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Nước Phù Nam và hậu Phù Nam

Chia sẻ: Caygaolon Caygaolon | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:15

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Bài viết chứng minh sự xuất hiện của nước Phù Nam trên vùng châu thổ sông Mê Kông, sự phát triển từ một vương quốc thành một đế quốc hàng hải. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.

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Nội dung Text: Nước Phù Nam và hậu Phù Nam

Nl/dC PHI) NAM VA HAU PHU NAM<br /> t.:ityi IV i :<br /> <br /> <br /> LUONG NINH*<br /> • • • ' ! • :, : ; : j f . -<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> I. Ve Vvidng quoc Phu Nam tien s^ Lang Cudm d Bdc Ky... NhQng dac<br /> diem chung ciia cac ca the trong di chi cl<br /> De'n nay, khong con cSn phai chiing ban dao Ca Mau ma ba Genet-Varcin neu<br /> minh sU -xu&'t hien mot nu6c Phu Nam len la co voc dang trung binh, hop so tron<br /> tren viing chau tho song Me Kong, sU phat vQa, CO the co vom hong cao hay trung<br /> trien tijf mpt vufdng quo'c thanh mot de quoc binh, xUdng hoc mSt nho, tran hdi vat, mat<br /> hdng hdi nQa (tiT ciia Wang Gung Wu). rgng, lu3ng quyen cao, khoang each hoc<br /> Ca vi tri, ten goi, toe ngUcJi, dia diem va mat rong, mui tet... Toan bo nhQng dac<br /> ten goi dung ciia kinh do cung da dUdc xac diem do cho phep dat chung nhQng ca the<br /> dinh ro rang, chdc chin (Xin xem LUdng ngUdi Tram Pho'vdi nhom Indonesiens hay<br /> Ninh: VUdng Quoc Phu Nam. DHQG HN Proto-Malais va theo Giao sU Vallois thi<br /> 2009, in lan 3) (1); song cung nen xac dinh cung da thS'y ca trong Tien sii Dong DUdng<br /> lai vai diem cho ro rang va dung hOn: ma nhQng dai dien hien nay cua ho co<br /> 1.1. Mot vai tac gia hinh nhU muo'n trong so' nhQng ngUdi ThMng d Tay<br /> nha'n manh r i n g cU dan co Phu Nam la Nguyen-Viet Nam, ngUdi Klia Boloven d<br /> ngUdi noi tie'ng Malayo-Polynesians, tifc la Lao, ngUdi Phnong, Pear hay Samre d<br /> tif bien vao, chQ khong phai noi dia, de iSn Campuchia. Roi ngUdi ta cung tha'y ca<br /> v6i Khmer, nen mUdn dung mot tCf cua trong ngUdi Dayak d Borneo, ngUdi Igorot d<br /> L.Malleret, ngUcJi Proto-Malais, hieu la Philippin, ngUdi Batak d Sumatra, mot vai<br /> Nguyen Md lai, noi tie'ng Ma Lai (?). Dieu nhom cl Celebes hay Moluques. "Dang dau<br /> do khong diing. Malleret noi ve nhan chung trung binh (mesocephalie) la dac diem pho<br /> chil khong phai ngon ngQ. Co the tham bien ciia phSn 16n ngUdi Indonesiens luc<br /> khao mot doan cua ong: dia, con goi la Proto-Malais hay Proto<br /> Indochinois, da tha'y cl Oc Eo, Samrong<br /> Sau doan mo ta phan tich cua nha nhan<br /> Sen, ma phan Idn Chung Vang, chimg<br /> chiing hoc, ba Genet-Varcin, ong viet<br /> Indonesiens, co dang dau tron<br /> "Chung toi con nhan manh sU tUdng dong<br /> (Brachycephalie), trong khi dang ddu ddi<br /> ve hinh thai va hoa van trang tri dang dUdc<br /> (Dolicocephalie) chiem Uu the trong chiing<br /> nghien cQu, nhUng ngay gid day cung tha'y<br /> Den..." (L.Malleret (2).<br /> khong phai nglu nhien ma phat hien<br /> nhQng tUdng quan giQa cac hop so nho Hieu sai, nhUng ly cung khong diing;<br /> Melanesiens d Nouvelle Guinea v6i hang NgUdi Malayo vao da't lien ching le la de'n<br /> <br /> 'OS. Vi§n Khoa hoc xa hpi Vi§t Nam<br /> Rghien euu Ljch siir. so 1.2QtO<br /> <br /> ndi dat hoang vu de lap nu6c?, chSng le la mSu ma Dia Trung Hai; md ciia, tie'p nhan<br /> di xam chie'm? Thuc ra da co bo lac ban dia, nhieu ngoai kieu de'n dinh cU, buon ban va<br /> mot bo lac Proto Indochinois, goi theo G. phat trien van hoa, la dac trUng khong the<br /> Olivier, nay goi la Proto-Mon, diing hdn, bi lan dUdc cua Cang bien, cOia dan von co<br /> ky xUa kia goi la Vnam, nay la ngUdi nghe di bien, buon ban van bien.<br /> Mnong. Bo lac nay da co mot sU tien trien, 1.2. Ndi ve mpt vUdng quoc Phu Nam<br /> da tQ chan niii trUdng Sdn, xuong dong ton tai hdn 6 the ky ma khong ndi tdi Vdn<br /> bing, ra de'n bd bien, nhu ngUdi Cdn Gid, hod Phil Nam la v6 nghla. Chinh vi khong<br /> Trdm Pho', dong thuyen di ra bien va theo hieu ro dieu nay ma nhieu hoc gia nudc<br /> truyen thuye't, do mot nQ vUdng dQng dau, ngoai dinh vi nham Phu Nam d cho khac,<br /> goi ten la Lieu Diep. Chinh ten goi toe ha tha'p gia tri van hoa ban dia - mpt trung<br /> ngudi/bo lac nay da dem lai ten nu6c Phu tam van hoa ciia ca khu vUc<br /> Nam va ten toc-dong toe ngUdi Mien Niii-<br /> 1.3. Cuoc khai quSt khao co hoc ciia L.<br /> vua toe Niii (Sailaraja) hay Kiriuamsa<br /> Malleret nam 1944 (2) xac nhan dia ban<br /> (Nay la ten mdi ciia tinh Takeo/ Kirivong),<br /> ban d£u cua nudc Phu Nam la mien Tay<br /> ndi CO kinh do Phu Nam; chQ khong phai la<br /> song Hau vdi true chinh la con kenh dai<br /> mot danh tCr chung khmer, chi vat- Phnom:<br /> 100 km, ndi hai dau, dau Nam la cang thi<br /> niii: Ch6 nen nghi nQ vUdng "con trSn<br /> Oc Eo va dau Bae la do thanh Angco Borei,<br /> truong" ma coi la lac hau; thUe ra eo the eo<br /> vdi vung dan cQ hai ben bd kenh, tQ song<br /> mot cai kho'. "Phong tuc dan nude Phu Nam<br /> Hau ra de'n bien, vdi trinh dp kinh te dinh<br /> xUa vo'n d truong, xoa toe, khong may quan<br /> mQc lam tieu chi cho ca quoc gia, ndi ed;<br /> ao" (Luang thu 54, Liet truyen 48). Khong<br /> phai chi CO xUa ma den the ky XIX, tham - Nghe nong, trong lua nUdc quanh nam,<br /> chi den nay, mot so' tpc van con glQ nhu<br /> - Nghe danh bat hai san, tom ca va cuoc<br /> the, le cang trpng, cang phai giQ theo<br /> song pho bie'n tren song nUdc phan anh qua<br /> phong tuc.<br /> cac do dung bang go'm; noi, v6, a'm, be'p cui.<br /> Ditdng nhien khong the khong co mot bp - Nghe trong mia, ep la'y mat, lam dUdng<br /> lac til ngoai bien vao, the hien bang "Co ma 2 true quay 6p lam b i n g da eon lai tQ<br /> ngUdi ngoai coi ten la Hon Dien, dUdc than xa xUa da dUdc tim tha'y.<br /> bao mong, eho cung ten vang, sai di thuyen<br /> de'n (LUdng thii). Bp lac nay co the noi ngon - Nghe lam gom dac skc-Gom 6c Eo-Phii<br /> ngQ Nam Dao hay Malayo-Polynesian, tuy Nam,<br /> ><br /> khong biet chac la ho noi ngon ngQ gi. Su<br /> - Nghe kim hoan lam do trang sQc bang<br /> hien dien ciia hp khong the hien bang sU<br /> vang, bae, da quy, -' •<br /> tUdng dong suy doan vdi tpc nay, tpc np, ma<br /> hkng phong cdch bien, hoa tron vdi dan ban - Nghe lam do thie'e ma nha khao co' gpi<br /> dia tao nen mot nin vdn hod bien: md cang, la cd ca mpt nen ky nghe thie'e,<br /> giao luu thUdng xuyen, trao doi hang hoa - Nghe ren due kim loai, lam nhQng vSt<br /> vat pham (kieu chQ viet, m i u tUdng thd dung bae, dong va ca s i t .