Chính sách của triều Nguyễn đối với Thiên chúa giáo

CHiNH SACH CUA TRIEU NGUYEN DOI VOTI<br /> THIEN CHUA GIAO<br /> DO BANG*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> phdp mang tinh sieu hinh vd cQdng che ndi<br /> T hien Chua giao du nhap vdo Viet<br /> Nam tQ nam 1533 (1), day khdng<br /> ehi la vd'n de t h u i n tuy eiia tdn giao, tin<br /> tren da cham manh vdo tQ tQdng dan tdc vd<br /> van hda truyen thd'ng nen de gay ngd nhdn,<br /> ngQdng, van hda ma la vd'n de chinh tri-xa kich dpng ddn den chinh sdch ky thi, ca'm<br /> hdi rd't nhay cam qua cac thdi ky lich sif cd dao eiia trieu dinh nhd Nguyen vd dQdc<br /> che dp chinh tri khde nhau. Tinh ddc tdn vd ddng dao nhan dan vd'n mang ndng tinh<br /> tinh kieu hanh ciia Thien chiia giao cung ngQdng sung bdi td tien ddng tinh ung hp.<br /> nhQng nghi thQc mang tinh tUdng khic vdi 1. Trieu Gia Long (1802-1819)<br /> van hda truyen thd'ng va sy lam dyng chinh<br /> tri ciia cdc the lye ben ngodi ddi vdi Thien Trong ede vua trieu Nguyen b thdi ky ty<br /> chua giao Id nguyen nhan dan den cdc chinh chu, Gia Long Id ngQdi rd't ed thien chi vdi<br /> sdch ddi vdi Thien ehua giao cua nha elm Thien ehua giao nhUng dng van ehu trUdng<br /> quydn Viet Nam trong dd cd trieu Nguyin. bao ve Nho gido va nghi le thd cung td tien;<br /> dng cung eho r i n g dia ngye, thien ddng ciia<br /> NhQng ngQdi truyen gido eho ring ehi luan thuyet Thien chua gido Id sy di doan<br /> phdi Cd dd'e truyen vao Viet Nam Id ddng chi Idm me hoac, quyen ru nhQng ngQdi<br /> chinh thd'ng trye thupc tda thdnh La Ma, thieu hieu biet (2).<br /> dai dien eho sQ Qu viet vd tinh hodn vu<br /> NhQng quan diem cua vua Gia Long cho<br /> nhd't so vdi bat ky tdn giao ndo. Nen viec<br /> rang ngQdi theo Thien ehua gido cung Id<br /> truyen gido vd bao ve dao Id nhiem vu<br /> cdng dan neu hp khdng tin tQdng vdo thd<br /> thieng lieng cua nhan loai van minh, hp<br /> cung td tien vd cdc t h i n linh thi cung<br /> khdng nhQng khdng mud'n thda hiep vdi ba't<br /> khdng nen elm doan hp (3).<br /> cQ tdn giao nao ma phai xda sach eae tdn<br /> giao ban dia de xay dyng mdt Thien chua Khdng mdt lenh cam dao nao dQdc ban<br /> giao dpc tdn, mdt dQc tin tuyet ddi ve Chua. hanh dQdi thdi Gia Long, cac giao si deu<br /> Do vdy, ho dQa ra cac dieu ca'm ky nhQ ca'm cho rang day Id giai doan thuan ldi cho viec<br /> lay xac ngUdi chet, ca'm dang hUdng dot truyen gido b Viet Nam.<br /> ne^n cho ngUdi chet, ca'm dpc vdn te, ca'm Tuy nhien, Gia Long vdn tha'y nguy ed<br /> mac tang phuc. NhQng dinh hQdng vd giai ve ma't chii quyen moi khi cd hdi den vdi<br /> <br /> <br /> *PGS.TS. Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Hud<br /> 46 Rghien cijru Lich si!ir. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> phUdng Tay thdng qua con dUdng bao ve De quan ly, theo doi boat ddng truyen<br /> dao Thien chua nen dng can dan ngUdi ke gido, Minh Mang lenh cho cac gido si ve<br /> vi (Minh Mang) khdng nen ddi xif phan biet kinh dd Hue Id'y cd Id de dich sach.<br /> giQa cac dao Nho, Phat, Thien chua giao.<br /> Nam 1831, chinh phu Phap cif mpt tau<br /> Viec khiing bd' tdn gido se Id nguyen nhan<br /> den Hue dat lai quan he ngoai giao nhUng<br /> ddn den cdc bien ddng xd hdi va gay ra thu<br /> hi vua Minh Mang ey tuyet. NhQng dpng<br /> oan trong nhan dan; ddi khi lam syp dd ca<br /> thai ddi ngoai day kieu ky nay cua Minh<br /> ngdi vua.