Vài nét về kinh tế tỉnh Tuyên Quang nửa đầu thế kỉ XIX

VAI NET VE KINH TE T I N H TUYEN QUANG NtfA DAU THE Kl XIX<br /> <br /> DAM THI UYfiN'<br /> NGUVflN THI TRANG"<br /> <br /> T<br /> <br /> inh Tuyen Quang phia ddng each<br /> dia gidi chau Bach Thdng tinh Thai<br /> Nguyen 103 dam, phia tay de'n dia gidi<br /> huydn Tran Yen va chau Thuy Vi tinh<br /> Hiing Hoa 148 dam, phia nam dd'n dia gidi<br /> eae huyen Hung Quan va Son Dildng tinh<br /> Sdn Tay 37 dam, phia bac de'n dia gidi phu<br /> Khai Hda tinh Van Nam niidc Thanh 347<br /> dam. Ddng • tay each nhau 251 dam, nam bac each nhau 384 dam Nui eao eo Van<br /> Trung va Ngpc Mao, sdng ldn cd sdng Ld,<br /> sdng Gam, cac ciia ai Bac Ty va Binh Mdn<br /> che dd cf mat ngoai, cac don bao Tuyen<br /> Tinh, Yen Bien giii viing d mat trong, day<br /> la phen dau ciia Trung Chdu, ciing la nOi<br /> dia cdu quan yeu (1). Trong suo't chieu dai<br /> lich sii, Tuyen Quang da nhieu lan thay doi<br /> ten gpi va dia gidi hanh chinh. Ban trieu<br /> nam Gia Long thti nha't (1802) gpi la tra'n<br /> Tuyen Quang. Nam 1831, Minh Menh chia<br /> hat gpi la tinh Tuyen Quang (tinh li d xa Y<br /> La huyen Ham Yen, trude dat Tuan phu, rdi<br /> bo Tuan phu chi dat 2 ty Bd' Chinh, An Sat).<br /> Den nam 1833, tho tii chau Bao Lac la Nong<br /> Van Van lam loan, sau khi dep yen ehia chau<br /> Bao Lac lam 2 huyen Vinh Dien, De Dinh,<br /> chia chau Vi Xuyen lam 2 huyen la Vi Xuyen<br /> va Vinh Tuy, dat them phii An Ninh, dd'i ten<br /> chau Dai Man ggi la chau Chiem Hda. Thieu<br /> Tri thii 2 (1844) ddi ten phu An Ninh lam<br /> <br /> • PGS.TS. Dai hoc Thai Nguyen<br /> " Dai hoc Thai Nguyen<br /> <br /> phu Tiidng An de'n nam Til Dile thii 4, bo<br /> chau Luc Yen ve phu kiem nhid'p (2). Tinh<br /> thd'ng hat 2 phu gdm 8 chau huydn: Phu Yen<br /> Binh cd Thu Chau, Ham Yen, Vinh Tuy va<br /> chau Luc Yen. Phu Tiidng An gdm V!nh<br /> Dien, De Dinh, Vi Xuyen va Chiem Hda (3).<br /> 1. K i n h t e n o n g n g h i e p<br /> Vdi vi tri dia ly - chinh tri quan trpng,<br /> da't dai rdng ldn, giau tai nguydn khoang<br /> san, Tuyen Quang cd dieu kien de phat<br /> trien, giao liiu, tie'p xuc kinh te' - van boa<br /> giiia mien niii vdi ddng bang. Song do<br /> Tuyen Quang la tinh mien niii nen it co<br /> dieu kien phat trien ndng nghiep, khdng co<br /> nhieu lua gao dd nop td thue cho trieu dinh,<br /> Mae du cif dan ndi day deu lam nghe ndng,<br /> hp diing epn de lay nudc vao rudng, ddt<br /> riing lam nUdng, moi ddt gieo hat, mua<br /> mang phong dang, mdi mau thudng dupc 20<br /> ganh thde. Viec cay ca'y ed ndi sdm ndi<br /> mudn (cac chau huyen De Dinh, Vinh Dien<br /> va Chiem Hda, hang nam c^ thang 2, thang<br /> 3 gieo ma, thang 4 thang 5 ca'y va gat vao<br /> thang 8, thang 9. Huyen Ham Yen, Chau<br /> Thu va Chau Luc Yen, hang nam cii thang 4,<br /> thang 5 gieo ma, thang 6, thang 7 ca'y va gat<br /> vao thang 10, thang 11). Nha ndng thiidng<br /> xem ngay 8 thang 4 ed mua hay khdng, de<br /> xep dat cdng viec lam rudng. Cd cau ngan<br /> <br /> Vai net ve hinh ie Hnh Tuyen Quang..