Chính sách nâng cao chất lượng quan hệ gia đình: một số vấn đề về lý luận và thực tiễn

Nghi©n ciiu<br /> Gia d i n h v^ G i d i<br /> So 5 - 2 0 1 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Chinh sach nang cao chat lirang quan he gia dinh:<br /> mot so vanfleve ly luan va thuc tiin<br /> <br /> Phung Thi Kim Anh<br /> Vi6n Gia dinh vS Gidi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Tom tat: Trong thdi dai mdi thie't che hdn nhan va gia dinh<br /> dang cd nhiing thay ddi quan trong, nhUng nd vin chie'm mot vi<br /> tri quan trong trong ddi song con ngUdi, vi vay, chinh phu cl<br /> nhieu quoc gia khac nhau dang no lUc ap dung nhiing chinh<br /> sach, chu trUdng, sang kien de ciing cd' do ben vxing va nang cao<br /> chit lUdng moi quan he gia dinh. Bai viet trinh bay mot so chinh<br /> sach nang cao chat lUdng moi quan he gia dinh 6 mot so quoc gia<br /> tren the gidi. Chinh sach gia dinh la mot bo phfin ciia chinh sach<br /> phuc ldi xa hoi, va chinh sach nang cao chi^t lUdng moi quan h§<br /> gia dinh la mot phin trong chinh sach gia dinh ciia moi qudc gia<br /> vdi muc tieu quan trong la dieu tiet cac moi quan h§ trong gia<br /> dinh nhu quan he vd chong, quan he cha me con cai, va giiia<br /> con cai tru6ng thanh va cha me cao tudi. De xiiy dUng chinh sach<br /> nang cao cha't lUdng gia dinh, cin chu y den cac dac diem ve lich<br /> s^, kinh te, vSn hda xa hoi, che do chinh trj, he thd'ng phiic ldi<br /> de cd nhiing sang kien, chUdng trinh hanh dong cd tfnh iing<br /> dung cao.<br /> <br /> Tii khoa: Chinh sach Gia dinh tren the gidi; Chinh sach nang<br /> cao cha't lUdng quan h^ gia dinh.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Dat van de<br /> Gia dinh la mdt trong nhiing chu dl nghidn cuu d nhilu qud'c gia tren<br /> the' gidi. Die biet trong thdi dai mdi, su bilh ddi cua cac xu the xa hdi<br />  Phung Thj Kim Anh 19<br /> <br /> khien eho thilt che'gia dinh eiing cd nhilu bie'n ddi. Nhiing thay ddi quan<br /> hgng ed the kd din nhu ty le kit hdn giam, dd tudi bit diu kit hdn tang<br /> eiing vdi su gia tang ty le ly hdn, hdn nhan thuc tl. Dilu nay khien hdn<br /> nhan gia dinh trd thanh mdt ciu tnie dl bj tdn thuang va dl bj pha vd.<br /> Nlu trudc kia hdn nhin gia dinh dugc coi la nin tang cua xa hdi, thi ngay<br /> nay vi tri do dudng nhu dang lung lay. Tuy nhien, gia dinh vin ludn ludn<br /> chie'm mdt vi tri quan trgng hong ddi sd'ng con ngudi, vi vay, chi'nh phu d<br /> nhilu qud'c gia khac nhau nd luc ap dung eac chfnh sach xa hdi dd cung cd<br /> dd bin vumg gia duih va nang cao chit lugng mdi quan he trong gia dinh.<br /> Chinh sach gia dinh (family policy) dugc djnh nghia la tit ca nhirng<br /> hoat ddng, chu truang, chinh sach cua Nha nudc ddi vdi gia dinh va danh<br /> cho gia dinh. Chfnh sach gia dinh nhim muc dfch dilu tilt cac mdi quan<br /> he then chdt trong gia dinh nhu quan he vg - chdng, quan he cha me - con<br /> cai thdng qua chuomg trinh hanh ddng vdi muc tieu cudi cung la cung cd<br /> gia dinh bin vumg (Mercier va Garasky, 1997; Neyer, 2003). Nhin chung,<br /> chinh sach gia dinh dugc phan chia thanh ba ITnh vuc chu ye'u: mdt la he<br /> thd'ng luat phap hen quan den gia dinh nhu cac dao luat vl ket hdn, ly hdn,<br /> nhan con nudi, trach nhiem nudi con; thii hai la cac chinh sach hd trg gia<br /> dinh nhu miln giam thue, hd trg nudi con va nghi de, nghi cham sdc con<br /> dm; thii ba la ehfnh sich vl djch vu gia dinh nhu he thd'ng nha tre, chfnh<br /> sach nha d (Pankratz, 2009).