<br /> Mang da gay sy phan Qng cho nhieu gidi<br /> 2. T r i e u M i n h M a n g (1820-1840) chQc Phdp.<br /> Chpn Minh Mang ke vi, Gia Long da Ndm 1832, Minh Mang ra du: "Cai<br /> nhdn thay dQdc kha ndng quyet doan ciia thuye't thien dQdng, tdm lai chi la chuyen<br /> mdt con ngQdi cQng ran cd the giai quyet hoang dQdng, khdng ed b i n g chQng. Hdn<br /> ede cdng viec phQc tap ciia trieu dinh, ddc nQa ne'u khdng kinh t h i n minh, khdng thd<br /> biet Id ddi vdi phQdng Tay trong dd cd vd'n tien td thi ra't trdi vdi chinh dao. NhQng<br /> de truyen giao ludn Idm cho nha vua tran viec trai luan ly, hai phong hda, dieu d'y ke<br /> trd, au lo. •. , ,, : ra cdn nhieu, thyc da pham de'n phap luat.<br /> Dao a'y quy Id ta dao hdn dao nao het" (5).<br /> Nam 1824, chinh phii Phap cif J. B.<br /> Chaigneau sang Hue de duy tri boat dpng Nam 1832, nhan vu giao si ngQoi Phap<br /> ngoai giao ed tQ thdi Gia Long. Nam dd, cd ed ten la Pham Van Kinh b hp dao DUdng<br /> mpt tau Phap den Da Nang mang thu va le Sdn, huyen Hudng Trd, tinh ThQa Thien bi<br /> vat cua vua Phdp giii den vua Minh Mang mat truyen dao, cau kinh. Quan phu ThQa<br /> nhung bi Minh Mang tQ chdi, mdt sd giao si Thien nhieu Ian gpi de'n cdng dUdng<br /> khuyen cao nhung khdng mpt ai chiu bd<br /> nhan dd trdn len dQdc dd't lien de truyen<br /> dao. Nam dd, Minh Mang ra lenh eho eae<br /> gido.<br /> quan tinh "khuyen cdo bo dao, ai thanh<br /> Nam 1825, vua Minh Mang ban hanh thyc bude qua cay Thdp ty thi miin tdi,<br /> dy cam dao: "Cac tdn giao sai trdi cua nhd thd, nha giang cho buy diet di, ai cd<br /> ngQdi Tdy DQdng Idm hQ hdng Idng ngQdi. tinh khdng tuan bi toi nang" (6).<br /> Da IQ lau nhieu tdu Tay DQdng den day<br /> Chdu bdn trieu Nguyen cd ghi lai viec<br /> budn bdn vd da de lai cdc dao trQdng trong<br /> theo doi Gido si Pham Van Kinh qua ban<br /> VQdng qudc nay. Cac dao trQdng da Idi keo<br /> tau ciia Bp Hinh ngay 25 t h i n g 5 nam<br /> vd ldm hdng nhan tam, lam suy thoai<br /> Minh Mang 19 (1838) nhu sau: Cd ten<br /> t h u i n phong my tyc. Dd chang phai tai boa<br /> Pham Van Kinh, ngUdi Tay DUdng, thang 5<br /> ldn cho dd't nQde. Vay phai chd'ng lai sy lam<br /> nam Minh Mang 13 (1832), can an ve<br /> dung ndy de dQa dan chung trd lai eon<br /> truyen dao Gia Td cl lang Co Lao, phii ThQa<br /> dQdng chinh... phai canh phdng can than<br /> Thien bi ket an giao giam hau mong dn<br /> mat hai cang, mien nui, td't ea mpi nga<br /> phdt lam kinh cl phu ThQa Thien nhUng<br /> dQdng thuy bd de ngan khdng eho cac dao<br /> vdn khdng chQa, ngay dem giang dao ta<br /> trudng Tay DUdng xam nhdp len lut, tra giao, lai day di ddn phu cl Ai Lao, sau lai<br /> trdn vdo dan chung de gieo rac bdng den cho trcl ve an tri b huyen Cam Ld. Bp chung<br /> tren vUdng qud'e" (4). toi cho ngUdi len Cam Lo mat tham xem<br /> Chinh sach ciia trieu Rguy^n... 47<br /> <br /> Pham Van Kinh ed len thdng tin tQc gi TQ ndm 1825 - 1838 cd 4 Gidm mue, 9<br /> chang. Biet r i n g Pham Van Kinh b tren d'y, Linh muc ngoai qud'e, 20 Linh muc ngQdi<br /> ngay thudng ed nhieu ngudi tdi lui, tien bae Viet vd hdng tram gido dan bi sdt hai (10).<br /> an tieu du gia, vd xem bd kieu cdng khdng Thang 10 nam 1839, Minh Mang ban<br /> sd gi ca. VQa rdi ddn Quang Tri ed ngUdi hanh du ed'm dao: Bude td't ea nhQng ngQdi<br /> theo td dao, khdng chiu bude qua hinh chQ theo dao phai bd dao trong vdng mdt ndm,<br /> thdp, vay xin giao Pham Van Kinh eho tinh xay dyng ehua chien vdo nhQng ndi trQdc<br /> Quang Tri tra ta'n cho ra viec" (7). Qua dd day xdy dyng nhd thd. Td't ea t h i n dan<br /> mdi tha'y sy can trpng, khoan dung cua phai tich eye trdng nom ehua chien.