Báo cáo khoa học:Bắt đầu và thể khởi phát tiếng Việt

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NG6N NGtr so 2 2011 V' BATDAUYA THE KHClI PHAT TIENG VIET TS NGUYEN VAN PHO 1. Dan nh^p Theo truyin thdng, thi hoan thdnh Trong cdc tdi lipu ngdn ngfl hgc, (perfective) bilu thj mgt tinh hudng thi (aspect) Id mgt khdi rupm dd dugc bj hgn djnh vl thdi gian, vd la mgt thira nhgn Id phgm trft pho qudt - it tinh huong dugc nhin tft ben ngodi nhdt Id pho qudt hom thi (tense) [1], (extenal), khdng cd cdu true ngi tgi. [2], [14]. Lyons cho rdng nhieu ngdn Ngugc Igi, till phi hoantiidnh(imper- fective) bilu tiij mgt tinh hudng khdng ngfl khdng cd thi nhung rat it ngdn hgn djnh ve m$t thdi gian. Id mgt tinh ngft khdng cd till [10, 705]. Vd nhilu huong nhin tii ben ttong (internal). nhd ngu hgc cho rdng till van Id mgt Do vgy, mgttinhhuong phi hoan tiianh pham tru it dugc h o ^ chua dugc chu cd thi phan tich thdnh cdc khuc dogn y diy dft [3], [10]. (khdi diu, dien tiln, kit tiiuc) vd nd Phgm tiu thi lien quan din vipc cd till mang thugc tinh Idp (repetitive) djnh vj thdi gian cua sy tinh dang hay tgp qudn (habitiial). duge ndi den (event time) ttong quan Cdc nhd n ^ e n cuutiiudngphan hp vdi thdi gian cua phat ngdn (thdi chia the thMitiiengu ph^ (grammatical diem dua ra phdt ngdn - speech time) aspect) vd till tu vyng (lexical, sitiiational hodc/ vd thdi gian quy chieu (reference hay inherent aspect, vd d$c bipt Id time). CJ tiing Anh, quan hp tiudc sau Aktionart), va khdng it khi cdp khdi gifta thdi gian sy tinh vd thdi gian nipm aspect - Aktionart dugc dien phdt ngdn sS dugc thi hipn bdng cdc gidi nhu la sy doi lap gifta thi ngft phuang tipn hinh thai hgc, vd ta cd phap vd tiie tii vyng. Sy doi lap ndy thi qud khft, hipn tgi vd tuomg lai (past CO Ig cdn cu vdo cac ngdn ngu An Au present, future). Quan hp trudc sau vdn it nhieu dya vdo hp biin hinh giira ba tiidi gian se tgo ra pluperifect (inflection) ngfl phdp dl danh diu till. ho^c futiire perfect [3], [II], [13]. Trong khi dd, till Id mgt phgm tiu Xuat phdt tii quan dilm cho rdng ngdn ngu hgc bilu hipn d^ctiungtiidi the Id mgt phgm tiu ph6 qudt ma ngdn gian mang tuih chu quan (subjective) ngu nao cflng cd cdch bilu hipn (vl ve sytinhdugc dien dgt hay ndi each ni^t nay nd ddi Igp vdi titi), chung tdi khac, till d$c tiung cho gdc nhin cua cho ring tmdc het nd phdi dugc xdc ngudi ndi vl dudng net tiidi gian cua djrih nhu mgt phgm tiu mang tinh ngu sy tinh. Mpt sy tinh dien ra cd till nghia. Nghia Id, ngi dung ngft ngMa dugc ngudi ndi nhin tii ngodi nhu cua V}tir,cua cdc tiiam td cfta vj tu mgt todn the ho$c nhin tii ttong d mgt vd sy tirong tde gifta chung sg hinh khuc dogn ndo dd [3, 24]. fnh gia ti, till [8], [12], [14]. Smitii dua ra khdi mpm verb constellation
Bdt ddu. >i nrt«ili*1^ 13 'Vj tft chftm" de bilu hipn quan hp start) nfta md cd thi thi hipn qua sy gifla vj tft vd cdc tham to cua nd [14]. tuong tdc gifla cdc thdrtii phan cdu. Chinh vi vgy, cdc cdu sau day diu dugc I 2. Nh$n difn sy tinh khdi phdt Smith cho Id mang y nghia khdi phdt: 2.1. Thi khdi phdt danh dau sy bit dau cua mgt hdnh dgng ho$c sy (1) a. Mary got angry. (M. trd khdi dau cua mgt trgng thdi, qud trinh. nen gidn da.) Nhu vgy, thi khdi phdt cd the xem Id h. John became tired. (J. trd mgt phgm tru phy thugc (subcategory) nen met.) cua phgm tru phi hodn thdnh ho^c c. Her face whitened. (Mat cd phgm tru thdi lugng (durative). (Vdi trdng bech ra.) mgt so tdc gid, phgm tru thdi lugng - phi thdi lugng tuomg ftng vdi phgm d. The page yellowed. (Td gidy tiii phi hodn thdnh - hodntiidnh).Trong vdngdi.) tiing Latinhho$c tiing Nga, thi khdi e. They began to walk to school. phdt dugc hinh thdnh bdng phy to -sc- (Hg bdt ddu di bg den trudng.) ho^ 20-, diSng hgn:tiingLatinh;«Qscerie "bit dau/ tio nen bilt", florescere "bdt f. They walked to school at noon. dau ra hoa"; tieng Nga: zagovorit (Hg di bg den trudng liic giUa trua.) "bdt dau ndi", zapet "bdt diu hdt", v.v.. g. Mary began to run. (M. bdt ddu chgy.) Theo nhilu tdi lipu, the khdi phdt dugc till hipn luan phien bdng ho^c h. Suddenly Mary ran. (Bdt ngd inchoative (tgm djch: khdi trgng) ho$c M. (bd) chgy.) ingressive (inceptive, tgm djch: khdi Nhu vgy, theo Smith, (i) cac vj su). Cd tdc gid khdng phdn bipt ([3], tft get, become, (ii) phy td -en hodc [13]), cd tdc gid Igi phan bipt ([9], [14]) biin the zero, tiii) cdcttgngngft dilm hai khdi nipmtiren.Chdng hgn, Lehman tinh diu cd the tgo thdnh tinh hudng xip inchoative vdo kilu sy tinh qud khdi phdt. tiinh (process situation) vdi d ^ tnmg thdi lugng vd vd kit (atelic); ttong Thgt ra, chuyen thdi (change of khi ingressive lgi Id mgt bien co (event), state) vd khdi phat Id hai khdi nipm hflu ket (telle). Smith cho inchoactive khdc nhau: mgt ben till hipn mgt ttang thi hipn sy xuit hipn mgt ttgng thdi thdi da dugc thay ddi khdc vdi trudc (state), khdng cd tdc the (agent); cdn (ttgng thai trudc vd sau khdc nhau, inceptive "di vdo" mgt biin co [14,22]. nhung khoang cdch thdi gian khdng xdc djnh) cdn mgt ben la mgt ttgng Trong qud trinh phdn tich. Smith thdi mdi xuit hipn Ae tit mgt thdi dilm cho rSng cdu khdi phdt (cd khdi trgng vd xdc djnh (dft cd hiin ngdn hay khdng). khdi sy) cd thi suy ra (infer) gidn tilp (indirect) cdc cau hdnh dgng (activities), Xet them hai cau sau: dogn tirih hflu kit (accomplishments) (2) a. The leafbecomes (I became) ho^c ttgng thdi (statives). Nghia Id, yellow. (Chiic la trd nen vdng) vdi Smith, the ndi chung vd the khdi phdt ndi rieng hodn todn Id mgt phgm h. The leaf started to be yellow. trft ngft nghia [14, 1] - thi khdng edn O (a), ta cd sy chuyln thai: qud gidi hgn d cdc phy to hay cdc "sieu trinh vdng bdt diu tft khi ndo khdng vj tir" (super-lexical verbs, nhu begin. dugc thi hipn, nhung khi nhan dinh
Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 14 dugc dua ra thi chile Id dang cd mdu tinh cd bdt ddu, ngft vj tu tiieo sau vang. Dgng tuomg ung d tieng Vipt bao gid cflng dugc hilu [+ tiidi lugng]. phdi Id: "(Bay gid) chiec Id dang (tird (ii) Sy hiin ngdn cua mgt khdi nen) vang"; doi lgp vdi "became dilm tiidi gian cd till Idm cho mgt sy yellow" - qua trinh chuyln tft mgt mdu tinh [+ tiidi lugng] mang nghia khdi gi dd sang mdu vdng dd kit thuc (ket phdt^: thuc d mdu vdng): "Chile Id dd vdng roi" [9]^ (4) a. Nd thi ldc 8 gid. Trong khi dd, d (b) vdi "started", h. 6 gid nd di bgti-ongcdng vien. ta cd sy tinh khai phat: chiec la bit Hai cau tten cd till hilu la "bdt diu qud trinh chuyln vdng, nhung dau" (vd cd till tiiem bdt ddu vdo tiudc khdng hdm nghia kit qud, tftc Id qud vi tft). Tuy nhien, cdch hilu khdi phdt trinh chuvin vdng dd bdt dau nhung nhu till tiiy thugc rat nhieu vao ngft cd the ket thuc khi chile Id chi vua canh, vdo kiln thuc nin cua ngudi chdm vang - Smith ggi cdch kit thuc nghe. N I U md rgng hay thay doi ylu ndy la v5 dodn (arbittary endpoint), to thdi gian cd lien quan (chdng hgn: doi Igp vdi cdch kit thuc ty nhien "Sdng hdm qua no di bg... ", "II gid (natural endpoint) d sy tinh hflu kit trua nd di bg... ", "Nd thi vdo thu ti/') [14,73]. ho^c cd mgt sy tinh khdc ldm nin Nhu vgy, ban chat sy doi l^ khdi (ching hgn: "Nd khdng dinh den vu phat - chuyln thdi chu ylu Id d sy do ddu. Vi tdi biit 6 gid sdng nd di cd m^t tilm tdng ho^c hiin ngdn kit bg trong cdng vien") thi y nghia khdi dilm diu (ggi tdt Id "khdi dilm", initial phdt bien mat. Hom nua, khdng phai endpoint). logi sy tinh ndo ciing cd the dugc hieu 2.2. N I U hilu sy tinh khdi phdt khdi phdt nhu vgy (ching hgn: "6 gid Id mgt sy tinh [+ thdi lugng], [vd kit] tren dudng cd nhieu xe" hay "Tdi hdm cd khdi dilm thi tiong tiing Vipt nhflng qua nd ddng cdi ghi do" khd cd thi sy tinh khdi phdt cd the dugc bilu hilu Id khdi phdt). Do sy phy thugc hipn bdng (i) vj tft bdt ddu, (ii) ciu vdo ngu canh, cd till xem day Id mgt true vj ngft cd khung de hay trgng ngft y nghia khdi phdt mangtinhtinhhuong. diem tinh, (iii) vj tft tinh thdi mdi, (iv) (iii) Trong tiing Vipt, vj tft mdi cac v\ tft tinh thdi mang nghia dgt biin cflng cd tiie bieu tiij nghia khdi phdt. (ndi sinh, phdt, khdi, ddm, od, v.v.). Thi dy: Sau day chftng tdi dilm qua cdc trudng hgp dd: (5) a. Nd mdi khde ddy. (i) Sy tinh khdi phdt hien ngdn h. Nd mdi luge thdi, chua mim. vdi sy ed m^t cfta vj tii bdt ddu: Nghia khdi phdt cua wd? till hipn (3) a. An xong, nd bdt diu ldm khi hdnh chftc tten cdc vj tii [+ tiidi bdi tgp. lugng], [vd kit]. Tuy nhien, y nghia khdi phdt ndy hmh tiidnh tten cai nen h. Nghe tin dd, nd hit diu lo. tinh tiidi "dien dgt sy tuih xay ra d Bdt ddu cho bilt: ke tii khdi diem, tiidi diem ngay ttudc tiidi dilm quy sy tmh dien ra vd sg dien ra trong mgt chieu" eho nen, tiieo chftng tdi, ddy tiidi dogn nhit djnh. Trong mpt sy chi Id y nghia tiift sinh (secondary).
Bdt ddu... 15 (iv) Ngodi ra, ttong tiing Vipt hgn, tiong "Nd bgt dung day"tinbdt cd mgt logt vj tii thih tiidi cd gia ttj chi Id mgt ylu to tinh tiidi bilu tiij sy tgo thi, chdng hgn: sinh, ddm, ndi, nhanh chdng vd dgt biin, vi "dung phdt, khdi, bgt, biing, khai; vd mgt dgy" khd cd the bilu thj mgt hdnh so vj tii cd tinh ad hoc: dd (t^nh, ng), dgng cd thdi dogn, nhit Id khi nd kit nga (bpnh),/7/Ki (Ien cudi), da (khdc), hgp vdi bdt. Hom nfta, sau khi "bat vgt (len, ra), v.v.. Thi dy: dirng dgy" thi nd khdng (tilp ti^c) (6) a. Nd bgt khdc. " * ^ ^ y " " ^ ° ^ ^^ (^^ ^yc) "dftng" thdi. Ciing do y nghia ndy, nhflmg b. Cdn nhd bung chdy. ^' t r ^ ngft bilu hipn nghia dgt biin (nhu c. Nd sinh nghi. bdng, chgt, bdt ngd, thinh linh, v.v.) J Ar'v*- No dam'/(ra) \ 1- ngg." chi cd. thi mang nghia khdi.,.-, phat khi-, d. ^ nghi * * dl^.cung vol,.mgt-r.vj •tu.. [+^,thai lugng] e.^ Chung tdi se khdi ddng logt vd [vd kit]. Cd till xem (iv) Id tiudng bdi dieu tra ndy trong sdtdi. hgp khdi phdt tiift sinh. f Nghetinndy, bd dy phdt dien. Vi khudn kho cua mgt bdi vilt g. Nhin thdy ng bd dy noi gign. cd hgn, sau day chung tdi sg chi tiln r^' • ^^ 1 -i ., • 1 ~ 1. .• w hdnh khdo sdt hogt ddng cua vj tft Cac V} tu bieu tm nghia khdi phdt u^* ^' +,- .*'.*•- ^ .*x J.^ *_„ ' ' *-ft A^ ' ^i.)^ A. ^i.'S oa/tfoM, tu do dl sau vao djc tiung tiong cac cau tren deu co the thay the ~ /- ~ w - Ji.^ i u - • ui u^* ^> -r-^* u - •x-i. ' ngft nghia - ngu phap cua the khoi bdng oa/aaw. Tat nhien, moi tu CO u'tt V't nghia tft vung khac nhau, do vgy nd *^ g i? • sg mang den mgt nghia mdi cho cdu. ^ ^Bit dau vd die khdi phdt tieng Dilm chimg nhat Id n^t nghia lien ^i?* quan din tinh tiidi dgt biin. . , Bdt ddu cd till xem Id vj tft tieu a (a), "Nd bgt khdc" nghia Id bilu cho y nghia khdi phdt, vi y nghia nd bit diu khdc, ttgng thdi khdc cd tft vyng tirdng minh, vi khd ndng cd till k^o ddi, nhung sau khi "bgt" titi °i^t ttong hau het cdc logi sy tinh vd khdng till dua ra nhgn djnh "Nd bgt '^V^S T^ PJ^V sdc ttmig tinh (neuttal) khdc" dugc nfta md chi cd till Id "Nd f,^ ""?• ^^^ P^^^u quan mpni tiie khdc". 6 (b), "Cdn nhd bung chdy" ! . " £ " ^ J i ^ " ^/?°^ ^ ^^"^ "^"^^ nghia Id bdt diu chdy, ttudc dd chua f ^} ^"^ f." l"^ ^^%Au^ T chdv vd nud tiinh chaV cd thi sg diln ^ ^ 1°^ "^^^ *'^" ^'^" ^ * ^ ^^V cha^ va qua ttmh chay co tiie sg dien j ^ . ^A ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^. ^^^ ra rat Iau sau dd. Tucmg ty^ a tc). Wo rj 2331 • sinh nghr nghia Id nd bdt dau nghi ^' ^ ngd,tiididg nghi ngd cd till Uo ddi, Sy tinh ton tgi: nhung sau dd khdng till ndi "Nd sinh Sy tinh ton tgi la sy tinh phan nghi" duoc nfta. V.v.. Ndi chung, sau anh "d mgt noi ndo do cd cai gi", dugc khi bit dau (bilu thj bdng vj tii dftng till hipn bdng mgt cau time ttong dd tiudc), hogt dgng, qud trinh hay ti^g khdng bao gid cd Chft dl md chi cd thdi (bilu thj bdng vj tft dftng sau) sg Khung de. Xet cdc thi dy sau: tilp tyc dien ra ttong mgt tiidi dogn (7) ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ nhat djnh. u T - ^ ^ ui. ^i . b. Tren duang bdt dau co xe. Nhu vgy, nhftngtiudnghgp khong ,, , r ddp ftng ngi dung ngft nghia ndy sg ^- Trong phong eo muot. khdng dugc xem Id khdi phdt. Ching d. Trong phdng bit diu cd mudi.
