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Bài giảng Chức năng các hệ thống truyền tải và phân phối điện năng: Chương 1 - Võ Ngọc Điều

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Bài giảng "Chức năng các hệ thống truyền tải và phân phối điện năng" Chương 1: Giới thiệu chung về hệ thống điện, được biên soạn gồm các nội dung chính sau: Cấu trúc hệ thống điện; trạm biến áp truyền tải tăng cường; trạm phân phối; trạm phân phối ngầm;...Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

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Nội dung Text: Bài giảng Chức năng các hệ thống truyền tải và phân phối điện năng: Chương 1 - Võ Ngọc Điều

  1. 8/19/2014 Chức Năng Các Hệ Thống Truyền Tải và Phân Phối Điện Năng Võ Ngọc Điều, D. Eng Bộ Môn Hệ Thống Điện Email: vndieu@gmail.com Thông tin chung Tổng TC: 3 Thời gian học: - Tuần 1–15: Thứ 2, Tiết 1-3, P. 206 B10 - Tuần 9–12: Thứ 4, Tiết 10-12, P. 206 B10 Báo cáo chuyên đề: Tuần 15 2 1
  2. 8/19/2014 Nội dung 1. Giới thiệu chung về hệ thống điện 2. Thông số và mô hình đường dây truyền tải điện 3. Phân bố công suất trong hệ thống điện 4. Điều độ kinh tế nhà máy điện 5. Điều chỉnh tần số trong hệ thống điện 6. Điều chỉnh điện áp trong hệ thống điện 7. Ổn định trong hệ thống điện 8. Bảo vệ rơle trong hệ thống điện 9. Giới thiệu thiết bị FACTS 10. Báo cáo chuyên đề 3 Tài liệu tham khảo 1. Lecture notes. 2. Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Introduction to Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Press, 2008. 3. Hadi Sadaat, Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill, 2002. 4. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994. 4 2
  3. 8/19/2014 Nội dung chuyên đề 1. Tìm hiểu mạng điện thông minh 2. Tìm hiểu về hệ thống điện tương lai 3. Ứng dụng thiết bị FACTS trong mạng truyền tải 4. Vận hành tối ưu 5. Điều khiển tần số trong mạng điện 6. Điều khiển điện áp trong mạng điện 5 Hình thức chuyên đề Mỗi chuyên đề được thực hiện bởi cá nhân hoặc nhóm tối đa 3 sinh viên. Chuyên đề được trình bày trước lớp vào cuối học kỳ. Báo cáo được nộp trước khi thi. Hình thức nộp: cả file word và powerpoint qua email 6 3
  4. 8/19/2014 Đánh giá Cách đánh giá: - Cuối kỳ: 80% (120 phút) - Chuyên đề: 20% Hình thức thi: Đề mở 7 4
  5. 8/19/2014 CHỨC NĂNG CÁC HỆ THỐNG TRUYỀN TẢI VÀ PHÂN PHỐI ĐIỆN NĂNG Chương 1 GIỚI THIỆU CHUNG VỀ HỆ THỐNG ĐIỆN Võ Ngọc Điều Bộ môn Hệ Thống Điện Email: vndieu@gmail.com Power System Structure - A typical power generation, transmission and distribution system has these components: Power Generation Plants Substations Step-up Transmission Substation Step-down Transmission Substation Distribution Substation Underground Distribution Substation Substation Functions Substation Equipment Transmission Lines Overhead Transmission Lines Subtransmission Lines Underground Transmission Lines Distribution Systems Industrial Customer Commercial Customer Residential Customer Transportation Customer 2 1
  6. 8/19/2014 Power Generation Plants - A power generation plant is a facility designed to produce electric energy from another form of energy, such as: • Heat (thermal) energy generated from: fossil fuels; coal petroleum natural gas solar thermal energy geothermal energy nuclear energy • Potential energy from falling water in a Power Generation Plant to hydroelectric facility transmission line • Wind energy • Solar electric from solar (photovoltaic) cells • Chemical energy from: fuel cells batteries 3 Power Generation Plants - There are many different types of electric power generating plants. The major types generating electric power today are shown below. Fossil fuel power plant Hydroelectric power plant 4 2
  7. 8/19/2014 Power Generation Plants Solar thermal power plant Nuclear power plant 5 Power Generation Plants Geothermal power plant Wind power towers 6 3
  8. 8/19/2014 Substations - A substation is a high-voltage electric system facility. It is used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system. It also is used to change AC voltages from one level to another, and/or change alternating current to direct current or direct current to alternating current. Some substations are small with little more than a transformer and associated switches. Others are very large with several transformers and dozens of switches and other equipment. There are three aspects to substations: Typical substation 7 Substations - Substation Types: Although, there are generally four types of substations there are substations that are a combination of two or more types. Step-up Transmission Substation Step-down Transmission Substation Distribution Substation Underground Distribution Substation Substation Functions Substation Equipment 8 4
