Phân tích kết cấu & thiết kế tòa tháp cao nhất hành tinh

DIEN DAN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE<br /> <br /> PAAM ^mm mww CAU % - i ^ i KB<br /> Z7<br /> <br /> M 4 is<br /> P G S . T S . NGUYEN BAO HUAN - C D C<br /> Y tudng thilt k l :<br /> Canh quan sa mac Rub Al Khali ket n i l vdi cang bien vung vjnh Persic tupng trung cho sdc s i n g va p h i n vinh thjnh vupng cua Tieu vuong<br /> quic Dubai. KTS Adrian Smith cam nhan ring dinh ciia toa nha Dubai<br /> thilt k l da cao d i n tpt dinh mpt each "thanh nha & duyen dang" td day<br /> cd the nhin toan canh dudng chan trdi nhpn nhjp. Hoa sa mac la nguIn<br /> cam hung cho y tudng xay dyng thap Dubai, lam thay doi dudng v i i n<br /> trung tam mdi Dubai. K i t c l u ngoai hinh kiln true cd tinh on djnh d l k i t<br /> hpp cac anh hudng van hda, Ijch sd truyin t h i n g ban dja va t i l p thu<br /> kiln true hien dai Phuang Tay.<br /> Cac tda nha mai vom va chdp nhpn, kiln true H6i giao kieu x o l n I c<br /> vdi c l u true loi trung tam bung ra xung quanh ba canh hoa la y tudng<br /> kiln true nha d tao dyng mat bdng hinh hpc ba true. Thap vdi hinh khii<br /> xoay I c nhpn dan theo chilu cao, thap nhu mgt cay kim duac mieu ta<br /> la "thanh phd thang dung" bdi no lam lu md mgi toa cao 6c hien co va<br /> day lui mgi gidl han Kiin True & Xay Dung.<br /> Vdc dang canh hoa xoe nhj hoa vut cao la bieu trung ciia Thap n i l<br /> tilp khdng gian kiln true luon nhin t h i y canh mat trdi moc va lan, Thap<br /> tao ra moi trudng d, nghi ngoi va giai tri vui choi d l chju vdi mdi trudng<br /> sing nhilu anh sang ty nhien, g i n k i t gilc mo "decugc sdng va cdng<br /> tac cua ngudi dan tdt dep han"<br /> Djnh nghTa "nhd cao nhat th§ g i d i "<br /> Ngay td ddu, ngudi ta d i n ring ring thdp Burj<br /> Dubai khdng chl Id k i l n true cao nhlt cua t h i gidi, md<br /> Id vdt the nhan tao duyen ddng dpc ddo ddng ty do<br /> giura sa mac cdc t i i u vuong q u i c A Rap.<br /> Hpi d i n g Nhd cao t i n g vd C h l d do thj (CTBUH),<br /> thanh ldp tai dai hpc Lehigh d Bethlehem,<br /> Pennsylvania, cd tru sdtai vien Illinois, Chicago (My).<br /> Chu tjch, ong AntonyWood cong b l cdc chilu cao ky<br /> luc qua b i n tieu chuan cho thap Burj Dubai (tfnh td via<br /> hd cira vao chinh) sau:<br /> 1. Nhilu tdng nhlt: 162 t i n g , trudc day Tod nhd<br /> <br /> Hinh 2: Maf bang kien true dien hinh khaeh san<br /> <br /> Hinhl: Toa thap nhff mot cay kim<br /> <br /> Taipei Ddi B a d 01 tang<br /> 2. Dinh mdi nhd 643,3m; trudc ddy nhd Taipei 101<br /> Ddi B I C 449,2m<br /> 3. Oinh k i t c l u sdn nhd 624,1 m; trudc ddy Taipei<br /> Ddi Bde 509,2m<br /> 4. Bom betdng t h i n g ddng 643,3m - ky luc trudc<br /> day Taipei 439,2m<br /> 5. Oinh chdp Anten: 828m - Thdp Sears ChicagoMy cao 527m<br /> c l u true dimg ty do: CN Toronto Tower Canada<br /> cao 553m<br /> Mac dii chilu cao c u l i cung ciia thdp Dubai ngdy<br /> hdm nay mdi Ip dien, nhung thdp da dat phdn Idn s l<br /> tieu chuan ddng ke trong t i t cd cdc chilu cao nhlt cua<br /> Ban gidm khdo Hpi ddng trpng tdi CTBUH nhu trdn.