16 Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 6 (a) vd (c) ta cd cac sy tinh tdn ton tgi nua ma sg Id mgt sd lugng xe tgi [- dgng], tiic Id ttong nghia bilu hoi khdc. Ta cd mgt tiiyc tiie mang hipn cfta cau true sg khdng cd bit ky tinh djnh lugng (quantization). (So sy thay ddi nao lien quan din tiiyc sdnh: "Tren dudng cd ba chile xe hoi the tdn tgi, xet tren trye thdi gian. Trong vdo Iftc bit diu bo rdp"). ^^.^t i ^ \ "?. ^^^' 1 ' ° f ^^ 2"^ (Chft tiuch: Khdi nipm Ifly tich ttinh [+dgng] hdm yrdn^edsy tiiay yd djnh lugng dd dugc Kriflca [8] phan t t i S ^ r " ^ ? ^ "^uL^-J"^ b i p S n g ^ . Cd till gidititichdon then diem quy chieu (thudng Id thdi •• u dilm ndi), dudng chua cd xe, phdng g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a u : chua cd muoi. Sau thdi diem quy chilu, Trong "Nam dn chudi\ chudi "xe", "muoi" tilp tyc ton tgi, nhung la mpt danh ngft lfl>; tich, vi dft Nam "xe" vd "muoi" Iftc nay khdng hodn . , • . , fj^ Khai mpm luytichva djnh lugng lien quan den cd vj tft vd danh ngft - b. Tren dudng hit dau cd tiiam to. 6 thi dy (8), sy doi lap Ifly vdi (/ mgt sg nhieu) chiic xe hai. tich vd djnh lugng cho thay y nghia , c. ? Tren dudng bdt diu cd ba * ! gdn vdi vjtiibdt ddu chu khdng chiic xe hai. phdi vdi cd. Cau (a) doi tugng ton tai dugc ^ ^^ m§t ngfl phap, d qud trinh bieu hipn bdng mgt danhtiikhoi (mass ^on tgi, ddc tinh Ifly tich tiiudng dugc noun), khdng mang thupc tutii so. Q ^^^^ ^} hing mgt danh ngft mang cau (b) ta cd mgt lugng khdng chi'nh P^^'^^ sd khdng xac djnh hodc mpt xdc; ngay khi nhgn djnh dugc dua ra, ^^^ tft khdi. Tuy nhien, mgt danh sy tdng ho$c gidm mgt (vdi) phin tii ^^ ^}^^ ^ mpt lurgng chinh xac van ttong cdi lugng iy van khdng ldm ^d tiie xuit hipn nlu nd cd chfta mgt tiiay ddi bdn chat y nipm 'Vdi", "mpt ^Vdh ngu hgn djnh dl lam rd sd chi sd" ho^c "nhilu", nghia Id ngi dung ^ua cdi tgp hgp chfta cdc phanttrtiiudc nhgn djnh khdng tiiay doi. Q cd hai '^"^^g ^^- Khi dd, cdc tiiyc till - phin truang hgp (a) vd (b) ta cd mgt tiiyc tft Idm nen tgp hgp cd till dugc tri tiie mang tinh IGyti'ch(cumulativity). ^ ^ ^ rtiiu mpt khoi dan nhit doi Idn Trong khi dd, d (c) ta cd mgt s6 lugng ^di nhung tiiyc till cftng loai neodi chinh xdc tgi tiidi dilm nhgn djnh: "d. CWnh tten cdi khdi don nhit nav sy tdn tgi cua "ba chile xe hoi" chi ^^ cd tiie xdc lap khftc doan din bdo dam dung tgi tiidi dilm "bdt diu" g'^^, cudi cfta mgt sy tinh. Thi du- (tiidi diem ndm d ranh gidi giiia yyjd«j? (Q\ :> Nn,>, M- ,- \ va CO "ba chi^c xe hd"). Ngay 1 Ha mi hk2u°6 T fT^"*"' do CO « -ba chiic xe hd*H,6ng cmteHLZZl""' "''"> '"
Bdt ddu. 17 b. Tren tudng bdt ddu treo bdn ben Id khuc dogn diu cdn mgt ben buc tranh dit gid nhat cua hga si Bui. Id khuc dogn gifla cua qud trinh. Cau (9a) hdm y rdng sau dd (sau Cd the hinh dung: d thdi dilm tiidi diem quy chilu) cd till sg cd nhieu quy chilu t "tten dudng bdt diu cd xe hoi, nhung Id nhflng chiec xe hoi xe", nghia Id d thdi diem t{.\ chua cd khdc, khdng till dien dgt bdng bdt xe vd d thdi diem t+n vdn cd xe; nhung ddu vd ddu tien dugc nfta. (9b) hdm d thdi dilm t\^nH) svr ton tgi cua xe y ring sau dd sg tilp tyc cd nhflng khdng quan ylu doi vdi nhgn djnh hue khdc, "bon bftc tranh" kia Id bon dugc dua ra. Hay ndi cdch khdc, vdi bftc diu tien. bdt ddu ngudi ndi chi quan tam din khuc dogn dau cua qua trinh chft khdng Yeu cau ve tinh don nhit cua quan tam din cdc khuc dogn sau dd, cdi tgp hgp (do danh ngft bilu hipn) Igi cdng khdng khong quan tam din ggi y ring vin de ndm d quan h? bg kit qud hay sy kit thftc. (Ban chit cua phgn - todn till cfta tgp hgp (part-whole the khdi phdt logi trft y nghia ket qud relation). Bdt ddu tdc dgng trye tilp (resultative) ho§c kit thuc (terminative)). din bg phgn dau tien cfta todn thi - Day ciing chinh Id co sd ngft nghia ngay sau dd tgp hgp van ton tgi - chft cua yeu eau vl tinh Ifly tich cfta bdt khdng phdi tdc dgng din mgt dom vj ddu. Them mgt vdi thi dy: "dgc lgp" cua mgt tong so cdc dom vj. (y (9a), bit dau xuat hipn mgt chile (10) a. * Trong phdng bit diu cdn ngudi. (tiong "ba chile xe hoi dautien")cflng cd nghia Id "ba chile xe hoi diu tien" h. Tren tudng bit dau treo tranh xuit hipn; nghia Id ta cd mgt tgp hgp cd. mang tinh luy tich. c. Dudng phd bdt dau treo cd chdo d cdc sy tinh sau, d ^ dilm don mitng Qudc khdnh. nhat ndy sS dugc the hipn rd hon. d. ITren tudng bdt diu treo hai v l m^t y nghia, khi ddnh dau bite tranh. khdi phdt, bdt ddu ciing dong thdi Cdn Id mgt vj tft tdn tgitieubieu, bdo hipu rdng vao thdi dilm quy chilu nhung d (a) khdng till ddnh diu khdi doi tugng dugc de cgp buoc vdo (step phdt. Li do: cdn Id mgt vj tft bilu thi in) qud trinh ton tgi; tftc Id nd mang khuc dogn gifla cuattgngtiiditdn tgi, Igi thugc tinh [+ dgng] cho sy tinh ttong ngfl nghia cua nd dd ham y sg ton tgi. Trgng thdi trd thdnh qud tiinh. di din kit thuc. d cau (b) vd (c), cd Cdc cdu (7), (8) vd (9) deu cdtilltiiay vg nhu ngudi ta ttdng chd rdng d thdi thi bdt ddu bdng dang. Tuy nhien, diem ti+n ndo dd (n phdi du Idn de bao qud trinh ton tgi khdng dong nghia ddm qudtiinhcd dugc tinh thdi lugng) vdri tilp dien (progressive), vi mgt sg cdtiiemnhilu bucti^nhco vd nhilu