  9. 8/19/2014 Step-up Transmission Substation - A step-up transmission substation receives electric power from a nearby generating facility and uses a large power transformer to increase the voltage for transmission to distant locations. A transmission bus is used to distribute electric power to one or more transmission lines. There can also be a tap on the incoming power feed from the generation plant to provide electric power to operate equipment in the generation plant. - A substation can have circuit breakers that are used to switch generation and transmission circuits in and out of service as needed or for emergencies requiring shut-down of power to a circuit or redirection of power. 9 Step-up Transmission Substation The specific voltages leaving a step-up transmission substation are determined by the customer needs of the utility supplying power and to the requirements of any connections to regional grids. Typical voltages are: High voltage (HV) ac: 69 kV, 115 kV, 138 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV Extra-high voltage (EHV) ac: 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV Ultra-high voltage (UHV) ac: 1100 kV, 1500 kV Direct-current high voltage (dc HV): ±250 kV, ±400 kV, ±500 kV - Direct current voltage is either positive or negative polarity. A DC line has two conductors, so one would be positive and the other negative. 10 5
  10. 8/19/2014 Step-up Transmission Substation Step-up AC transmission substation Step-up transmission substation to AC transmission lines 11 Step-down Transmission Substation - Step-down transmission substations are located at switching points in an electrical grid. They connect different parts of a grid and are a source for subtransmission lines or distribution lines. The step-down substation can change the transmission voltage to a subtransmission voltage, usually 69 kV. The subtransmission voltage lines can then serve as a source to distribution substations. Sometimes, power is tapped from the subtransmission line for use in an industrial facility along the way. Otherwise, the power goes to a distribution substation. Step-down transmission substation 12 6
  11. 8/19/2014 Step-down Transmission Substation Step-down power transformer 13 Distribution Substation - Distribution substations are located near to the end-users. Distribution substation transformers change the transmission or subtransmission voltage to lower levels for use by end-users. Typical distribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts. - 34,500Y/19,920 volts is interpreted as a three-phase circuit with a grounded neutral source. This would have three high-voltage conductors or wires and one grounded neutral conductor, a total of four wires. The voltage between the three phase conductors or wires would be 34,500 volts and the voltage between one phase conductor and the neutral ground would be 19,920 volts. - From here the power is distributed to industrial, commercial, and residential customers. 14 7
  12. 8/19/2014 Distribution Substation Distribution substation Distribution substation 15 Distribution Substation Distribution substation Distribution substation 16 8
  13. 8/19/2014 Underground Distribution Substation - Underground distribution substations are also located near to the end-users. Distribution substation transformers change the subtransmission voltage to lower levels for use by end-users. Typical distribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts. - An underground system may consist of these parts: Conduits Duct Runs Manholes High-Voltage Underground Cables Transformer Vault Riser Transformers Underground Distribution Substation - From here the power is distributed to industrial, commercial, and residential customers. 17 Conduits - Conduits are hollow tubes running from manhole to manhole in an underground transmission or distribution system. They can contain one or more ducts (See Duct Runs). They can be made of plastic (PVC), fiberglass, fiber, tile, concrete, or steel. PVC and fiberglass are most commonly used. Conduit 18 9
  14. 8/19/2014 Duct Runs - Duct runs are hollow tubes running from manhole to manhole inside a conduit (see conduits) in an underground system. They are of various sizes usually from 2 to 6 inches in diameter. Electrical cables are run through ducts and the ducts are sized accordingly. The diameter of a duct should be at least 1/2 to 3/4 inch greater than the diameter of the cable(s) installed in the duct. They can be made of plastic (PVC), fiberglass, fiber, tile, concrete, or steel. PVC and fiberglass are most commonly used. Duct run within conduit showing Conduit on a grade drainage in both directions 19 Manholes - A manhole is the opening in the underground duct system which houses cables splices and which cablemen enter to pull in cable and to make splices and tests. Also called a splicing chamber or cable vault. Manholes Manhole cover 20 10