<br /> De cung cd do bin vumg cua gia dinh va ning cao chit lucmg cic mdi<br /> quan he trong gia dinh, hiu hit eae qud'c gia diu cd nhiing chinh sich, chu<br /> truang, sang kie'n nhim giai quye't nhiing thay ddi vl bdi canh kinh te va<br /> xa hdi dang diln ra mdt each nhanh chdng va tie ddng de'n mgi mat cua<br /> ddi sd'ng gia dinh. Tit ca cac each tilp can chfnh sach ddi vdi vin dl gia<br /> dinh, true tie'p hoac gian tilp, nhim mue tieu tao mdi trudng xa hdi de<br /> nang cao nhan thiie eua ngudi dan vl vai trd cua gia dinh (Acker, 2008).<br /> Cac chuang trinh hanh ddng dugc dua ra dua tren muc tieu cua chinh<br /> saeh gia dinh va dugc long ghep vao ca chl ehfnh sich. Ngoai ra, de dat<br /> dugc muc tieu cua chfnh sach cin cd su phd'i hgp giiia Nha nudc vdi cac<br /> td chiic xa hdi. Cac bien phip can thiep thudng nhim true tilp vao gia dinh<br /> nhu mdt dom vi ca ban cua xa hdi hoac eac nhdm dl bj tdn thucmg nhu tre<br /> em, ngudi cao tudi, phu nii; cae nhdm xa hdi khac nhu ngudi ngheo, ngudi<br /> dan tde thidu sd ciing cd thd la muc tieu cua chinh sach gia dinh. Cac vin<br /> dl ma eac khung thiet che'hudng de'n thdng qua cac khuyen nghi tii chfnh<br /> sach la ca sd di xiy dung cac chuang frinh hanh ddng danh cho gia dinh,<br /> tur viee thuc hien cac chuang trinh nhim phat tridn gia dinh lien quan din<br /> 20 Nghidn curu Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quyg'n 21, so' 5, tr. 18-30<br /> <br /> <br /> muc tieu iih;ii tridn xa hdi hay eac chinh sach dac thu danh cho gia dinh<br /> (Acker, 2008). Ngoni ra, cac chfnh sach va chuong trinh hanh ddng thudng<br /> cd tac (I6ng ddi vdi cac loai hinh gia dinh khac nhau, cac nhdm xa hdi<br /> khac nhau. 'ITidng thudng cac uu tiln cu thd tap trung vao viec dam bao<br /> nhu ciu vat cha't ca ban cho nhirng gia dinh thude nhdm xa hdi dl bj tdn<br /> thuang (Mercier va Garasky, 1997).<br /> Nhu vay, cac sang kiln chfnh sach dugc dua ra nhim tic ddng den cac<br /> mat ciui ddi sdng gia dinh mdt each true tilp hoac gian tie'p. Vf du nhu:<br /> nang cao ddi sd'ng gia dinh thdng qua su hd trg vl thu nhip cung nhu hd<br /> trg xa hdi danh cho gia dinh hoac tre em; tip trung vao viec bao ve quyin<br /> lie em hoac thanh thilu nien; cai thien he thdng nha tre hoac tim kiem sir<br /> kit hcrp can bing giira trach nhiem gia dinh va cdng vile; nang cao tinh<br /> bin vimg ciia hdn nhin; ning cao chit lugng cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi cao tudi<br /> cung nhu cha me dan thin; cac chinh sach nhim muc tieu giam thidu viec<br /> sir dung chit kich thfch; phdng chdng bao lue gia dinh va bao hanh U-e em<br /> cung nhu chuang trinh giio due cho cha me, nang cao binh ding gidi; tao<br /> CO hdi cdng bing cho ngudi din tde thidu sd; md ra cac ca hdi ve mat kinh<br /> tl, xa hdi cho cac nhdm dl bj tdn thucmg nhu xda ddi giam ngheo, nang<br /> cao chit lugng giao due va y tl; va cac sang kiln lien quan de'n chinh sach<br /> dan sd va phat tridn cdng ddng (DSPDDESA. 2001).<br /> Cac qud'c gia khic nhau cd nhiing each tie'p cin chinh sach khac nhau<br /> trong viec cai thien chi't lugng quan he gia dinh. Vf du nhu New Zealand<br /> coi gia dinh la mdt dan vj tu quan nen chinh qu}, en chi cd nhiing bien phap<br /> can thiep khi nghia vu va lgi ich cua cac thanh \ien gia dinh bj vi pham.