<br /> tien trien theo nguyen mau trong nhieu the Cac thd thu cong tap trung vQa san<br /> ky), manh kim loai khic hinh kieu An Dp,<br /> xua't, vQa buon ban, tao nen canh song<br /> 120 eon da'u (trien), do trang sQc thuy tinh<br /> dong due nhpn nhip. Phai chang canh so'ng<br /> Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram<br /> <br /> ngay hom nay "Pho tren kenh, Cha tren 0 moi Tinh hien dai ed ten rieng di lien<br /> song" d Nam Can va d Kien Giang phu hdp 1-3 dia danh la ten nhQng di ehi khao ed'<br /> moi sinh, la hinh anh cdn luu giQ cua mpt hpc noi tie'ng, da di vao danh muc khao cd<br /> thdi xa xQa? Ndi nay eon tu hpp ca ngoai hpe the gidi, ndi da phat hien ra it nhat mpt<br /> kieu de'n lam an buon ban ma hinh anh hp phe tich kie'n triic gach, mpt hay mpt so<br /> con dUdc tha'y tren hien vat go'm, thie'e. tUdng Phat hay Visnu, ra't nhieu go'm 6c<br /> Dudng nhu mpt liic nao dd, mpt dai dien Eo, mpt so' vat dung bang dong, eho tha'y cd<br /> xuat sic cua so' ngoai kieu nay, chu ye'u la the da tQng la mpt dp, mdt vung dan cQ cua<br /> ngUdi An Dp cd the dUde tin nhiem nhan nude Phu Nam xQa.<br /> chQc vu cao nha't trong bp may chinh Cd nhQng ndi eho tha'y ro da'u vet ngUdi<br /> quyen? _ J.,,,^^5 .^,!, ,.,,. ^ thdi sau da la'y gach ciia thdi trUdc xay den<br /> 1.4. Luang thu chep "Hon Dien la'y Lieu tren nen cu, nhu 6 Gd Thanh, Gd Thanh<br /> Diep lam vd, sinh eon trai, phan cho lam mdi, Binh Thanh... Ca hai lan trude, sau,<br /> vua bay (7) d'p. Sau, eon (?) la Hon Ban nay da sup dd thanh phe tich, di tich.<br /> Huong thu phuc lai dUde, phan chia eon Cd nhQng ndi ra't phong phii ve hien vat,<br /> chau cai tri cac a'p, hieu la Tieu vUOng. Cai nha't la tUdng thd; Gd Thap ed ra't nhieu, tdi<br /> quan 7 dp: cac cuoc khai quat khao eo hpe 15 pho tUdng Phat bing go tram va vai pho<br /> tiep theo, nam 1975-1995 va 1995-2005 Visnu bang da, la ndi cd mpt phQc h$ kie'n<br /> tuy khong trUc tiep khing dinh 7 dp nay, true gach cua nhieu thdi, ndi tim thay bia ky<br /> cung da cho tha'y cd the nhan dien khoang Prasat Pram Loven (bia Phii Nam 1), xQng<br /> 7-8 Thi tu - Tieu viing: ., dang la mpt tieu Vung quan trpng bae nha't.<br /> - 0 Kien Giang la Nen Chiia hay eon gpi Tay Ninh cung khong k6m, nhieu di tich<br /> la Thnal Moroy, Trdm Pho'; kie'n true gach ma den nay cung chua phan<br /> - 6 Ca Mau la Nen Vua hay Ta Keo, dinh dUde ro quy mo, dien mao va thdi<br /> gian. NhQng Trung Dien (nay la Trung<br /> hay Tien cdng;<br /> Hie'u, huyen Vung Licm, tinh Vinh Long)<br /> • 6 An Giang la 6c Eo/Ba The, cung la ndi tie'ng the gidi ve nhdm tUdng Phat va<br /> Cang thi chinh, cd the la Samudrapura- Visnu d mpt ngdi den, chua nao dd, nay da<br /> Cia Bien; khong cdn, nhung tUdng thi dUde coi la<br /> - 6 Long An la Go Don,Gd Binh Td.. dep, tieu bieu cho phong each nghe thuat<br /> tUdng Phil Nam 3. Pho tUdng Gd Thap phat<br /> • O Dong Thap la Gd Thap, rj ^jg ngifj hien nam 1998 cung thude phong each nay.<br /> - d C£n Thd Id Nhan Nghla. Trong dd, nd'i bat hdn la Cang thi 6c<br /> - d Vinh Long la Gd Thdnh M&i, LUu Eo. Dudng nhien, day khdng phai la mdt a'p<br /> Cii, Trung Dien. binh thudng ma la mpt dd thi cd', cd nhieu<br /> t i n g nen kie'n tnic bing gach, da, nhieu<br /> - d Tien Giang la Go Thdnh. tUdng thupc nhQng phong each khac nhau,<br /> - d Tay Ninh la Binh Thanh, Thanh mot ludng Idn do go'm va manh go'm, nhieu<br /> Dien. Tien Thuan. loai do trang sQc. Cang thi edn la bp mat,<br /> tie'p xue vdi ben ngoai nen edn cd rat nhieu<br /> - d Dong Nai la Bien Hod. hien vat ngoai, nhap cang nhu nhan mat<br /> Rghien ciJru Ljch sJr. sd 1.2010<br /> <br /> ngpc An Dp, gUdng dong Trung Qud'e, huy 2. VUtfng quoc va cac a'p/Tieu quoc<br /> chUdng vang Roma, nhQng vong chudi hat Luang thu da chep, cho eon "Idm vua 7<br /> thuy tinh cd nguon gdc Dia Trung Hai. dp", sau lai ndi them "hieu la tieu vuang.<br /> NhQng phong phu, hoanh trang nha't Nhu the cd le cac soan gia da dich diing tQ<br /> vin la kinh dd Angeo Borei, mpt each gpi ngQ Raja, gpi thao An Dp, la ngQdi dQng<br /> chuyen am rat mudn cua ten chQ Phan - dau eiia mpt vung/xQ nha't dinh; nhQng<br /> Nagara-pura - Qud'e do, edn dUde gpi la vung nay lai cd quan he mat thie't vdi nhau<br /> vung Kirivong/Girivamsa - ddng Vua Nui trong cung mpt lanh thp, do mpt tpc trudng<br /> ciia Phu Nam. Kinh do cd da'u tich nen cai quan, xUng la Dai vUang-Maharaja,<br /> cung dien, thanh luy b i n g gach, da, va ed hay Pu po tana Raya - Chda te Todn the<br /> ca mpt khu den ehua thd ciing d mdt ngpn gian hay Hodn vUang vdi ngQdi Cham, hay<br /> nui nhd ben canh, Phnom Da, ndi sau nay, Kamrateng an Phdai Karom, cung nghia, d<br /> nha khao cd phat hien trong hang nui, mpt ngQdi Khmer. Quan he trong dd nhu<br /> kho tUdng khong lo, khoang 50 pho, tUdng thudng tha'y trong eae xa hdi phQdng Ddng<br /> Phat, Visnu, tQ ed' nha't, the ky V, de'n cd' xUa vQa chat che vQa long leo, luc chat,<br /> mudn nha't, the ky VII, ed du tieu ban ciia 5 liic long, nhu quan he cha-con, vua-tdi, be<br /> phong each nghe thuat titdng Phu Nam, cQ tdi vdi tdn chu. Cac nha nghien cQu Au-My<br /> nhu mdi tieu vung tac tUdng phai lay day thudng khd hieu dUdc dieu nay.<br /> lam mau, hay moi ndi phai mang mpt tieu<br /> Mpt so' nha nghien cQu, ca trong va<br /> ban ve bieu den kinh dd "de bdo cao". Kho<br /> ngoai nudc gan day deu hpc theo<br /> tUdng dUdc phat hien trong hang da Phnom<br /> W.Wolters, nghi r i n g the che chinh quyen<br /> Da, cd le, ngUdi ta da cat da'u nhQng vat thd<br /> Phu Nam gid'ng nhU the che Ngdn hd, hay<br /> linh thieng, quy bau trUdc khi chay giac<br /> "mdnh. mdi" ma dng gpi la Mandala, tQc la<br /> ngoai xam Chan Lap (3).<br /> nd rdi rac, quan he long leo, khdng ra mdt<br /> Ta't ca nhQng di ti'ch, tUdng va hien vat qud'e gia cd td' chQc. NgQdi dQng dau khdng<br /> ndi tren deu dUdc dinh nien dai tQ the ky II thQc la vua, ma ehi la mpt kieu thu linh,<br /> de'n the ky VII, thupc nien dai Phii Nam, ngQdi cam quyen (chief/ruler), luc xac dinh<br /> deu cd sQ tUdng ddng ve tinh chat, kieu dQdc, luc khdng. M. Vickery tham chi edn<br /> each ciia cac loai hinh, phong each. Xem phu nhan hoan toan khi tha'y cd it nhat hai<br /> nhu the, dUdng nhu cd sQ tuang dong. lan mpt dao si An Dp dUdc ddn de'n "lam<br /> thd'ng nhd't giiia cdc tieu viing ve trinh dp vua" Phu Nam. Cd le W. Wolters khdng<br /> cuoc sdng, each sdng, qua do gdm, ve do hieu sic thai, tinh cha't mpt xa hpi phQdng<br /> diing va dd trang sQc, nha't la ve van hoa,<br /> Ddng, ndi ma tap hOp nhiing thon. dp,<br /> qua tdn giao, tUdng thd.