TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H E Tap 47, SO 2,2009 Tr 61-66<br />
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ANH HU'6'NG CUA QUA TRINH LAM KHO VA DANH HU'ONG<br />
DEN C H A T LU'O'NG SAN PHAM CHE XANH<br />
N G O X U A N C U ' Q ' N G , N G U Y E N DUY THINH, H A DUYEN TU"<br />
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1. DAT VAN DE<br />
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Trong cong nghe che bien che xanh, giai doan lam kho co y nghTa quan trgng den viec<br />
hinh thanh cac tinh chat dac trung ciia san pham. Khac vai nuac pha tir la che tuoi co vj chat xit<br />
va miii hang ngai thi nuac pha tir san pham che xanh kho thuang c6 vj chat dju, tham huang<br />
com va khong co miii vj ngai. Dieu nay co dugc la nha nhirng bien doi sinh boa xay ra duai tac<br />
dung cua nhiet do cao trong qua trinh gia cong lam kho va danh huong (sao huong) cho che [4].<br />
Nhu vay, kT thuat gia nhiet a giai doan lam kho va danh huang (sao huong) co anh huang<br />
true tiep den chat lugng san pham che xanh. Nham tim hieu van de nay, chiing toi da tien hanh<br />
mot so thi nghiem nghien ciru anh huang ciia cac phuang phap lam kho khac nhau va tac dung<br />
cua danh huang den chat lugng ciia san pham che xanh.<br />
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2. NGUYEN LIEU VA PHUONG PHAP<br />
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2.1. Nguyen lieu nghien ciiu<br />
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Nguyen lieu nghien cuu la che loai A theo TCVN 1053-76, co ti le 14 gia banh te 5% - 6%.<br />
gom cac dgt che I bup 2 den 3 la non, thugc giong che Trung du. dugc thu hai tai mo hinh san<br />
xuat che an toan Tan Cuong, Thai Nguyen [I].<br />
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2.2. Phuong phap nghien ciru<br />
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2.2.1. Phuong phap lam mau<br />
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Phuang phap lam mlu dugc tien hanh theo quy trinh che bien chung nhu sau:<br />
Nguyen lieu -^ Heo nhe -> Diet tnen -> Vd lan I ->• Rii tai -> Vd lan 2 -> Rii tai-^ Lam kho<br />
—>• Phan loai -> Danh huang -> Thanh pham.<br />
Nguyen lieu dugc lam heo tren nong vai do day 1,5 kg/m^ va thai gian heo 4 gia, sau do<br />
dugc diet men triet d^ bIng may sao thiing quay. Che sau khi diet men dugc v6 2 lan den do dap<br />
45%, giua 2 lan v6 co rii tai.<br />
Che sau khi v6, ru tai dugc chia ra de lam kho theo 4 phuang phap sau:<br />
- Phuang phap 1 (phuang phap hien hanh ciia dja phuong lam doi chirng - ki hieu: sao -<br />
sao): Che dugc lam kho qua 2 lan sao tren may sao thiing quay [1]<br />
Sao sa bo ->• Can bdng dm -> Sao kho vd dinh hinh {1)<br />
- Phuang phap 2 (phuong phap thi nghiem - ki hieu: sao - sao - sao): Che dugc lam kho<br />
qua 3 lan sao tren may sao thiing quay:<br />
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61<br />
Sao sa bo -^ Can bdng dm -^ Sao dinh hinh —> Can hang dm —^ Sao kho. (2)<br />
- Phuang phap 3 (phuang phap thi nghiem - ki hieu: say - sao - sao): Thay giai doan sao sa<br />
bg bang may sao thiing quay bang say sa bg tren may say vi lat:<br />
Say sa bo —> Can bdng dm -^ Sao dinh hinh —> Can bdng dm —> Sao kho. (3)<br />
- Phuang phap 4 (phuang phap thi nghiem - ki hieu: say - sao - say): Thay giai doan sao so<br />
bg va sao kho tren may sao bang say sa bg va say kho tren may say vi lat:<br />
Say sa bo —> Can bdng dm —> Sao dinh hinh —^ Can bdng dm —> Say kho. (4)<br />