<br /> ngfl rang: "Ngay 8 thang 4 khdng miia,<br /> rudng trung dijcng bCfa, di phat rudng cao" (4).<br /> Tnldc mdt viing da't dai rdng ldn nhii<br /> Tuydn Quang, nha Nguyen tCtng budc ban<br /> hanh cae chinh sach kinh te' nham dem lai<br /> nguon thu td thue cho trieu dinh trudc het la<br /> ndng nghiep. O niia d i u the' ki XIX, khi va'n<br /> de rudng da't - Ui lieu san xua't chinh cua<br /> nong nghiep va la nen tang kinh te chu yeu<br /> cua xa hpi dang diing triTdc hang loat kho<br /> khan thach thiie. Nan kiem tinh rudng dd't<br /> cua cUdng hko dia ehu gia tang, so sach<br /> ma't mat, rudng dd't bi chie'm doat, hoac ddi<br /> rudng cdng thanh rudng tii ngay cang phd<br /> bid'n. Nhung hien tUdng noi bat nha't la mdt<br /> didn tieh rudng da't khdng nhd nam trong<br /> tay eae tho ty. Chd' dp nay cd lien quan den<br /> chii trUdng thu phuc cac tii trUdng mien<br /> nui eua eac nhk nudc quan chii Viet Nam.<br /> Dudi trieu Le nhdn dan midn mii giap bidn<br /> gidi Vidt • Trung nhieu lan nd'i day ehdng<br /> lai trie'u dinh. De on dinh tinh hinh, nha Le<br /> da phong 7 ddng hp Quang cho mdi ddng ho<br /> cai quan mdt viing bien cUdng gpi la thdt<br /> tgc phiin thdn trong dd: Ho Ndng d Bao<br /> Lac, ho Nguydn 5 Ddng Van, hp Hoang h Tu<br /> Long giap huydn Hoang Su Phi ngay nay.<br /> bp Ma b Chiem Hda, Tuydn Quang, hp<br /> Nguyin The' d Lang Can thude Na Hang,<br /> hp Dinh, Ly, Vi 5 Bae Kan va Lang Sdn. Vdi<br /> tu each la ngUdi dai dien ban, mUdng dUde<br /> trieu dinh giao eho cai quan moi cdng viec<br /> trong dia vUc, t i n g Idp Quang da nam<br /> quyen sd hiiu tdi cao ve rudng da't, cai quan<br /> va phan phdi rudng da't eho cac thanh vien<br /> trong vCing eay ca'y, thu td thue. Huyen<br /> Chiem Hda (Tuyen Quang) theo sd Ueu dia<br /> ba Gia Long (1805) rudng da't tU hitu chie'm<br /> 100% tong dien tich (Tdng dien tieh la<br /> 1.545 mau 1 s&o 1 thUdc 8 ta'e). Trong 143<br /> chu sd hOu tu dien thi ddng hp Ma cd 99<br /> chu {chiem 69% tong sd chu sd hflu), sd<br /> hClu: 1182 mau 9 sao 1 thUdc 8 td'c<br /> <br /> 19<br /> (76,56%), hp Ha: 24 ehu (16,8%) chiem 212<br /> mSu 9 sao (13,78%). Hp Nguydn: 18 chii<br /> (12,5%), sd hiiu 128 m l u (8,3%), ho LUdng<br /> cd 1 chu vdi didn tich la 11 mau va hp<br /> Khong 1 chii, sd hflu 10 m l u 3 sao (5).