<br /> khong bao gid thiic sU thdng nhd't chat<br /> Tuy nhien, cung phai xac nhan la cac che, cung nhu khong bao gid hodn todn tdn<br /> nen kien true Idn khdng hoan toan giong quyen dUdi mot ngdi vi thu linh phuang<br /> nhau ve binh do, kieu each, giQa cac phe Dong. M. Vickery thi lai khdng hieu mdt xa<br /> tich d 6c Eo, Gd Thap va Gd Minh Su hpi thUdng mai, ndi cd nhieu nhdm ngoai<br /> (Dong Thap), Luu CQ va Gd Thanh mdi kieu khac nhau, nhQng sic tpc khac nhau,<br /> (Vlnh Long), Gd Thanh (Tien Giang)... hay thu tich cd' ndi cd tdi hang nghin, ndi ngUdi<br /> dd la giQ lai sQ da dang trong thd'ng nha't dan sd'ng budng ra bien, budn ban, danh ea,<br /> cua mpt vUdng qud'e cd'? thi mpt ngUdi gd'c xQ ngoai, ed tai, ed dQc,<br /> Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram<br /> <br /> dam bao dUdc cude song, phQdng thQc sd'ng cac ten nQde nhQ CQu Tri, Dien Tdn, Lang<br /> chinh eiia hp, cd the dudc tdn "lam vua". Tdi Nha T Q Gia, Ban Ban, Xich Tho va Don<br /> da thao luan, phe binh hdn mdt lan y kie'n Tdn. Viec nghien cQu va thao luan may<br /> cua hai dng. Thuc te ddi sd'ng hien nay tren chuc nam qua ciia gidi sQ hpc the gidi mdi<br /> the gidi b i n la cd the dem lai nhieu bai hoc di den xac dinh, cac nQde nay deu nim tren<br /> cho viec nghien cQu. n :>.• •• -:;;: foit ban dao Malaya, an ngQ dQdng budn ban<br /> Ddng-Tay va gom hai nhdm nUdc: 5 nQde<br /> Den day, thdi gian nay, hoan toan<br /> nhd gdp lai thanh mpt nhdm, gpi chung la<br /> khdng cd da'u vet Khmer, bdi vi cung chQa<br /> ed ca Khmer va Chan Lap-Bhavapura, cai Xi'ch Thd' n i m d phia Nam ban dao, 5 nQde<br /> ma L. Malleret gpi la Vdn hod Tien Khmer. khac d phia Bae ban dao, gom ca ha iQu Me<br /> Nam, gdp thanh mdt nhdm, gpi chung la<br /> Theo sdch co, khoang the ky III, vua Dd'n Td'n. Cac cude khai quat khao cd' hpe d<br /> Phu Nam la Pham SQ Man danh cac nudc U-Thong, Khu Bua, Ban Don Taphet, Lop<br /> lang gieng, bat than phue, lai ddng tau to, Buri, Chansen eho tha'y ndi day, xQa kia<br /> vQdt bien Idn, chinh phuc dQdc hdn 10 nUdc kha phat trien vdi nhQng nen kie'n true<br /> cdi ngoai, de'n xQ Kim Lan. NhQng nude gach cua cac den dai, cung dien, thanh luy,<br /> lang gieng va ngoai bien bi chinh phue ed tQdng Phat, Visnu bing da de thd, nhieu<br /> that khdng? La d dau? vat gdm, dd trang sQc, cho tha'y rd quan he<br /> Cuoc khai quat khao ed hpc trong nhQng giao IQU van hoa, kinh te mat thie't vdi Phu<br /> nam 90 trdn da't Thai Lan, tren ha luu Me Nam, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phu<br /> Nam-Chao Phraya va binh nguyen Khorat Nam. 0 U Thong cdn phat hien dUde hdn<br /> da dem lai nhieu hieu biet ly thii. 20 dong tien bae Phu Nam.<br /> Ben tren da trinh bay sQ phat trien cua Xem nhQ the, sQ phat trien that hoanh<br /> Vudng qud'e Phu Nam nhd ke't qua nghien trang, nhUng Nha nUde Phu Nam da cai<br /> cQu khao cd' hpc; cac nUdc lang gieng phai quan Vudng qudc cua minh nhu the nao?<br /> than phuc Phu Nam la vung iQu vQc sdng Rat tide, sil sach cd cho biet ve cuoc sd'ng<br /> Se Mun tren binh nguyen Khorat, ndi sinh phong tue, tham chi vUdng gia ciia nhQng<br /> sd'ng cua mdt sd' bd lac Mdn co. Mdt sd' qua ngQdi quyen quy, trinh dp van hoa cao cua<br /> sQ xuc tac cua chinh Phu Nam ma tie'p can nQde, da ed tQdng Phat mang tang vua<br /> van hoa An Dp va dang tren dUdng phat Trung Qud'e va ea mdt dan nhae, ca mua,<br /> trien, dang cl giai doan Tien Nha nude, sang IQU diSn d Trung Qud'e, nhQng lai<br /> dQng trUdc ngudng cita cua viec lap Nude. khdng cho cho biet gi ve bd may nha nQde.<br /> Mdt trong sd' nay la bd lac cQ tru d nga ba Cho nen, d day, cd nhieu phan phai suy<br /> sdng Se Mun-Me Kong, ndi se xua't hien doan. Trifdc bet hang ndi ve dd'i npi. Phu<br /> nudc Bhavapura - Chan Lap. Nam ed 7 dp; vay dp la gi? Day la nhat ky<br /> Nhung ndi ma Phu Nam quan tam cua Khang Thai dan dau phai bd ciia nha<br /> nhieu hdn la dia vi ddu md'i thUdng mai cua Ngd de'n Phu Nam khoang nam 230 CL.<br /> minh, la con dudng thdng thUdng Ddng- Mdt trQdng hdp khac, sil nha Han ghi nam<br /> Tay, Trung Qudc va An Dp, nen vua Pham 190 C.L., dan huyen TUcfng Lam khdi<br /> Su Man ddng tau, vQdt bie'n, chinh phue nghla t h i n g Idi, lap Lam Ap. Huyen dQdi<br /> hdn 10 nQde, ta't ca deu t h i n phuc. Tuy quan (Nhat Nam); dp difdi huyen, nhQng<br /> nhien, khi ke eu the, sach co chi cho biet dp d day.khdng phai la huyen ly, tri sd, vi<br /> Rghien curu Ljch sir. s61.2010<br /> <br /> cdn ed Tuong Pho', pho cua huyen TUdng Viec ddng gdp de xay den chua, tac<br /> Lam, ed le day mdi la huyen ly. Hdi ric rdi tQdng, 1-2 ngdi ddi vdi mdt a'p, ed the da trd<br /> nen cac nha nghien cQu nQde ngoai, ngQdi thanh mpt viec lam tQ nguyen, tham chi la<br /> thi dich dp la xom (hamlet), ngQdi thi dich thich thu, khdng phai can den sQ can thiep<br /> la Xd (commune). TQ dp trong sach nha ciia chinh quyen.<br /> Han dUde dung gan cung thdi vdi sach nha Hdn nQa, vdi mpt quoc gia thUdng mai,<br /> Ngd, ehi each nhau chQng 30 nam, khai mdt cang thi qud'e te, lai san xuat va ban do<br /> niem ed the khdng khac nhau lim. Thu trang sQc cung vat dung vang bae thi ngUdi<br /> linh Lam Ap la Khu Lien se trd thanh vua. dan binh thUdng, ndng dan, ngQ dan,<br /> Sau khi nQde dinh hinh hay md rdng, dQdc khdng de'n noi phai ddng gdp nang ne ma<br /> goi ten chinh thQc la Champa, gpi du la vua chua v i n cd the an b i n g bat vang, bat<br /> Champa-pura, ngQdi Han phien am la bae va thu thue bang vang, bae.<br /> Chiem-bd, dich la Chiem Thdnh (4). Trong Dd la ddi vdi dan ciia minh, cdn doi vdi<br /> ca hai trQdng hdp, dp h l n la mdt Vung cac nQde phu thude thi sao? Cd the tin mdt<br /> Idnh tho, ed the cd trung tam, thQdng la each chic chin cd ma'y hinh thQc sau day:<br /> trung tam van hoa/tdn giao, n i m giQa<br /> a- Hang qua cang thi chic phai nop mpt<br /> cdng ddng cQ dan, lam ndng nghiep, danh<br /> khoan thue, tuy khdng cd ghi ch^p nao cho<br /> ca, nghe thii cdng va trao dd'i. Ben tren,<br /> biet mQc thue bao nhieu.<br /> khi sach cd' viet ve Phu Nam, "Idm vua 7<br /> b- San pham cua eae nQde neu ed gia tri<br /> dp, xQng la Tieu vUOng b i n la ed y nghla<br /> cao thi tdn chii dQdc mua Qu tien vdi gia re,<br /> mdt vung, mdt tieu qud'e. Khdng tha'y rd<br /> thQdng la dUde nop thue b i n g chinh san<br /> vai trd ciia bd may quan ly, nhQng chic<br /> pham dd. Dd la trQdng hdp thie'e dac san<br /> r i n g khdng cd sQ biet lap giQa cac Ap-<br /> cua Xich Thd' (Malaysia ngay nay) xua't<br /> Vung: bdi sU dong dang van hoa, nhU cac<br /> hien kha nhieu tren da't Phu Nam, tren<br /> vat gdm dac trQng cua dan sdng nQde,<br /> cang 6c Eo.