18 Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 la cd dugc tteo. Cau (lOd), tiiong ty Cflng tiiong ty nhu d sy tinh tdn (8c), qud tiiyc khd cd till hinh dung tgi, bdt ddu ddi hditiiamto doi tiigng nd cd till dugc sft dyngtiongmgt ngft phdi cd tinh Ifly tieh. 6 cdu (1 Id) hai canh nhu till ndo: nlu ngi dung tiuyen djnh ngfl ddu tien vd (cua) hgp ddng dgt Id sy doi I ^ cd - khdng thi chi can dd tgotinhdom nhit cho "ba cdi bdn" - ndi "bit diu tteo ttanh", cdn neu Id do vgy, cd danh ngft tham to dd mang sy doi Igp gifla "hai (buctiranh)"vdi tuih Ifly tich. Tat nhien, vl m^t ngu mgt so lugng khdc thi phdi ddnh dau nghia, khi "nd" bit diu ddng cdi ban tuih dom nhat cfta nd - nghia Id danh thft nhit (ttorg "ba cdi bdn diu tien" ngft nay can mgt djnh ngft. 4y) thi cflng cd nghia Id "nd" bdt diu Hdnh dgng chuyen tdc: thyc hipn "ba cdi bdn dautiencua hgp \/f-*ux u.*« u i *' IA «.^ dong". Trong khi do, d(lib), khi "nd" Mgt hdnh dgng chuyen tac Id mgt , ^ ^ , ; / Ui u J- .1. >- 1 >x. ^ bdt dau ddng cai bdn thu nhat thi khong hdnh dgng tdc dgng vdo dot tugng, ., u r IA AC^ ^ .u A^' thi ndi Id "nd" ddng "ba cdi ban" Danh tgo ra ho^c Idm dot tugng thay dot , A , , ^. ^^ ..L '• .' 1 1 A. •. .X1 , -i ngfl - tham to d (1 lb) mang tinh djnh (ttgng tiiai, tmh chit, vj tii) hay biln ^ u - •,~ . - 1 A /iT ^ ^* XT'- u «.. -.u' u i .' lugng chu khong phai luytich.O (lie), mat. Noi chung, mgt v}tirchuyen tac / °., . f^ \^ ,.' ; .* AA u A)^ .^U^IU'- U.C. i Ui neuhieu bdt dau dong mgt cai ban dugc ddnh dau the khoi phdt ve bdn , , , ,. , * u'!* w^u'^u-'^ -^ i . ^ u 4 r , tuc Id thyc hipn nhflmg dgng tdc dau chat phai the hipn mgt qud trinh [+ ... , , \ &v t ., , . , T , , ., i. ..A ,.i tien (cua, bao, dye, chdng hgn) nhdm thai lugng], vd d thdi diem quy chieu , ' s> -^ J • U--1 •.._' u~ u A .Ui ^^'^ X tgoracat ban thi "mgt cai ban" Id danh no phai logi tiu nghia hodn thdnh hodc ,.. , , u^. 'XT A- .u^iu'- u'. ngft Ifly tich. Cdu (lie) kha chap, ket qua. Ngodi ra, the khoi phat cua ' ^ mgt hdnh dgng chuyln tde cflng cd The khdi phdt hen quan den khftc mgt so rdng bugc nhit djnh vl vj tii "^ogn hay pha (phase) diu cfta mgt vd vl danh ngft - tham to. So sdnh: hdnh dgng; vi vgy nd chi till hipn khi (11) a. Nd bit diu ddng bdn. ^ ^ ^ ^ g '^^'^c dl cgp diln m ttong , ^ mgt dg ddi tiidi gian nhat djnh (tinh b. INd bdt dau ddng ba cdi bdn. thdi lugng, durative). Dilu nay lien c. Nd bit diu ddng mgt cdi bdn. quan chdt chg vdi tinh Ifly tich cua d. Nd bit diu ddng ba cdi bdn ^ ^ " ^ ^ ^ *° tham gia vao hogt ddu tien cua hgp ddng **^"g '^^^y^" tdc. e. Nd bit diu ddt (xdp) tdi lieu . ^° ' ^ ^^ }^> ^^ (^ if)' «•« rang fn^j-uk.A^ ^/ -' ./ . ' "bat dau dot (xap) tdi lipu" dl chip f Wo bdt dau dot mau giay do. nhgn ban "bdt ddu ddt miu giiy" rit g. *Ndh^ dm uong vien thudc dd. nhieu, vi hdnh dgng sau cd ve khd '^'"^-1. h. Nd bitbdt , diu dau , udng uong , chai thudc ,thudc khdng dd chip (So xe" f fsanh tiu 'nhgn ' cd ^"bdt khdi ve cdcnhu dau pha phdt hdnh ddt" banban, hdnh dgng vd vi "bit dgng "xe" ndddu tmdc. dede
Bdt ddu... 19 dugc hinh dung Id bao hdm nhieu dgng (13) a. Nd bit dau ddp dia va tde "x^" khdc nhau tten cung doi thdnh tiing mdnh. r
20 Ngdn ngfif so 2 nam 2011 Ve cau true gay khiln can \€t Nhu tt^n dd ndi, vl nguyen tdc, hai trudmg hgp sau day: ft^ d ^ ld»Mig di vdi kit qud (resultative), vi mgt ben Id pha khdi diu cdn mgt (14) a. Nd hdt thudc ldm cho mgi ben Id pha kit thuc. Tuy nhien, cin ngudi khd chju. tiiiy rdng cdi kit qudtiongtiudnghgp b. ? A/d bit dau hut thuoc ldm cho ndy khdng giong vdi cdi kit qud cua mgi ngudi khd chju. » ^'>n-i ciu true gay khiln: d day khodng cdch (d cdc cau (13) doi till cua hdnh thdi gian gifla hdnh dgng vd kit qua dgng chuyln tdc dong thdi Id chu thi theo sau Id mgt dgi lugng e tipm cgn cua vi tii kit qud, cdn d cdc cau (14), z6ro (e - • 0), tgo thdnh mgt ciu true bieu thj mgt sy tinh tuong ti^ sy tinh hai tham to ndy hodn todn phan bipt). dilm tinh. Do vgy, nlu doi tugng Trong hai cau tten, chung tdi chuyln tdc dugc bilu hipn bing mgt cho ring chi cd (14a) Id ciu true gay danh tft khoi thi cdi danh tft khdi dd khiln tiiyc sy: vj tft gay khiln ldm ddi khi phdi nhd vdo ngfl cdnh mdi cho Id vj tft chinh cua cau true; "nd cdtilltiiamgia vdo qua trinh khdi phdt. huttiiuoc"Id mgt cau tiuc de - thuyet Xet cdc cau sau day: dd bj hg cip (backgrounding). Nhu vgy D I cua cau true cd thi tinh luge (15) a. *Nd bdt diu be gdy cdy bdt. ho^e cdi bientiidnh"Nd bit dau ldm h. Nd bit dau be cong cdy biit. cho..." ho$c "Vipc hut thuoc cua nd c. Nd bit diu be gdy sd but vita bdt dau Ito cho..." md ngfl nghia khdng nhgn dugc/ nhiing cdy but do. thay doi'. d. ?? Nd bit dau be gay but. Trong khi dd, d (14b) hut thuoc Id vj tft chinh (do vgy nd dugc ddnh d (a), gdy ttong be gdy Id mgt diu khdi phdt). Ta cd mgt cau true