<br /> Mdt sd qud'c gia khac nhu Nam Phi khdng cd chfnh sach dac thii danh cho<br /> gia dinh ma chi cd nhiing chucmg trinh nhim vao cac nhdm xa hdi dl bi<br /> tdn thuang nhu gia dinh dan thin, gia dinh thude nhdm thidu sd<br /> (DSPDDESA, 2001). Trong khi mdt sd qud'c gia nhu Phap, Thuy Didn,<br /> Dire cd chfnh sach gia dinh thd'ng nhi't va toan dien thi chfnh sach gia dinh<br /> d My dugc coi la da dang bdi net die trung ciia nudc nay la mdt qud'c gia<br /> da van hoa, da dan tde nin cac chii truang chinh saeh lien quan dl'n cai<br /> thien chit lucmg gia dinh rit phong phii (Acker, 2008). Khi nhin nhin cac<br /> mdi quan he trong gia dinh li ca ban va eac thanh vien gia dinh ehiu tie<br /> ddng cua hoan canh gia dinh va trach nhiem gia dinh, chinh sach nang cao<br /> chit lugng mdi quan he trong gia dinh phai coi gia dinh la mdt nhin td chii<br /> ylu trong viec cham sdc siic khoe, giio due va cac nhu ciu xa hdi ca ban<br /> cho ca nhan.<br /> Trong phin tie'p theo bai vie't didm lai mdt sd chfnh sach nang cao chi't<br />  Phung Thi Kim Anh 21<br /> <br /> lugng mdi quan he gia dinh vdi ba mdi quan he ca ban nhit: quan he vg -<br /> chdng, quan he cha me eon cii va quan he cha me cao tudi - con cai<br /> trudng thanh.<br /> 1. Moi quan he vd - chong<br /> <br /> Mdi quan he vg chdng hay quan he hdn nhan la md'i quan he ca ban<br /> nhit trong cic quan he gia dinh. Nham tao cho cac cap vg chdng cd ca hdi<br /> td't nhi't dd cd mdt cudc hdn nhan thanh cdng phu thude vao hang loat eac<br /> yeu td tii phia ca nhan va nha nudc, va nhiing ylu td nay tic ddng theo<br /> nhilu each thiic khae nhau. Thdng diep ca ban nhit cua chfnh sach hdn<br /> nhin gia dinh la chi cd tinh yeu thi chua dii nin tang cho md'i quan he<br /> hdn nhin bin viing, ma nd phu thude vao viee cic cap vg chdng cin dugc<br /> hge each chung sd'ng eiing nhau va dd'i mit vdi thuc t l cudc sd'ng hang<br /> ngay. Cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach va cac nha giao due hdn nhan ludn<br /> ludn hieu rang cic cap vg chdng cd the cd nhiing ky vgng va mong udc<br /> phi thuc t l vl hdn nhan, vi the' hg cin dugc hge each xay dung va giii gin<br /> md'i quan he bin vihig nin tang cua hdn nhan hanh phiic. Do dd, chinh<br /> sach giao due hdn nhan la mdt trong nhiing bien phap hang diu de cung<br /> cd md'i quan he (hdn nhan) bing cich day cho cac ci nhin kha nang ddc<br /> lap va trach nhiem ca nhan ddi vdi md'i quan he vg ehdng (Acker, 2008).<br /> Mdt trong nhiing rao can dat ra cho Nha nude li dii nd mudn cung cd<br /> do bin viing ciia hdn nhan hay chip nhan su thay ddi vl cau tnie cac md'i<br /> quan he vg chdng trong xa hdi hien dai, thi hdn nhin vin ludn ludn la su<br /> lua chgn cua ei nhan kd ca khi nha nudc cd can thiep hay khdng. Mdt vin<br /> dl khd khan la lam the'nao khuyen khfch cac cap vg chdng hudng din md'i<br /> quan he bin viing ma khdng can thiep vao cudc sd'ng rieng tu cua ca nhan.<br /> Cac md'i quan he trong hdn nhan cin dugc dat trong bdi canh xa hdi rdng<br /> ldn hom vdi cac luc tic ddng cua cac ylu td van hoa, xa hdi, chfnh tri, kinh<br /> te'. Vi the' dii.Nha nudc cd tic ddng den dau nhung mdt khi cae lue tic<br /> ddng khdng du tinh hd trg thi hieu qua eua cae bien phap can thiep tir Nha<br /> nudc trd nen vd fch. Han niia, tinh cam la nin tang cua hdn nhan, va li vin<br /> dl thude vl ca nhan nen rit khd nim bit. Nhiing dilu dd trd thanh rao can<br /> dd'i vdi ehinh sach khi tic ddng vao cic md'i quan he hdn nhan hay quan<br /> he vg chdng (Acker, 2008).