Moi mau sau khi lam kho den do am 3,5% dugc phan loai de loai bo bom, vun roi lay mau<br />
trung binh de danh gia chat lugng bang cam quan truac khi tiep tuc dua di danh huong o ciing<br />
che do tren may sao thiing quay. Nhiet do danh huang 130 - 170°C, thai gian danh huang:<br />
10 phut. Cac mau che sau khi danh huong ciing dugc dua di danh gia chat lugng bang cam quan.<br />
Cac thong so kT thuat trong qua trinh che bien mau a cac giai doan truac va sau khi lam kho ciia<br />
cac mau che dugc ap dung giong nhau [1].<br />
Phuang phap phan tich vd danh gia chat luang<br />
- Xac djnh thuy phan theo phuang phap say kho den trgng lugng khong doi [5].<br />
- Xac djnh ham lugng chat boa tan theo TCVN 5610-1991 [3].<br />
- Phan tich ham lugng tanin theo phuong phap Leventhal vai he so K= 0,00582 [5].<br />
- Xac djnh ham lugng dam tong so theo phuang phap Kjeldhal [5].<br />
- Xac djnh ham lugng cafein trong che theo phuang phap Bertrand [5].<br />
- Xac djnh ham lugng tro t6ng so theo TCVN 5611-1991 [3].<br />
- Danh gia chat lugng san pham bang phuang phap cho diem cam quan va xir li ket qua<br />
theo TCVN 3218-1993 vai mure cho diem chinh xac tai 0,25 diem [3].<br />
Hoi dong cam quan gom 9 thanh vien, la nhtrng chuyen gia co kinh nghiem lau nam ve<br />
giong che, cong nghe che bien va thuang xuyen tham gia danh gia chat lugng che.<br />
Cac thanh vien dugc dugc tuyen chgn theo phuang phap Spencer [6].<br />
Phuang phap xu li so lieu<br />
Xir li so lieu bang phuong phap thong ke, sir dung cac phan mem Excel, Irristat [2].<br />
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3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN<br />
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3.1. Anh huong phuong phap lam kho den cac thanh phan hoa hoc cua che thanh pham<br />
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Bang . Anh huong phuong phap lam kho den cac thanh phan boa hgc ciia che thanh pham<br />
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\Th.phan Ham lugng Ham lugng Ham lugng Ham lugng Ham lugng Hamlugng<br />
nuoc (% trgng chat tan (% tanin (% tro tong so (% dam tong s6(% cafein (%<br />
Ph.phap \^ lugng) chat kho) chat kho) chat kho) chat kho) chat kho)<br />
1 3,5 43,77 26,10 ^ 4,10 3,29 3,46<br />
2 3,4 44,61 26,10 4,03 3,45 3.59<br />
3 3,5 45,30 27,32 3,99 3,65 3.53<br />
4 3,3 45,56 27,94 3,87 3.87 3.63<br />
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Thi nghiem I: Che biSn che theo 4 phuang phap lam kho 1, 2. 3, 4. Truac khi danh huang,<br />
lay mau trung binh de phan tich sinh hoa va danh gia cam quan. Cac thi nghiem dugc lap lai 3<br />
lan. Ket qua phan tich cac thanh phan sinh hoa trung binh dugc th^ hien tren bang 1.<br />
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so I<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30 •1 •<br />
25<br />
• Phuong p h a p 1<br />
20<br />
15 L_..,. Phuong phap 2<br />
10<br />
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Hinh I. Anh huang phuang phap lam kho den cac thanh phan hoa hoc cua che thanh pham<br />
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Til' bang I cho thay ham lugng chat boa tan, tanin, dam tong so. cafein trung binh cua cac<br />
phuang phap thi nghiem 2, 3 va 4 deu bang hoac cao ban so vai phuang phap doi chirng 1.<br />
Ngugc lai, ham lugng tro tong so lai thap ban. Nhu vay, viec tang so lan lam kho tir sao 2 lan<br />
