NGHIEN COU-TRAO D i l EEa<br />
<br />
An toaii tai c h i quoc |ia trong qua trinh<br />
^ ilo hoa tai iihoan vang iai va tHi khoan von<br />
• Th.S TRAN VIET HA t d n thildng trtfdc nhtfng bie'n Viet Nam b a t ddu tie'n t r i n h<br />
d o n g d o . M a t k h a c , chting ta til do h o a cac giao dich vang lai<br />
D a m bao an t o a n t a i p h a i d a m b a o dp a n t o a n cdn t h e o cam k e t vdi IMF td n a m<br />
I • chinh quo'c gia (TCgC)<br />
trong qua trinh hoi n h a p quo'c<br />
thie't cho nin kinh te trong qua<br />
t r i n h h p i n h a p qud'c t d n g a y<br />
2 0 0 1 , qua t r i n h til do h o a n a y<br />
dtfpc h o a n t h a n h c a n b a n vao<br />
te' - v a n de lAi t i e n h a n g d a u c a n g s a u h d n t h e o cac cam k e t t h a n g 1 2 / 2 0 0 5 (khi p h a p l e n h<br />
trong quan ly kinh te' vi m o WTO va cac cam k e t FTA, trtldc ngoai hdi dtfpc b a n h a n h ) . Cung<br />
h i e n nay he't la p h a i d a m b a o a n n i n h t r o n g giai d o a n 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 5 ,<br />
Itfdng thilc, a n n i n h n a n g Itfpng Viet Nam d a tich cilc thtfc h i e n<br />
Trong xu the t o a n cdu hoa va<br />
va a n t o a n TCQG. Vi t h e , p h a t cac c a m k e t AFTA, BTA, chtfdng<br />
hoi n h a p n g a y c a n g s a u h d n<br />
trien thi trifdng tai chinh vdi cd trinh PROF ky vdi IMF va bifdc<br />
giila cac ngn kinh te', d a c biet la<br />
cau h o a n chinh dtfpc q u a n ly va ddu thtfc h i e n EFH/ACFTA... Til<br />
sau cupc k h u n g h o a n g tai chinh<br />
giam s a t cd hieu qua; p h a t trien dc h o a cac giao dich vang lai la<br />
va suy t h o a i k i n h te' t o a n cau<br />
va k i e m s o a t cd hieu qua thi btfdc di q u a n t r p n g , ngoai y<br />
hien nay, qua trinh tai ca'u true<br />
trtfdng chu'ng k h o a n ; xay diing n g h i a d a p ting di^u k i e n gia<br />
n e n k i n h te the' gidi va di6u<br />
va duy tri dtfpc n e n tai c h i n h n h a p WTO (de thtic d a y trao ddi<br />
chinh cac the che' dieu tiet k i n h<br />
l a n h m a n h va a n toan, cd nguon h a n g h o a va dich vu, IMF yeu<br />
te - tai chinh t o a n cau se d i e n<br />
ngoai ho'i m a n h du k h a n a n g cdu cac ntfdc hpi vien p h a i til do<br />
ra m a n h me... lam cho n e n k i n h<br />
diiu tie't n e n kinh te vi md, d a m h o a giao dich v a n g lai, coi d a y<br />
te the gidi se co nhiing b i e n ddi<br />
b a o a n n i n h k i n h te va giam la didu k i e n tien quye't de m p t<br />
mau 1?, kho Itfdng, cac qua trinh<br />
t h i e u dtfdc stf phu thudc vao ntfdc cd t h e gia n h a p WTO), nd<br />
p h a t t r i e n co dp rui ro n g a y<br />
ntfdc ngoai ve ngudn tai chinh... cdn la m d t btfdc di n h a m n a n g<br />
cang t a n g len, nha't la ddi vdi<br />
vifa la m u c tieu, yeu cdu, vtfa la cao k h a n a n g c h u y e n ddi c u a<br />
cac n e n kinh te' k e m p h a t t r i e n .<br />
d i n h htfdng cd b a n trong xay d d n g Viet Nam (VND), t a o cd sd<br />
Trong do, m o t m a t c h u n g ta<br />
diing nin k i n h te' dpc lap ttf chij de ttf dd hdd t a i k h o a n vd'n...<br />
