PHAT TRIJH NONG NGHI£P THEO HUdNG BEN VUXG..<br />
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HNBHlgMTHUCTiiM<br />
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PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP THEO HLTCING BEN V O N G 8 VUNG D 6 N G<br />
BANG S 6 N G HONG: THI/C TRANG VA M O T Stf KIEN NGH|<br />
Phi van Hanh*<br />
Tdm tdt<br />
phuong tron^ cd nudc cimg nhu vCing dong<br />
Phdt triin ndng nghiep theo hudng bin vieng bang sdng Hdng (BBSH) da cd nhieu chu<br />
Id xu hudng chung todn nhdn logi hudng t&i, la truong, bien phdp dl phdt triln ngdnh ndng<br />
myc tiiu md tdt cd cdc ngdnh, cae linh vuc cdn nghi$p theo hudng ben viing. Tdc dg tang<br />
quan tdm. Trong nhOng ndm qua, vimg ddng trudng ciia ndng nghiep dang din tang cao lidn<br />
bdng sdng Hdng da co nhiiu chii truong, bien tyc trong nhidu ndm, phat tridn ndng nghiep da<br />
phdp de phdt triin ngdnh ndng nghi$p theo di lidn vdi vide khai thdc co hieu qud tdi nguydn<br />
hu&ng bin vimg. Tdc do tdng tru&ng cUa ndng thien nhidn, giam thidu d nhidm mdi trudng, gdn<br />
nghiep tdng cao lien tuc trong nhiiu ndm, phdi vdi gidi quylt cac vdn dl xa hgi nhu vide ldm,<br />
triin ndng nghiip dd di liin vdi viic khai thdc ed chuyen dich co can kinh td, nang cao ddi sdn^<br />
M$u qud tdi nguyen thien nhien, gdn vdi gidi nhan ddn, song vdn cdn tdn tai khdng it h^n chd.<br />
quyet cae vdn di xd hdi nhu viec ldm, ndng cao Vi vdy, nghidn ciiu ndy ddnh gid tdng qudt thuc<br />
d&i sdng nhdn ddn. Tuy nhien, ding v&i qua trang phdt trien ndng nghiep theo hudng bdn<br />
trinh tdng truong ndng nghiep, viing ddng bdng viing d vimg DBSH cita Viet Nam tap tnmg vdo<br />
sdng Hdng dang phdi ddi mat v&i vdn di d cac van dg sau: i) Thanh tuu phat trien ndng<br />
nhiim mdi tru&ng, vd suy gidm khd ndng da nghidp theo hudng bin viiug d viing DBSH<br />
dgng sinh hgc... De ndng nghiip vung ddng nhiing nam vua qua; ii) Mdt sd hgn chg trong<br />
bang sdng Hdng tiep tuc phdt trien theo hudng qua trinh phdt tridn ndng nghi$p theo hudng ben<br />
bin vieng cdn phdi cd nhihig gidi phdp ddng bg, viing d vimg DBSH thdi qian qua; iii) Mdt sd<br />
kiln nghi phdt triln ndng nghidp theo hudng<br />
su quyit tdm cua cdc ngdnh cdc cdp.<br />
Tfr khoa: Ddng bdng sdng Hdng, Phdt trien, bin vfing d vung DBSH trong nhun^ nam tdi.<br />
Ddng gop cua nghidn cdu qua cac ket qud bao<br />
Phat triln bin viing, Ndng nghi$p.<br />
gdm: i) co cau ndi bd nganh ndng nghiep cd<br />
chuydn bidn tich cue; ii) San xuat ndng nghiep<br />
1. Dat vin dl<br />
Phdt triln ndng nghiep theo hudng bin viing Id cdn manh miin, nhd le, tang trudng ndng nghiep<br />
xu hudng chung toan nhan loai hudng tdi. Id chua tuong xiing vdi tiem ndng; iii) Viec sii<br />
miic tieu md tdt cd cac ngdnh, cdc Imh vuc cdn d\mg cac san phdm phan bdn thudc bdo v^ thuc<br />
quan tam. Hien nay, phdt trign ndng nghiep theo vdt chua hgp ly gdy d nhidm mdi Irudng. Tu dd<br />
hudng ben viing cd vai trd tdc ddng to Idn dg nghien ciiu dua ra cac kidn nghi gdp phan phdt<br />