<br /> xQdng gdm cd 3 Idp, van sdng nude tren<br /> c- NQde le thupc b i t bude phai nop mpt<br /> than gdm, cac hinh tQdng Phat b i n g gd,<br /> khoan phu cdng dang ke. Cho nen khi vung<br /> da, tUdng Visnu b i n g da cung dUdc qui<br /> len gianh dQdc quyen tu ehu thi cac vua<br /> chua'n thd'ng nha't vdi nhau de'n mQc kinh<br /> Chan Lap td bay niem "kieu hanh vi da<br /> ngae, giQa tat ea cac vung. Cd le tap quan<br /> giQt dQt dQdc sdi giay xieng xich eiia sQ<br /> lam an, sinh sd'ng tQ bao dam ddi sd'ng<br /> cong nap" (bia Baksei Chamkrong).<br /> ciia gia dinh minh cd tQ thdi cdng xa cd'<br /> XQa van dQdc tie'p tuc duy tri ed hieu qua d- Hdn nQa, nQde phu thupc phai chiu<br /> trong dieu kien mdi. Chi ed mdt viec vQdt sQ kiem soat chat che, khong dUOc co quan<br /> ra khdi pham vi tQ quan eiia cdng dong la he vdi nUdc ngoai. nhQ vdi Trung Quoc<br /> ching han. Cho nen chi de'n khi Phu Nam<br /> nghla vu ddng gdp vdi nha nQde va cd sd<br /> bi suy vong (giQa the ky VII), nhQng vung<br /> tdn giao. Cd le qua thdi gian, ngQdi ta da<br /> le thupc trQdc kia mdi tU chu, lap quoc gia,<br /> quen vdi mQc ddng gdp, mpt mQc vQa phai<br /> c\l sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va nhan sQ gia<br /> ma hien nay khdng cd tai lieu nao eho<br /> de'n, mdi tha'y dQdc ghi ch^p, dQdc biet cd<br /> biet, ma trai qua hang the ky cung khdng<br /> sQ xua't hien cua cac nQde nhu Chan Lap,<br /> tha'y ed dieu gi gay ca'n xay ra.<br /> Xich Tho' v^ Doa La Bat De (Dvaravati)<br /> Rude Phil Ram vb hflu Phu Ram<br /> <br /> thay the cho cua Don Td'n. Khdng the de'n nay, khdng ai biet do dau ma cd ten gpi<br /> khdng de y, sach sit eo' khdng he coi/ gpi cac nay.<br /> di chi/ phe tich hoanh trang d ha IQU Me<br /> Dan Phu Nam, nhQng ndng dan, ngQ<br /> Nam nhu U Thong, Khu Bua, ea Chan Sen,<br /> phii, cd le da qua 5-6 the ky cham chi gieo<br /> la nhQng qud'e gia hay tieu quo'c, bdi mpt le<br /> trong gat hai, ra khdi, cac thQdng nhan, thd<br /> ddn gian, ta't ca dd ehi la Dd'n Td'n ma Dd'n<br /> thii cdng budn ban kie'm Idi, nha nQde lo<br /> Td'n ehi la thupc qud'e cua Phu Nam. Sau<br /> thu dii thue, ddi song phong tuc, khdng cd<br /> khi Phu Nam suy vong, khdng kie'm soat<br /> ke thu tranh gianh, khdng ed da'u hieu ban<br /> nQa, cac xQ nay mdi tQ chii, tQ gpi la<br /> tam lo de phdng chien tranh, nen ngd dau<br /> Dvaravati- Cda ngd. Day la dieu ma nhieu<br /> cd luc sa sut de khdng phdng bi ke than<br /> nha nghien cQu, ca J.Boiselier da tQng<br /> thupc quay lai danh minh.<br /> nham lan.<br /> Bhavapura - Chan Lap hinh thanh cudi<br /> Cho nen Wang Gung Wu (1990) (5) mdi the ky VI, cung la thdi diem hinh thanh tgc<br /> md dIu gpi Phu Nam la Maritime Empire, ngUdi Khmer va van hoa Khmer, da vQdn<br /> sau dd nhieu hoc gia Anh, Phap mdi gpi len tie'n cdng Phu Nam tQ d i u de'n giQa the<br /> theo. Empire ed ngQdi dich la deche, khdng VII thi chinh phuc dQdc. Cac sach co va ca<br /> sai, nhQng de lan khai niem trQu tQdng, van bia ciia ke chien thang cung chi tha'y<br /> nhQ de che dau hoa, de che truyen thdng. khoe sQc manh, "quan di bui mu", ma<br /> Tdi gpi theo dung thQc cha't ciia nd, la mpt khdng tha'y ndi de'n lUc iQdng, giao chien,<br /> he thd'ng cai quan, ed kiem soat, la de qudc khang cQ. Cd le Phu Nam da khdng chuan<br /> trong khu vQc Ddng Nam A. bi gi, khdng cd iQc iQdng, vua Phu Nam<br /> phai bd chay ra bien, cd le den Java.<br /> 3. H a u P h u N a m - C h a n L a p - Tien<br /> Angco Cd the nhQ van bia ndi, nd'i len de gianh<br /> quyen tQ chu, de thoat khdi ach cdng nap,<br /> Phu Nam da ed da'u hieu bi suy thoai tQ nhQng sach g^iao khoa Lich sil bae Tieu hpc<br /> the ky VI, do si^ chuyen dd'i dQdng giao ciia Singapore thi khing dinh Chan Lap<br /> thUdng tren bien ra xa bd. Thuyen be it di tham cua cai giau cd cua Phu Nam mdi<br /> ven bd, ho$c qua canh eo Kra (Dd'n Td'n dem quan danh chie'm.<br /> ngay trQdc), khdng cap cang 6c Eo ma di<br /> 3.1. The ky VII (600-690 CL.) la the'ky<br /> vdng qua eo Malacca, Sunda de'n Bien<br /> Ddng, gan va thuan ti^n hdn, nhQng cung chuyen bie'n sau sic:<br /> do phQdng tien di bien la tau thuyen tie'n Khdng de dang danh t h i n g ngay; nhQng<br /> bp hdn. Budn ban giam sut, thu nhap k^m nam cudi the' ky VI- dau the ky VII la thdi<br /> di, nhieu thQdng lai la nhQng ngQdi cd tai, gian thit sQe, ta'n cdng kinh dd Phu Nam d<br /> cd van boa cao, bd di ndi khac lam an. Angkor-Borei; tie'p theo, phai mat ma'y<br /> Nhan cd hpi nay, mpt bp lac cQ tni b ha iQu chuc nam gian khd' nQa, d i n quan "vQdt<br /> Se Mun da vQdn len lap nifde, gpi ten nQde kenh laeh sau b i n g chieu cao con voi", tie'n<br /> theo ten vua la Bhavapura, tQng bQdc ta'n len de'n tan dinh nui", mdi danh chie'm<br /> cdng xam chiem lai Phu Nam, nQde tdn ehu dQdc Phu Nam (khoang nam 649 C L.). Day<br /> cu cua nd, cQ sQ t h i n sang Trung Hoa va la thdi gian thuan Idi de Chan Lap md rdng<br /> dU(?c ghi nhan vdi cai ten ciia mpt qud'e gia quyen iQc ve phia ddng, de'n ha iQu sdng<br /> mdi xua't hi^n la Chan Lap (Chen La) ma Me Kong, den ea cang-thi 6e Eo, ne'u<br /> 10 Rghien curu Lich sit. s61.2010<br /> <br /> mudn. Nhung ngQdi ta lai tha'y mdt hien tdi mdt dng vua nao (theo qui t i c thudng<br /> tQdng ngQde lai, la co ve da't ban bp cl trung phai cd), viet 25 ddng Khmer cd, dai, ndi<br /> luu sdng Me Kong, ed le do hp chQa quen nhieu ve viec lap den, cung rupng... (bia<br /> tiep jcue vdi bien va chQa quen trong lua trQng bay trong Bao tang Tp Ho Chi<br /> tren rudng ngap nQde, eho de'n the ky XX Minh), phai chang la mpt bieu hien phan<br /> (B.P. Grosher, 1973) (6). Cd le nhd the ma tan, ly khai?<br /> the ky VII, Chan Lap tap trung sQc thQc<br /> Viec 2:<br /> hien dUdc 3 viec, ba thanh tQu Idn, ra't ed y<br /> nghla; 1/ Sang tao va sit dung chQ viet mdi, Sau khi danh t h i n g , chinh phuc dQdc<br /> cbQ Kha me cd] 2/ Xay dQng kinh dd mdi Phu Nam, vQdng trieu 1 ciia Chan Lap,<br /> Isanapura tren iQu vQc StQng Sen, nay la vQdng trieu Bhavapura lap (khoang 600-<br /> Kompong Thom, bd ddng-bic Bien Ho, gan 680) gom bd'n (4) ddi vua. Cac vua eo ve dia<br /> song Me Kong; 3/ Xay dQng van boa Chan ban cua minh, cl iQu vQc sdng Stung Sen,<br /> Lap sd ky, thUdng dQdc gpi la Vdn hod Tien ddng bic Bien Ho, nay la tinh Kompong<br /> Ang-co-611-802). Thom. Cd tac gia cho day la que hifdng cua<br /> Vice 1: chac da dQdc chuin bi tQ khi lap ddng vua nay, nhQng khdng tha'y cd can cQ<br /> nQde va bat d i u tien danh kinh dd Phu nao. Dieu chac chan hdn la nd d vao khoang<br /> Nam (nam 598) de cd bia chd Khmer dau giQa ha iQu - dia ban mdi md - vdi trung<br /> tien nam 611, dQng d chinh tren da't iQu, gan Se Mun, da't gdc eiia ea tpc<br /> Angkor Borei. Sau dd ed khoang 5 bia, viet ngQdi. 