p h a i cung cd nin k i n h te' thtic<br />
c u a ntfdc ta trong thdi ky tdi. Trong giai d o a n t d n a m 2 0 0 6<br />
(hoat dong s a n xuat, kinh d o a n h<br />
Ddng thdi, d a y cting la v a n di de'n nay, ciing vdi viec tiep ttic<br />
h a n g hoa dich vu) l a m n e n t a n g<br />
CO tinh n g u y e n tdc trong qua til do hoa tai k h o a v a n g lai, Viet<br />
cho p h a t t r i e n k i n h t d ttfpng<br />
trinh ttf do hoa tai k h o a n vang Nam t d n g btfdc ttf do hoa tai<br />
triing (hoat d p n g k i n h d o a n h<br />
lai, til do hoa tai k h o a n vdn, hdi k h o a n vdn, t r i e n k h a i thtfc h i e n<br />
tien te, c h d n g k h o a n , cd phieu<br />
n h a p ngay cang sau hdn theo ttf do h o a s a u h d n dd'i vdi<br />
va gia'y td cd gia khac...); x a y<br />
c a c c a m k d t WTO va c a c c a m thtfdng m a i , ddu ttf, t a i c h i n h<br />
dtfng n e n k i n h te thi trildng<br />
k e t FTA d a k y ket... theo cam k e t gia n h a p WTO va 7<br />
h i e n dai, co n a n g lilc c a n h<br />
FTA d a ky k e t (AFTA, ACFTA,<br />
t r a n h va tinh chu d p n g cao T h a n h ti^u va m o t so'<br />
trong t h a m gia hieu qua vao cac<br />
m a n g s a n xuat va cac chuoi gia<br />
2 • bat dn, t h a c h thufc do'i<br />
vdi an t o a n TCQG trong qua<br />
AKFTA, AJCEP,<br />
AANZFTA va AIFTA)...<br />
VJEPA,<br />
<br />
<br />
tri t o a n cau co k h a n a n g thich trinh t\i do hoa tai khoan v a n g Cac qua trinh neu tren da<br />
d n g cao vdi nhiing bie'n d p n g Iai va tai k h o a n vo'n, thtfc h i e n tac ddng tich cilc den<br />
c u a tinh h i n h qud'c t d va it bi c a c cam ke't quo'c te' t a n g trildng k i n h t e , qui ' ^<br />
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THUOHGWH So 20/2010 I 3<br />
L L I NGHIEN ClhJ-TRAD DOI<br />
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mo k i n h t d thtfc va k i n h te da chiem gdn 2 0 % GDP, 4 1 % t h a n g dtf vdi m d c t h a n g dd ngay<br />
te ttfdng trtfng t a n g n h a n h , XNK vdn p h a t trien xa hpi, 45% c a n g ldn. Tinh chung thdi ky<br />
h a n g hoa va dich vu p h a t t r i e n GTSX cdng n g h i e p , 5 7 % t d n g 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 8 , t h a n g dU tai khoan<br />
kim ngach XK, 31,5% tdng vd'n ctia Viet Nam d a t 44,55 ti<br />
manh. khd'i Itfdng ti6n te<br />
KNNK va ludn ludn d t r a n g t h a i USD (bang 9,8% GDP cung thdi<br />
c h u y e n dich gida Viet Nam vdi<br />
x u a t sieu; c a c DN FDI la chu ky) d a k h d n g chi bu ddp dtfpc<br />
the' gidi n g a y c a n g ldn. Nha<br />
t h e chinh t h a m gia s a n x u a t va cho p h d n t h a m h u t c a n can<br />
ntfdc k i e m s c a t c h a t che "dp<br />
XNK h a n g h d a , vdi gdn 7.500 v a n g lai (24 ti USD) ma cdn tao<br />
md" cua n6n kinh te ttfdng<br />
DN t h a m gia XNK. D a n g chu y r a t h a n g dtf can can t h a n h toan<br />
trtfng de dam bao an toan<br />
la trong cd ca'u ddng ngoai te dd tdng t h e cua n d n kinh te (nam<br />
TCQG, dn dinh k i n h te' vi m d .<br />