<br /> Trong khi do d huyen Bao Lac cd den 248<br /> chu sd hiiu vdi tong dien tich 1.159 mau 7<br /> sao 9 thudc 5 ta'c thi hp Nguyen da chie'm<br /> den 116 ehu sd hflu (46,8%) vdi dien tich la<br /> 331 mdu 5 sao 9 thudc 2 ta'c (28,6%), hp<br /> Ndng: 59 chu sd hflu (23,8%) vdi 442 m&u 5<br /> sao 5 thudc 8 ta'e (88,2%), hp Dudng: 70 chii<br /> sd hflu (28,2%) vdi 374 m l u 6 sao 9 thflde 5<br /> ta'e (32,2%), hp Hoang cd 2 chu, dien tich 7<br /> m l u 5 sao (0.7%) va ho Ha 1 chu sd hflu 3<br /> m l u 5 sao (0,3%) (6). Dudi thdi Minh Mang,<br /> de quan ly da't nude thd'ng nha't hdn, trieu<br /> dinh da tflng bUdc xda bd ehe' do thd ty, dUa<br /> quan lai cua trieu dinh len cai quan, nhUng<br /> tren thflc te' tan dfl ciia che dp nay vin tdn<br /> tai dd'n trUde nam 1945.<br /> De n i m dUdc dien tieh rudng dat trong<br /> ea nfldc, n5m 1805, Gia Long da tien hanh<br /> lap dia ba cac xa. Tuyen Quang cung nhu<br /> h l u het cac dia phUdng khac sd bflu rupng<br /> da't tfl nhan (tU dien) chiem h l u he't trong<br /> tdng dien tich da't dai. Ddi vdi da't tfl dUdc<br /> truyen lai cbo con chau hoac dem mua ban,<br /> elm cd'. Ne'u nha nfldc can trflng dung da't<br /> tu nay vao viec cdng, thi phai chie'u gia bdi<br /> thudng. Gia Long nam thfl 8 (1809) qui<br /> dinh neu chu da't cd van khe thi chie'u gia<br /> ma tra niia tien, cdn da't neu kbdng cd van<br /> khe thi trieu dinh chi tra moi m l u 50<br /> quan ma thoi. Sang thdi Minh Mang, nam<br /> 1827 mdi quy dinh lai viee bdi thudng mot<br /> each cdng bang hdn: ne'u nha nUde xam<br /> vao rudng da't tU bao nhieu thi phai chieu<br /> nguyen gia, trieh tien cong ra ma tra cho<br /> ehii sd hflu (7). Ngoai ra, nha nUde edn cd<br /> gang md rdng dien tich da't dai bang chii<br /> trUdng khai khan da't boang, khuyen khich<br /> nhan dan cac dia pbUdng neu rupng da't mii<br /> <br /> Rghien cihi Ljch si^. so 8.2014<br /> rflng, sdng dam cho de'n hai ben dUdng di,<br /> riing ehan mil, ta't ca cac ndi bd hoang,<br /> khdng cfl binh linh hay dan, hd chinh, hay<br /> ho khach deu dUdc trinh xin khai khan eae<br /> rudng da't khai khIn ay. CUdng hao sd tai<br /> khdng dupe ngan trd (8). Hai la ehu trUdng<br /> de cho lang xa to chflc viee khai hoang va<br /> dat le midn thue' tfl 3 den 6 nam tuy ndi tuy<br /> liie eho eae cdng dien vfla dupe khai pha (9).<br /> Van de tri thuy dupe nha nfldc quan tam,<br /> nam 1833, Bic Ky v3 de, nhflng ndi xa xdi<br /> nhu Tuyen Quang gia gao ciing tang vpt.<br /> Trfldc tinh hinh tren, vua Minh Mang da<br /> truyen chi cho Tdng Dd'c, Tuin Phu, An Sat<br /> trong tinh chieu tap ngfldi ngheo tiing, trong<br /> Ilia, khoai, dau, cii mai. Hat nao cd ngfldi<br /> kinh thi khuydn khich dd'c suat, ddi vdi dan<br /> thd thi khdng dUdc gd bo khe khat, de'n noi<br /> lam cho hp sd hai hoang mang (10). Dong<br /> thdi eho siia chfla, tu bd de dilu dac biet<br /> khi de Phfldng Dp vd, td'ng dd'c Sdn Hflng<br /> Tuyen la Le Van Dflc da huy ddng dan<br /> trong hat hdn 4.000 ngUdi gdp sflc lam de<br /> mdi dai hdn 120 trUdng. Vua da truyen<br /> phat 2.000 quan tien de thudng cho hp (11).