hodn thdnh cac muc tieu phat trien bin viing d triln ndng nghigp vung DBSH theo hudng bin<br />
nudc ta. Cd nhilu quan niem khde nhau ve phdt virng.<br />
triln ndng nghieptiieohudng ben vung, nhung<br />
nhm chung diu di din thdng nhat: Phat trien<br />
2. Thanh tuu phdt triln ndng nghiep theo<br />
ndng nghiep theo hudng bdn viing la phat trien hudng ben vung d vung DBSH nhung nam<br />
ndng nghidp todn dien ve mgi mat, trong do tdc viia qua<br />
dd, chit luong tang trudng kinh tl cua ndng<br />
2.1. Cff cau ngi b^ ngdnh ndng ngkiep vung<br />
nghiep lien tgc cao, dn dinh ludn di cung vdi BBSH dang cd chuyin biin tich cifc<br />
phat triln vl xa hgi, ndng cao miic sdng cho ddn<br />
Nhiing nam trudc day, viing DBSH trdng cay<br />
cu, gdn chat vdi bdo ve tdi nguygn, mdi trudng, luong thuc la chu ygu, nhung hidn nay co cdu<br />
khdng Idm dnh hudng tdi the hd tuong Iai.<br />
ndng nghiep cung kha da dang bao gdm ca trdng<br />
Trong nhung nam qua, ddc biet tii sau khi cd trgt, chdn nudi va khai thac thdy sdn. Hi?n nay,<br />
Nghi quylt Dai hgi Ddng lin thii XI, cdc dia CO can ndng nghiep trong vimg dang cd su<br />
*Phi van Hanh, Th^c si ldnh \k, HQC vifn Chinh tri.<br />
<br />
Stf 66 (3+4/2015)<br />
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QU&NLfKINHTE<br />
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HINH MGHItlll THUE TIJM<br />
<br />
PHAT TRIJN MflNG NGHIEP THEO Mm<br />
<br />
chuyen bien tich cue, giam ti trpng trdng trot,<br />
tang ti trpng chan nudi v4 thuy san, rieng trdng<br />
<br />
BEN VgNG..<br />
<br />
trot thi giam ti trong luong thvrc, tang ti trpng<br />
cay c8ng nghiSp va cay thuc phim.<br />
<br />
Hinh 1: So sinh co ciu nong nghi|p nam 2006 vi 2014<br />
Co- c3u ndng ngbiSp 2014<br />
<br />
Ctf cau ndng nghidp 2006<br />
HTrangtrgt<br />
<br />
MChannuoi<br />
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BThuysl<br />
<br />
• Trongtrgt achanniioi<br />
<br />
#<br />
<br />
HThiJysan<br />
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#<br />
Ngu6n; T5ng cuefliongkg (2006 v^ 2014).<br />
<br />
Trong CO cau nganh trdng trpt viing DBSH,<br />
nganh trdng cay luong thirc ludn gitt dia vi hang<br />
dSu. Dien tich cSy luong thuc la khoang 1,2<br />
trieu ha, chi^mlthoang 14% di$n tich cay luong<br />
thuc c4a c4 nudc. Dien tich ngd nam 2013 la<br />
88,3 nghin ha tuong duong dien tich ngd vimg<br />
Ddng Nam Bp la idn gSp 2 lan dipn tich ngd<br />
dong bing sdng Cuu Long40,3 nghm ha.<br />
Di6n tich viing DBSH chi bing mOt nua tdng<br />
didn tich ciia dong bang sdng Clhi Long nhung<br />
DBSH la vimg cd trinh dp tham canh tdt hon nen<br />
<br />
nang xuit lua tang len khdng ngiicng. Tdng san<br />
lupng luong thuc vimg DBSH li 6,1 tri$u tin,<br />
chiSm 18% san lupng luong thvc toan qu6c<br />
(1999). T6C dp tang gia tri san xuit trong trpt dat<br />
2,5% gi Jm 0,3 % so_ vdri nam 2012. Tuy nhien, ty<br />
trpng gia tri san xuit trong hrpt trong t6ng gia fij<br />