sang sao 3 lan va ap dung phuong phap say sao ket hgp co tac dung lam ban che su ton that cac<br />
chat boa tan, tanin, dam va cafein la cac chat co Igi den chat lugng san pham, trong do sir ton<br />
that xay ra thap nhat d phuang phap say - sao - say. Ham lugng tro ton^ so giam dan tir phuang<br />
phap I den phuang phap 4 chung to viec ap dung che do sao 3 lan va say sao ket hgp con co tac<br />
dung lam ban che b6l sir nhiem tap chat ban vao che trong qua trinh lam kho.<br />
So sanh cac chi tieu ciia tiing phuang phap cho thay: ham lugng nuac trong cac mau che<br />
xanh kho dao dgng tii' 3,3%) - 3,5%. Do am nay la dat tieu chuan theo yeu cau kT thuat doi voi<br />
che xanh sau khi lam kho. Ham lugng cac chat hoa tan, tanin, dam tong so tang dan. ham lugng<br />
tro giam din theo thu tu tir phuong phap 1 den phuang phap 4. Ham lugng cafein cao nhat o<br />
phuang phap 4, tilp den phuang phap 2 va 3, thap nhat a phuang phap 1<br />
Tir su bien d6i cac thanh phin sinh boa ca ban ciia cac mau che dugc lam kho theo 4<br />
phuong phap khac nhau tren co thi riit ra: Phuong phap 4 (say - sao - say) cho che kho co chat<br />
lugng cao nhit. tiep dk^ la phuang phap 3 (sly - sao - sao). phuang phap 2 (sao - sao - sao) va<br />
cu6i ciing la phuong phap I (sao - sao) cho chat lugng che kem nhat.<br />
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3.2. Anh huong phuong phap lam kho d£n cac chi tieu cam quan che san pham<br />
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Danh gia bIng cam quan chit lugng cac mlu che dugc lam kho theo 4 phuang phap. Ket<br />
qua dugc the hien tren bang 2 cho thay.<br />
Ve ngoai hinh: Che dugc lam kho theo phuang phap 1 va 2 deu co ngoai hinh xoan chat,<br />
xanh chic, dat d\kn trung binh cua Hoi dong la 4,61 diem. Che dugc lam kho theo phuang phap<br />
3 va 4 cho co ngoai hinh song canh hon nen deu dat diem cam quan trung binh la 4,64 diem, cao<br />
ban so vdi phuang phap 1 va 2.<br />
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Bang 2. Anh hudng phuang phap lam kho den cac chi tieu cam quan che thanh pham<br />
<br />
Ngoai hinh<br />
Mau nuffc Mui Vj Tong hffp<br />
Phuffng<br />
Xep<br />
phap Nhan xet Diem Nhan xet Diem Nhan xet Diem Nhan xet Diem Diem<br />
loai<br />
Tham ngay,<br />
Xoan chat Xanh Chat dam<br />
1 4,61 4,50 thoang huong 4.50 4,39 Kha 17.98<br />
xanh,chac trong sang diu<br />
com<br />
Thorn tu nhien<br />
Xoan chat Xanh Dam dju<br />
2 4,61 4,50 hai boa pha 4,69 4,50 Tot 18,34<br />
xanh,chac trong sang nggt<br />
huang com<br />
Xoan chat Xanh Tham tu nhien<br />
Dam dju<br />
3 xanh, chac, 4,64 trong sang 4,64 hai hoa thoang 4.67 4,50 T6t 18,43<br />
nggt<br />
song canh sanh huong com<br />
Xoan chat Tham tu nhien<br />
Xanh Dam dju<br />
4 xanh,chac 4,64 4,55 hai boa, pha 4,75 4,50 T6t 18,47<br />
trong sang nggt<br />
song canh huang com<br />
<br />
So sanh ve mau nude: che che bien theo phuang phap 3 cd mau nude xanh trong sang sanh,<br />
dat diem cao nhat: 4,64 diem, tiep den la phuang phap so 4 dat 4,55 diem, mau nude xanh trong<br />
sang nhung khong cd do sanh so vdi phuong phap 3. Hai phuang phap 1 va 2 cd diem mau nude<br />
deu dat 4,50 diem, thap ban so vdi phuang phap 3 va 4.<br />
Xet ve chi tieu miii huong: ca 4 phuang phap deu cho san pham cd miii huang com, tuy<br />
chua dugc danh huong. Dac biet cac phuang phap 2,3 va 4 cho san pham cd huang tham tir<br />
nhien hai boa do chat lugng nguyen lieu mang lai do vay dat diem cam quan rat cao vdi mire<br />