vj tft dilm tinh nen sy tinh khdng the khd gidi thich cd vl m$t ngft phdp Ian danh diu khdi phdt; trong khi dd, cong ngft nghia. Ve ngft phdp, khdng thi Id mgt vj tft cd tinh thang dg (scalarity) xdc djnh tu cdch "Idm cho" vd cd thdnh nen (b) hodn todn khd chip. phin sau nd ttong quan hp vai thdnh d (c), hdnh dgng "be" vd kit qud phin di trudc. Ve ngfl nghia, sg khdng "gdy" dugc thyc hipn tten moi phin the xdc djnh vipc "hut thuoc" hay Id tii ("gdy" van Id vj tft dilm tinh), do viec "bit dau hut thuoc" gay khd chju do bdt ddu cd thi ddnh diu pha khdi cho mgi ngudi. Chung tdi cho ring diu cua qud tiinh nhdm di din cdi kit cd Ig xft Ii (14b) nhu mgt cau true qud chung Id todn bg cac phin tft diu quan hp thi hgp Ii hon: "Nd bit diu bj gdy. hut thuoc, Idm cho mgi ngudi khd d (d) doi tugng Id mgt danh tu chju" (cf Cao Xudn Hgo [2,240]). khoi, nghia Id cd tilm ndng mang ddc
Bdt ddu... 21 tinh cua mgt thyc the Iflytfch,nhimg Tuy nhien, dieu ddng chu y Id d ttong tiudng hgp ndy tiem ndng dd sytinhchuyen tdc chuyen vj, bdn chit khdng dugc hipn tiiyc. d day nd van
22 Ngdn ngfif so 2 nam 2011 b. Nd bit dau chgy den (/vdo) h. Nd bit dhi chgyti-ongcdng cdng vien. . - ^ vien (trong) mgt tieng. c. Nd chgy trong cong vien. Nhin chung, vdi cdc sy tinh hdnh dgng vd tdc di chuyln dilm tinh (din, d A'd bdt dau chgy trong cong vien. tdi, vao, rdi (khdi), ra (khdi), v.v.) d (a) ta cd mgt sy tinh hiiu kit cflng can chu y den ca ciu true eua (telle), vi theo Comrie ben ttong sy tham to chu the ehft khdng chi tham tinh cd chua kit dilm, hdnh dgng sg to doitiigng.Day Id mgt van de quan kit thuc khi dgt din kit diem ay. Cdn yeu ve m$t tri nhgn (cognitive). Xet d (c) ta cd mgt sy tinh vo kit, hdnh cdc cau sau: dgng "chgy ttong cong vien" khong (23) a. Nd bit dau rdi (khdi) nhd. cd kit dilm dau vd cuoi. (Trong tiing Vipt cd till kilm tta tinh hflu kit/ vd h. INd bit dau rdi thdnh phd. kit bing cdch ttic nghipm vdi dd vd c. Dodn qudn bit dau rdi thdnh dang. Mgt vi ngfl vo kit chap nhgn phd. cd da vd dang md ngi dung sy tinh khong cd thay doi ldn; ttong khi dd, d. Cd gia dinh bit dau rdi nhd. vj ngfl hflu kit khdng ed khd ndng Ngay tgitiididilm qiw chilu, "nd" ndy) (Cf [2], [12]). thyc hipn nhflmg budc dau tien vugt qua ranh gidi gifta "nhd" vd "khdng Bdt ddu d (b, d) ddnh diu till phai nhd" - theo kiln thuc thdng tiiudng, khdi phdt dong thdi ciing ddnh diu hdnh dgng ndy cd till dugc xdc djnh tinh dien trinh cua hdnh dgng. d (b), mgt cdch minh bgch ve ca thdi gian bdt ddu dd logi trft thugc tinh hflu kit. (diing 7 gid sdng, chdng hgn) vd khdng Hdnh dgng "chgy" dugc thyc hipn mgt gian (ranh gidi Id cdi cfta, chdng hgn); ldn, bdt ddu ddnh dau khuc dogn dau do dd (23a) Id binh thudng. Trong cua hdnh dgng dd. Tham to thft hai khi d (23b), ve tri nhgn, ta cd mgt sy "cdng vien" dugc hieu Id hudng, vi ma ho hiin nhien: d thdi diem xde qud tiinh "chgy" cd till dd dugc khdi djnh ndo thi "nd" vugt qua ranh gidi dgng nhung khdng cd nghia Id duong "tiidnh pho"? Cd phdi ranh gidi dd nhien sg dgt din dieh. d (d), do sy Id mgt cgt cay so chdng? Vd dieu quan cd m^t cua tham to vj tri (location), tix?ng hom ca, it nhit ddi vdi ngu phap "chgy" dugc hieu Id mgt hdnh dgng chftc ndng, (23b) sg dugc dung ttong dugc tiln hdnh nhiiu ldn, mang tinh tinh huong ndo? Tuy nhien, nlu tham 1^ (iterative). Nhu vgy, "bit dau chgy to chu till Id mgttiiyctillIflyti'ch(23e) ttong cdng vien" tftc Id bit dau mgt till mgi chuypn sdng rd: tgi tiidi dilm hogt dgng thi thao chu khdng phdi quy chilu, nhiing (mgt/ vdi) dom vj Id bit diu mgt hdnh dgng chuyln ddi dau tien cua "dodn qudn" vugt qua vj tri. K I ed khi sy tinh dugc ddnh ranh gidi "tiidnh pho", vd qud trinh dau thdi dilm khdi dau ho^ thdi gian dd chi mdi khdi diu (sau mgt tiidi dien tiln thi tinh hinh ciing khdng cd lugng ddng kl sg kit tiiuc bing vipc gi thay doi. Thi dy: ngudi linh cuoi cimg budc qua ranh i22) a. Hdm qua (/Ngdy mai) nd gidi do). Theo phantichndy, cdu (23d) bit dau chgy trong cdng vien. cd thi hilu ho^c nhu (23a) ho^c nhu
Bdt ddu... 23 (23c); ve m$t tii nhgn, cd Ig cdch hilu (25) a. ? A'd bit diu ngdi (/dung sau de chap nhgn hom. (Cf "Nd bit ndm). dau di" vs. "Dodn quan bit dau di"). b. A'd bit diu ngdi dgy. Vdi vj tii vd tdc bieu tiij hdnh c. Nd bit dau dimg len. dgngftngxu h o ^ cdc hdnh dgng lien quan din hogt dgng cua cdc giac quan, d. Luc tdi bit diu dimg (len), chdn bdt ddu cd the ddnh dau khuc dogn phdi hoi dau. dau cua hdnh dgng dd. d day, cau 6 (b), (c) "bit dau ngdi dgy" hay true cua cdc tham to cflng cd vai ttd "bit dau dung Ien" dien dgt pha diu tuong ty nhu nhflng tiudng hgp tren. cua hdnh dgng; d thdi dilm quy chieu (24) a. A'd bit dau nghe nhgc (/ "nd" chua cdtiltill"ngoi" ho^ "dftng"- bdi hdt do). cd v^ nhu chung ta dang xem mgt phim ehilu chgm. Hdnh dgng kit thuc h. *Nd bit dau nghe mgt tieng khi "nd" dgt dugctiitill"ngoi", "dung". nd "dm". d cau (d), hdnh dgng "dung" (ho^c c. Nd bit dau ngdm (bite) tranh "dung Ien") dd lui vdo hgu cdnh, cho tren tudng. nen