sin xuit ndng nghiep dat 75% tuong duong so<br />
vcri nam 2012; gia tri san phim thu hoach tren<br />
mpt ha dit trdng trpt: uoc djlt 80 trieu ddng, tang<br />
7,2tri§uddngsovdinam2012. *<br />
<br />
Hinh 2: So sAnh tSng, gi^m di^n tich v^ sdn luyng qua cac ndm<br />
7.1<br />
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Nghin tan<br />
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7<br />
6.9<br />
6.8<br />
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1.19<br />
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6.7<br />
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6.5<br />
6.4<br />
6.3<br />
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• 1.18<br />
• 1.17<br />
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• 1.16<br />
• 1.15<br />
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--.._• — - •<br />
<br />
1.14<br />
1.13<br />
1.12<br />
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62<br />
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1.11<br />
2005<br />
<br />
2010<br />
<br />
2011<br />
<br />
- ^ s a n lif^ng<br />
<br />
2012<br />
<br />
2013<br />
<br />
- • — D i § n tfch<br />
<br />
Nguon: Nign giam Th6ng kg (2014)<br />
<br />
Dien tich dit trdng lua trong vimg cd giam di<br />
nhung dien tich gieo trdng Iai tang Idn do hd sd<br />
sit dung dit tang, tit 1,49 (nam 1990) Idn 1,92<br />
(2007), Nang suit lua tang tir 35,7 ta/ha (1990)<br />
<br />
len 55,3 ta/ha (2011). Dat dupc nhiing tign bO<br />
trdn la do cdc tuih trong_ vimg da 4p dung nhidu<br />
bidnphdpkythu$t,cociugidng, cai tidn voi cac<br />
gidng liia cao san, liia lai dupc gieo trdng ph6<br />
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' Tac gia tinli todn tir nien giam tliSng ke cdc nam 2006-2013<br />
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E ] QOiNLfKINHTE<br />
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Stf 6G (3+4/2019)<br />
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KINHHeHlglHTHlftTrfM<br />
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PHAT TRIJN HONG NGHlgP THEO HlfflNG BEN V g N G -<br />
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bien thay thd cac gidng dia phuong nang suit vimg co chieu huong gia tang. Cdc trang trai<br />
*^^Pchdn nudi ngdy cdng duoc md rdng vh cd quy<br />
HoEit dong chan nudi gia siic, gia cdm trong md vd sd lugng<br />
Hinh 3: Ty le d^u Ion vAng DBSH so v6i cdc viing trong cd nir6'c<br />
Nam 2014<br />
<br />
Ngu^n: Bg Nong nghi?p v^ pMt t r i ^ nong thon (2014, tr.83)<br />
<br />
Di$n tich mdt nuoc nudi trong Ihuy sdn tang<br />
nhanh qua cac nam 2005 la 107.8 ngWn ha, din<br />
nam 2011 la 124.8 nghm ha vd nam 2013 Id<br />
125.9 nghm ha. Ndu nam 2005 chi cd 936 tdu<br />
danh bdt xabd thi ddnndm2013 col 240 chide.<br />
2.2. Phdt triin non^nghi^ viing BBSH gdp<br />
phdn nang cao ddi song nhdn ddn.<br />
<br />
Chi tidu theo gid hidn hdnh nam 2010 tinh<br />
chung trong vimg, binh qudn 1 ngudd 1 thang dat<br />