<br /> Mdi qud'c gia cd nhiing cich tiep can rieng dd'i vdi chfnh sich cung ed<br /> md'i quan he hdn nhan cua minh. Chinh quyin lien bang Uc lua chgn cich<br /> tiep cin "hdi; nhan bin viing" cho chinh sach gia dinh eua minh. Tuyen<br /> ngdn cua Nha nudc la: cung cd va hd trg gia dinh; cam kit cd nhung bien<br /> 22 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 21, so' 5, tr. 18-30<br /> <br /> phap tich cue de nang cao chi't lugng md'i quan he gia dinh, dac bilt la trg<br /> giiip ca nliAn cd c;ii nhin lich cue vdi hdn nhan va cai thiln cac ky nang ve<br /> gia dinh trudc khi xung ddt nay sinh. Vl mat chinh .sach, mac dii Chinh<br /> quyin Uc lo ngai vl xu hudng ft coi trgng hdn nhan va ty le ly hdn tang<br /> cao, song cac chfnh sach hudng dcii viec giai quylt cac vin d l xay ra khi<br /> cd su (In vd han la tang cudng nang cao ky nang giiip cai thien mdi quan<br /> ho hon nhan.<br /> Hien nay, chfnh quyin Uc vin danh kinh phf hd trg cho cac chuang<br /> liinh vc hdn nhin - gia dinh. Va cac td chirc xa hdi tap trung nhilu han<br /> vao dao tao nhan vien cdng tac xa hdi theo hudng chuyen nghiip trong<br /> vice tu \'An va hudng din cho nhiing ngudi chuin bj budc vao hdn nhan.<br /> Nhin chung, chinh quyin Uc thudng liln kit vdi td chirc nha thd va cac td<br /> chiifc cdng ddng de qua dd cung ci'p tu vin vl giao due hdn nhan. Ngoai<br /> ra, chinh quyin Uc da hd trg tai chi'nh giiip thanh lap 65 Irung tam tu vin<br /> quan he gia dinh vdi cac hoat ddng chii y^u la hda giai, tu vin va giiip cac<br /> cap vg chdng hge each giai quylt mau thuin, xung dot trong ddi sd'ng hdn<br /> nhan, ngoai ra trung tam tu vin quan he gia dinh cdn hd trg giiip gia tang<br /> sd lugng chuang trinh tilp xiic vdi con cii (danh cho nhiing bac cha me<br /> da ly hdn), cung ci'p thdng tin eho eae cap ddi chuin bj kit hdn va han chl<br /> viec ly hdn. Ben canh dd, edn ed cac dilu khoan hd trg tai chinh cho nhiing<br /> ngudi gap khd khan vl mdi quan he vdi ban ddi, con cai thdng qua cac<br /> djch vu tu vin va hd trg vl ky nang gia dinh. Chfnh quyen lien bang cung<br /> thie't lap rieng mdt website (Family Relationship Online and Ad\ ice Line)<br /> va sd dien thoai miln phf nhim cung cip thdng tin \ a dua ra ldi khuyen<br /> giup ca nhin xiy dung mdi quan he gia dinh tdt dep.<br /> VI khfa canh phap ly, phan quyet cua tda an gia dinh (chu yeu giai<br /> quylt nhiing van dl liln quan den ly hdn) trong Dao luit Gia dinh nam<br /> 1975 ddi luc gay nen nhiing tranh cai trong chuomg trinh nghi su vdi trgng<br /> tam vl vai trd lam cha. Do dd, nam 2005 chfnh quyin liln bang Uc da<br /> cdng bd chuang trinh cai each hi thd'ng Luat gia dinh vdi trgng tam la hd<br /> trg cae cap vg chdng da ly hdn bing each tao ca hdi cho cac cap vg chdng<br /> nay tham gia thao luan vl trach nhilm cua cha me dd'i vdi con eai sau khi<br /> ly hdn. Ngoai ra cae cap vg chdng bit budc phai tham gia mdt qua trinh<br /> tu vin trong vdng 3 gid ddng hd trudc khi ndp dan len tda an gia dinh.<br /> Nhin chung, chinh sach cua Uc uu tien tap trung hd trg ca nhan dd'i mit<br /> vdi mdi quan he gia dinh, trong dd cd quan he hdn nhan va dilu nay ham<br /> y ring Nha nude khdng phan ddi xu hudng hdn nhan thuc te' dang ngay<br /> cang gia tang. Cic bien phap phdng ngfira mau thuin, xung ddt nay sinh<br />  Phimg Thi Kim Anh 23<br /> <br /> trong cae mdi quan he gia dinh la chu dl chfnh trong chfnh saeh gia dinh.<br /> Nhung phin chu yeu trong chucmg trinh mang tfnh dai han la bao ve gia<br /> dinh va tre em diing frude giai doan dd vd. Chfnh sach gia dinh khdng chi<br /> don thuin ddng vai trd hoa giai nhumg bit ddng nay sinh ma muc tieu ldn<br /> nhi't la tip trung vao cae chuomg trinh mang tfnh hd trg va giao due dd<br /> nang cao nhan thiic eua ngudi dan vl hdn nhan va cai thien cae ky nang<br /> sd'ng di nang cao chit luomg quan he gia dinh.