6 day, hp tie'n hanh xay dyng kinh<br /> niia Khmer, nQa Sanskrit, deu d gan vung dd, tren dia diem gpi la Sambor Prei Kuk<br /> kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639, ed 5 cau va dQdc gpi theo ten vua la Isanapura, la<br /> Sanskrit va 24 ddng Khmer ed', cd ten vua mpt nhdm gom 5 cum kien true den thap<br /> Bhavavarman nhQng khdng ro lai lich, gach. hoanh trang, cau ky, dep; nay tuy da<br /> Prasat Prathat, d Prey Veng, nam 655 cd bi sup do' thanh phe' tich, nhQng v i n cdn<br /> 9 ddng khmer, Ang Chumnik, d Prey Veng, cho tha'y binh do, dang ve, cung vdi tQdng<br /> nam 667, ke thQ tQ eae vua, cd 26 cau t h i n cua nd va cd the, 1-2 vua nQa khong<br /> Sanskrit, khdng ed Khmer; Prah Kuha chac chan, theo dudi xu hQdng co cum ve<br /> Luong, hang Kampot, nam 674 ed 9 ddng vung da't ddng Bien Ho-trung iQu sdng Me<br /> Khmer. Dang chu y, tren da't cu Phu Nam, Kong, xay kinh do va dQng bia chQ Phan 6<br /> cd 4 bia; Angco Borei, Ta Keo (ke tren), day. Viet bia chQ Phan trong khi b i t d i u cd<br /> Dong Thdp Mudi, 10 ddng Khmer ed', nien chQ Khmer rieng, dQdng nhu muo'n chQng<br /> diem 713, ke ten mpt nhan vat la, Puskara, td van la sQ tie'p nd'i van boa va da cd trinh<br /> tQdc V K A (vua?) va xa nha't ve phia nam dp cao (7).<br /> la bia Phd Hihi (Sa Dee), nien diem 639 cd<br /> 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer, ndi ve Cung vdi viec xay dUng kinh dd, thyc te<br /> viec lap den, cung rudng, thd than. NhQ la 5 cum den thap gach, thd t h i n , ndi trung<br /> the, trong the ky VII, da'u tich xa nha't cua tam cua qud'e gia, cac vua Chan Lap cdn<br /> Chan Lap tren da't Phu Nam la 4 ndi dd va cho viet, khic bia ke ve than the sy nghiep<br /> cung la rat gan vdi da't Chan Lap, gan nhQ dQng dat d ngay va g i n cac den thap<br /> la vung giap ranh ngay nay. Rieng Phu Sambor Prei Kuk.<br /> Hihi, ghi nien diem 639 nhUng khdng ndi<br /> Viec 3:<br /> Rif6c Phii Ram va hfiu Phii Ram 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Nam cum den thdp Sambor Prei Kuk dd cd da'u an sinh boat ciia cQ dan mdi, dac<br /> cung la sQ tie'p noi va sang tao cua kie'n biet la do dung, do gdm, cd den, chua, bi ky<br /> tnic den thap gach; v i n la nhQng binh do hay khdng? chQ viet nao? da'u a'n ciia van<br /> vudng vQc thu nhd len cao din; do dd cd the boa nao? NgQdi ta da phat hien dQdc 2 ngdi<br /> nghi r i n g binh do kie'n tnic Phu Nam cd den deu kha Idn, 1, b chinh dd thanh cu cua<br /> the dQdc IQU giQ it nhieu d Sambor Prei Phu Nam, gpi la din Angkor Borei: b day cd<br /> Kuk? Ngoai ra edn cd cac ye'u to'; n bia viet chQ Khmer cd', nien diem 611 C.L.,<br /> la bia viet chQ Khmer dau tien dQdc phat<br /> - NhQng Hoa vdn trang tri tren tUdng<br /> hien eho den nay va cung la nien diem md<br /> gach kha phong phu, la mIt;<br /> dau van boa Khmer, thdi ky Khmer. Bia ke<br /> - Cd them mi cda (linteau), bdng da, tac day la mdt ngdi den thd than, cd 22 nhae<br /> hinh hoa la each dieu, bien ddi theo phong cdng va ea cdng (phuc vu le nghi Hindu<br /> each, thdi gian; giao), 22 ngQdi phuc vu, 56 nd le lam rudng<br /> cung vdi 100 bd va 20 trau. Cd cQdng dieu<br /> - D3 mi ciia la hai cot nho (colonnette),<br /> hay khdng thi khdng biet, nhQng de chQng<br /> cung b i n g da, luc ddu hinh tru trdn, ed ba<br /> td tQ the ciia ke chien thang thi h l n la ed.<br /> vdng nhan va hinh trang tri b hai diu, ve<br /> Va 2, Den va bia Phu HUu b Sa Dec (Dong<br /> sau cot trd nen ciu ky hdn, hinh sau canh,<br /> Thap), tren bd sdng Tien; den nhd hdn, bia<br /> hoa tiet trang tri rglm rap hdn;<br /> viet 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer cd',<br /> Bau ciia dd cd Id de lap canh cQa, ddi ghi nien diem 639 (trUng bay d Bao tang<br /> khi bing go; cd bae cQa, hai-ba bae bing Tp. Ho Chi Minh). Khong tha'y ghi ten vua<br /> da, bae tha'p nha't rdng hdn, cd hinh ddu ma le ra thQdng phai cd. Nam trung vdi bia<br /> gdp (accolade) (8). Ta Keo, cd ten mdt dng vua Bhavavarman,<br /> - O kinh dd Sambor Prei Kuk, cd ma'y nhQng cdn chQa rd lai lich. Mpt ngdi ehua<br /> pho tQdng thd b i n g da, v i n la "Visnu ddi nQa, gpi la Vlt Sre Ben tQc la 6 Lam d<br /> mu, tru. mac do ddi kieu Phii Nam" song da Chau Ddc, ndi ve mpt ngdi chua, khdng cd<br /> cd ddi chut cai tie'n, cai mu tru d i n cao hdn, nien dai, mpt ten ngQdi, Baladitya, rat md<br /> ddi eho cdn giQ mai tdc tet thanh dai bang nhat, khdng hieu la ai, ed vai trd gi? The'ky<br /> tren diu. Thanh ngang giQ tay bie'n thanh VII ta't ea chi cd the, vai ba diem, deu la ndi<br /> khdng the cQ tru d'n dinh lau dai (Angkor<br /> vdng cung vQng chac b Phnom Da da mat<br /> Borei la dinh nui). Ta't ea deu la nhQng dia<br /> di din. Dd Id ddc trUng vdn hod - nghe<br /> diem giap ranh.<br /> thuat Phil Nam cdn dugc gid lai vd cdi tie'n.<br /> Cho nen, tuy cac nha nghien cQu nQde TQ day, the ky VII, cd the gpi la thdi<br /> ngoai gpi day la thdi "Tien Ang-co", nhung Hau Phu Nam, cung la Tien Angkor, tuy<br /> ve van boa, thUc cha't la Hau Phd Nam. ke nhien, khdng phai la kdo dai trien mien,<br /> tie'p Phu Nam, tuy da bat dau bQdc sang ma cd dinh thdi gian vd ndi dung eu the.<br /> thdi ky van boa Khmer. Ndi dung dd la sy hinh thanh vQdng trieu<br /> The ky VII la thdi gian khdng khd de sd ky Chan Lap - Bhavapura, sU hinh<br /> thyc hi$n cuoc di dan xud'ng phQdng Nam, thdnh vdn hod Khmer, chu ye'u chu! Khmer,<br /> ne'u cd nhu ciu va kha nang. Cd the nhan cung la sy tie'p nd'i hoc theo Phu Nam, chd<br /> bid't sy ed mat cua cQ dan mdi hay khdng va ye'u hinh tUang Visnu va van Sanskrit; dd<br /> la mpt tieu chf hoan toan xac dang la b ndi cung la sy sang tao mdi, chu ye'u la cac loai<br /> 12 Rghien ciru Ljch siSr. stf 1.2010<br /> <br /> hinh gia ed' trang tri bang da tren thap Lap phan chia thanh Chan Lap Da't va<br /> gach. Cho nen, mpt so' tac gia gpi la Vdn Chan Lap NQde. Chan Lap Da't cl tren cao,<br /> hod Tien Angkor. Thdi gian do la tQ nam da't ban bp ciia hp, b nga ba Se Mun-Me<br /> 611 (bia chQ Khmer dau tien) den 680 Kdng, phia blc Dangrek, chQ khdng phai b<br /> (nam qua ddi ciia Jayavarman I), vua cudl nQde Campuehia ngay nay, cdn Thuy Chan<br /> ciia vQdng trieu Bhavapura, md dau sy Lap cung khong phai toan Dong b i n g sdng<br /> khiing hoang, chia re, de'n nam 802, nam CQU Long, toan Nam Bd ngay nay, ma chii<br /> cha'm dQt Vdn hod Tien Angkor. ye'u la co ve vung trung iQu sdng Me Kdng,<br /> quanh kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap la Sambor,<br /> 3.2. T h e ky VIII d Kompong Cham. Phe tich kie'n true va ndi<br /> NhQ da ndi d tren, the ky VII, Chan Lap tim tha'y bi ky xac nhan dieu nay, dieu ma<br /> CO cum tren da't ciia minh, d vung quanh eae nha chuyen mdn b trong va ngoai nQde<br /> Bien Ho Tonle Sap. Hp xay trQdc tien, hai da ndi tQ lau roi. Nam 610-649 (39 nam),<br /> cum den thap Vat Eng Khna (620 AD) d ea Phu Nam va Chan Lap deu cii sQ t h i n<br /> Battambang va Tuol Baset (640) nhU mpt sang nha Tuy. Kinh dd Phu Nam da bi<br /> sy tham dd, thi diem (?), roi de'n xay tap chie'm, vua chay ve Naravaranagara, tdi<br /> trung tren iQu vyc Stung Sen (Kompong doan la b niii Ba The-6c Eo, vua v i n cii sQ<br /> Thom), lap dung kinh dd Isanapura, vdi cac t h i n rieng sang nha Tuy cung luc vdi Chan<br /> cum den thap Sambor Prei Kuk (giQa the Lap, sau dd, bi danh Ian nQa mdi thdi. Tuy<br /> ky VII), Prei Khmeng va Prasat Andet (niia nhien, Chan Lap chi di cdng de'n nam 617<br /> sau the VII). roi cung dQt b i n . Chan Lap Da't v i n dQng<br /> rieng, di sQ rieng vai lan nQa vao cac nam<br /> Ca the'ky VIII, cung chi cd them ba cum 753, 771 va 779. The la tQ 617-753 (136<br /> den thap d vung quanh kinh dd; Trapeng nam) Chan Lap khdng cd quan he ngoai<br /> Phong, Kompong Prah va Phum Prasat. giao vdi ben ngoai; ngQcfi ta khdng hie'u<br /> Prei Khmeng dQdc coi la lam dd, tuy nhien, bie'n ddng gi ma Chan Lap di de'n cho nhu<br /> cung da kha day dii, keo dai tQ cudi the ky the. Va neu tinh tQ khi Jayavarman I qua<br /> VII de'n d i u the'ky VIII, nen trd thanh mdt ddi, nam 680 - de'n 802, Jayavarman II len<br /> tieu chi ve phong each va nien dai Van hoa ngdi, 122 ham thi ed tdi 258 nam, ngudi ta<br /> Tien Angkor. Dac biet, d day cd cai mi ciia khdng he dQdc biet ten mpt vi vua nao, mpt<br /> da khac tac hinh Brahma ddn sinh gid'ng VQdng trieu nao cua Chan Lap. Thyc te<br /> mi ciia Ml Sdn E 1 nhu "sinh ddi". cung khdng cd mpt da'u hieu nao ciia sy cai<br /> Sau hdn niia the ky hinh thanh va md quan ciia trung Udng hay dia phQdng, mgt<br /> mang (tQ nam 600 de'n 680), Chan Lap rdi van ban hay mpt hanh dpng nao. Sil Trung<br /> vao khiing hoang trieu chinh ma trQdc dd Quoc cung khdng viet dUdc gi, vi hp cd sang<br /> da cd nhQng da'u hieu tan quyen. Nam 680, dau ma biet.<br /> vua Jayavarman I qua ddi, b i t d i u xua't Tuy nhien, nhQ the khdng phai se dien<br /> hien nhQng vua ehua dia phQdng, khdng cd ra canh Ion xpn, lung tung. Lang xdm hinh<br /> lai lich rd rang, Cd 3 ta'm bia nho va xa'u thanh tQ xa xUa gom nhQng ngQdi dan<br /> khic ten mpt ngQdi la l i m la Puskara hay cung song tren mpt dia vyc, lam cung mpt<br /> Puskaraksa, 2 tim tha'y d Dong Thap va 1 d nghe, chu ye'u la nghe ndng, danh ea va<br /> Kratie. SiJ nha DQdng b i t d i u chep Chan dyng nha go la. TQ dd hinh thanh nhQng<br /> Ru6c Phu Ram va hau Phii Ram IS<br /> <br /> cpng dong ty quan n h i m dam bao cude til ra't khac la. Tren da't Nam Bd Viet Nam<br /> sdng gian di, binh lang, tQ ca'p, ty tuc p h i n cung cd mdt sd' dau tich den thap gach.<br /> Idn, mien la khdng cd ai khua'y ddng ho. Hien nay, ebi duy nha't thap Binh Thanh<br /> Cude sd'ng cua hp khdng phai ep xat nhieu, (Tay Ninh) cdn dQng, tuy da dQdc xay lai<br /> cho de'n ngay nay v i n the. Rudng da't rdng, tren nen cu va ed the ca vat lieu eu. Dang<br /> ngQdi thUa. NgUdi Phap da tQng khai quat chu y la thap nay cdn giQ mdt mi ciia da<br /> ddi sd'ng eiia ngQdi Khmer - "Hp chie'm hQu hinh canh la khum cong nhe, mem mai,<br /> rudng da't b i n g iQdi cay" va lam ndng kieu Tien Angkor the ky VIII. Nhieu ndi<br /> nghiep bang nUdc tQdi ty nhien, tQc la nQde khdng edn nhan ra binh dang, lai cd dau<br /> mQa, khi du lam dat trong, gieo hat thi vet xay den thap mdi de len tren cai cu da<br /> chay tran bd xud'ng sdng; khdng phai va't va sup dd, tham ehi lay gach cu de xay den<br /> lam thuy Idi, tQdi-tieu, Sy dum bpc giup mdi, nhan dQdc kha rd; tuy nhien, vi the,<br /> nhau thi cd nhQng sy hdp tac trong san khd tach bdc, phan biet hai Idp kie'n true,<br /> xua't chQa that ein (ed the tham khao B.P. hai nien dai. NgQdi Phap lam mdt cude<br /> Groslier- 1973 (6). Ne'u khdng ed bie'n ddng kie'm ke- H. Parmentier (1909) (7) cho biet<br /> chinh tri thi cQ nbu the, lang le tie'p dien, cdn ed dau tich nen kien true d PhQdc<br /> nhQng van boa thi khdng dQng yen, nd HQng, Ham Ninh Ha, Chdt Mat, Thanh<br /> tham nhap va anh hQdng de'n ddi sd'ng; ed Dien, Tien Thuan, RQng Dau, deu d Tay<br /> the khdng cin ai chi huy, ra lenh, cdng Ninh, xay gach nhQng ta't ca cung da trd<br /> dong cQ dan hpp nhau ban, ty ddng gdp, td' thanh phe tich. Tuy nhien Laksmi Tien<br /> chQc, xay den thap gach. '•' ' •' Thuan, ddi cot da va mi ciia da Tien Thuan<br /> (Tay Ninh) cung ed nien dai cuoi the ky<br /> De'n the ky VIII, Chan Lap trd thanh<br /> VIII. Ngoai ra, cac cude khai quat khao cd<br /> mpt thdi chia re va tao loan, khdng cdn vua<br /> hpc nhQng nam qua da phat hien ddi cot va<br /> chua, trieu dinh, rd rang la tinh hinh da<br /> linteau, cd khi khdng hoan toan du, ehi la<br /> khac r l t nhieu:<br /> loai cot trdn, ed 3 vdng trang tri d Thanh<br /> Vua chua khdng cdn, ngoai xam hoanh Dien, Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh), Gd Xoai, Gd<br /> hanh, dan cd the iQu tan tim eho yen dn de Don, Gd Binh Ta (Long An), Gd Thap<br /> sinh sd'ng. NgQdi van cd the d lai ehd'n cu, (Dong Thap). NhQ the, mpt sd' di tich, di vat<br /> nhUng van hoa thi cd the khdng n i m yen, chiu anh hUdng vdn hod Tien Angco md<br /> nha't la nhQng ye'u to' gia ed' kie'n true b i n g nhat, tap trung chii ye'u d vung giap ranh, d<br /> da, mdi la, dep va vQng chic. Cd ngQdi dan Tay Ninh, Gd Thap. 6 day, dieu kien sinh<br /> thi edn cd sd nguyen thd t h i n thanh, xay sd'ng, san xua't thuan Idi, cd the ed mdt<br /> den va b dd nhQng ye'u td' kie'n true vdn hod nhdm dan di cQ tQ trung iQu sdng Me Kdng<br /> Tien Angkor I^i cd dip xuat hi^n. ,,_-^ ...,, xuong, sd'ng canh/ chen vdi dan ban dia,<br /> 0 Lop Buri, trung iQu sdng Me Nam, Phu Nam- Bnam-Mnong. Ta't ca ehi cd the,<br /> nay v i n cdn dQng mdt nhdm 4 thap gach, tren nhQng dia diem ban hep nhQ the. Vi la<br /> xay khdi dac giat ca'p kieu Phum Prasat, anh hQdng van boa nen vin cd the cd sy<br /> tuy da xieu v?o r l t nhieu va v i n cdn dQdc "trdi dat" de'n mpt dia diem nao khac, mpt<br /> goi la " thdp Khmer", tuy nhien, khdng chic thdi gian xa hdn, song dd chi la ca bipt,<br /> gi la da cd sy cai quan Khmer, vi mpt t i m hiem cd va md nhat, ching ban cl Gd Thap,<br /> bia viet Sanskrit phat hi^n b day, nien Gd Xoai, Gd Don (Long An) "trdi dat" tham<br /> diem 937 ndi ten ngUdi