<br /> lUlo td K i t c l u<br /> Mat bdng k i l n true thdp Dubai dang T " x o l n I c cd<br /> Idi cung len cao d i n ngpn thdp (Hinh 3) Id y tudng<br /> cua cong trinh su Bill Baker - SOM: nhdm gidm tdi<br /> trpng gid va dap len thap, cOng nhu gid cho c l u true<br /> bdtdng don gidn, kiln true b i n virng dn djnh (constructability). Mat bdng ba cdnh (wing) thdp "Y" cd mpt<br /> chuli cpt mui ddu h i i ndm tren sdn t i n g cung, nhimg<br /> tudng ddi ngan khong gian kiln true ba nhdnh thdnh<br /> hdnh lang d i u dupc lidn k i t vdo Idi luc gidc gida tod<br /> thdp nhdm ching x o l n hidu qud (torsionally) cho<br /> cdng trinh.<br /> Vdn phdng K i l n true SOM dp dung quy ludt hinh<br /> <br /> NGUdi XAY<br /> <br /> DI/NG S 6 THANG<br /> <br /> 6-2011<br /> <br /> P H A N T I C H KET C A U & T H I E T KE...<br /> <br /> Hinh 3: Thap dang thi cong<br /> <br /> hpc kiln true d l i xirng tuyet d l i de t i t ca cdc p h i n td<br /> cpt tru betdng va mang vach ciia cac canh thap dupc<br /> lien k i t tieu chuan qua loi trung tam.<br /> Cac canh thap len cao thu hep d i n tao thanh nam<br /> (5) bac san co hpc (tiers), m i l bac cd nhilu san k i t<br /> c l u dien hinh thilt k l lap lai theo mpt md hinh xoan I c<br /> nhdm day nhanh t i c dp xay dyng. Thap cdng len cao<br /> cang nhpn d i n gay trd ngai to chdc so d l truyin tai<br /> trpng dimg, nhu vay cac cpt m i l tdng tren ndn thing<br /> tya tren cac tudng t i n g phfa dudi tao dudng truyin tdi<br /> trpng lien tuc. D i l u nay cho phep xdy dyng m i l bac<br /> <br /> Hinh 4: Loi effng luc giac gdm cac tffdng chju cit<br /> <br /> NGUdi XAY<br /> <br /> DUNG SO THANG<br /> <br /> 6 • 2011<br /> <br /> san cirng thu hep md khong gap trd ngai lien quan<br /> thudng xuyen d i n ehuyen ddi vj trf cac cpt tang tren.<br /> Nhdng khoang lui thu hep b l rpng t i n g cimg nhu yay<br /> lam thay ddi b l rpng cua mdi cdnh thap qua mdi ting<br /> cdng. Theo SOM mpt sdng tao ciia ky su k i t e l u la gib<br /> xoay khdng bao gid hinh thanh dupc tren kiln true<br /> thap. Ky su Bill Baker ndi: "Ket cau phai kit hgp cung<br /> vdi kiin true va thiit ki ben vdng khdng the tach rdi".<br /> Phan ti'ch t h i l t k l & k i t cdu<br /> Cac vach cdng chju cat ciia loi betdng hinh luc<br /> giac cd dp ddy tU 1300 mm gidm d i n 500 mm cung<br /> cac lanh td cira cao td 800 mm d i n 1100 mm hinh<br /> thanh mpt k i t e l u tdm cdng khdng x o l n tuong ty lang<br /> tru liln xung quanh thanh mpt k h i i . Cac tudng trung<br /> tam thap b l trf thanh hinh luc gidc lai dupc gia cudng<br /> bdi tudng hdnh lang va cpt d d i u hdi cde canh tao<br /> thanh nhu mang ludi vd cac con son sdn dam gian<br /> hdng cdng ngang de c h i n g e l t vd moment do gib.