Bacteria and viruses

Major phytopathogens (fungi, bacteria and viruses) cause heavy damage to crop plants. The comprehensive knowledge of phytopathogens nature i.e. biotrophic, hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic, their intrusion tools by which they get entrainment in plant cell and the machinery of nutrient acquisition so we can make a better understanding about the phytopathogen. This information about phytopathogen helps us to develop novel disease control strategy against them.

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One of the major constraints to crop production is the biotic stress which is being caused by various fungi, bacteria and viruses. Successful management of plant disease is mainly dependent on the accurate and efficient detection of plant pathogens, amount of genetic and pathogenic variability present in pathogen population, development of resistant cultivars and deploying of effective resistance gene in different epidemiological region.

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Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne) is one of the most important commercial plants representing Rosaceae family. Like other fruit crops, strawberry is also known to be susceptible to diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Since strawberry is propagated through runners year after year, the mother stocks often get infected with viruses pass on these viruses to the next progenies. Reports indicate that more than 30 viruses and phytoplasmas infect strawberry naturally.

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Tropical medicine research holds a special place as an important activity that as a consequence of multiple factors, such as globalization and migration has extended and reaffirms its importance not only in tropical developing countries but also in nonendemic areas in the developed world. The update on different aspects related to the practice of tropical medicine and their multiple components needs to be frequently visited. Three of the most important infectious terminal diseases in the world that belong or significantly affect tropical areas are AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

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Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that are the most numerous organisms on earth. They are so small that over five million could be placed on the head of a pin. Bacteria can live in numerous environments and perform many complex actions, some of which are beneficial and some harmful. Most bacteria, however, are not harmful and do not cause human health problems. Those that are disease producing are referred to as pathogenic. Viruses and some protozoans can also be pathogenic.

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Insect pests and pathogens (fungi, bacteria and viruses) are responsible for severe crop losses. Insects feed directly on the plant tissues, while the pathogens lead to damage or death of the plant. Plants have evolved a certain degree of resistance through the production of defence compounds, which may be aproteic, e.g. antibiotics, alkaloids, terpenes, cyanogenic glucosides or proteic, e.g. chitinases,b-1,3-glu-canases, lectins, arcelins, vicilins, systemins and enzyme inhibitors.

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The species of Artemisia, one of the largest genera of the family Asteraceae, are frequently utilized for the treatment of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammation, and infections by fungi, bacteria, and viruses.

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MicroRNAs (miRNA) and other small RNAs are frequently dysregulated in cancer and are promising biomarkers for colon cancer. Here we profile human, virus and bacteria small RNAs in normal and tumor tissue from early stage colon cancer and correlate the expression with clinical parameters.

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Papaya is prone to many diseases incited by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses leading to enormous loss in yield. Among all, papaya anthracnose incited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. appear to be more severe causing substantial losses to papaya fruits during transit and storage. Papaya anthracnose is the most important disease throughout the year in India and it became a major limiting factor in papaya cultivation.

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Smallest to largest….. Prions Viruses Bacteria Fungi

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Use of Fungi for Insect Control - Issues, Developments & Research Needs Entomopathogenic Fungi • Classification • Pathogenesis • Why fungi as BCA’s? • Commercialization • Registration • Some examples • Research Agriculture and Agriculture et Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada

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Phenolic compounds represent a large group of molecules with a variety of functions in plant growth, development, and defense. Phenolic compounds include signaling molecules, pigments and flavors that can attract or repel, as well as compounds that can protect the plant against insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Most phenolic compounds are present as esters or glycosides rather than as free compounds. Tannins and lignin are phenolic polymers.

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A need for a book on immunology which primarily focuses on the needs of medical and clinical research students was recognized. This book is relatively short and contains topics considered relevant to the understanding of human immune system and its role in health and diseases. Immunology is the study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them. These invaders include viruses, bacteria, protozoa or even larger parasites.

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It is my great honor and pleasure to introduce this comprehensive book to readers who are interested in carbohydrates. This book contains 23 excellent chapters written by experts from the fields of chemistry, glycobiology, microbiology, immunology, botany, zoology, as well as biotechnology. According to the topics, methods and targets, the 23 chapters are further divided into five independent sections. In addition to the basic research, this book also offers much in the way of experiences, tools, and technologies for readers who are interested in different fields of Glycobiology.

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Rickettsioses have been a threat all along the History and nowadays they are an important cause of morbi-mortality in some areas of the world. To know the distribution of the different diseases caused by these bacteria and how the clinical pictures are recognized may be essential for a quick diagnoses and starting the correct treatment. Some of these infections can be also easily prevented with basic rules. Main rickettsioses with their distribution area are showed in the table 1.

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IN NATURAL HABITATS, plants are surrounded by an enormous number of potential enemies. Nearly all ecosystems contain a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, mammals, and other herbivorous animals. By their nature, plants cannot avoid these herbivores and pathogens simply by moving away; they must protect themselves in other ways. The cuticle (a waxy outer layer) and the periderm (secondary protective tissue), besides retarding water loss, provide barriers to bacterial and fungal entry.

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Because enteroviruses, including those causing HFMD, are very common, pregnant women are frequently exposed to the virus as well. As for any other adults, the risk of infection is higher for pregnant women who do not have antibodies from earlier exposures to these viruses, and who are exposed to young children - the primary spreaders of enteroviruses. Most enterovirus infections during pregnancy cause mild or no illness in the mother.

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All biologists worth their salt know that each and every form of life has the capacity to multiply and increase at a truly astonishing, indeed a frightening rate. It is easy to do calculations demonstrating the truth of this. For example, assuming (in all cases) that all descendants survive, one bacterium dividing every 20 minutes would produce approximately 300 grams of bacteria in 24 hours; 150 million tonnes in a month. A female housefly, laying a minimum of 600 eggs in her lifetime, would, at the end of a summer of some eight to 10 generations, have 1.

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(BQ) Part 1 of the document Introduction to genetic analysis presents the following contents: Genetics and the organism, patterns of inheritance, the chromosomal basis of inheritance, eukaryote chromosome mapping by recombination, the genetics of bacteria and their viruses, from gene to phenotype,... and other contents.

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Between March 31 and April 16, the Anhui CDC tested 53 specimens (including whole blood, blood serum, pharyngeal swab and tissue samples), collected from fatal HFMD cases, and tested negative for the presence of seasonal influenza, avian influenza A/H5N1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) . On April 18, the Institutes of Infectious Diseases and the Viral Diseases Prevention and Control of Chinese CDC received from Anhui CDC the previously collected specimens: pharyngeal swabs, lung puncture fluid, lung tissues, and blood.

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