dQng d i u va hoang ehi den ca Ben Tre; ma khao ed' hpc thi cd<br /> 14 Rghien eiiru Ljch sir, sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> nhieu vi du ve "hien vat-van boa trdi dat" nhu ca vua ba'y gid la Mabipati, cUdp cua<br /> (drifting ware), do mang de'n, mua ve, ddi cai va b i t mpt so' ngQdi trong hoang gia,<br /> chac. Sy cd mat ciia mpt so'ye'u to'kie'n tnic mang theo ve Java. Nhieu ngQdi nghi rang<br /> Tien Angkor khdng nha't thie't di lien sy di tQ 787 de'n 802, 15 nam, ngQdi Java cai tri<br /> cQ ddng dao ciia ngQdi Khmer. Viec tac da trye tie'p Chan Lap, nbUng ngQdi ta khdng<br /> thanh mi ciia, cot chd'ng, khdng the la viec dQdc biet gi ve cd hay khdng che dp cai tri<br /> cua bat ky ndng dan, ngQ dan nao, ma phai nay. Y nghi rang thdi dd cd mpt dQdng bien<br /> la nhQng thd da chuyen nghiep, ca nhQng gidi, mpt che dp quan ly tQ trung Qdng den<br /> nghe nhan, (ddi khi edn cd tQdng thin). dia phQdng la khdng thyc te vdi trinh dp<br /> NhQng hiep thd/nghe nhan da ed nhQng thdi dd, ea thdi Chan Lap va Java. Khdng<br /> m i u ma quen thupc dQdc Qa chuong mdt hon ddn, nhQng cung khdng cd mpt che dp<br /> thdi cd the dUde ddn de'n lam het ndi nay banh chinh ro rang.<br /> de'n ndi khac, ma edn cd gia thuyet hp la<br /> 4. B a t d a u thofi A n g k o r<br /> ngQdi gd'c An Dp/ Ba TQ. TrQdng hdp cl Cat<br /> Tien, vung nui doi ngQdi Ma rat cd the la 4.1. Khoang nam 800, mpt trong nhQng<br /> nhu the. Giao iQu van hoa, anh hQdng van ngQdi thupc hoang tpc Chan Lap bi bat<br /> boa thi ra't cd the ed. . ; sang Java trdn dQdc ve, den Kompong<br /> Cham, hinh nhQ la que dng va cung gin<br /> Mpt vai nhdm nhd cd the cd, tQ da't Chan kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap cu, Sambor, nhieu<br /> Lap di cQ xud'ng, thUa thdt, tan mat, khdng<br /> ngQdi iing hp di theo. Ong td' chQc thanh<br /> dQdc bd' sung, tQ nam 802-1432, hdn 600<br /> mpt lye iQdng lam cho dya roi ty tuyen bo'<br /> nam, da ban dia boa hoan toan, cung vdi<br /> lam vua mdi, gpi ten la Jayavarman II<br /> ngQdi Mnong. Stieng, khdng cdn dau vet<br /> (nam 802- 850). Sau dd, dng b i t dau mpt<br /> rieng nao.<br /> qua trinh dai, dich chuyen ndi ddng dd, tQ<br /> Nghi rang tQ sau nam 649, Chan Lap phia ddng-nam len phia Blc Bien Ho, di<br /> cai tri toan bp ba iQu sdng CQu Long that qua 3 dia diem ma de'n nay chUa that ro<br /> khdng dung. Hp lap kinh dd Thuy Chan nguyen do. Chinh dng chQa chpn dia diem<br /> Lap d Sambor tren bd trung iQu sdng Me Angkor ma ddi vua thQ 4, chat dng,<br /> Kdng, nay cdn di tich, nhQng khdng tha'y cd Yasovarman (889-900) mdi chpn Phnom<br /> bieu hien cai tri nhQ the nao. Khdng ndi xa Bakheng de xay den thap dau tien, gpi ten<br /> ve phia ddng ma ngay tren dat ban bp, kinh dd theo ten vua, Yasodharapura,<br /> vung quanh Sambor, da'u hieu quan ly chinh la Angkor, tuy Angkor dydc gpi rS't<br /> cung khdng tha'y rd va vi sao khdng cd da'u mudn, chuyen am cua tQ Phan Nagara, chi<br /> hieu trd lai kinh dd eu d Kompong Thom, cd' cd nghla la Qudc gia. Jayavarman II la<br /> dd Isanapura? ngQdi mcl d i u ddng ho, mcl dIu vUdng trilu<br /> nen thQdng dQdc coi la ngQdi md d i u thdi<br /> Trong bdi canh dd, ngQdi Java vao xam<br /> ky Angkor keo dai tQ nam 802 de'n 1432-<br /> chie'm lam chd tinh trang t r i m trpng hdn.<br /> 630 nam, rat dai, nhUng khdng hen tyc,<br /> NgQdi Java tie'n danh nhieu ndi, ca dong<br /> nhieu dQt quang, nhieu vQdng trieu, tuy<br /> bang sdng Hong, Champa va Chan Lap.<br /> v i n d cung mpt cho va cd thdi gian tie'n len<br /> Den dau cung cQdp, pha, dd't, roi nit ve, ca<br /> dinh cao cua nd.<br /> hai Ian, nam 774 va 787. Ddi vdi Chan Lap,<br /> hp tan cdng lan 2 de'n kinh dd Sambor, tren Campuehia cd mpt nen kinh te nong<br /> bd ta ngan Me Kdng, gie't nhieu ngQdi, hinh nghiep d'n dinh, vQdn cay td't tUdi, gia siic<br /> Rude Phil Ram va hau Phii Ram 15<br /> <br /> phong phu, mdt cuoc sd'ng day du, d'n dinh. Kinh thanh Angkor d Tay-Bic Bien Hd<br /> Cho nen bp cd nhieu giai doan phat trien (tinh Xiem Riep) d sud't 630 nam khdng<br /> CQdng thinh; da cd nhQng dng vua chinh thay ddi, ma nao cd phai cung dien nguy<br /> chien nhu Indravarman (877-889), con la nga gi. Day chu yeu la den thd thin, vua<br /> Yasovarman (889-900), md d i u xay dyng quan dyng nha gd la de 0 (Chu Dat Quan-<br /> Angkor, roi Rajendravarman II ( 944-968), Chdn Lap phong thd'ky : "Dinh thy eiia cac<br /> ngQdi thd'ng nhat lai vUdng quo'c, mdi len hoang than va quan Idn deu Idp tranh") ma<br /> ngdi da danh Champa de'n Po Nagar, dau ed yen ban gi, da nhieu lln bi danh,<br /> Suryavarman II (1113-1150), "ngQdi chinh CQdp, dot pha, bi chiem ddng (Champa<br /> chien" va xay dyng Angkor Vat, roi<br /> chie'm ddng 4 nam, 1177-1181; Ayuthaya 5<br /> Jayavarman VII (1181-sau 1200) "ngQdi<br /> nam, 1352-1357, l l n nQa 2 nam, 1394-<br /> anh hung da giai phdng da't nQde khdi ach<br /> 1396 va chuan bi danh tie'p nam 1430). Npi<br /> dd hd Champa, da chien t h i n g va cai tri<br /> bd cung danh nhau, bd chay vai lln. CQ<br /> lai Champa trong 2 nam, da xay dyng<br /> moi l l n nhQ the, lai quay ve sQa chQa,<br /> Angkor Thom va nhieu cdng trinh khac.<br /> dyng hoang cung nha san, d tie'p. Tuy dyng<br /> Cd mpt sd' dieu roi cdn phai mat nhieu nha gd la nhQng cung phai d ben ngoai<br /> cdng nghien cQu, xem vi sao Yasovarman khudn vien tQdng thanh Angkor Vat va<br /> than thien vdi Dai Viet, ma Suryavarman Angkor Thom, vi day la ndi thd t h i n thanh,<br /> II thi hung hang gay chien nhieu lln, linh thieng.<br /> nhQng Jayavarman VII lai rat than thien.<br /> Cude khao cQu va dao khao cd' cua Dpi<br /> Hp cd the de dang di den dong bang sdng<br /> Bao quan Angkor eiia Nhat Ban (9) cho<br /> Ciiu Long, nhQng sud't ma'y the ky dd,<br /> tha'y khdng cd da'u vet nen xay nha gach<br /> khdng he thay ddu vet ngUdi/vdn hod<br /> boSe vet chdn cot go gan eae den thap da.<br /> Khmer tren dd't ndy. Hdn 10 hd' dao khao ed'<br /> Cd the la ndi dyng lau go la cho vua va<br /> tren 10 tinh, khdng he tha'y go'm IQimer d<br /> hoang gia. Hd bdi tam (Srah Srang) va cd<br /> cac Idp tren. Den thap thupc thdi gian nay,<br /> le ca hoang cung n i m d phia ddng-nam,<br /> tuyet nhien khdng cd. Trong hd' khai quat<br /> gin vdi ho nude Mebon Ddng, each tQdng<br /> Bdi Xdo (Sde Trdng), Idp tren ed ma'y vSt<br /> thanh Angkor Vat va Angkor Thom tdi<br /> gd'm ed ve gid'ng go'm Khmer, nhUng it qua,<br /> chQa cd nien dai chinh xac, nen chQa the 4km.