<br /> trieu dinh Hue ddi vdi cdc gido si nQde<br /> ngodi vd van de cam dao khdng ddn gian Du cam dao mdi ndy da gay sy edm<br /> nhQ cac tdi pham khac. (r{, H phdn trong gido dd vd gidi chQc Thien chua<br /> gido, lam cha'n ddng xa hdi. Tuy nhien,<br /> Nam 1834, Minh Mang ban hdnh "Thap chinh phu Phdp vd trieu dinh Hue cung<br /> dieu gido huan", nha vua chi ra ring: Dao mong mud'n ed sQ hieu biet can thiet vd<br /> Gia td lai cdng vd ly "Trai gdi chung dung thien chi tQ ca hai phia de cd the xich lai<br /> hdn tap, viec lam ndy gid'ng nhQ cam thu... gan vd cai thien lot hdn tinh the gay ed'n<br /> Dd Id Idm cho bai hoai luan ly, hQ hdng vd'n ed. Nam 1840, Minh Mang cQ Phan<br /> gido hda, khdng the tin dQdc. Ne'u ngQdi Thanh Gian elm d i u mdt phai doan sang<br /> ndo dd hi dd ddnh thi nen mau chdng bd di. Phdp de tim hieu tinh hinh vdi mong mud'n<br /> P h i n cdc viec quan, hdn, tang, te deu phai xdy dyng quan he ngoai giao td't hdn.<br /> theo ll tuc nQde nhd..." (8). NhQng dieu md ca hai phia khdng muon da<br /> xay ra la khi phdi dodn eiia trieu dinh Hue<br /> Nam 1835, Phan Ba Dat, Phd dd ngy sQ<br /> den Phdp hi cdc gidi chQc trong Giao hdi<br /> Vien Dd sat tau: Cd' dao Ma Song<br /> ThQa sai Paris phan ddi kich liet vd van<br /> (Marehand) b Gia Dinh ddng Ida vdi Le Van<br /> ddng mdt cude tdy chay tren bdo chf, lam<br /> Khdi khi hi b i t khai r i n g "ThIy thud'c<br /> dp lye manh me vdi nhd vua nen vua Phdp<br /> ngQdi Tdy DQdng khoet mat ngQdi s i p chet<br /> bude phai tQ chdi tiep phai dodn cua trieu<br /> de che thud'c", edn "Td giao Tay DQdng eho<br /> dinh Hue.<br /> mdt trai, mdt gdi b chung mdt nhd ed tQdng<br /> gach ngan each, khi dpng tinh due, rdp cho Tuy the, so' gido dan dQdi thdi Minh<br /> chung chet bep, ip la'y nQde xdc chet, hda Mang vdn dQdc tiep tue tdng, vdo ndm<br /> lam hdnh cho ngQdi theo dao an khien cho 1840, ea nQde ed 3 Gidm mye, 2 Phd gidm<br /> hp me dao khdng bd dQdc"; rdi nghe ndi muc, 24 Linh mue ngoai qudc, 144 Linh<br /> "Trai gdi la'y vd, Id'y chdng, dao trudng dem muc ngQdi Viet vd 420.000 gido dan (11).<br /> ngudi eon gdi vdo nha kin vdi danh nghla 3. Trieu Thieu Tri (1841-1847)<br /> giang dao thyc ra de ddm d..." (9). NhQng<br /> DQdi thdi Thieu Tri, nhd vua vin duy tri<br /> chuyen nay dQdc phia ra trong dan gian va<br /> ehfnh sdch cam dao dQdc ban hdnh tQ thdi<br /> quan Dd ngy sif Phan Ba Dat da kbeo then<br /> Minh Mang nhQng khdng td ra tfch eye<br /> dpt thanh nhQng mau chuyen ly ky, ba'p<br /> nhQ trieu vua trQdc. P h i n ldn ede gido si bi<br /> d i n nen de gay a'n tQdng trong trieu dinh<br /> b i t deu dQdc Thieu Tri eho lanh dn "tram<br /> va tao nen sy p h i n no trong cdng chung.<br /> giam hau" (tdi chet nhQng giam ddi xet), rdi<br /> Viec giet dao tQ dd cdng khdc liet hdn.<br /> cudl cung cung dQdc tra ty do. Ddi vdi cdc<br /> 48 Rghien curu Lich sit, so 1.2010<br /> <br /> quan theo dao nhd vua kien tri thuyet phue Tuy nhien, trong nhan thQc Thieu Tri<br /> tao cho hp ed ed hpi bd dao dd Id trQdng hdp vdn cho Thien chua giao ludn la nguy cd<br /> quan thii ngy Ho Van DQdng b tinh Ddng ciia md't chu quyen va dao Ion phong hoa<br /> Nai da ty nguyen bd dao b i n g cdch bQdc dan tpc. Nha vua xem Thien chua giao<br /> qua cay Thanh gid nhQng vdn chQa chiu dy cung la m I m gay tai boa