1.211 nghm ddng, tang 52,8% so vdi nam 2008,<br />
mdi nam tang khodng 23,6%. Chi tidu thuc tB<br />
(chi tieu sau khi loai trijr ydu td tang gid) thdi ky<br />
2008-2010 tang 14,1% mdi nam, cao hon mure<br />
tang 7,9% m§i nam ciia thcfi ky.<br />
<br />
Hinh 4: Chi tidn cho sinh hoat hdng ngdy cdc viing kinh ti<br />
<br />
DBSH<br />
<br />
MiennOi Bac trung<br />
Tay Dong Nam DBSCL<br />
va trung bo DHMT Nguyen<br />
bo<br />
<br />
Ngu6n: T6ng cue thdng ke (2014, tr.650-731)<br />
<br />
Thuc hien cdc chmh sdch phdt tridn vd chuong<br />
trinh xod ddi giam ngheo trong vimg. Trong<br />
vong 5 nam ti le ho nghdo trong viing da gidm tir<br />
17,5% (2009 ) xudng 14,7% vdo nam 2013.<br />
Miic chi cho giao due trdn ddu ngudi Udn tvic<br />
tang len. Nam 2002 mdi chi d miic 711 nghin<br />
d^ng trdn 1 ngudi di hpc, ddn nam 2004 Id 898<br />
thi den 2006 la 1.369 vd 2010 len<br />
So 66(3+4/2015)<br />
<br />
miic 3,543 nghm/ ngudi cao hon gap 3 Idn so<br />
vdi vung Tay bdc vd gap 1,4 l^n so vdi khu vuc<br />
ddng bang sdng Cim Long (2006). Chi tieu y td<br />
binh qudn d^u ngudi ty Id ngudi kham chiia<br />
benh tdng nhanh. Ndm 2006 chi tieu ciia ho gia<br />
dmh cho mOt ngudi khdm chu-a b?nh Id 664<br />
ngan d^ng thi din nam 2010 da la 1 trieu 692<br />
ngdn ddng.<br />
qUANLtKINHTE<br />
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01<br />
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KiMHHBHllHTHiniTliH<br />
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PHAT TRIJN N6NG NGHlgP THEO HtffiNG BEN VgNG-<br />
<br />
Hinh 4: Chi tidu cho sinh hoat hang ngay cdc viing ldnh te<br />
<br />
2002<br />
<br />
2004<br />
<br />
2006<br />
<br />
2009 2010<br />
<br />
Ngu6n: TQng eye th6ng ke (2014, tr.650-731)<br />
<br />
Nhdf ndng nghidp phat tridn theo hudng ben<br />
vung ma he thdng kdt cdu co sd ha tdng ngdy<br />
cdng ddng bp hon. Truoc hdt, hd thdng thiiy loi<br />
duoc uu tidn ddu tu nhidu hon, ddn nam 2014,<br />
DBSH CO 1978 trgmbomnudcphyc vusdnxuat<br />
ndng, I&n nghidp vd thu^ san trdn dia bdn xd;<br />
kenh muong do xa/hgp tdc xa quan ly da duoc<br />
kien cd hda 1,6 nghin km, chidm 3,6% tdng<br />
chidu ddi kenh muong. Vide xdy dyng hd tiidng<br />
diuy loi trdn cdc viing chua phen nhiem man da<br />
gdp phan quan trong tang dien tich gieo trdng vd<br />
tang vii d DBSH. Ddi chidu vdi cac myc tieu vd<br />
thu;;^ loi trong Chuong tdnh muc tidu qu6c gia<br />
vd xdy dung ndng thdn mdi. Ddn 01/7/2011<br />
DBSH CO 86,8% tdng sd xS canudc cd he thdng<br />
thu^ loi CO bdn ddp iing yen cdu sdn xuat va dan<br />
sinh, trong do ^ le ndy ciia canudc la 73,6%.^<br />
2.3. Moi trudng nong thdn ngdy cdng dugc<br />
quan tdm.<br />
Chat luong nudc ciia cdc sdng Idn trong viing<br />
nhu sdng Hdng, sdng Dudng, sdng Thai Binh,<br />
nhin chung cdn tdt; cdc chi tieu BOD, COD vd<br />
mdt sd chi tidu khac deu dait ydu clu loai A. Den<br />
nam 2011, vung DBSH da cd 37,6% sd xa vd<br />
26,6% sd thdn da xdy he thdng thodt nudc thai<br />