Tuy da xuat h i e n m d t sd' b a t dn vao Viet Nam thdi ky 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 7 t h a n g dd can can tdng thej<br />
trong linh vdc tai chinh - tidn te 2009 thi ddng ngoai te dd vao d a t 10,7 ti USD, b d n g 15,2%<br />
kinh doanh chdng khoan va GDP; cac chi sd tUdng dng cua<br />
va trong can can t h a n h t o a n ddi<br />
gia'y td cd gia k h a c cung nhtf n a m 2008 la 1,5 ti USD va 1,7%,<br />
ngoai, nhtfng van trong tdm<br />
ddng ngoai te dtfdi d a n g tidn va cua n a m 2 0 0 9 tfdc d a t 1,3 ti<br />
kiem soat cua Chinh p h u . Ddn<br />
tien gdi t h d n g qua c a c td c h d c USD va 1,27%).<br />
n a m 2 0 0 9 , GDP tfdc d a t 102 ti<br />
USD, gap t r e n 3,1 ldn nam tin dung da t a n g vpt t d sau n a m B e n c a n h n h d n g tac ddng<br />
2001. De'n n a m 2 0 0 8 , ddc khd'i 2 0 0 5 , khi nddc t a b d t ddu tie'n tich cifc n e u t r e n , qua trinh ttf<br />
Itfdng tien te c h u y e n dich giila h a n h til do hoa tai k h o a n vd'n. do hoa thddng mai, ttf dd hoa tai<br />
Viet Nam vdi the gidi k h d n g lien Chi trong 4 n a m 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 8 , chinh dd'i ngoai, trdng dd til do<br />
q u a n de'n thtfdng m a i da dat d d n g ngoai te dd vao linh vtfc h o a tai k h o a n vang lai va tai<br />
29,1 tl USD (bdng 3 1 , 6 % GDP), kinh doanh chdng khoan va k h o a n t h e o cac cam ke't hpi<br />
tdng kim n g a c h n g o a i thtfdng giay td cd gia k h a c d Viet Nam n h a p qud'c te ciing da cd nhiing<br />
cua Viet Nam d a d a t 143 ti USD da d a t 10 ti USD, r i e n g n a m t a c dpng b a t ldi dd'i vdi ndn kinh<br />
(bdng 155,4% GDP). Td nam 2 0 0 7 (nam ddu t i e n gia n h a p te' ndi chung, linh vilc tai chinh<br />
- tidn te ndi rieng, cu the nhil:<br />
2 0 0 4 d e n n a m 2 0 0 7 , chi s d tin WTO) la 6.24 ti USD. Ddng<br />
d u n g / G D P da t a n g ttf 7 4 , 4 % len ngoai te td ntfdc ngoai dd vao - N h a p sieu t a n g cao bat<br />
8 5 , 5 % , chi sd M 2 / G D P d a t a n g cac td chdc tin d u n g dtfdi d a n g thtfdng ngay sau khi Viet Nam<br />
td 5 8 , 7 % len 1 2 1 , 1 % . Ti le vdn tien va tien gdi cung t a n g vpt, h o a n t h a n h ttf do hoa tai khoan<br />
h e a so vdi GDP d a t a n g vpt td n a m 2 0 0 7 d a t 2,62 ti USD, n a m vang lai, btfdc ddu ttf do hoa tai<br />
1,1% d thdi diem thang 2 0 0 8 d a t 3,0 ti USD. k h o a n vdn va gia n h a p WTO,<br />
1 2 / 2 0 0 5 len 4 3 % t r o n g t h a n g Trong quan he tai chinh dd'i thtfc h i e n 5 FTA da ky ke't<br />
1 2 / 2 0 0 7 . Dp md cua n d n k i n h ngoai, c h u n g ta d a xac l a p va (AFTA, ACFTA, AKFTA, AJCEP<br />
te theo k e n h FDI ngay c a n g ldn, duy tri dtfdc t r a n g thai t h a n g dtf va VJEPA), la ye'u td chinh tao<br />
ne'u tinh gdp t h d i ky 1989 - c a n c a n t h a n h t o a n tdng t h e r a t h a m h u t c a n c a n vang lai<br />
2 0 0 8 , ti le tdng FDI vao Viet trong dieu k i e n t h a m h u t c a n cua Viet Nam. Thdi ky 2000 -<br />
Nam theo gia tri d a n h nghia can vang lai ngay cang ldn, tinh 2 0 0 8 , trong cd cau can can vang<br />