khdng kem gi<br /> le te t h i n b mieu Ky, trinh nhd vua xem thud'c phien vd deu do ngQcfi phQdng Tay<br /> xet (12). mang lai. Nam 1847, nhan trieu dinh ban<br /> ve viec ngQdi phQdng Tay de'n xin budn ban<br /> Nam 1841, ede gido si Miche, Duelos,<br /> vd truyen giao, nha vua ra dy: "NgQdi Tay<br /> Galy, Berneux vd Gharries hi b i t vd hi ket DQdng Idng vdn xao tra, ne'u bo ed'm dao thi<br /> an til hinh nhQng Thieu Tri khdng cho thi Anh Cat Ldi nghe thd'y cung cau xin bo<br /> hdnh an. Ndm 1843, tdu chien Phap cam thude phien. NhQng dich Id gid'ng sai<br /> Heroine ty tien den Da Nang, thuyen lang, khdng the thda man dQdc nd... Va lai<br /> trQdng Felix Favin L6veeque yeu ciu trieu dao Gia td Id td giao, cai hai rdi se den bdi<br /> dinh Hue tha cac gido si tren. Thieu Tri chuyen ngodi bien, md dQdng eho chinh<br /> chd'p thuan vd trao cdc gido si cho vien chien. Thud'c phien Id thQ thude me, cai hai<br /> thuyen trQdng ndi tren; tdu Phdp rdi cang cua nd rdi se khuynh gia bai san, hai den<br /> Dd Ning ngdy 16-3-1843. tinh mang ngQdi ta. Hai viec d'y deu<br /> nghiem cam trong nQde..." (14).<br /> Thdng 11 nam Thieu Tri thQ 7 (4-1-<br /> 1848), Bd Hinh dang sd phdng tbfeb quan Ndm 1847, Dd dd'e Cecille chi huy hai<br /> pham, trong dd cd trUdng hdp Nguyin Van quan Phap den uy hiep, 5 chien thuyen ciia<br /> Thien d tinh Phu Yen: "Thien theo dao Gia trieu dinh b ciia bien Da Ndng hi tau Phdp<br /> Td, khdng chiu bd hi ghep tdi giao giam hau td'n cdng. TQc gian vi hi si nhyc, vua Thieu<br /> (giam ddi ngdy t h i t cd') qua den thdng 6 Tri ra lenh chem eae quan da khdng hodn<br /> nam thQ 6 (1846), y dQdc tha chet, day ra thdnh nhiem vy giQ cang, rdi chi thi cho<br /> ldm linh d HQng Hda, quan tinh nhieu lan cac quan dia phQdng nghiem khic thyc<br /> khuyen giai, y cung khdng chiu bd dao. Nay hien lenh b i t dao tren ca nQde.<br /> gap dip an xd, y dQdc tha ve que" (13).<br /> 4. T r i e u Tii Diic (1848-1883)<br /> Chinh sdch mem deo ve ed'm dao thdi NhQng ap lyc quan sy va ngoai giao ciia<br /> Thieu Tri da lam cho so' gido dan dQdc tang Phap da dQa den nhQng sdng gid dQdi trieu<br /> them nhd't Id tai Trung vd Nam Ky. dinh Ty DQc da gay ra nhieu bie'n cd trong<br /> Ndm 1844, dia phan gido hpi dQdc chia giao hpi Thien ehua giao cl Viet Nam.<br /> ra nhQ sau: Giai doan 1848-1862 la thdi ky khdc het<br /> - Dia phdn Hue gdm cac tinh Quang trong cuoc chien Viet - Phap khdng can sQc<br /> Binh, Quang Tri, ThQa Thien do Pellerin cung la thdi ky sat dao gay g i t ciia trieu<br /> Idm Gidm mue. dinh Hue vdi cdc nhd "truyen giao va giao<br /> dan.<br /> - Dia phdn Quy Nhdn gdm cdc tinh<br /> Trung Ky cdn lai do Cuenot lam Gidm mye. Nam 1848, luc mdi len ngdi vua, Ty DQc<br /> da phe duyet lenh ed'm dao: "Pham nhQng<br /> - Dia phdn Sai Gdn gdm cac tinh Nam<br /> dao trQdng Tay DQdng den nQde ta thi cho<br /> ky cdn lai do Lefebre lam Giam mye. V<br /> quan dan mpi ngQdi ai cd the bat dQdc nop<br /> Chinh s^ch ciia trieu Rguyen... 49<br /> <br /> quan, thQdng cho 300 lang bae. Cdn ngQdi giao dan hi bat, trong sd' dd ed 17 ngQdi<br /> dao trQdng Tay DQdng d'y do quan sd tai x6t khdng chiu bd dao nen hi iQu day.