<br /> My la qud'c gia cd dugc su phat trien cac chfnh sach gia dinh tfch cue<br /> nha't nham eiing cd hdn nhan bin viing thdng qua cac chuang trinh giao<br /> due vl hdn nhan. Mdt sd nghien eiru cho rang ngudi My cd thai do tich<br /> cue vdi hdn nhan so vdi cac qud'c gia phat tridn khic (Acker, 2008). Vl<br /> mat chfnh sach, quan didm vl chfnh sach gia dinh trai dai tir khuynh<br /> hudng tu do cho ring Nha nudc nen diing ngoai vin dl hdn nhan cho den<br /> nhiing quan diem cho ring Nha nudc nen cd nhiing chfnh sach khdng<br /> khuye'n khich ly hdn bing each lam cho thu tue ly hdn khd khan hom.<br /> Ke tir nhiing nam 1990, Nha nudc bit diu cd su quan tam dac biet den<br /> viee bao ve va cung cd thiet che' hdn nhan gia dinh. Cic ehinh trj gia<br /> manh dan coi lgi ich cua gia dinh nhu mdt trgng tim trong cac chfnh sach<br /> ciia chinh quyin- dilu ma khoang 10 nam trudc dd nlu dl cap din se bj<br /> cho la thie'u khdn ngoan. Ngoai ra, cac chinh sach hd trg hdn nhan gia<br /> dinh dua vao Dao luat Trach nhiem ci nhan va co hdi viee lam (PRWO-<br /> RA) ban hanh nam 1996. Theo dd, muc tieu cu the cua chinh sich nay la<br /> tang kha nang chuan bi cho cdng viec, dilu hoa giiia viec lam va hdn nhan,<br /> lam giam ty le sinh con ngoai gia thii va khuyen khich md hinh gia dinh<br /> cd day du bd me.<br /> Vdi sang kiln hdn nhan lanh manh (Healthy Marriage Initiative -<br /> HMI), nam 2002, ehinh quyin My tap trung vao cac muc tieu giiip cung<br /> CO va tang cudng md hinh hdn nhan lanh manh do Bd siic khoe va con<br /> ngudi khdi xudng. Va cung dd dip lai nhiing tranh luan cua cic nha hoat<br /> ddng xa hdi vl bao hanh gia dinh, md hinh hdn nhan lanh manh ham y ca<br /> nhiing mdi quan he gia dinh bin vung, td't dep. Muc tieu cua HMI la giiip<br /> eho cac md'i quan he hdn nhan td't dep hem chii khdng han la khuyen khfch<br /> ngudi dan cd thai dd tfch cue hom vdi viec ke't hdn hay gay khd khan cho<br /> cac ca nhan khi hg mong mudn thoat khdi cudc hdn nhan khdng nhu y.<br /> Cac hoat ddng cua HMI tap trung vao viec giao due, tu vin vl hdn nhan<br /> vdi muc dich bao dam hanh phiic gia dinh va quyin lgi cua tre em. Trong<br /> dd, va'n dl bao hanh gia dinh cung dugc coi trgng vi nd la ye'u td gay tranh<br /> cai nhit khi khdi ddng HMI. Chinh quyin My nhan thiic rd rang vl nhiing<br /> 24 Nghien cUu Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quydn 21, so 5, tr. 18-30<br /> <br /> rao Ciin khi thuc hiin chfnh sach bdi nd tic ddng din viec ea nhan ra quyet<br /> djnh vc hdn nhin va cac mdi quan hi rieng tu. Vi the', sang kien hdn nhan<br /> lanh manh khdng cd ging dilu chinh su lua chgn ciia ca nhan.<br /> Dc gia tang sir ben viing ciia gia dinh, chfnh quyin My cd chi'nh sach<br /> khuyin khfch ngudi din nen ky giao udc hdn nhan (covenant marriage)<br /> nhim muc dfch lion nhan chi eo Ihc kcl thiic ncu mdt trong hai bin vi<br /> pham nhirng dieu kh(xin nhii djnh nhu ngoai tinh. bao luc gia dinh, kit<br /> an... va chinh quyin cung c6 nhu'ng nd luc dd nang cao trach nhiem, quyin<br /> Igi va nghla vu ciia cac ca nhan ddi vdi gia dinh, bao gdm ca nhiing hd trg<br /> ve lai cin'nh va cac chuong trinh nang cao ky nang. Ngoii ra cd chfnh sach<br /> luat phap quy djnh cac dilu khoan liln quan din ly hdn, vf du nhu cim ly<br /> hdn ncu khdng c6 bing chirng vl hanh vi sai pham hoac cd su tranh chip<br /> vc quyin nudi con. Ngoai ra trude khi ly hdn cac cap vg chdng dugc ylu<br /> ciu phai irai qua mdt khoa hge vc hdn nhin hoac dugc tu \ an vl hdn nhan,<br /> hoac khuye'n khfch hoa giai trudc khi ra toa. Bing each nay, cac cap vg<br /> chdng cd nguy ca ly hdn .se can nhie nhilu han ve quyet djnh cua minh,<br /> dac biet khi dilu dd anh hudng de'n quyin lgi ciia con cai (Brotherson va<br /> Duncan, 2004).