(dang ky b a n dau, chtfa k e vdn h i n h tai chinh qud'c te' va trong lai cua Viet Nam, da cd sil "tham<br />
bd sung) so vdi GDP ca thdi ky ntfdc cd nhflng t a c ddng b a t ldi, h u t ddp" cd c a n can thildng mai,<br />
chi d a t m d c 2 5 , 4 % , ti le FDI m d c dp til do hoa va hpi n h a p c a n c a n dich vu va can can thu<br />
thilc hien bang 8,9% GDP, qudc te ngay cang sau rdng. Thdi n h a p ddu ttf; tdng mdc t h a m hut<br />
nhiing neu tinh rieng n a m 2 0 0 8 ky 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 8 , n h d cd m d c la 47,5 ti USD, b a n g 10,5% tdng<br />
la n a m cd m d c thu h u t FDI cao chuyen tidn rdng d a t gdn 31 ti GDP Cling thdi ky (rieng n a m<br />
<br />
nha't thi ti le gida vdn FDI d a n h USD n e n da bu d d p dtlpc 8 2 % 2 0 0 8 m d c t h a m h u t la 12,1 ti<br />
nghia so vdi GDP len tdi 7 0 % , tdng mdc tham hut can can USD b d n g 11,8% GDP).<br />
vd'n FDI thilc h i e n so vdi GDP thtfpng m a i cua ciing thdi ky - Np nddc ngoai ciia Viet Nam<br />
cung dat 12,5%. Den nam nay. Ttf n a m 2 0 0 1 d e n nay, c a n da t a n g vpt td 1,38 ti USD n a m<br />
2 0 0 8 , khu \'ilc FDI cua n d n k i n h c a n vd'n cua Viet Nam lien tuc 2 0 0 3 len 14,2 ti USD n a m 2005<br />
4 I THUONG M4I So 20/2010<br />
NGHIEN CUnU-TRAD DOI<br />
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va 19,2 ti USD nam 2007, bang bat lpi cho ldi ich qud'c gia, dat treng hoat ddng ddu td tai<br />
27% GDP. Tuy nd ntfdc ngeai ra nhdng thach thdc mdi ddi vdi chinh va kinh doanh cua cac<br />
vdn trong tdm kiem soat, it nha't viec "nan ddng" trong quan ly ngan hang va td chdc tin dung.<br />
la trong trung han, nhtfng do khu vdc FDI cua Nha ntfdc ta. Ddng thdi, he thd'ng giam sat<br />
phdn ldn vay nd ntfdc ngoai la Td sau nam 2005, nhat la sau tai chinh vi md van "tut hau"<br />
ODA, hieu qua sd dung tha'p nen khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, nhieu so vdi hien thilc hoat<br />
mdc dd nd nddc ngoai cao de l^i ddng vdn FDI Iai cd sti chuye'n dpng tai chinh ngan hang va<br />
ganh nang cho nen kinh te' - xa htfdng manh td cdc nganh cdng kinh doanh bat ddng san.<br />
hpi trong dai han. nghiep che' bie'n, gia cong (cd he Dd' han che' rui ro, vddt qua<br />
- Sil ddo chidu lien tuc ciia sd bdo hp giam manh va cd gia cdc thach thdc neu tren nham<br />
cac ddng vd'n vay thtfdng mai va tri gia tang tha'p) sang cdc dam bdo dp an toan cdn thie't<br />
vdn ddu ttf gian tie'p (FII) trong nganh khai khoang va khi dd't, cho nen TCQG, cdn thdc hien<br />
bd'i canh thi tnfdng chdng khdan linh vtfc kinh doanh tai san (cd ddng bp cac giai phap mang<br />
bien ddng manh, cd tinh "bong he sd' bao hp giam rat it nhifng tinh ngan han, trung han va dai<br />
bdng", ndn kinh te' phai dd'i mat hieu qua ddu ttf cao, gid tri gia han. Ve ngan han, can nang<br />
vdi tinh trang "do la hod", va tang va ti suat lpi nhuan cao). Ti nhanh nang lilc quan tri rui ro 6<br />
"vang hoa" long tin thi trddng trpng vd'n FDI dang ky vao cdng ca'p vi md va hieu qua hoat<br />
thap, tinh ddu cd va rui ro cao... nghiep che bie'n trong tdng FDI dpng cua he thd'ng giam sat tai<br />