<br /> Nam 1840, Minh Menh cho lap so dien d<br /> Tuyen Quang, sd sach rudng da't chie'u theo<br /> sd' rudng da't trong xa thon la bao nhieu.<br /> <br /> bien rd m l u , sao, dang ha, tie'p giap va ngfldi<br /> ea'y re, cay thue, lan lUdt khai chep minh<br /> bach lam thanh 3 ban giap, a't, binh, trich<br /> la'y 2 ban giap a't phat de len bd, xet duyet,<br /> rdi dem ban at dfla ve" tinh (12).<br /> Tren cd sd sd' lieu dat dai nha Nguyin<br /> tid'n hanh thu thue'. 6 Tuyen Quang thue<br /> rudng cdng hang nha't nop thde moi mau<br /> 120 bat, hang hai 84 bat, hang ba 50 bat.<br /> Rupng tu hang nhat nop thde mSi mau 40<br /> bat, hang hai 30 bat, hang ba 20 bat. Tien<br /> thap vat, rudng cdng, rupng tU mdi mlu<br /> deu 1 tien 30 ddng, da't cdng mdi mlu 6<br /> tien, da't tu nha d, vUdn ao mdi m l u 2 tien,<br /> tie'n lua canh thi da't cdng da't tU deu 1 tien.<br /> Sau dd, Gia Long (1803) quy dinh lai thue<br /> rupng da't cdng, tfl. Trong dd rudng cdng<br /> hang mdt nop thoc 60 bat, hang hai 42 bat,<br /> hang ba 25 bat, rudng tfl hang nha't m5i<br /> m l u nop thoc 20 bat, hang hai 15 bat, hang<br /> ba 10 bat, tie'n thap vat, rudng cong 1 tie'n,<br /> ruong tfl 30 ddng, tien khoan lam kho<br /> rudng cong 15 dong, rudng tU 8 ddng; tien<br /> mao nha thi khdng cfl rudng cdng rudng tfl<br /> mdi mau 10 ddng; da't cdng mdi mau nop 3<br /> tie'n, tie'n Iiia 30 ddng, da't tfl mdi mau nop<br /> tien 1 dong, tien lua 30 ddng, rupng mudi<br /> tfl mdi mau nop tien 1 quan 2 tien (13).<br /> <br /> Bang 1: Tong so' r u o n g da't va mflc thue ciia Tuyen Quang nfla dau the ki XIX (14)<br /> T o n g so r u o n g diit<br /> STT<br /> I<br /> 1<br /> 2<br /> 3<br /> 4<br /> II<br /> 5<br /> 6<br /> 7<br /> 8<br /> <br /> Dia d a n h<br /> Phu An Binh<br /> Huyen Ham Yen<br /> Thu Chau<br /> Vinh Tuv<br /> Luc Yen<br /> Phii Tuong An<br /> Huyen Vinh Dien<br /> Huyen Vi Xuyen<br /> Huyen De Dinh<br /> Chiiu Chiem Hoa<br /> T o n s so<br /> <br /> Mau<br /> <br /> sao<br /> <br /> Thudc<br /> <br /> Tac<br /> <br /> 7300<br /> 2318<br /> 1597<br /> 2861<br /> 523<br /> 8904<br /> 1082<br /> 3406<br /> 1508<br /> 2906<br /> 16204<br /> <br /> 6<br /> 1<br /> 1<br /> 4<br /> <br /> 10<br /> 10<br /> <br /> 3<br /> 3<br /> <br /> 6<br /> <br /> 10<br /> <br /> 3<br /> <br /> T o n g so t h u e '<br /> Nop tlioc<br /> Nop t i l n<br /> (quan)<br /> (hoc)<br /> 3956<br /> 1882<br /> 1240<br /> 597<br /> 1037<br /> 413<br /> 745<br /> 1285<br /> 393<br /> 126<br /> 4404<br /> 2282<br /> 549<br /> 277<br /> 1450<br /> 873<br /> 757<br /> 387<br /> 1646<br /> 743<br /> 8361<br /> 4164<br /> <br /> Vilt ne> ve hinh te rinh Tuyen Quang...