cd thi hilu dd Id khuc dogn diu cua trgng thdi dftng. d. Nd bit dau chdo mgi ngudi (/ ?tdi). Chinh vdi y nghia vua ndi, nlu ngft vj tft bilu thj mgt hdnh dgng diem d (a), "nhgc" cd the Id am nhgc tinh thi khd dugc chap nhgn, ching ndi chung, mgt bdi hdt ho$c mgt dogn hgn: hod tiu - ngi dung bilu hipn cua cdu khdng cd gi thay doi. Nhung (b) thi (26) a. ?A^d bdt ddu nhdc ddu (/ khd dugc chip nhgn, vi "mgt tiing ggt ddu, nhiin vai). no "am"" Id dau hipu cua mgt sy tinh h. INd bdt ddu diing lgi. dilm tinh. 6 (d) "chdo" (bdng cdi ggt Khi tham to chu the Id mgt thyc dau chdng hgn) cung Id mgt sy thih thi Ifly tich thi hdnh dgng dilm tinh dilm tinh, do dd nlu thay "mgi ngudi" ndy Igi biln thdnh dogn tinh. Thi dy: bdng "tdi" thi khd dugc chap nhgn. (Cf "Mgi ngudi bit dau chdo tdi"). (27) Dodn xe (/Ddng ngudi) bat ddu dimg lgi. Vdi vj tft vd tdc bilu hipn cu chi titi tinh hinh cd dilm khdc bipt Idn Qud trinh chuyln tdc: so vdi cdc sy tinh dd ndi tten. Khdc Mgt qud trinh khdc vdi mgt hanh bipt dd Id bdt ddu khdng ddnh diu dgng d cho [- chu y]. Mgt qud trinh khuc dogn diu cua sy tinh dugc dien chuyln tdc thudng cd tham td tdc the dgt bdng vj tft hdnh dgng, cung khdng Id mgt lyc (force) [- dgng vgt], khdng ddnh dau sy kipn l^p, md ddnh dau phai Id mgt cdng cy (instrument). Thi sy khdi diu cua qud trinh (chuin bj) khdi phdt ciia mgt qud trinh chuyln vd kit qud Id dgt din cdi trgng thdi tdc ciing chju nhiing rdng huge ve md kit ciu ngft vj tft dien dgt - cdi thugc tinh thdi lugng cua ngft vj tft, kit qud ndy khdng quan ylutiongngfl ve ciu true tham to hay Id tinh Ifly nghia cua cau. Thi dy: tich cua tdc till vd doi till. Thi dy:
24 Ngon ngfif s6' 2 nam 2011 (28) a. (? Con) Song bdt ddu ddnh bit dau chit"), d (29d) "Id" phai dugc mgnh vdo mgn tdu. hilu Id danh tft khoi, "Id me" la mgt b. Nu&c bdt ddu nhan chim thdnh tiiyc till Ifly tich; cau tten cd nghia phd. Id chi mdi cd mgt so "Id me" ryng. d (29), ve CO ban bdt ddu cflng hdnh c. (Nggn) Lita bdt ddu liim qua chftc tuong ty nhflng kieu sy tinh tren, day nhd ben Ida dudng. qud ttinh "ngd", "chet", "ryng" dd d. *Set bdt ddu ddnh chit ngudi khdi dgng nhung deu chua dgt den dan dng do. ket diem. d (28a), ddnh Id vj tii diem tinh, Trgng thdi: do vgy tac thi bugc phdi Id "sdng" luy Trgng thai Id mgttinhHnh (situaticMi) tich chu khdng thi Id "eon sdng". O [- dgng] [+ ngi tgi], bao gdm tinh chit (28b,c) khdng cd ddi hdi gi ve tdc till, vd tinh ttgng. vi doi till Id tiiyc till luy tich. (28d) khd dugc chip nhgn vi bdn chit vj Tinh chit la mgt ttgng thai phan tft (dilm tinh) vd cd tham to doi thi bipt vdi tinh trgng d tinh bat bien vl (dom vj, xdc djnh) cua nd. thdi gian [+ thudng ton]. Trong khi khdo sdt d^c trung thi, Lehman [8] Qud trinh vd tdc: gh^p sy tinh ndy vdi sy tinh kilu nhu Mgt aud tiinh vd tdc Id mgt qua "Anh iy Id bdc sF' (Lehman ggi Id tiinh chuyen vj hay chuyen thdi [- ehu class membership) vi tinh phi thdi y], ididng cd thyc thi ndo dugc xem gian (atemporal) cua nd. Nhu vgy, sy Id doi tugng chju tdc dgng cfta vj tft tinh tinh chit khdng cd the khdi phdt dien dgt qud trinh dd. (vd ciing khdng cd thi hodn tit). Vdi nhihig vj tft qud trinh dilm (30) a. *Cdi bdn ndy bdt ddu bdng tinh, de mang thugc tinh khdi phdt gd- qud the (processor) phdi cd tinh luy tich. Thi dy: h. *Ong dy bdt ddu rdt cao ldn. (29) a. * Thdng be bdt ddu ngd. c. * Vien kim cuang bdt ddu cdng. h. Todn linh bdt ddu ngd. Trong nhdm ndy,riengvj tft bilu c. Cdy me bdt ddu chit. thj tinh chit thuge Imh vyc tuih than hay phong cdch ung xft thi van cd thi d. Ld me bdt ddu rung. kit hgp vdi bdt ddu [2,239]. Thi dy: Cdu (29a) khd dugc chap nhgn (31) a. A'^d bdt ddu thdng minh (tiong dilu kipn binhtiiudngi,nhung (/ chgm hieu) rdi ddy\ (29b) titi ty nhien, vi cd tiie hilu Id "nhflng ngudi linh diu tien (cfta todn h. Nd bdt ddu ndng ndy (/trung linh) ngd xuong". d (29c), "chif' dilm thuc). tinh vd "cdy" Id danh tft don vj, do vgy Cdc cau (31) khdng cd nghia Id cau ndy chi khd chip khi hilu ring "nd bit dau mgt tinh chat..." md chi qud trinh "chit" dugc khdi dgng d cd nghia Id "nd bit diu hanh dgng mgt bg phgn ndo dd cua cay; "cay me" (hay ftng xft) mgt cdch thdng minh chua tiiyc sy "chit". (Cf *"Con chd (hay ndng nay)". C) day ta cd mgt
Bdt ddu. IS qud trinh ftng xft chft khdng phai Id (33) a. Sau khi con gdi lay chdng, sy tinh tinh chat. dngti-dnen (/ bdt ddu) gid di. Tinh ttgng Id mgt ttgng thdi cd h. Ddn ddn dng trd nen (/ *bdt tinh tiidi lugng, do vgy cd till ddnh ddu) gid di. dau cdc pha ben ttong cua nd. Day d (a), vdi thdi dilm xdc djnh cflng Id Ii do bdt ddu cd the tde dgng (con gai liy chong), cd the su dyng din vj ngfl tinh ttgng ("gid") ho^c vj vj tft chuyen thdi trd nen hodc vj tft ngfl qud tiinh ("gid di"). Thi dy: khdi phdt bdt ddu. Nhung d (b), vdi (32) a. dng dy bdt ddu gid (/gid ttgng ngfl dien tiln "din dan", vj tft di). trd nen dugc chap nhan cdn bdt ddu h. Nd bdt ddu beo (/ beo ra). thi khdng. Nhu vgy, ra vd nhflng yeu to tuomg ty khdng the xem Id tdc td Vdi bdt