<br /> D i m gian hdng (outrigger) betdng liln k h i i ndm tren<br /> cac san tdng mechanic cho phep thay ddi nhip cot<br /> dpc lap rpng hon tai cac tdng dudi, len t i n g tren thu<br /> hep tham gia vdo chiu lyc, tang kha nang ching dotal<br /> trpng ngang truyin vdo Idi thap luc gidc, vi vay tit ca<br /> cac k i t c l u dung d i u tham gia h i trp ehing dd ca tai<br /> trpng dung (lyc trpng trudng) vd tdi trpng ngang. V4<br /> cudng dp betdng: mac cao thudng hiem nen kich<br /> thudc k i t c l u sdn Idn, tai trpng ban than nang truyin<br /> len Idi cimg vd cac cpt bien. Betdng Mdc cao cung<br /> d i n g nghTa sddung vat lieu ft hon, gidm thieu dang ke<br /> td biln bdng each tang ty trpng vd Idm tU biln cham<br /> lai. Cf day sd dung xi mang Portland vdi M800 (C60)<br /> d i n Ml 000 (C80) cho tudng betdng ehju elt. Thilt kl<br /> sd dung c l p p h l i be tong tai chd.<br /> Cu the c l p dp b i n C80 (cudng dp chiu nen cua<br /> betdng cdn thilt phdi d l cap d i n cudng dp sau 48<br /> ngdy vl cdng trinh chiu tai trpng dpng v l sau) dat gi^<br /> tri quy djnh Md-dun dan hdi E = 43.800N/mm'<br /> (6350ksi) cho tudng betdng d t i n g thdp hon. Sir dung<br /> kfch thudc t l i uu cho trudng vd cpt lam viec theo cong<br /> nang/phuong phap c l p s l nhan Lagrange r i t hieu<br /> qua (Baker et al.2000). T h i l t k l k i t edu be tdng pliu<br /> hpp yeu c l u Tieu chuan ACI 318-02.<br /> <br /> Hinh 5: Mo hinh mat bang phan tich<br /> <br /> P H A N T I C H KET C A U & T H I E T KE...<br /> Dp ddy tudng vd kfch thudc cpt dupc dieu chlnh de<br /> giam bdt nhumg dnh hudng td biln vd co ngdt betdng<br /> trong nhiJng clu kien dpc lap tao nen he kit clu. De<br /> giam td biln chenh lech do co ngdt betdng giua cdc<br /> cpt tren chu vi vd cdc tudng phid trong, kfch thudc cdc<br /> cpt dupc tli uu de ung suit trpng lupng trpng trudng<br /> gay ra tren cpt ngang bdng vdi img suit tren cdc bUc<br /> tudng hdnh lang ben trong mil canh.<br /> Nam (5) sdn chuyen ting (sdn dat outrigger nhu<br /> dim gian hdng cdng) se phdn phli lai tdi trpng tod<br /> nhd, lien kit (tie) tit cd cdc clu kien thing ddng cung<br /> chju tdi trpng, hon nda bdo ddm Ung suit trpng trudng<br /> phan b l diu, vl vdy giam chenh lech chuyen djch<br /> khdc nhau do be tdng co ngdt. Ndi chung dli vdi cpt<br /> hodc tudng mdng thi td biln betdng xay ra nhanh<br /> hon, C ngin kfch thude kit clu do dd thilt k l chpn<br /> O<br /> dp ddy tilt dien cpt cdn 600mm (24") se phu hpp ciing<br /> ty le vdi tudng hdnh lang (ty le tuong ty td the tfch din<br /> b l mat).