<br /> Nam 1840 thue cae !oai rudng da't d Tuyen<br /> Quang cd sfl thay doi. Rudng cdng loai 1: 80<br /> thang/1 mlu; loai 2: 56 thang/1 mlu; loai 3:<br /> 33 thang/1 m l u . Rudng tfl: loai 1; 26<br /> thang/1 mlu; Loai 2: 20 thang/1 mau. Loai<br /> 3; 13 thang/1 m l u .<br /> Viec thu thue' dfldc tie'n hanh vdi nhieu<br /> bien phap. Thue thde nop 2 vu/nam theo<br /> mua lua. Tuy nhien, do dia hinh mien Ble<br /> phiic tap cho phdp ndp thud' ea nam vao mdt<br /> vu, nhflng ndi xa xdi dUde nop thue bing<br /> tie'n. Nam 1824, Minh Mang cho phep Tuydn<br /> Quang dinh gia lfl 1 quan 30 ddng de'n 1<br /> quan 1,2 tid'n hay 6, 7 tien deu ehieu theo gia<br /> ly cho dan nop thay sd' thde. Cae tran a'y chi<br /> phat lUdng bd'ng hoac thoc lfldng khong dii<br /> cung chu^n y ldi tau lua dinh giam gia eho<br /> phep dan nop b i n g tien efl mdi hpe 1 quan 4<br /> tien. Den nam 1831, Minh Menh ra ehi du<br /> thue' cua phii huydn thude ve hat nao thudc<br /> ve" kho hat a'y. Cd nghia la sd' thoc thue nay<br /> se dfldc ehuyen vao eac kho Iflu trfl d cae<br /> tinh, trieu dinh chi quan 1;? tren sd' sach,<br /> khi cin chi tidu gi se sai cae tinh trieh thde<br /> trong kho. Vua cho dat 1 kho nhd d phii li<br /> An Ninh thu tidn, thde hai huydn De Dinh,<br /> Vinh Dien dd' d p eho bie'n binh ddn Tuyen<br /> Tinh. Dflng mdt kho nhd d huyen li Vinh<br /> Xuyen thu tie'n, thde hai huyen Vi Xuyen,<br /> VTnh Tuy ca'p eho bie"n binh hai ddn An<br /> Bien, Tu Long. Pham mpi viec ehi, thu de'u<br /> chuydn uy ebo cae vidn phii, huyen sd tai<br /> coi quan (15).<br /> Khdng chi tang cfldng quan ly dd't dai,<br /> quan ly nhan khau eung la mdt va'n de<br /> quan trong ciia trieu dinh n h i m thu thue<br /> va tuyen linh. Ngay sau khi len ngdi, Gia<br /> Long da to chflc lai vd'n de" dang tich, ra lenh<br /> cfl 5 nilm mdt lln duyet binh. Bit budc mdi<br /> lang xa phai ghi vao dinh bp so dan dng<br /> trong lang tfl 18 tud'i trd len, 60 tudi trd<br /> xud'ng. Theo quy dinh de' ra nam 1803,<br /> <br /> pham dan hd khdng ke ehinh hay khach, cfl<br /> 10 su5't thi chuan lay mdt mau lam cd'hang<br /> hay eung hang hoac dao hang, cdn ddi 9<br /> s u i t thi chia lam 3 h^ng; trang, quan,<br /> dan... Nhu cd 9 suat thi mdi hang 3 ngudi; 8<br /> sua't thi quan 2, trang va dan deu 3; 7 suS't<br /> thi quan 3, trang va dan de"u 2, 6 sua't thi<br /> mdi hang 3, 5 sua't thi hang quan 1, trang<br /> va dkn deu 2; 4 sua't thi quan 2, trang va<br /> dan deu 1; 3 sua't thi mSi hang lay 1; 2 sua't<br /> thi 1 trang, 1 dan; 1 suat la quan. Cac dpi<br /> nau, dan biet nap va biet tinh, tien than<br /> dung hang trang coi nhu hang quan, hang<br /> lao tat thi nop mdt niia. NgUdi chet thi nam<br /> a'y dUdc xoa so. NgUdi trdn thi ehUa ghi vao<br /> sd', thu de'n mot nam, sau mdi dupc xda. Mfle<br /> thu thue' ciia 6 t r l n ngoai ciia Ble Thanh 6<br /> tien, tap dich eae loai la 4 tien va 1 bat gao.