ddu, cdc cau tten bilu khdi phdt. hipn cdc qud tiinh [+ dgng]. Qud tiinh "gid" khdi tft thdi dilm quy chilu, Thye te, xac djnh mgt sy tinh Id khdng cd kit dilm cuoi. Vl ngfl nghia, tinh chat ho^c tinh ttgng Id mgt vipc ngudi ta bilt qud trinh gid van tilp khdng don gian. dien, du day khdng phdi Id ngft nghia Tinh chat Id thugc tinh ban chat quan ylu. cua thyc the, do vgy, ve mdt nhgn thftc Fukuda [5] cho ring ttong tiing cd the cho rdng tinh chat bat bien ve Vipt mgt vj tft [tinh] kit hgp vdi ra thdi gian. Khi tinh chat Id tgm thdi sg tgo ra inchoactive. Trong dd, bdn ho^c bj hgn djnh ve thdi gian (ndm than ra tgo thdnh mgt ngfl dogn thi ttong qud triiJi chuyen doi) thi ta cd tinh (aspectual phrase) cdn vj tft chinh mgt tinh ttgng. Cd thi kiem nghipm duge nang cap vd dua ra trudc. Chung bing vj tft dang, tinh chat khdng ham tdi cho ring cdch gidi thich ndy khd chfta tinh dien tiln ho^c nhit tiidi nen gan vdi trye gidc cua ngudi bdn ngft. khdng the ket hgp vdi dang, trong Hon ntia, theo chung tdi, ra (vd nhitng khi do tinh ttgng thi ngugc Igi. tft tuong ty: di, len, lgi) khdng phdi (34) a. *Cdi bdn ndy dang bdng Id tdc to the md chi Id tdc to qud trinh hod: nd cd vai trd biln mgt tinh chit/ go- tinh trgng [- dgng] thdnh mgt qua tiinh h. *Ong dy dang cao ldn. [+ dgng]. Do vgy, nd lien quan din Nhiing trudng hgp sau day thi sy chuyen thdi chft khdng phdi thi khdc: khdi phdt. Trong "Ba ndm roi khdng g$p, toi thiy chj dpp ra", khdng the (35) a. Thdng be dang ldn. cho ring qud trinh "dpp" bit dau d h. Thdng be bdt ddu ldn. thdi dilm cdch day ba ndm, cdng khdng thi d thdi diem ndi. Nd chi Sy tinh d (35) dugc tri nhgn nhu Id sy tinh tinh ttgng. (Chu tiuch: d cho bilt cd mgt sy chuyen biln tu day can ndi them, khd Idng ndi "dng "khdng dpp" din "dpp"ttongkhodng ay ldn qud", "tiling b^ dang cao Idn". thdi gian ba ndm. d ddy cd sy phan hod kha rd nghia So sdnh cdc cau sau: tinh chat vd nghia tinh ttgng cfta vi
2g Ngon ngfif so 2 ndm 2011 tir). Cd ve nhu bdt ddu Id tiiu6c tiift la ttong ding tiiftc "A la B" bdng vj dl phan bipt tinh chat vd tuih ttgng tft ldm: sy tinh quan hp dong nhat se (So sdnh: "Chdo d^c qua" vs. "Chdo dugc tiiay bdng mgt sy tinh qud ttmh: bit diu ddc"). "Ong dy bdt ddu ldm nguai Ha Ngi (/bdc Sl, thg hd)". Tinh phi tiidi gian Sy tinh quan hp: dd dugc tiiay till bdng tinh tiidi lugng. Theo bdng phan logi cfta Cao ^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ q ^ h^ ^,5 Xudn Hgo, sy tinh quan hp co bon ^^^ ^^ ^ . ^ ^ ^.^ k h ^ logi: (1) quan hp gifla thyc tiie voi thye ^^^ ^..^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ,^ the, (u) gifta tiiyc tiie vda sy tinh hay P^ ^^ ^ ^,^ ^^ chu canh, (11) gifta sy tinh vol sy tinh, '" ^^ } \.n ^3 UA„ \4in ^ tr^n^ ^ /• N • .^ .0 u .i.: u ' u r> quan hp gay khien dd ban aen a tten) vd (iv) gifta sy tinh vdi chu canh. Do jTZl^, sy tinh quan hp cd cau tinic ngi bg rit 1^' J- phftc tgp vd da dgng, d ddy chung tdi Thi dy vl quan hp so sdnh: chi tiinh bdy chung hai tiudng hgp: ^^6) a. Nd bdt ddu cao han anh nd. khdng cd khd ndng vd cd khd ndng , , ^ ddnh diu till khdi phdt h.Nd bdt ddu khac vol ti-uac day. Ndi ehung, nhftng sy tinh quan c. *A'd bdt ddu kem tiidi anh nd hp cd till dugc ddnh dau khdi phdt d (a), (b) vdi bdt ddu ta cd mgt Id nhflng sy tkih tilm tdng thugc tinh qud trinh chu khdng phai Id quan hp chuyln biln theo thdi gian (tucmg ty nfta (cd thi kilm tta bing khd ndng nhung khdng dong nhit vdi [+ dgng]). kit hgp vdi da vd dang). Nhu vgy, Nhu vgy, quan hp dong nhit (kieu cd mgt hdm y: mftc dg "gidi hom" vd "A Id B"), va cdc mdi lien hp tiian mftc dg "khdc" sg tilp ti^c (va cd thi tiiugc, vj tii, tiidi gian hiu nhu khdng gia tdng). Trong khi d (c), ngft vj tft till ddnh diu khdi phdt: khdng till ndi k^m tudi bilu tiij mgt thugc tinh bit "Ong dy bdt ddu Id ngudi Hd Ngi', biln, do dd khdng thi ddnh diu till "A'd bdt ddu la con aia bd Hai\ "Cdy khdi phdt. bill bdt ddu a tren bdn", "Hgi nghj _,,, x , . , . . .,. APEC bdt ddu diin ra trudc thdng ^ ^^ ^^ ^ " ^ ^^ ''^" ^^• 3/2011", V.V.. (37) a. A'^d bdt ddu dinh vdi ma Tuy nhien, ttong nhieu trudng "•^' hgp, cdc dau hipu khdi phdt cd thi b. A'd bdt ddu cd lien quan din dan den mpt suy lugn khdc: "Ong ay vu trgm. bit diu Id ngudi Hd Ngi" nghia Id dng .^^^ ^^ ^inh (/ Uen quan)" nghia ay bdt dau mang tir cdch ho$e cd quyen 1^ ^^ ^ ^ i^^ ^ j . . ^ ^^ ^ . ^ ho^c CO cdch hdnh xu eua nguai ^^ ^^ j ^ ^ .^^ Ha Ngi. Tuomg ^ : cugc song cua moi 1^ ^.^ ^ j ^ ^ , ^^^ ^^ . ^ con ngudi chi cd mgt, nhung van co t,.A,„" u .^A* . 1 •-> J> J-» ; I,-- A-^ A^^^uk^A^ « ^ '•» trgm Id mgt sy kipn dd dien ra va kieu dien dgt: bdt dau cugc song men . ui* tu,',„ / ur ' *• u ^ i^ , //-f ''ux* A ^ ,u- • u^w A 111 ^^ '^^t tiiuc (nghia xac d^lh, dom sd) cho (Cf lidt dau thong minh ,tilldy (3 la)). „ a r , ^ A . „ u u ' u ^ - ,~ ^ 'fe ' ^ V y/ neii CO sy khac nhau ve ngft nghia. Trong thyc tl tiing Vipt, sg ty "Bit diu dinh vdi ma tiiy" thi (cd thi nhien hem rit nhilu nlu thay hp tft hilu) sg ngay cang dinh sdu hon; nhung