chung day Id ty Id cao nhdt cd nudc. Ddy la kdt<br />
qua budc ddu trong chuyen bidn nh§n thiic vd<br />
hanh ddng ciia cac cap, cdc ngdnh ciing nhu cac<br />
hd gia dinh trong viing vd bdo ve mdi trudng qua<br />
xit ly nudc thdi, nhdt la cac vung co che bien<br />
ndng san vd cdc trang trai chan nudi.<br />
Cdc hoat ddng thu gom rdc thai sinh hoat tren<br />
trong vung nhiing nam gan ddy ciing dugc nhidu<br />
dia phuong quan tdm. Ddn nam 2011, viing<br />
DBSH dat ty le cao nhdt cd nudc Id 81,6% sd xa<br />
<br />
vd 66,2% sd thdn c6 td chiic (hodc thud) thu<br />
gom rdc thdi. Ty Id hp ndng thdn cd hd xi tang tii<br />
88,8% nam 2006 Idn 91,4% ndm 2011, trong dd<br />
hd xi tu hoai/bdn ttr hoai tang nhanh tu 16,9%<br />
len 44,1 %, ty le hg cd ngudi ddn tiiu gom rdc dat<br />
gdn 25%.<br />
Didn tich rumg trdng trong viing tang nhanh<br />
da cd tac dOng tich eye ddn mdi truong khdng<br />
khi. Chdt lugng mdi trudfng cr cdc khu vyc sdn<br />
xudt ndng nghiep mdi trudng khdng khi dugc<br />
cdi thien dang ke, ndng dd cac chdt khi ddc hai<br />
nhu NOx, S02, CO... vdn ndm trong nguSng<br />
gidi han cho phdp.<br />
3. Mot so ban che trong qua trinh phat<br />
triln ndng nghidp theo hirdng bin vihig d"<br />
vung DBSH th&i qian qua<br />
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing thanh tyu dat<br />
dugc, ndng nghiep viing DBSH cung dang bdc<br />
Id hgn che. Cac dia phuong trong viing, cdn phdi<br />
chi ra h ^ ch4 tir dd phdn tich dd tim cho ra<br />
nhiing lyc ddy dd phdt tridn ngdnh ndng nghidp<br />
trong viing theo hudng ben viing.<br />
Mdt Id, tang truong ndng nghidp chua tuong<br />
xiing vdi tidm nang piidt trien ndng nghiep cua<br />
vung, dien tich ddt ndng nghiep ndy cang bi thu<br />
hep, sdn lugng ndng sdn coxu hudng giam din.<br />
Chdt lugng tdng trudngtiidp,Cy thd, giai doan<br />
1996- 2000 tang trudng ngdnh ndng nghiep<br />
trong vung Id: 4,01%, ddn nam 2001- 2005:<br />
3,83%, vanam 2006-2010:3,03%, 2011-2013<br />
chi cdn 2,9%. Nhu vdy, cotiidthay tdc do tang<br />
trudng cua ngdnh ndng nghi$p trong viing giam<br />
ddn ndm sautiiaphon nam truoc. Trong khi dit<br />
dai sii dyng cho ndng nghiep Id 70<br />
<br />
= KhSo sat miic song dan cir 2012, T6ng cifc Th6ng ke (2013), tr 198-217<br />
<br />
M<br />
<br />
QUAN Lt KINH Tf<br />
<br />
Sif 66 (3+4/2015)<br />
<br />
PHAT TRlJN N6NG NGHlgP THEO HlfflNG BEN VffNG...<br />
<br />
van ha ha dit, chidm 56 % tdng dien tich ciia<br />
viing, 48% hgp tdc xa ciia cd nu6c, huy ddng<br />
<br />
KINHNBHIEHTHllftTlgH<br />
<br />
[ j ^ J<br />
<br />
69,9% laodgngnhungchi chidm 17% GDP cua<br />
vimg.<br />
<br />
Hinh 6: San lin^g linmg thuc binh quan dau ngirM vung DBSH<br />
1*^.61<br />
<br />
20H<br />
2012<br />
Nguon: Tong cyo thdng kS (2014, tr.353)<br />
<br />
Nhu vdy, sdn luong luong thyc c6 hat binh<br />
quan ddu ngudi viing DBSH lidn tyc giam qua<br />
cac nam. Ndu nam 2005 sdn lugng tang 5.61<br />
lan, din 2012 la 3,49 Idn vd nam 2013 la 5,13<br />