<br /> Cac chinh sach tic ddng din gia dinh thdng qua he thd'ng thueva phiic<br /> lgi xa hdi la md'i quan tam eiia nhilu qud'c gia vdi trgng tam la dilu chinh<br /> thul va hd trg vl tai chinh de cung cd dd bin vumg cua gia dinh. Thuc te<br /> cho tha'y, cac md'i quan hi trong gia dinh, dac bilt la quan he vg chdng<br /> chju anh hudng dang kd ddi vdi cac vin dl liln quan dl'n tai chfnh va thul<br /> thu nhap (Brotherson va Duncan, 2004). Ngoai ra. quan didm trgng tam<br /> cua cac nha lam luat khi dilu chinh chinh sach gia dinh nhim cai thien<br /> mdi quan hi vg chdng hay mdi quan hi gidi trong gia dinh la chfnh sach<br /> vl lao ddng viec lam va cdng vice ndi trg. Vin dl trung tim cua cac loai<br /> chfnh sach nay la khuyin khfch hoac dam bao cho phu nii tie'p can td't hon<br /> ddi vdi edng viec bit kd hg phai lam viec nha hoac dam nhan cdng viec<br /> trdng con nhd d miirc dd nao.<br /> Theo dd, muc tieu cua chinh sach gia dinh la dd tao dilu kien cho phu<br /> nir, dac biet la phu nii dang nudi con nhd tham gia tich cue hem vao thi<br /> trudng lao ddng, va cac nudc Bic Au la mdt trong nhiing didn hinh ciia<br /> viec thirc hien chfnh sach gia dinh theo xu hudng nay. Tuy nhien, cac hoat<br /> ddng cua chfnh sach gia dinh nhu nghi thai san, giam gid lam, nghi cham<br /> sdc khi con dm lai la nguyin nhin din de'n viec phu nii khdng cd nhilu<br /> thdi gian danh cho cdng viec va do dd din de'n viec hg bj phin biet dd'i xii<br /> d nai lam viec (Mandel va Semyonov, 2005). Nhu vay, ehinh sach gia dinh<br />  Phung Thi Kim Anh 25<br /> <br /> nham muc dich dap iing nhu ciu cua phu nii trong viec thuc hien vai trd<br /> truyin thd'ng cua minh trong bdi eanh xa hdi hien dai nghia la tim kilm<br /> su cin bang giiia cdng viec va U-ach nhiem vdi gia dinh. Vi viy, nhimg phu<br /> nii khdng ed con va phu nii chi d nha lam ndi trg va cham sdc con cai hiu<br /> nhu khdng phai la ddi tugng dilu chinh cua chfnh sach gia dinh.<br /> 2. Quan he cha me - con cai<br /> <br /> Thdi diem trd thanh cha me la mdt budc thay ddi quan trgng trong cudc<br /> sd'ng hdn nhan cua cac cap vg chdng. Su thay ddi vl nhu ciu, vai trd va<br /> trai nghiem ciia mdi ea nhan khi trd thanh cha me mang nhilu y nghia<br /> quan trgng. Cic nha nghien ciiu cho rang mdi quan he vg chdng trong hdn<br /> nhan cd anh hudng dang kd ddi vdi su kien hg tid thanh cha me va mdi<br /> quan he giiia cha me va con cii trong giai doan nay. Mdt nghien eiiu da<br /> chi ra cac xung ddt trong hdn nhan cung din din viec cic ca nhin khdng<br /> hao hiing, nhay cam hay sin sang cho vai trd lam cha me. Dilu nay hidn<br /> nhien se anh hudng den viec cha me danh ft thdi gian cham sdc con cai va<br /> it diu tu hem cho con cii vl sau nay (Cox va cdng su, 2004).<br /> Viec cham sdc con cai theo truyin thd'ng duge xem la trach nhiem hang<br /> diu ciia cha me, dac biet la ngudi me (De Vans, 2005). Do dd, chfnh sach<br /> nghi thai san va chfnh sich nghi trdng con nhd, he thd'ng nha tre va phiic<br /> lgi tre em cd vai trd trung tam trong cic chinh sach lien quan den gia dinh<br /> nham eung ed mdi quan he giiia cha me va con cii.