  15. 8/19/2014 High-Voltage Underground Cables - High-Voltage underground cables are constructed in many different ways, but are usually shielded cables. They are made with a conductor, conductor-strand shielding, insulation, semi-conducting insulation shielding, metallic insulation shielding, and a sheath. The sheath can be metallic and may then serve as the metallic insulation shielding and be covered with a nonmetallic jacket to protect the sheath. This sheath helps to reduce or eliminate inductive reactance. Such cables are commonly used in circuits operating at 2400 volts or higher. High-voltage underground cables High-voltage underground cables 21 Transformer Vault - A transformer vault is a structure or room in which power transformers, network protectors, voltage regulators, circuit breakers, meters, etc. are housed. An underground transformer vault 22 11
  16. 8/19/2014 Riser - A riser is a set of devices that connects an overhead line to an underground line. A riser has a conduit from the ground up the pole where potheads are used to connect to the overhead lines. Riser Riser diagram 23 Transformer - Underground - An underground transformer is essentially the same as an aboveground transformer, but is constructed for the particular needs of underground installation. Vault type, pad-mounted, submersible, and direct-buried transformers are used in underground systems. Pad-mounted transformers are installed on a concrete pad on the surface near the end-user. Pad-mounted transformer for underground system Transformer in underground vault 24 12
  17. 8/19/2014 Substation Functions - Substations are designed to accomplish the following functions, although not all substations have all these functions: Change voltage from one level to another Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changes Switch transmission and distribution circuits into and out of the grid system Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits Connect communication signals to the circuits Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the system Connect electric generation plants to the system Make interconnections between the electric systems of more than one utility Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow of reactive kilovolt-amperes in the circuits 25 Substation Equipment Air Circuit Breaker Distribution Bus Potheads Batteries Duct Runs Power-line Carrier Bus Support Insulators Frequency Changers Power Transformers Capacitor Bank Grounding Resistors Rectifiers Circuit Switchers Grounding Transformers Relays Concrete Foundation High-Voltage Underground Cables SF6 Circuit Breakers Conduits High-Voltage Fuses Shunt Reactors Control House Lightning Arresters Steel Superstructures Control Panels Manholes Supervisory Control Control Wires Metal-clad Switchgear Suspension Insulators Converter Stations Meters Synchronous Condensers Coupling Capacitors Microwave Transmission Bus Current Transformers Oil Circuit Breakers Vacuum Circuit Breakers Disconnect Switches Potential Transformers 26 13
  18. 8/19/2014 Air Circuit Breakers - Air circuit breakers are used to interrupt circuits while current flows through them. Compressed air is used to quench the arc when the connection is broken. Air circuit breaker 27 Batteries - Batteries are used in the substation control house as a backup to power the control systems in case of a power blackout Backup batteries in the control house 28 14
  19. 8/19/2014 Bus Support Insulators - Bus support insulators are porcelain or fiberglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus bar switches and other support structures and to prevent leakage current from flowing through the structure or to ground. These insulators are similar in function to other insulators used in substations and transmission poles and towers. Bus support insulators 29 Capacitor Bank - Capacitors are used to control the level of the voltage supplied to the customer by reducing or eliminating the voltage drop in the system caused by inductive reactive loads. Capacitor bank, end view Capacitor bank, side view 30 15
  20. 8/19/2014 Circuit Switchers - Circuit switchers provide equipment protection for transformers, lines, cables, and capacitor banks. They also are used to energize and deenergize capacitor banks and other circuits. Circuit switchers Circuit switcher 31 Concrete Foundations - Concrete foundations or pads are laid for all large equipment, support structures, and control buildings in a substation. Concrete foundation - step-up transmission Concrete foundations substation 32 16
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