<br /> Gia Long quy dinh 18 tuoi trd len la dan<br /> dinh. Hang trang la nhiing ngfldi tiJt 20 tudi<br /> trd len. Minh Menh (1832) quy dinh: Hang<br /> dinh, lao, tat phai ndp 7 tien (Cd rudng<br /> edng) va 6 tie"n ne'u kbdng co rudng cdng.<br /> Hang trang nop 1,4 quan tien (nd'u cd<br /> ruong cdng) va 1 quan tien neu khdng cd<br /> rudng cdng. Sang thdi TU Dflc con quan<br /> thue' ca nam tie'n thue' than la 1 quan 2<br /> tien, tien sflu 1 tien, nhan dinh va hang<br /> trang d'm yeu la 6 tien 30 ddng (16). De'n<br /> nam 1840, nhan dinh phai theo hang bien<br /> rd ho ten va tudi khai rd rang tfl lam 3 ban<br /> giap, at, binh. So dinh cung 1 nam 1 lln<br /> tieu tu va 5 nam 1 lln dai tu. Sd dan dinh 6<br /> Tuyen Quang dfldi thdi Gia Long khoang<br /> 3.831 ngfldi sau dd len 4.179 ngfldi (17),<br /> dd'n thdi Tfl Dflc khoang 5.140 ngfldi trong<br /> dd: Phu An Binh la 2.506 ngUdi (Huyen<br /> Ham Yen 775 ngUdi, Thu Chau 819 ngUdi,<br /> Vinh Tuy 777 ngfldi, ehau Luc Yen 256<br /> ngudi); Phu TUdng An la 2.634 ngUdi<br /> (Huyen Vinh Dien 334 ngUdi, De Dinh 467<br /> ngUdi, Vi Xuyen 812 ngUdi, Chiem Hda<br /> 1.021) (18).<br /> <br /> Rghien cuu IJeh siilr. so S.2QW<br /> <br /> 22<br /> Trieu ifinh cdn doi dinh lai le thue' cua<br /> ngfldi Thanh, ngudi Man, ngfldi Nung (vi<br /> ngfldi Thanh, Man, Nung Id thue' tii trUdc<br /> ddn nay gpi la gia (nha), tao (bep) ten gpi<br /> khdng gid'ng nhau, nop b i n g bae hoae nop<br /> bing tien nhieu it khae nhau, ngUdi Thanh<br /> mdi nha ndp bac-' 1 lang 2 ddng can hoac 5<br /> ddng can, hoac ndp tidn 1 quan: ngUdi Man<br /> cd khi 2 ngfldi lam mdt bdp, cd khi mdt ngUdi<br /> lam mdt bep, moi bep hoae nop 4 lang hay 2<br /> lang hoac nop bang tien 1 quan hay 2 quan:<br /> NgUdi Niing hoac mdi nha nop 2 l^ng bac,<br /> hoac mdi ngUdi nop 5 ddng can bae), de"u lay<br /> ngUdi tinh sua't, Ily bae thay tien. Ngudi<br /> Minh Huong thude hd, khach hd mdi doi va<br /> ngUdi Man da bidn vao so hd tich tii lau<br /> khdng khac gi ngach cu Minh Hfldng thi mdi<br /> nam thu thue mdi ngUdi 2 lang bae. Duy cd<br /> ngudi Nung sd'ng ve nghe" phat rflng lam rly,<br /> nay day mai do b i t thfldng, so vdi tho dan<br /> trfldc cd khac thi thu mdt niia thue (19). O<br /> Tuyen Quang dan ngu cU thupc hd, khach<br /> hd va ngfldi Thanh, ngUdi Nung, ngUdi Man<br /> cdng cd khoang 2.026 ngUdi. Trong do;<br /> Thupc hd; 680 ngUdi; Khach hp: 267 ngfldi;<br /> NgUdi Thanh: 123 ngudi; NgUdi Nung: 117<br /> ngfldi; NgUdi Man; 839 ngudi (20).