<br /> Chinh sdch nghi thai sdn (maternity leave) nhim muc dfch bao ve<br /> quyin lgi eua phu nii khi mang thai va sinh con, gdm nhiing hd trg vl mat<br /> siic khde va edng viec. Chinh sach nghi thai san bao gdm thdi gian nghi<br /> phep khi mang thai va sinh eon va su hd txa vl tai chfnh trong thdi gian<br /> nghi phep. Diic la qud'c gia cd chinh sach nghi thai san thip vdi 14 tuin,<br /> d Italia la 20 tuin va d cac qud'c gia khac thdng thudng tii 16 - 18 tuin.<br /> Phap cd che'do nghi thai san cd the xem la dai nha't vdi 26 tuin. Ngudi me<br /> trong thdi gian nghi thai san khdng bj sa thai va duge quay trd lai lam viec<br /> sau khi ke't thiic thdi gian nghi.<br /> - Chink sdch nghi trdng con nhd (parental leave): nham muc dich hd<br /> trg cha me nghi trdng eon nhd trong nhiing nam diu. Cic bac cha me cd<br /> the khdng dugc hd trg hoac dugc hd trg mdt phin dudi nhieu hinh thiic<br /> khac nhau trong thdi gian nghi trdng con. Cic qud'c gia nhu Vuang qud'c<br /> Anh, Dan Mach, Bd Dao Nha cd chfnh sich nghi 6 thing; cac qud'c gia<br /> nhu Ao, Diic, Phap, Tiy Ban Nha cd chl do nghi keo dai cho den 2 hoac<br /> 3 nam. Dan Mach hd tra vl tai chfnh cho cha me vdi sd tiln tuang duang<br /> 26 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quyen 21, so 5, tr. 18-30<br /> <br /> 60% trg cap that nghiep. Phin Lan hd trg tai chfnh thdng qua viec trg cip<br /> mdt phin chi phf trdng con, Cdng doan lao ddng d Bi va Ha Lan cd hd trg<br /> mgt phin vl tai chfnh. Phap chi hd trg tai chi'nh cho cha me cd tir 2 con<br /> trd len.<br /> - He thdng nhd tre (childcare services): bao gdm nha tre cdng lap hoac<br /> tu nhan. Cac djch vu nha tre cd thd do nha nudc, td chiic tdn giao, dich vu<br /> lu nhan hoac cac td chirc phi chfnh phii lap ra. I Ic thd'ng nha tre cdng lap<br /> thong ihudng do Nha nude dilu phd'i dudi nhilu hinh thirc khac nhau.<br /> Ngoai ra, cac id chirc ion giao (vi du nha thd) cung ddng vai trd quan trgng<br /> trong he ihd'ng nha tie cdng lap, dac biel d cac qud'c gia theo Cdng giao.<br /> Ddi vdi tre em dudi 3 tudi. cac qud'c gia Bic Au, Phap va Bi cd hi thd'ng<br /> nha lie cdng lap va quyin lgi ciia tre dudi 3 tudi dugc cham sdc d nha tre<br /> dugc nang len thanh luat. Cac qud'c gia cdn lai d chau Au vi du Phin Lan<br /> phat tridn he thdng nha tre tu nhin cho tre dudi 3 tudi. Dd'i vdi tre tCr 3 din<br /> 6 tudi thi he thdng nha tre d cac nudc kha ddng nhit vdi chu truang tre em<br /> cd quyin dugc cham sdc d cac nha tre cdng lap, tuy nhien, khoang thdi<br /> gian giri tre thudng khac nhau rit nhilu giiia cac qudc gia, cd the la nua<br /> ngay, cd thd la ca ngay, hoac cd thd la ngoai thdi gian lam viec...<br /> - Phiic lai ddnh cho tre em (child benefits): la nhiing hd trg true tilp<br /> danh cho tre em va khdng bao gdm cac hd trg gian tie'p tir thue' (Neyer,<br /> 2003). Cac hd trg true tilp thuc chit la khoan tiln trg ci'p ciia chinh phu<br /> cho cac cha me ddi vdi viec nudi con. Hiu hit cac qudc gia d chiu Au co<br /> hd trg tai chinh cho tre em dua tren sd con va dd tudi cua dira tre. Nhin<br /> chung, sd con cang nhilu khoan hd trg cang ldn. Dd tudi cua diia tre khi<br /> gia dinh dugc nhin hd trg ri't khac nhau gitifa cac qudc gia. Bd Dao Nha<br /> phin biet tre dudi 12 thing tudi Na tren 12 thing tudi; Na Uy phin biet tre<br /> dudi 3 tudi va tren 3 tudi; Ha Lan vdi dd tudi la 5, 11, 17 tudi; va d Bi la<br /> 6, 12, 18 tudi... Ngoai ra, tre em khuylt tit cung dugc nhin miic hd trg<br /> cao han.