<br /> hdi ro rang ly lich, Idp tQc dem viec dang<br /> Tiep theo Id sy xud't hien mdt sd' gido si<br /> tau, cho dem dfeb than nan nhan d'y nem<br /> vd giao dan trong dpi quan viin chinh Phdp<br /> xud'ng bie'n. Cdn nhQng dao trQdng vd bpn<br /> trong cdc cuoc ta'n cdng vdo Dd Ning, Gia<br /> theo dao Id ngQdi nQde ta, xin do cac nha<br /> Dinh nam 1858, 1859, 1861 ldm cho trieu<br /> lai x6t viec hinh hai, ba Ian mdi bao cho<br /> dinh Ty DQc cd dii chQng cQ ve dm mQu sil<br /> biet tdi, neu hp biet hdi cai bd dao bQdc qua<br /> dung tdn gido cua giac Phdp vd phan bdi<br /> cay gid chQ thap thi tha ra ngay. NgQdi nao<br /> cua mdt sd' gido dan (17) nen trieu dinh da<br /> khdng chiu nhay qua cay gid chQ thdp thi<br /> ban hdnh nhieu lenh du ed'm dao bing cdch<br /> ngQdi dao trQdng cung nen xif tif, cdc con<br /> chien theo dao hay tam thieh vdo mat, dudi Xii tif hinh, dap len Thanh gia, b i t bupe bd<br /> ve cho vao sd dan. Ne'u hp biet hdi cai thi dao, thieh chQ vao mat, di day...<br /> cung cho den quan de trQ bo thich chQ d'y Nam 1861, Ty DQc ra sic lenh "Phdn<br /> di" (15). thdp gido dan" nham phdn tdn, cd lap,<br /> Giai phdp b i t bd dao bang cdch bQdc kiem sodt vd tieu diet mIm chdng ddi eiia<br /> qua cay Thanh gia ddi vdi gido si vd giao gido dan (18). Chi du nay dQdc cdc ca'p<br /> dan trong budi d i u cua trieu Ty DQc tuy chinh quyen chd'p hdnh nghiem chinh la<br /> khdng mdi nhQng phQdng thQc thyc hien mdt ddn chinh tri, tam ly ddnh vdo can nao<br /> mem deo hdn vd cd tinh phdn biet trong vd tinh cam eiia gido dan vd td chQc eiia<br /> viec xet xif n h i m tao cd hdi cho ngQdi Viet gido hpi Thien chua gido; ldm phd hiiy cdc<br /> theo dao cd the trd ve que qudn ldm an Idng vd ede ed sd Thien chua gido, cdc gia<br /> binh thQdng. dinh theo Thien ehua gido bude phai ly tan<br /> de ty tieu vong, ho hdng, bd con xa lanh.<br /> Nam 1851, sau vu Hdng Bao, con trai<br /> Gido dan khdng cd cd hpi de ldm le, sinh<br /> trudng cua vua Thieu Tri mUu lat dd Ty<br /> boat hpi dodn, each ly vdi cac gido si vd cac<br /> DQc khdng thdnh, do nghi ngd lien ket vdi<br /> td chQc tdn giao; ban than nhQng ngUdi<br /> Thien ehua giao nen Ty DQc ban hdnh du<br /> thee dao thudng xuyen bi giam sdt, con cai<br /> ed'm dao gay gat hdn: De ldm sdng td chinh<br /> hi cdch ly khdi mdi trUdng tdn gido va Idm<br /> dao, cin phai b i t vd nem xud'ng sdng eae<br /> dao trQdng Tay DQdng hoac Id ngQdi Viet con tin.<br /> Nam, du chung cd cha dap hay khdng cha Vdi chinh sdch gie't dao oan nghiet ndy,<br /> dap len cay Thdp ty gia, phai chat chung ra ngodi cac gido si phudng Tay bi sdt hai,<br /> Idm hai de cho mpi ngQdi cung biet sy trong thdi gian nay ed den 115 linh mue<br /> nghiem ngdt ciia phap luat nQde ta" (16). ngUdi Viet hi giet, 50 nQ tu vien hi phd buy,<br /> Viec bat dao tQ dd cdng rao riet vd giet dao 2600 nQ tu phai di tan, 100 nQ tu hi giet,<br /> cdng khdc liet hdn.<br /> khoang 100 lang gido dan hi san thdnh<br /> Nam 1857, Ty DQc ra lenh chem quan binh dia, 10.000 chQc sle trong ede hp dao<br /> Tam pham Thai hoc Ty khanh Hd Dinh Hy hi b i t giam, trong sd' dd hdn mdt nQa bi<br /> vi vien quan theo Thien chua gido nhQng giet; 2000 xQ dao hi triet ha, 300.000 giao<br /> khdng chiu bd dao lai ngd'm nglm tiep xue dan bi phan thdp, trong sd dd ed 50.000<br /> vdi giac, mQu phan qud'e. Vu an nay ed 29 ngQdi bi giet.