Idn. Sdn lugng luong thyc binh qudn ddu nguoi<br />
thap d^t<br />
Hai Id, sdn xuat ndng nghidp con manh mdn,<br />
nhd Id, vdn ddu tu vdo ndng nghidp nhd be,<br />
cham ddi mdi, ting dyng thdnh tyu khoa hoc,<br />
cdng nghd vdo sdn xudt ndng nghi$p. Viing<br />
DBSH Id vya liia idn thii 2 cd nudc, nhung lai Id<br />
vung cd ty 1$ didn tich ddt canh tac trdn ddu<br />
ngudi thdp, chi cd 2,1 nghin m2 / hd vdo nam<br />
2011. Quy md sur dyng ddt trdng liia cua dai da<br />
sdcdchOcdnnhd.<br />
Trong do, ty 1? co didn tich ddt trdng liia 0,5 ha<br />
chidm ddn 83%, sd hg cd dien tich dudi 0,2 ha la<br />
50%. Ben canh do, co mdt nghich ly Id, khi ty<br />
trgng ddng gop vdo GDP ciia nganh ndng<br />
nghidp trong vung binh qudn trdn 17% nhung<br />
tdng vdn ddu tu cho ngdnh chi chidm khoang<br />
13,8% trong tong vdn ddu tu todn xd hdi nam<br />
2000, gidm cdn 7,5% vao nam 2005 va con<br />
6,45%o vdo nam 2008; 6,15% vao nam 2010,<br />
nam 2011 chi d miie 5,98%vd ciing chi dap ung<br />
dugc 40% nhu cdu phdt tridn ndng nghiep cua<br />
vung.<br />
Mac du trong tongtilidchinh sdch thu hiit ddu<br />
tu FDI, ndng nghiep va phdt fridn ndng thdn<br />
ludn dugc coi Id. ITnh vyc khuydn khich vd dac<br />
bidt khuydn khich ddu tu nhung hieu qua chua<br />
xiing vdd tiem nang cung nhu tiid manh phdt<br />
Stf 66 (3+4/2015)<br />
<br />
tridn ndng nghiep viing DBSH. Mat khac, so voi<br />
ho^t ddng FDI trong cac lihh vyc khac, hidu qua<br />
thyc hien cac dy dn trong ITnh vyc ndng, ldm,<br />
ngu nghi?p cdn rit h?m chl, thilu dn dinh vd cd<br />
xu hudng giam.<br />
Ba Id, ddi sdng ndng dan gap nhilu khd khan,<br />
hau het cdc khdu san xuat ndng nghidp trong<br />
vung deu lam thii cdng, dan din nang suit lao<br />
dgng ndng nghiep rdt thdp. Ty 1? dan sd Iam<br />
ndng nghifp trong vimg la 69,9% nhung san<br />
xuat ndng nghidp chua nudi sdng dugc ngudi<br />
ndng dan. Theo tinh toan ciia World Bank: nlu<br />
thdi tiet thuan Igi, mdt sao rudng Bdc Bd trung<br />
binh cho nang suat 1,5- 2 ta thdc, tuong duong<br />
vdi 1,6 tridu ddng, tuy nhien ngudi ndng dan<br />
phdi ganh khdng it cac khodn phi. Tu gidng liia,<br />
phan bdn, thudc bdo vd thyc vdt cho din cdng<br />
cay bua, gat...Tinh ra, mdi sdo rudng nguoi<br />
ndng dan vat vd nhung chi thu lai 200.000 300.000 ddng/ vy. Thu nhdp cua ndng dan tu<br />
nghd ndng chua bdo ddm miic sdng tdi thieu.<br />
Vung DBSH chl cd 3% ndng dm trong vung cd<br />
didn tich dat lua hon 2ha, theo quy dinh loi<br />
nhu^ tdi thieu 30% cling chi cho hg miic thu<br />
nh^p dudi lUSD/ngudi/ngay. Ndng dan dang<br />
ddn thd o vdi nghe trdng liia, ddn din nhieu dia<br />
phuong tinh tr^ng ndng dan bd rudng.<br />
Trudc mat, nhd cae ngudn thu nhdp tu cdng<br />
viec khac, cd the eugc sdng cua tung ho gia dhih<br />
vdn dn dinh. Nhung nhiing ngudn thu nh$p trdn<br />
thilu ben vung, khi cd biln ddng vl kinh tl - xa<br />
hoi, chac chan se tao ra he luy dnh hudng<br />
QUANLYKINHTE E ]<br />
<br />
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