diem tuong ung la 4.69, 4,67 va 4,75 diem.<br />
Vj che: che ciia ca 4 phuong phap deu cd vj dam, trong do phuang phap 1 con du vj chat,<br />
dat 4,39 diem, 3 phuang phap 2,3 va 4 deu cd vj dam kem dju nggt deu dat 4,50 diem, cao ban<br />
so vdi phuong phap 1.<br />
Tong hgp diem danh gia cam quan cho thay:<br />
Phuong phap 1 (sao - sao) cd diem cam quan dat 17,98 diem, dugc xep loai kha.<br />
Phuong phap 2 (sao - sao - sao) dat tong diem cam quan la 18,34 diem, cao ban so vdi phuong<br />
phap 1 va dugc xep loai tot. ,;<br />
Phuong phap 3 (say - sao - sao) dat diem cam quan 18,43 diem, cao hon so vdi 2 phuang phap<br />
1 va 2, ciing dugc xep loai che tot.<br />
Phuong phap 4 (say - sao - say) cung dat loai tot nhung cd tong so diem cam quan cao nhat la<br />
18,47diSm.<br />
Nhu vay, lam kho bang phuong phap sao qua 3 giai doan cho chat lugng cam quan san<br />
pham cao hon so vdi lam kho bang sao qua 2 giai doan. Neu dimg phuang phap say thay cho<br />
phuong phap sao d giai doan sao sa bg lan dau va giai doan sao kho thi chat lugng san pham se<br />
dugc nang cao ban so vdi lam kho hoan toan bang phuang phap sao.<br />
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3.3. Anh huong cua danh huong den chat luang san pham<br />
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Thi nghiem 2: Cac mau che cua thi nghiem 1 sau khi dugc phan loai de loai bd bom. vun<br />
dugc dem di danh huang d ciing che do. Kk qua cam quan che xanh sau khi danh hucmg dugc<br />
the hien tren bang 3.<br />
<br />
Bdng 3. Ket qua danh gia cam quan cac mlu che dugc danh huang<br />
<br />
<br />
Ngoai hinh Mau nude Miii Vj Tong hgp<br />
Phuang<br />
phap Nhan xet Nhan Xep<br />
Diem Nhan xet Diem Nhan xet Diem Diem Diem<br />
xet loai<br />
Xoan xanh, Xanh<br />
1 Dam<br />
chac, hai bac 4,55 vang trong 4,36 Tham com 4,50 4,44 Kha 17,89<br />
dju<br />
canh sang<br />
Xoan chat Xanh Dam<br />
Tham com<br />
2 xanh, chac hai 4,55 vang, 4,39 4,58 dju hau 4,55 Kha 18,14<br />
dugm<br />
bac canh trong sang nggt<br />
Xoan chat<br />
Xanh Dam<br />
xanh, chac, Tham com 4.55<br />
3 4,61 vang mem 4,58 4,61 diu hau Kha 18,35<br />
song canh, hai dugm<br />
trong sang nggt<br />
bac<br />
Xoan chat Tham com<br />
Xanh Dam<br />
xanh,chac dugm, thoang 4,55<br />
4 4,61 vang trong 4,47 4.69 dju hau Kha 18.38<br />
song canh, hai huong tij<br />
sang nggt<br />
bac nhien<br />
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Tir ket qua ciia bang 3, doi chieu vdi ket qua ciia bang 2 cho thay: nhin chung, che sau khi<br />
dugc danh huang deu dugc cai thien them ve vj cua che. Nhung cac chi tieu khac nhu ngoai<br />
hinh, mau nude, va miii thom ciia san pham lai giam di so vdi che ciing loai khong dugc danh<br />
huang. Ngoai hinh ciia che dugc danh huang deu bj bac canh. Mau nude che sau khi danh<br />
huang diu chuyen tir xanh trong sang sang mau xanh vang trong sang. Miii thom ciia che sau<br />
khi danh huang dugc phat buy huong thom miii com, nhung lai lam mat di huang thom tu<br />
nhien, dac trung cua nguyen lieu che non chat lugng cao.<br />
Tdng hgp ket qua cam quan ciia che sau danh huong d bang 4 deu thap ban so vdi che chua<br />
danh huang d bang 2.<br />
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4. KET LUAN<br />
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Trong che bien che xanh, ap dung cac phuong phap lam kho qua 3 giai doan gom: sao - sao<br />
- sao, sly - sao - sao, sly - sao - sly se cho chit lugng cua san pham tot ban so vdi phuong phap<br />
