfl lanh dao, quan ly tra Idi la khdng bifi't. Ty lfi nam can bfl lanh<br />
dao, quan ly cho ring PTXH II hifin tutsig khach quan cao hon ding kfi<br />
(86,8%) so vdi y kifi'n ctia nucan bd lanh dao. quan ly (72.0%).<br />
Vd mtic dd difin ra hifin lugng PTXH, kcl qua cho thi'y da sfl cac can<br />
bfl lanh dao, quan 1;? (74.5'"^) cho ring tir khi di't nudc chuydn sang ndn<br />
kinh tfi' thj trudng hdi nhap kinh te' qud'c tc thi hifin tugng PTXH difin ra<br />
ngiy cing ro ndt hon trudc; 18,3% can bfl lanh dao, quan ly cho ring cd<br />
thay ddi nhutig chua ro net; chi cd 4,0% cho ring khflng thay ddi; va cd<br />
3.3% sd can bfl khdng dua ra f kifi'n.<br />
Ve miic do anh hudng ciia van de ph^n t^ng xa hgi<br />
Danh gia vd miic dd anh hudng cua hifin tugng PTXH cho tha'y 27,5%<br />
cin bfl lanh dao quan ly cho ring PTXH II "tdt, can thifi't"; va 14,5% la ty<br />
<br />
N g u y e n T h i Thiiy Linh<br />
<br />
73<br />
<br />
lfi thip nhi't cho ring PTXH 11 xa'u khdng cin thifi't. Ty lfi can bd khdng<br />
bidt va khflng danh gia dugc chifi'rh ty lfi tuong dfl'i cao II 19,5%, Khdng<br />
cd su khac bifit dang ke giiJa can bd nam va nu trong danh gia vd miic dfl<br />
anh hudng ciia hifin tugng PTXH (Bang 2).<br />
Nhin thttc vd PTXH cd khac bifit trong nhdm can bd lanh dao cd trinh<br />
dp ly luin chinh tri khac nhau. Khi so sanh tuong quan giu'a trinh do ly<br />
luan chinh trj vdi danh gia vd PTXH cho thi'y, can bd lanh dao, quan ly ed<br />
trinh dfl Iy luan chfnh tri cang cao thi cd xu hudng cho ring PTXH la vin<br />
dd td't vl cin thifi't. Cd 46.2% cin bd lanh dao, quan ly cd trinh dd cir nhan<br />
ly luan chfnh trj coi PTXH II vin de td't, cin thifi't; vl d nhdm can bd cd<br />
trinh dd cao ci'p cd chung nhan djnh nay chifi'm 30,7%. Trong khi dd ty lfi<br />
ddng f vdi danh gii nay d nhdm can bfl lanh dao, quan ly cd trinh do trung<br />
d p Iy luan chi'nh trj chi chifi'm 22,7%.<br />
Ly giai vi su td't - xl'u, ein thifi't hay khdng cin thifi't cua PTXH, mflt<br />
sfl can bd lanh dao, quan ly cho ring PTXH la td't, cin thifi't vi nd chfnh 11<br />
ddng luc phit trie'n cho xa hfli, lim cho con ngudi ta cd su pha'n da'u,,..;<br />
nhung ciing cd y kifi'n ngugc lai cho ring PTXH la hifin tugng khdng tdt,<br />
khdng cin thifi't. vi nd lam cho khoang each giau ngheo tang Ifin, ngudi<br />
ngheo cing ngheo hem, ngudi giau cang giau hcfn,...; Cung cd nhidu y<br />
kifi'n ring PTXH la do xa hd\ phat trien thi duong nhifin cd ngudi giau ke<br />
ngheo. nen PTXH cd td't hay xiu cung khdng quan trgng mifin sao mgi<br />
ngudi phai sd'ng vl lim vific theo phap luit va dugc phap luat cho phep.<br />
Bang 2. Danh gia cua can bo iSnh dao, quan Iy ve mure do tdt - xau,<br />
cin thiet - khong can thiet ctia PTXH phan theo gidi tinh<br />
<br />
\;ini<br />
<br />
Danh gia ve hien luang PTXH hien nay<br />
N<br />
<br />
Nor<br />
<br />
%<br />
<br />
N<br />
<br />
%<br />
<br />
l.Tot. cSn thiet<br />
<br />
76<br />
<br />
27.9<br />
<br />
34<br />
<br />
26.6<br />
<br />
2. To'i nhung Icheng cin thie't<br />
<br />
63<br />
<br />
23.2<br />
<br />
27<br />
<br />
21.1<br />
<br />
3. Xa'u khong cSn thie't<br />
<br />
40<br />
<br />
14.7<br />
<br />
24<br />
<br />
18.8<br />
<br />
4. Kh6ng tot. khong xa'u<br />
<br />
40<br />
<br />
14.7<br />
<br />
18<br />
<br />
14.0<br />
<br />
5. Khong bie't<br />
<br />
53<br />
<br />
19.5<br />
<br />
25<br />
<br />
19.5<br />
<br />
6. Tong<br />
<br />
272<br />
<br />
100<br />
<br />
128<br />
<br />
100<br />
<br />