<br /> 50 Rghien cum Lich siir. sg 1.2010<br /> <br /> Giai doan 1862-1874 la thdi ky hiep phan ddi nghi hda cua trieu dinh va phong<br /> thQdng, nhan nhQdng ciia trieu dinh nen trdo "Binh Tay sdt ta" dien ra rd't manh cl<br /> Thien chua giao dQdc ty do truyen giang. Trung vd Blc Ky, lam nhieu lang theo dao<br /> Khoan 2 cua Hiep Qdc Nhdm Tud't (1862) hi tan phd, nhieu linh mye vd gido dan bi<br /> quy dinh: "Cdng dan hai nQde Phdp va Tdy gie't, lam eho uy the trieu dinh Ty DQc<br /> Ban Nha cd the hdnh dao Gia Td trong giam sut nghiem trpng, tinh hinh xa hdi<br /> nQde Viet Nam vd cdng ddn cua nQde nay, cdng phQc tap hdn, tao ldi the cho Phdp va<br /> ba't luan ai, neu mud'n theo dao Gia Td thi nhQng tay sai nhanh chdng dung vu lyc de<br /> theo vd khdng hi ngdn trd; nhQng khdng chie'm doat dd't nQde ta.<br /> dQdc CQdng bQc ai trd thdnh tin dd Gia Td<br /> Tuy khdng thyc hien chinh sach ca'm<br /> neu ngQdi d'y khdng mud'n" (19). dao nhQng viec truyen giao dudi thdi Gia<br /> Nam 1865, Ty DQc lai ra mot chi dy Long cung khdng phai thuan ldi vi tinh<br /> chinh thQc eho phep cac gido si ty do cha't ^ thQc he giQa mpt trieu dinh chpn<br /> truyen giao va dan chung dUde ty do theo Nho giao lam khudn mdu chinh tri vdi dpi<br /> dao. ' t. ngil quan chQc tQ cac nho gia dQdc dao tao<br /> ngdy cang ddng dao len ndm quyen trd nen<br /> Tuy nhien, sy nhUdng bp cua trieu dinh bao thii va mdt ben la Thien chua giao va<br /> khdng nhQng da dan den bQc xuc, phan ddi nhQng ngQdi truyen dao ty nhdn Id tdn<br /> kich liet eiia ede si tif dy ky thi HQdng b gido sieu viet cua loai ngQdi mang tinh ddc<br /> Hue, Hd Npi, Nam Dinh nam 1864 ldm tdn can dQdc truyen ba he tQ tQdng vd vdn<br /> trieu dinh Ty DQc md't uy the md cung Id minh dd tren todn elu. Ca hai deu mudn<br /> cd de Phap leo thang danh chiem 3 tinh thu phue, cam hda ngQdi dan ve phia minh<br /> mien Tay Nam Ky ndm 1868. bang "dQc tin" de cd mpt hdu thudn xa hdi,<br /> Nam 1874, Phap ep trieu dinh Hue ky rdng rai vd vQng chac.<br /> hiep Qdc cdng nhan chu quyen eiia Phap b<br /> DQdi trieu Minh Mang va Thieu Tri khi<br /> Nam Ky vd dQdc ty do truyen gido.<br /> van de truyen giao trd nen ed'p bach ddi vdi<br /> Theo hiep Qdc Giap Tud't (1874), ngQdi eae nQde phQdng Tdy vd kem theo Id ap lUc<br /> theo dao Thien chua ed quyen dy cdc ky thi quan sQ, tdn giao trd thanh va'n de chinh<br /> do trieu dinh td chQc va tham gia vdo bp tri bQc thie't va sau s i c ddi vdi trieu dinh<br /> mdy nhd nUde cdc cap, tham dy vdo ede Hue. Lenh ed'm dao dQdc trieu dinh ban<br /> boat dpng chfnh tri, xa hpi ciia dd't nude hdnh nhQng cac giao si vSn len lut truyen<br /> nhu mpt cdng dan binh thUdng, binh d i n g gido. De ngdn chan nguy cd ve ehu quyen<br /> nhu mpi cdng ddn khdc. se hi md't, tinh hinh xa hdi se hon loan va<br /> van de van hda truyen thd'ng hi xam h^i,<br /> Giai doan 1874-1883 Id thdi ky Thien<br /> trieu dinh Hue huy dpng ea he thd'ng chinh<br /> chua giao dUdc boat dpng hdp phdp, nhieu<br /> tri va xa hdi de dQdng dau. Dd la mdt he<br /> nhd thd dUdc xay dyng tren ca nUdc, dd't<br /> thd'ng nha nQde va phap luat tQ trung Udng<br /> dai, tdi san ciia gido hpi dUdc md rdng, giao den dia phUdng cung tin ngudng thd cung<br /> ddn cung gia tang. .,, .,, td tien va than linh trong toan xa hpi lam<br /> Hiep Ude Giap Tud't tranh dUde cac cude cdng cu de ngan chan va chien da'u, da ddn<br /> dd mdu tQ trieu dinh, nhQng day lai la thdi den nhieu vy tan sat d i m mau, da man<br /> ky d i m mau do cac phong trdo van than lam nhQng ngUdi theo dao vd'n cd khoang<br /> Chinh sach ciia h-ieu Rguyen... 