Bacteria and viruses

Tropical medicine research holds a special place as an important activity that as a consequence of multiple factors, such as globalization and migration has extended and reaffirms its importance not only in tropical developing countries but also in nonendemic areas in the developed world. The update on different aspects related to the practice of tropical medicine and their multiple components needs to be frequently visited. Three of the most important infectious terminal diseases in the world that belong or significantly affect tropical areas are AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

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Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that are the most numerous organisms on earth. They are so small that over five million could be placed on the head of a pin. Bacteria can live in numerous environments and perform many complex actions, some of which are beneficial and some harmful. Most bacteria, however, are not harmful and do not cause human health problems. Those that are disease producing are referred to as pathogenic. Viruses and some protozoans can also be pathogenic.

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Insect pests and pathogens (fungi, bacteria and viruses) are responsible for severe crop losses. Insects feed directly on the plant tissues, while the pathogens lead to damage or death of the plant. Plants have evolved a certain degree of resistance through the production of defence compounds, which may be aproteic, e.g. antibiotics, alkaloids, terpenes, cyanogenic glucosides or proteic, e.g. chitinases,b-1,3-glu-canases, lectins, arcelins, vicilins, systemins and enzyme inhibitors.

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Smallest to largest….. Prions Viruses Bacteria Fungi

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Phenolic compounds represent a large group of molecules with a variety of functions in plant growth, development, and defense. Phenolic compounds include signaling molecules, pigments and flavors that can attract or repel, as well as compounds that can protect the plant against insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Most phenolic compounds are present as esters or glycosides rather than as free compounds. Tannins and lignin are phenolic polymers.

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Use of Fungi for Insect Control - Issues, Developments & Research Needs Entomopathogenic Fungi • Classification • Pathogenesis • Why fungi as BCA’s? • Commercialization • Registration • Some examples • Research Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada

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A need for a book on immunology which primarily focuses on the needs of medical and clinical research students was recognized. This book is relatively short and contains topics considered relevant to the understanding of human immune system and its role in health and diseases. Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. These invaders include viruses, bacteria, protozoa or even larger parasites.

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It is my great honor and pleasure to introduce this comprehensive book to readers who are interested in carbohydrates. This book contains 23 excellent chapters written by experts from the fields of chemistry, glycobiology, microbiology, immunology, botany, zoology, as well as biotechnology. According to the topics, methods and targets, the 23 chapters are further divided into five independent sections. In addition to the basic research, this book also offers much in the way of experiences, tools, and technologies for readers who are interested in different fields of Glycobiology.

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Rickettsioses have been a threat all along the History and nowadays they are an important cause of morbi-mortality in some areas of the world. To know the distribution of the different diseases caused by these bacteria and how the clinical pictures are recognized may be essential for a quick diagnoses and starting the correct treatment. Some of these infections can be also easily prevented with basic rules. Main rickettsioses with their distribution area are showed in the table 1.

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IN NATURAL HABITATS, plants are surrounded by an enormous number of potential enemies. Nearly all ecosystems contain a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals, and other herbivorous animals. By their nature, plants cannot avoid these herbivores and pathogens simply by moving away; they must protect themselves in other ways. The cuticle (a waxy outer layer) and the periderm (secondary protective tissue), besides retarding water loss, provide barriers to bacterial and fungal entry.

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Because enteroviruses, including those causing HFMD, are very common, pregnant women are frequently exposed to the virus as well. As for any other adults, the risk of infection is higher for pregnant women who do not have antibodies from earlier exposures to these viruses, and who are exposed to young children - the primary spreaders of enteroviruses. Most enterovirus infections during pregnancy cause mild or no illness in the mother.

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All biologists worth their salt know that each and every form of life has the capacity to multiply and increase at a truly astonishing, indeed a frightening rate. It is easy to do calculations demonstrating the truth of this. For example, assuming (in all cases) that all descendants survive, one bacterium dividing every 20 minutes would produce approximately 300 grams of bacteria in 24 hours; 150 million tonnes in a month. A female housefly, laying a minimum of 600 eggs in her lifetime, would, at the end of a summer of some eight to 10 generations, have 1.

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(BQ) Part 1 book "Introduction to genetic analysis" presents the following contents: Genetics and the organism, patterns of inheritance, the chromosomal basis of inheritance, eukaryote chromosome mapping by recombination, the genetics of bacteria and their viruses, from gene to phenotype,... and other contents.

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Between March 31 and April 16, the Anhui CDC tested 53 specimens (including whole blood, blood serum, pharyngeal swab and tissue samples), collected from fatal HFMD cases, and tested negative for the presence of seasonal influenza, avian influenza A/H5N1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) . On April 18, the Institutes of Infectious Diseases and the Viral Diseases Prevention and Control of Chinese CDC received from Anhui CDC the previously collected specimens: pharyngeal swabs, lung puncture fluid, lung tissues, and blood.

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The NS2B–NS3 protease complex is essential for the replication of dengue virus, which is the etiologic agent of dengue and hemorrhagic fevers, dis-eases that are a burden for the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The active form of the NS3 protease linked to the 40 residues of the NS2B cofactor shows highly flexible and disordered region(s)...

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Although efficient vaccines are available, chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection poses a major health problem worldwide, and prolonged treatment of chronicallyinfected HBV patients with nucleoside analogs often results in drug-resistantHBVvariants.Therefore, it is critical toevaluate the contribution of the HBV polymerase to mutations. FLAG-taggedwild-type (FPolE) andmutant (FPolE/D551A)HBV polymerases have been expressed in insect cells and purified. The purified FPolE showed DNA polymerase activity, but FPolE/D551A did not, implying that the activity was derived from FPolE....

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Neutralizing and protective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used to fine-map the highlyconserved hemagglutinin noose epitope (H379–410, HNE) of themeasles virus. Short peptides mimicking this epitope were previouslyshown to induce virus-neutralizing antibodies [El Kasmi et al. (2000) J. Gen. Virol.81, 729–735]. The epitope contains three cys-teine residues, two of which (Cys386 and Cys394) form a disulfide bridge critical for antibodybinding.

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Drosophilais a powerful model system to study the regula-tory and effector mechanisms of innate immunity. To iden-tify molecules induced in the course of viral infection in this insect, we have developed a model based on intrathoracic injection of the picorna-like DrosophilaCvirus(DCV).We have used MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to compare the hemolymph of DCV infected flies and control flies. By contrast with the strong humoral response triggered by injectionof bacteriaor fungal spores, we have identifiedonly one molecule induced in the hemolymph of virus infected flies....

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Hypoxia interrupts the initiation of simian virus 40 (SV40) replication in vivo at a stage situated before unwinding of the origin region. After re-oxygenation, unwinding followed by a synchronous round of viral replication takes place. To further characterize the hypoxia-induced inhibition of unwinding, we analysed the binding of several replication proteins to the viral minichromosome before and after re-oxygenation.

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The HIV-1 encoded virus protein U (VpU) is required for efficient viral release from human host cells and for induction of CD4 degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoplasmic domain of the membrane protein VpU (VpUcyt) is essential for the latter activity. The structure and dynam-ics of VpUcyt were characterized in the presence of membrane simulating dodecylphosphatidylcholine (DPC) micelles by high-resolution liquid state NMR.

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