Bdt ddu... 27 "bdt dau cd lien quan din vy ttgm" 4. Ket lu^n phdi dugc hieu Id "bit dau dugc xem Y nghia khdi phdt ttong tieng Id cd lien quan" - vi vdi mgt sy kipn Vipt cd thi duge ddnh diu bdng nhilu qud khu ngudi ta chi cd till lien quan ylu to tft vyng khdc nhau, tieu bieu ho$c khdng lien quan chu khdng till la vj tft bdt ddu. Trong qud trinh hinh bit dau lien quan roi hit lien quan. thanh the, d$c tnmg cua vj tft vd cfta Thi dy ve quan hp tuomg tdc: cdc danh ngfl ddng vai ttd tham td cd (38) a. S{t chdm chi cua no bdt vai ttd hit sue quan ttgng: nd phai ddu dnh hudng den lap hgc. ddm bdo tinh thdi lugng cho sy tinh khdi phdt. Rieng d danh ngft tham b. Chinh sdch mdi da bdt ddu to, tinh Ifly tich Id yeu cau thft nhit. thiic ddy xudt khdu. Tft nhflmg phan tich tten nay ra d (38), vj tft bilu hipn tuong tdc mgt van de cd tinh li thuyet: the ndi cd thi cd tinh thdi lugng, thgm ehi chung vd the khdi phdt ndi rieng lipu cd cd tinh chuyln biln (tdng, gidm) cd phdi la tinh thdi? Lipu cd sy ddi nen hodn todn cd thi dugc ddnh diu Igp tuypt doi thi - tinh thdi ttong mgt khdi phdt. ngdn ngfl dan Igp nhu tiing Vipt? Thi dy vl quan hp nhan qud (gidn Tren day Id mgt sd quan sat ve tilp): thi khdi phdt tiing Vipt thdng qua (39) a. Tai ngn do bdt ddu khiin hogt dgng cfta vj tu bdt ddu. Hi vgng tdi (/mgi ngudi) lo sg. bdi vilt ndy sg gdp them mgt y kiln vdo mgt van dl hit sftc phftc tap va b. Chdt thdi cua nhd mdy bdt ddu thft vj Id till. ldm cho cd (/ *con cd) chit. CHU THICH d (39), bo ngft cua cau Id mgt tilu cu. Sytinhcua tilu cu (39a) dugc ' Chting toi nga rdng dn tugng ve su dien dgt bdng vj tft dogn tinh nen du khoi ddu ciia mQt s{f tinh chuyen thdi xudt chu thi cua nd Id tdi hay mgi ngucd phdt tif dn tugng ve tinh thang do ciia trang thi van cd tinh thdi lugng. Thi khdi thdi ket qud: "tra nen vdng"c6 ve nhu bdt phdt d day dugc thi hipn day du. d ddu vdng vi sif vgt chua thifc six vdng, chua tilu cu (39b), chit Id vj tii dilm tinh; hodn todn vdng. Chung toi cung dd tien hdnh nlu chu thi Id danh ngft luy tich cd, kiem tra cdm nhgn cua nguai bdn ngU (My), ta cd sy tinh dogn tinh, cdn nlu chu cdc cdu chuyen thdi tren deu khong dugc thi Id danh ngft don so con cd, ta cd xem Id "bdt ddu ". sy ttiih dilm tinh. Trudng hgp thu ^ Trong tieng Viet, co IS Nguyin Hodng nhat cd thi ddnh diu khdi phdt, cdn Trung Id ngudi ddu tien xet y nghia khai trudng hgp thft hai thi khdng. phdt a kieu cau tnic tucmg f(
28 Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 h4 thdng md Lehman de xuat [8], [5]. ChUngtiing Vipt T/c Ngdn ngU, So 8 va sd 10, ta CO the khdo sdt thuQc tinh kh&i phdt nhu 2000. mot thuQC tinh ngU nghia tren cdc kieu sif 7. Huynh Vdn Thdng Vj tft tinh tiidi tinh khdc nhau. tieng Vipt (doi chilu vdi tieng K"ho-Mg), •* 0 ddy "qud trinh" dugc diing v&i Lugn dn tien sT, DHQG Tp.HCM, 2004. nghia thong thuang tuong ttf nhu "lien trinh ", "dien trinh ", chu khong hieu theo nghta thugt 8. Krifka M., Nominal reference, ngii md Dik dfnh nghTa la [+ d0ngj [- chii temporal constitution, and quantification in yJ. Lehman [9, 3299] cUng diing theo nghta event semantics, Trong K Bartsch, J. van thong thtf&ng ndy. Benthem, and P. van Emde Boas (eds.). Semantics and contexmal expressions, Cdn noi them, vi Id mpt cdu tnic de - PP 75-115, Foris, Dordrecht, 1989. thuyet bf hg cdp nen phdn thuyet trong nhiing truang hgp ndy khong the dugc ddnh ddu 9. Lehman C, Predicates: Aspectual tinh thdi Thidy: "No (*dd/dang/lgi/cti...) Types, Trong Asher R.E. (ed.). The hut thudc ldm cho mgi ngu&i kho chfii' [2,2371.Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, T A I L I $ U THAM K H A O Pergamon Press, 1994. 1. Bybee J.L., The Grammaticization 10. Lyons J., Semanlics, VoL2. Cambridge of Zero: Asymmetries in Tense and Aspect University Press, 1977. Systems, TrongPagbjca W. (ed). Perspectives 11. Nguyen Ditc Ddn, Bieu hipn on Grammaticalization, John Benjamins vd nhgn dipn thdi gian frong tiing Vipt, Pub, 1994. T/c Ngdn ngu. So 3, 1996. 2. Cao Xudn Hgo, Tieng Vipt, sa thao ngii- ph^p chirc nSng, Quyin 1, Nxb 12. Nguyen Hodng Trung, Thi frong KHXH, Tp HCM, 1991. tiing Vipt (so sdnh vdi tiing Phdp va tieng Anh), Lugn dn tiin si, DHQG Tp 3. Comrie B., Aspect, Cambridge HCM, 2006. University Press, NY, 1976. 4. Dahl O., Aspect, Trong: As her 13. Ping Li & Yasuhiro Shirai The KE. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language Acquisition of Lexical and Grammatical and Linguistics, Pergamon Press, 1994. Aspect Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 2000. 5. Fukuda Shin, TTie Projection of 14. Smith Carlota S, The Parameter Telicity in Vietnamese, http://idiom. ucsd. of Aspect 2^ Edition, Kluwer Academic edu/~fukuda/Vietnamese_ WECOL.pdf Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997. .>_, 2006. 15. Vendler Zeno, Verbs and Times, 6. Huynh Vdn Thdng, May nhgn The Philosophical Review, Vol.66, No.2, x6t ve vj tu tinh tiidi vd y nghia the trong Cornell University, 1957.