<br /> 2. Khai<br /> <br /> mo<br /> <br /> Tuyen Quang cd nhieu khoang san,<br /> trong do phai ke de'n ngudn ldi ve' ddng, sat<br /> v^ vang, "Xet cac mo ddng nfldc ta, ehi cd<br /> md ddng Tu Long la td't hdn ca, ngudn tien<br /> td eua qud'c gia deu do day ma ra". "Ldi ve"<br /> h i m md phan nhid'u d nhflng xfl Tuyen,<br /> Hung, Thai, Lang; Vang, bac, ddng, thiec,<br /> that la vd cung. Chi dung trong 'nfldc sd di<br /> dupe day du la do thue' eiia cae md khdng<br /> thieu" (21). Tuyen Quang ed rat nhieu<br /> trudng md, cdng viec eae trfldng md ed khac<br /> nhau, cd chd trUde khai khan nay lai bo<br /> hoang, ed chd trUdc bd hoang nay lai khai<br /> khan, khdng n h l t dinh. Cae trUcfng bien<br /> <br /> vao ngach thue ed md bac, md ddng d Tu<br /> Long, Na Ngp (Vi Xuyen), md chi d Tiing<br /> Bach thupc chau Bao Lac. Chau Vi Xuydn<br /> ed md vang 5 Binh Di va Linh Ho, md bac b<br /> Sinh Khi, md vang cl Tien Cau, 3 md bac 3<br /> Long Sinh, Thuy Ddng va Minh Tien d Tu<br /> Long, md ddng d Ban Gia, md vang Chdn Sa<br /> d An Long, md vang d PhUdng Dp va Binh<br /> Hanh, md bac d Hoa Lam, Man Long va Du<br /> Gia; chau Dai Man cd md vang d Binh Ca va<br /> Cdn Ldn, md bac d Dai Man, md diem tieu 5<br /> xa ThUdng Ndng, Ydn Bien, Chung Khanh,<br /> ThUdng Lam, Cat Linh, O Kim, Vmh Ninh<br /> va Kim TUdng, ehau Bao Lac cd mo bac b<br /> Dudng Am va Lac Tho, md diem tidu d Phii<br /> Yen, md lUu hoang d Lac Ndng (22).<br /> Viee khai thac mo cd the do thUdng nhSn<br /> Trung Qud'c linh trung: Nam 1803, cac nha<br /> buon ngudi Thanh la Dam Ki Tran va Vi<br /> Chuyen Ba linh khai md bac cf Tuygn<br /> Quang, mdi nam nop 80 lang bac (23). Hoae<br /> cac tu trudng trfle tid'p khai thac va cong<br /> nhan la nhflng ngudi thieu so'. Sii cU khdng<br /> chep de'n vide ngUdi mien xudi len lam mo<br /> ma chi ghi de'n ngUdi Khach hay ngflcii<br /> Nung Hoa Vi. TrUdng hdp edng nhan la<br /> ngUdi thieu so' lam vide nhu ehe' dd lao dich<br /> cUSng bflc theo kidu cdng nd vi d mien niii,<br /> uy tin cua tho tu r i t ldn (24). Cae thd' tu<br /> true tid'p linh trUng ciia trie'u dinh cac mo fi<br /> dia phfldng va h i n g nam ndp thue. Rieng<br /> nhflng thd tu nad khdng dii vd'n de san<br /> xua't, nha nfldc cd the cho vay trUdc, sau do<br /> hoan lai bang khoan pham tinh theo gia<br /> quy dinh. Nam 1802, cac tho mue Ma Doan<br /> Die'n, Hoang Phong But, Cim Nhan<br /> Nguyen dUde giao pho viec khai cac mo<br /> vang, md kem va md ddng d tinh TuySn<br /> Quang va Hflng Hoa. Trong sd md do th^ tii<br /> linh trflng, ddi khi ed nhflng trfldng md ldn<br /> dung nhie'u nhan cdng; vi du md ddng TV<br /> Long (chau Vi Xuyen, tinh Tuydn Quang),<br /> <br />