lam kho qua 2 lan sao (sao - sao).<br />
Lam kho theo cac phuang phap sly - sao - sao va sly - sao - say (ggi chung la say - sao ket<br />
hgp) cho chit lugng san phim che dat cao hon so vdi lam kho hoan toan bang phuang phap sao,<br />
trong dd lam kho theo phuang phap sly - sao - say cho chat lugng san pham dat cao nhat. San<br />
pham dugc lam kho theo cac phuang phap say - sao ket hgp cd ngoai hinh dep do sdng canh, it<br />
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65<br />
bj bac canh va vun nat. ngoai ra con phat buy dugc huang tham tu nhien von cd trong cac loai<br />
nguyen lieu che tot.<br />
Danh huang cho che cd tac dung cai thien ve miii va vj che nhu lam giam cac chat cd miii<br />
hang, vj ngai, tang do dam dju, nhung cd nhugc diem la che de bj bac canh, mau nude che bj<br />
chuyen tir xanh sang xanh vang va lam mat hucmg tham tu nhien cua che. Do vay, chat lugng<br />
cam quan cua che sau khi danh huong cd the bj giam di.<br />
<br />
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br />
<br />
Ngo Xuan Cudng, Nguyen Van Toan - Mot so ket qua nghien ciru san xuat che an toan<br />
chat lugng cao tai Tan Cuong (Thai Nguyen), Ket qua nghien ciru khoa hgc va chuyen<br />
giao cong nghe giai doan 2001-2005, NXB Nong nghiep. Ha Noi, 2006, tr. 40.<br />
Pham Tien Diing - Xir li ket qua thi nghiem tren may vi tinh bang IRRISTAT 4.0 trong<br />
Windows, NXB Nong nghiep, 2003.<br />
Vu Khoa hgc Cong nghe va Chat lugng san pham - Tuyen tap tieu chuan Nong nghiep<br />
Viet Nam, tap IV-Tieu chuan nong san, phan IIl-Tieu chuan che, Trung tam Thong tin<br />
Nong nghiep va PTNT Ha Noi, 2001, tr. 7, 76, 78.<br />
Ngo Hiru Hgp - Hda sinh che, Trudng DHBK Ha Noi. 1984, tr. 63.<br />
Vu Thy Thu, Doan Hiing Tien, Dd Thj Gam, Giang Trung Khoa - Cac hgp chat hda hoc<br />
cd trong che va mot so phuang phap phan tich thong dung trong san xuat che d Viet Nam,<br />
NXB Nong nghiep Ha Noi, 2001, tr. 10,61,72, 110.<br />
6. Ha Duyen Tu - Quan li va kiem tra chat lugng Thuc pham; NXB Khoa hgc va KT thuat.<br />
Ha Noi, 2006.<br />
<br />
SUMMARY<br />
<br />
THE EFFECT OF THE DRYING AND THE FLAVOR PROCESS BY PANNING<br />
MACHfNE ON QUALITY OF GREEN TEA<br />
<br />
The study on drying procedure and the flavoring by panning machine for the green tea of<br />
the Trung Du tea variety which was planted following the safe tea production procedure has<br />
been carried out in Tan Cuong Thai Nguyen. The measures of drying steps: one by adding more<br />
times for drying, and the other by applying dry regulation with drier machine in combination<br />
with panning machine have both given high quality of green tea. Drying procedure by drier<br />
machine as well as by panning machine gives higher quality tea than drying procedure just by<br />
panning machine and the highest quality tea is the one dried with 3 steps: by drier machine then<br />
by panning machine and last by drier machine. The flavoring by panning machine will be<br />
improved if after sorting it is heated lightly, which helps to reduce pungent flavor, right taste, but<br />
the quality of the appearance and color of tea liquid will be reduced, thus the total sense mark<br />
may be reduced.<br />
<br />
Dia chi: Nhan bdi ngdy 2 thang 11 nam 2008<br />
Ngo Xuan Cuong<br />
Vien KHKT nong lam nghiep mien nui phia Bac.<br />
Nguyen Duy Thjnh, Ha Duyen Tu,<br />
Trudng Dai hgc Bach khoa Ha Noi.<br />
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