<br /> ke't luan. Anh hQdng va sy cai quan cua vua<br /> Jayavarman VII de'n Luong Phabang (Lao)<br /> 4.2. CQ xem khi vua Ponhea Yat cung<br /> va Champa (d Vijaya, Qui Nhdn thi rd hdn,<br /> vdi trieu t h i n xud'ng thuyen rdi Angkor<br /> nam 1432, di ve Basan, gin Kompong vi d day cdn cd bia va dau a'n kie'n true<br /> Cham, gpi ten dd mdi la Srey Santhor, mpt Khmer). Day la thdi hai nUde Champa va<br /> thdi gian n g i n lai chuyen ve Pursat, bd Cambd't danh nhau to.<br /> Tay-Nam Bien Ho, may nam sau chuyen NhQ the, thdi a'y, mpt thie't che bifn hQu<br /> de'n Lovek (1529-1595), roi lai chuyen de'n hay khdng, the hien b i n g nhQng da'u hi^u<br /> Udong (1620-1867), den 1867 mdi chuyen van hoa cua nd, chQ chQa cd van ban qui<br /> ve Phnom Penh, chi each Udong 20 km ve dinh cu the, cang chUa ed viec "cam mdc<br /> phia Ddng. Day la cb$ng cudl cung, nhQng bien gidi". 6 Nam Bp Viet Nam hoan toan<br /> 433 n i m ddi dd de'n 5 lln. ,-*, .^f,i khdng cd da'u tich gi ve loai nay. NgQdi dan<br /> 16 Rghien cihi Ljch sJr. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> chUa bd di tim da't sd'ng mdi vi cdn c i n phai da't nao cua vua nao, de'n dau; cung chQa cd<br /> gin vdi kinh dd. vua nao that yen vi cl ngdi. Hdn nQa, theo<br /> Khdng phai chi cd kinh thanh, ea vung tap quan gan nghin nam, canh tac ndng<br /> nghiep tren them cao, dung nQde tQdi ty<br /> dan cQ so'ng lien ke b bd bae Bien Ho cung<br /> nhien thi cd the tim tha'y ndi dd la them cao<br /> vdi ca hoang gia va kinh thanh da gan vdi<br /> sdng Me Kdng b ca trung iQu va ha iQu,<br /> he thd'ng ndng nghiep va thuy Idi hdp ly va<br /> nhQng dd't giong, ma ngQdi Khmer gpi la<br /> chat che de'n mQc khdng the ddi xa (10).<br /> Chamcar (dpc la chomca) (B.P. Groslier:<br /> Kinh dd Angkor va vung dan cQ g i n lien Bourrelet de berge). Ba'y gid dong bang sdng<br /> vdi nd xay dyng tren bd bae Bien Ho Tonle Ciiu Long rai rac van cd ngQdi sinh soiig,<br /> Sap, ndi dat nghieng 30°, lai b mdt vung ed ngQdi Stieng, Ma Ndng ma to' tien xa ciia hp<br /> 6 thang mQa tam ta hang ngay va 6 thang chinh langQdi Bnam, da lap nUdc Phu<br /> mua khd, khdng cd mpt gipt mQa; nQde mQa Nam, nhQng cdn ra't thQa thdt, do phai<br /> chi mpt budi la chay het xud'ng ho. Cac vua tranh nhQng vung d i m Iiy, ngap lu, "dQdi<br /> Cambot tQ Yasovarman da nghi ra, tao nen sdng sa'u Idi, tren giong epp um". Cho da't<br /> mdt he thd'ng thuy Idi hdp ly, thdng minh, giong nao cdn trd'ng thi hp de'n, d i n din,<br /> trQ dQdc nude trong mua mQa, dii dung tQng it mdt, vai gia dinh roi thuan Idi thi rii<br /> eho sinh boat ciia hoang gia va ea san xuat them, lap xdm, thdn. NhQng thdn xdm nay,<br /> ciia dan chung trong sud't mua khd, dieu hp gpi la sde, viet srok, cdng dong Idn hdn<br /> ma cac nha nghien cQu ngQdi Phap gpi la gpi la phum. NhQng tQ nay cl thdi Angco gpi<br /> "Chinh sdch nUdc" (Xin xem them V. la grama / sruk /. Thdi S'y dQdc to' chQc kha<br /> Goloubew (1941) (11). Cd dieu, lam mdt l l n quy cii, de chung nhau nifdc tQdi, Idng gpi<br /> de dung sud't 600 nam, nay v i n edn dd, theo tQ CO, chQ Phan la Grama, viet trong<br /> cac van bia, nay hoan canh mdi, grama<br /> nhQng da het tac dung; tuy nhien, nd lai<br /> khdng cdn thich hdp, gpi mdi la srok,<br /> Cling cd' them tap quan canh tac chi dung<br /> chuyen am tQ sruk. tQ eo, ed tQ thdi Angeo,<br /> nQde tQdi ty nhien, mpt nam mdt vu. «•<br /> nghla la rudng, cung ed nghla la lang (viet<br /> 5. Thc'i H a u A n g c o trong van bia, cat sruk cd nghla la lap lang,<br /> Cho nen, ne'u sud't thdi Angco, mac du cung vdi rudng de lam nghla vu vdi den. Cd<br /> manh me, chinh chien ma tha'y ca vua the ndi ehle r i n g ngQdi Khmer chi bQdc<br /> chua, ngQdi dan khdng ddi xa que hQdng dau va dan dan de'n dong b i n g sdng Ciiu<br /> ban quan cua minh d bd Blc Bie'n Ho Tonle Long tQ sau nam 1432, dung ra la lan chay<br /> Sap, thi cung khdng phai la dieu dang ngae loan, so'ng tren cac chamcar/giong, b i t dau<br /> nhien. NhQng tinh hinh da thay dd'i tQ tQ Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Vlnh Long, song<br /> khoang nam 1432. Vua da chuyen thi dan cdn kha thQa thdt. Chay loan tim da't song<br /> cung chuyen theo... Vua tim de'n Lovek, roi thi ndi nao sd'ng dQdc, ndi nao khdng hi ai<br /> sau khi Lovek bi pha tryi, thi lai de'n ca'm doan thi de'n. TrQdc nQa, thi nhU tren<br /> Udong, xay hoang cung mdi, nhQng dan thi da ndi, ne'u cd thi Id thd, lac dac, nhQng da<br /> tim den chd nao cd the lam ndng nghiep khdng cd dau vet gi sud't 630 nam thdi<br /> theo tap quan de sd'ng yen d'n. Hp tim de'n Angco. Nhdm tac gia Thai (James C. M.<br /> cho nao khdng phai tranh cha'p, ep xat, bdi Khoo (2003) (12) da r l t n h i m khi cho r i n g<br /> tiep dd ma'y the ky, chinh vua cung cdn ngUdi ndi tie'ng Khmer de'n trudc, gianh<br /> phai lao dao, long dong. ChUa ai qui dinh lay da't giong, them cao de song, cdn ngUdi<br /> Rude Phil Ram va hfiu Phii Ram 17<br /> <br /> Viet den sau thi lam rudng tha'p b ven la trQdc hay sau. Tuy nhien, cung khdng<br /> sdng, (tr. 16). Va'n de la d cho tim ndi thich nen vi the ma ndi "la'y dQdc"- "da't dai<br /> hdp vdi tap quan canh tac, chQ khdng phai hoang vu, toan rQng ram, dim lly"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Lucfng Ninh: Vuang quo'c Phu Nam. Tay Ninh, BEFEO 1909.<br /> Nxb. Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi, in l l n 3, H^<br /> (8). Henry Parmentier, Art architectural<br /> Npi, 2009.<br /> hindou dans I'lnde et en Extreme-Orient, Paris,<br /> (2). Louis M a l l e r e t . L'Archeologie du delta 1948<br /> du Mekong. ADM, t o m e 1-4, P a r i s , 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 3 .<br /> (9). Japanese Government Team for<br /> (3). P. Dupont, La Statuaire Safeguarding Angkor UNESCO ISA, Tokyo,<br /> Preangkorienne, P a r i s , 1955. Reports 1996-1999.<br /> <br /> (4), L u d n g N i n h : Vuang quoc Champa, Nxb. (10). Ludng Ninh: Quan he kinh te-xd hgi thifi<br /> Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi, 2 0 0 5 . Angco vd Hau Angco, trong Lich sCl Dong Nam A<br /> thdi cd, Vien Nghien cClu Dong Nam A (Vien<br /> (5). W a n g G u n g Wu, The Nanhai Trade-The<br /> KHXH Viet Nam) Ha Npi, 1983, tr. 81-138.<br /> Early History of Chinese Trade in the South<br /> China Sea, S i n g a p o r e , 1998. (11). Victor Goloubew, L'Hydraulique urbaine<br /> <br /> (6). B.P. Groslier. Pour une Geographie et agricole d I'epoque des rois dAngkor, BE.I.,<br /> <br /> historique du Cambodge, P r e s s e Univ. P h n o m Hanoi 1941.<br /> <br /> P e n h 1973. (12). J a m e s C M . KhooArts& Archaeology of<br /> (7). H . P a r m e n t i e r , Inventaire archeologique a Fu Nan. S.A.C.S-Bangkok 2003.<br />
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