51<br /> <br /> each nay bi dao sau them hdchia each, mdt DQc dung liic nhQng trieu dinh Hue tQ dd<br /> nguy cd mdi ciia dan tpc s i p den gin. bi cd lap trQdc sQc td'n cdng cua quan Phap<br /> vd cdc cude khdi nghla chdng Phdp eiia<br /> li Dudi trieu Ty DQc lenh ca'm d^o v i n<br /> nhan dan, lai bi dai bd phdn nhan dan bd<br /> dUde ban hdnh cung nhQng bie'n ddng trong<br /> rdi ke ca nhQng ngQdi theo dao vd nhQng<br /> cung dinh vd xa hdi da lam cho the nQde ra<br /> ngQdi chd'ng dao. Mdt trieu dinh cd the,<br /> rdi, suy yeu. Ld'y ed bao ve gido si vd gido<br /> khdng edn dQdc hdu t h u i n cua nhdn ddn<br /> dan hi sat hai, lien quan Phdp - Tay Ban<br /> vd thieu quye't tdm ddnh giac Id nguyen<br /> Nha dem quan td'n cdng vdo Dd Ning<br /> nhan ddn den nhQng thd't bai lien tiep cho<br /> (1858) cd mpt so' gido si vd gido dan Idm ndi<br /> den ndm Ty DQc qua ddi (1883), quan Phap<br /> Qng, tinh hinh sat dao trd nen phd bien vd<br /> ddnh vdo eifa Thudn An, bupe trieu dinh<br /> khde liet hdn, nha't la sau khi trieu dinh<br /> Hue ky hiep Qdc Quy Mui, chap nhan sy dd<br /> cho thyc hien lenh "phdn thdp gido dan"<br /> hd cua thyc dan Phdp ddi vdi todn coi nQde<br /> nam 1861. Mot cuoc chien tranh mang tinh<br /> ta.<br /> tra thu ciia ngQdi nam quyen lyc ddi vdi<br /> nhQng Idng theo dao vd gido dan khdng vu Chinh sach ca'm dao cua eae vua Nguyen<br /> khi ty ve .vd cung da man chQa tQng thd'y la mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhdn de lien<br /> trong lich sii nQde ta. Trieu dinh Hue tQdng quan Phdp - Tdy Ban Nha ddnh vdo Da<br /> dd Id giai phdp sdng suot va hieu qua nham Ning (1858) va cung Id mdt trong nhQng<br /> tieu diet giao dan va gido xQ thi khdng ngd nguyen nhan dQa de'n sy that bai ciia trilu<br /> sau dd the nQde lai ra rdi hdn, Phdp cho dinh Ty DQc trong cude chien chd'ng Phdp<br /> quan ddnh chiem Gia Dinh bude trieu dinh vdo the ky XIX.<br /> Hue ky hiep Qdc nam 1862, chd'p nhdn cho<br /> Chinh sach ddi vdi Thien chua giao ed<br /> cac gido si dUde truyen gido vd quyen ty do<br /> lien quan trye tiep den chii quyen va vdn<br /> tin ngUdng cua nhdn dan.<br /> menh dan tdc Id mpt sai Ilm ciia trieu<br /> Tha'y rd truyen giao la mye tieu quan Nguyin de ca dan tdc phai tra gid bing<br /> trpng cua Phap nen trieu dinh Ty DQc bai mdu xQdng va sy si nhyc Id bdi hpe mudn<br /> bd lenh ca'm dao, xoa diu cdc gido si vd giao thud de cdc the he Viet Nam tim cho minh<br /> dan hi hai, phe phdn cdc cuoc khdi nghia mdt chinh sach tdn giao dung din, phu hdp<br /> chd'ng Phdp, ddc biet Id cdc thii linh phong trong tQng giai doan lich sil vd bdi canh<br /> trdo "Binh Tay sdt ta". Sy tinh ngd ciia Ty chinh tri trong nQde vd qudc t§' khac nhau.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH ..A. . .<br /> (1). Tdy duang Gia td bi luc. sach in nam 1812, nhieu ke mang dn mk chiu nghe giang dao. Ttf d6<br /> ban dich Ngo Dilc Thp, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha dao Gia to m6i bat d£u lan den nUdc ta.<br /> Npi, 1981, tr. 291. Sach cho biet: Giam muc<br /> Ignatio (Ynekhu) bi mat vao truyen dao d cac l&ng (2). Nguy§n Van Ki6m. Su du nhdp ciia dgo<br /> Qu£n Anh, Trft Lu, Ninh Cudng vko nam Qu^r Ty, Thien chiia gido vdo Viet Nam tii th^ ky XVII de'n<br /> nien hieu Nguyen H6a, ddi vua Le Trang TQng the ky XIX, Vien Nghien cQu Ton giao, Hpi Khoa<br /> (1533), den dau cung cho tien, phat thuoc khi§'n hpc Lich svi Viet Nam, 2001, 198.<br /> 52 Rghign ciJru Lich sJr. s g 1.2010<br /> <br /> <br /> (3). Phan Phat Huon. Viet Nam gido si, tap I, (16). Phan Phat Huon, sdd, tr. 280.<br /> Sai Gon, 1958, tr. 191.