dang tao ra sdc ep va thach thdc dang ky vao Viet Nam da gidm chinh cap vi md; han che nhap<br />
rat ldn vdi dn dinh kinh te' vi md hen tuc td 70,4% nam 2005 sieu va mdc tham hut can can<br />
ndi chung, he thd'ng tai chinh - xudng 51% nam 2007 va chi cdn vang lai. Ve trung va dai han,<br />
ngan hang cdn non yeu cua Viet 36% nam 2008; cac chi sd tddng cdn tie'p tuc didu chinh ca'u true<br />
Nam ndi rieng. Trong hai nam dng cua cdng nghiep khai thac the' che' tai chinh - ngan hang,<br />
2006 - 2007, ddng vd'n FII dd tang vpt td 0,8% len 1,2% va phat trien thi trtfdng tai chinh<br />
vat) thi trddng chdng khoan 17,5%, ciia cac heat ddng lien hdan chinh, nang cao nang Itfc<br />
khoang 7,4 ti USD trong bd'i quan de'n kinh ddanh tai san va canh tranh qud'c te' cua cac td<br />
canh thi trifdng rat "ndng" da dich vu td van la 6,7% len chdc tai chinh, tin dung. Ddng<br />
tao ra "cu hich" ldn td ben 28,6% va 24,3%, cua khach thdi, xay dilng Id trinh til do hod<br />
ngdai, thdi phdng "bong bdng" san, nha hang la 0,9% len 9,2% tai khoan vd'n chi tie't, tie'n<br />
cua thi tnldng chdng khoan. De'n va 15,1%. hanh than trpng; xac dinh cac<br />
quy lV/2008, ddng vd'n nay lai ngifdng an toan va ma't an toan<br />
Td cudi nam 2008, tinh<br />
dao chieu manh (cac nha dau ttf cua nen tai chinh trong qua<br />
trang "sai lech kep" (sai lech cP<br />
ntfdc ngoai ban ra tren 100 trieu trinh td do hoa tai khoan vd'n<br />
ca'u thdi han va cP ca'u ddng<br />
cd phie'u va 1,6 ti USD trai de chu ddng dieu tie't, kiem soat<br />
tidn) rat ldn, np xau da dan den<br />
phieu) da gay khd khan rat ldn nhdm dam bao an toan cho nen<br />
nguy cd thie'u thanh khoan<br />
cho he thd'ng ngan hang. Cung kinh te'; dam bao md'i ttfdng<br />
trong bd'i canh suy thoai kinh te'<br />
trong thdi gian nay, ddu td dtfdi<br />
ngay cang trdm trpng, nhu cdu quan hpp ly gida qui md va td'c<br />
dang tien va tidn gdi cung bie'n<br />
dd'i vdi hang XK sut giam, TTCK dp phat trien cua nen kinh te'<br />
ddng manh (tinh rdng: nam<br />
ddng bang, cac didu kien ngay thdc vdi kinh te' tddng trdng<br />
2006: -1,53 ti USD, nam 2007:<br />
cang khd khan tren thi trddng trong qua trinh td do hoa tai<br />
+2,6 ti USD va nam 2008: +3,0<br />
tai chinh toan cdu, kha nang tai khoan vd'n de co bien phap dieu<br />
ti USD). Mat khac, trong nam<br />
trd chd tham hut can can tie't cac ddng vdn dai han va<br />
2008 khoan vay thtfpng mai 0,63<br />
thtfdng mai ngay cang trd nen ngdn han, phdng tranh tinh<br />
ti USD de tai trp cho NK cting da<br />
mong manh hdn. Cac thach trang "bong bdng" cua nen kinh<br />
tac ddng lam nhap sieu cua Viet<br />
thdc nay cang dac biet lilu tam te', stf thoat ly cua kinh te ttfdng<br />
Nam tang cao.<br />
khi nang lilc quan tri nii ro d trdng vdi kinh te' thtfc se lam<br />
- Ddng vd'n FDI vao Viet Nam cap VI md cdn non ye'u, chda du cho nen kinh te' trd nen mong<br />
da va dang cd sil chuye'n htfdng dap dng vdi chinh sil phinh ra manh, mat an toan •<br />
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THUONGMiM So 20/2010 I 5<br />