<br /> <br /> Hinh 6: Ket ciu chju Iffc chinh toa thap<br /> <br /> Mat cdt mdi thdp Id kit cdu he thanh thdp cheo<br /> ngang, chdp (spire erection) nhpn thing ddng dupc<br /> thiet k l chju tdi trpng trpng trudng, dp lyc gid dpng, lyc<br /> dpng dit vd dp bin mdi theo yeu clu ciia Tieu chuan<br /> tdi trpng cho thilt k l ddc biet dli vdi tod nha ket clu<br /> thdp -AiSC (1999). Cdc thep tilp xuc mdi trudng dupc<br /> boc nhdm de ching chdy. Kit cdu mdi chdp dupc<br /> phdn tfch bdng phin mim ETABS phien bdn 8.4 (bao<br /> gdm ca phdn tfch P-Delta) cho tdi trpng trpng trudng,<br /> luc gid vd tdi trpng dpng dit. Cac md hinh phan tfch<br /> ba chilu bao gdm cdc bUc tudng be tdng elt thep, cdc<br /> dim lien kit tdm sdn, bdn mdng bd, cpc khoan nhii,<br /> vd mdi chdp nhpn kit cdu thep. Cdc phdn tfch todn<br /> <br /> dien md hinh<br /> 3D gdm hon<br /> 73.500 phin td<br /> shells<br /> vd<br /> 75.000 phin td<br /> nut. Dudi tac<br /> dpng tdi tdi<br /> trpng gid, thap<br /> bj chuyen djch<br /> ngang A ndi<br /> Chung id binh<br /> thudng: ngudi<br /> lam<br /> viec<br /> t r0ngVdn<br /> phdng ting cao<br /> nhlt<br /> elt Dang dao dong 1<br /> Dana dao dong 2<br /> + 6 0 4 , 9m<br /> [chuyen djch<br /> ngang<br /> A<br /> = 1 250mm]<br /> ngudi d trong<br /> can hp ting<br /> cao<br /> nhdt<br /> + 3 7 5 , 3m<br /> [chuyen djch<br /> ngang A =<br /> 540mm].<br /> D<br /> <br /> s)<br /> <br /> luc dupc thyc hien mpt vdi vung nhu thdp bj gid thdi<br /> b i c len, bay ra vd hinh dang k i l n true dupc thilt k l<br /> dilu chlnh lai. Ba cdnh thdp l l n lupt hung gid xoay<br /> theo chilu kim d i n g h i vdi cdnh A hung gid ddu tien<br /> (Hinh 10& 12).<br /> Sau mdi dpt thd nghiem I n g thdi gid, cdc dd lieu<br /> dua vdo phan tfch vd kiin true toa nha lai dieu ehinh<br /> de gidm thieu hieu umg gid vd phu hpp vdi nhung thay<br /> ddi md khdng lien quan trong ehuong trinh cua khdeh<br /> hdng. Nhin chung, s l lupng vd khodng cdch giua cdc<br /> l l n thyc hidn thay ddi nhu dd Idm Id c h i p nhdn dupc.<br /> Kit qud qud trinh ndy ddn d i n dp lyc gid len thdp giam<br /> ddng ke bdng cdch "xdo dpng" gid "khulch tdn" xody<br /> khdng theo quy ludt md chi hudng theo chilu cao.<br /> <br /> Abstract: The goal of the Burj Dubai Tower is not simply to be<br /> the world's highest building; it's to embody the world's highest aspirations. The superstructure is final construction and as of fall 2008<br /> and has reached over 162 stories, 818m tall. The final height of<br /> building is not a" well - guarded secret". The heigh of the multi- use<br /> skyscraper with 280 000 m^ (3,00G,000ff) Gross area tower multiuse will " comfortably" exeed the current record holder, the 509<br /> meter (1671ft) tall Taipei 101. The Dubai Renames world's Tallest<br /> Tower Burj Khalifa, Official celebrace openning in January of 2010<br /> and utilized for retail, Giorgio Armani Hotel, residential and office.<br /> As with all super-tall project, difficult structural engineering<br /> problems needed to be addressed and resolved. This paper presents the Super -tall Building Design Approach in Engineering experience for the Burj Dubai.<br /> <br /> NGUdi XAY<br /> <br /> DUNG S 6 THANG<br /> <br /> 6 • 2011<br /> <br />