<br /> (17). Giam muc Pellerin (dia phan Hug) tich<br /> (4). Vo Diic Hanh. La place du Catholicisme cue van dong chinh phii Phap dem quan danh Vilt<br /> dans le relation en de la France le Vietnam de 1858 Nam, Giam muc Lefebre (dia phan Sai Gon) ti'ch<br /> a 1870, tap II, tr. 282. cUc giiip quan Phap ta'n cong Gia Dinh. Hudng Qng<br /> ldi keu gpi cua cac giao si Phap, ahiiu giao dan<br /> (5). Quoc SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic<br /> diu quan theo giac dl chong lai triS'u dinh. Khi<br /> luc chinh bien, tap XI, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha<br /> quan Phap danh Da Nang nhieu giao dan Bae Ky<br /> Npi, 1960, tr. 235.<br /> vao Da Ning dSu quan cho Phap. Dpi quan nay do<br /> (6). Quo'c Sii quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic tudng ehi huy Rigaule de Genouilly thanh lap<br /> luc chinh bien, tap XI, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha ddng d ban dao Sdn Tra, hp da tham gia danh<br /> Npi, 1960, tr. 136. danh Da Nang va sau dd vao nam danh don Chi<br /> (7). Muc luc Chdu bdn trieu Nguyen, trieu Hda (Nguyen Van Kiem, sdd, tr. 235).<br /> Minh Mang, ban thao viet tay, tap 68, td 152-154, (18). Du dUdc ban hanh vao thang 7 nam 1861,<br /> (8). Quo'c SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic cd cac khoan chfnh sau:<br /> luc chinh bien, tap XI, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Khoan 1: Ta't ea cac giao dan, dan dng va dan<br /> Npi, 1964, tr. 136. ba, giau cung nhu ngh6o, ngUdi gia ciing nhu tre<br /> (9). Quo'c SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thiic eon deu phai phan tan vao eae lang ben lUdng.<br /> luc chinh bien, tap XXVIl, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi. Khoan 2: Ta't ea cac lang ben lUdng phai chiu<br /> Ha Npi, 1973, tr. 247. trach nhi^m canh gac cac giao dan da dUdc tha ve<br /> (10). Trong do co Gagelin (1833), Marehand theo ty le cfif 5 ngudi lUdng mpt ngUdi theo dao.<br /> (1835), Corray (1837), Jacard (1838) De Lamothe Khoan 3: Ta't ca cac lang giao deu phai san<br /> (1840); cac Giam muc Havard (1837), Borie bang, pha huy da't dai, vUdn tUdc se dUde chia eho<br /> (1838)... cac lang ben lUdng xung quanh, eae lang nay cd<br /> (11). So v6i nam 1800 so giao dan tang them nghia vu phai nop thue.<br /> 110.000 ngudi. Khoan 4: Giao dan dan dng phai tach ra khoi<br /> (12). Muc luc Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin, trieu giao dan dan ba, dan dng dua di mpt tinh, dan ba<br /> Thieu Tri, ban thao viet tay, tap 49, td 24-25, dua de'n mot tinh khac de ho khdng dUdc sum hpp,<br /> tre con se giao cho cac gia dinh ben lUdng nao<br /> (13). Muc luc Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin, trieu<br /> mudn nudi chiing.<br /> Thi?u Tri, ban thao viet tay, tap 47, td 40-41,<br /> Khoan 5: TrUdc khi dUa di, ta't ca giao dan dan<br /> (14). Quoc SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam ong, dan ba, tre eon deu phai thfch chii vao mat: d<br /> thiic luc chinh bien, tap XXVI, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa ma trai la hai chQ td dgo, d ma phai la ten td'ng,<br /> hpi, Ha Npi, 1973, tr. 276. huyen gQi tdi, de chiing khdng the chay trdn.<br /> (15). Quoc SQ quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam (19). Cao Huy Thuin, Gido si thiia sai vd chinh<br /> thuc luc chinh bien, tap XXVI, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa sdch thugc dia cua Phdp tgi Viet Nam (1857-1914),<br /> hpi, Ha Npi, 1973, tr. 111. Nxb. Tdn Giao, Ha Npi, 2003. tr. 132.<br />