<br /> Mdt sd nudc nhu Thuy Sy, Ao, Dure cd chfnh sach nghi bit budc ddi<br /> vdi ba me dang di lam, nhung dilu nay khie'n cho xung ddt giiia vai trd<br /> lam me va vai trd di lam ciia phu nii cang thing hom. Phap cd chinh sach<br /> hd trg ta't ca phu nii nlu hg cd con va do dd dilu tiet dugc md'i quan he<br /> giiia vai trd lam me va tham gia lao ddng cua phu nii. Chfnh sach nghi thai<br /> san d hiu hit cae qud'c gia thudng quy dinh thdi gian nghi de ciia phu nii<br /> thudng tir 14 tuin din 26 tuin. Cac chfnh sach nay nhin chung hd trg cho<br /> tit ca cae phu nii nghi de, nhung vdi phu nii khdng di lam thi lgi ich dudng<br /> nhu khdng rd rang. Nhin chung, cac dilu khoan liln quan de'n nghi thai ky<br />  Phung Thi Kim Anh 27<br /> <br /> cua phu nii ed lien quan din viec dam bao an toan vl thu nhap va viec lam<br /> cho phu nu trong giai doan thai ky va sau khi sinh con (Neyer, 2003).<br /> Ben canh dd, mdt sd qud'c gia tap Uoing chu ylu vao viec bao ve quyin<br /> lgi cua tre em va thdng qua cac chinh sach hd trg cac loai hinh gia dinh. Vi<br /> the muc tieu eiia chinh sach la tao dilu kien tdt nhit cho cae gia dinh cd tre<br /> em, bit kd tinh trang hdn nhan giua vg va chdng la nhu thi nao. Mdt vf du<br /> d Anh cho thiy, chinh quyin Cdng dang va chfnh quyin Bao thu cd nhirng<br /> biln phap can thiep khac nhau. Chfnh quyin dang Bao thu lira chgn each<br /> tie'p cin thi trudng tu do vdi su chii trgng din lgi ich kinh tl giiip cho cac<br /> gia dinh tu luc phit tridn kinh tl, cai thien chinh sach thul va he thd'ng phuc<br /> lgi, ting cudng trach nhiem eiia ngudi cha ddi vdi viec trg cip nudi dudng<br /> con cii. Chfnh quyin Cdng dang cd chfnh sach giiip ngudi dan cd su tilp<br /> can td't hem vdi he thdng cham sdc tre em, cai thien chl dd nghi phep cua<br /> cha me, va thdi gian lam viec linh hoat. Tdm lai, cac chfnh sach gia dinh d<br /> Anh thien vl bao \'e quyin lgi cua tre em thdng qua dd giiip ciing cd gia<br /> dinh, nang cao chat lugng mdi quan he giiia cha me va con cai.<br /> <br /> 3. Quan he con cai tnrcing thanh va cha me cao tuoi<br /> <br /> Va'n dl mdi quan he giiia con cai trudng thanh va cha me dugc chii y<br /> nghien ciru trong nhitng nam gin diy, dac biet trong cic nghien ciiu xa hdi<br /> vl mdi quan he giiia eac thi he trong gia dinh. Cac tranh luan vl chinh sach<br /> hd trg cho ngudi cao tudi ngay cang nhan dugc su quan tam ciia chinh phu.<br /> Tii gdc do chfnh saeh, mdi qudc gia ludn ludn cd mong mudn dam bao he<br /> thd'ng dich vu xa hdi co ban cho ngudi cao tudi. Vai trd cua gia dinh trong<br /> viee cham sdc ngudi cao tudi ngay cang dugc coi trgng. Tuy nhien, cung<br /> cd mdt sd gia dinh cho ring dat trgng trach len vai con cii trudng thanh<br /> trong viec cham sdc cha me la dilu khd ed the thue hien (Millward, 1999).<br /> O cae nude chau A, trong gia dinh truyin thd'ng, su hieu thuan ciia con<br /> cai ddi vdi cha me la mdt gii trj dugc dl cao. Theo chuan mue van hoa nay,<br /> con cii phai cd nghTa vu phung dudng cha me gia vdi cac chi bao do ldng<br /> hie'u thuin la su hd trg vl tai ehinh va sd'ng chung vdi cha me gia (Chen va<br /> Yi, 2001). Tuy nhiln, trong nhihig nam gin day, ciing vdi su gia tang cua<br /> cac gia dinh hat nhan, ty 11 con cai da trudng thanh ma vin sd'ng ehung vdi<br /> cha me giam di mdt each rd ret, dat ra thaeh thiic cho cac nha hoach djnh<br /> xa hdi trong dam bao ehinh sach gia dinh hudng dlh ngudi cao tudi.<br /> 6 cac nudc phuang Tay, cd rit ft bang chiing dd ggi y rang con cai<br /> trudng thanh cin phai cd trach nhilm cham sdc cha me, mac dii vl mat ly<br /> thuye't, cac thanh vien trong gia dinh cin cd trach nhiem va nghia vu quan<br /> 28 Nghien curu Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quydn 21, so 5, tr. 18-30<br /> <br /> tim cham sdc lin nhau. NghTa la viec cham sdc cha me ft dugc nhin nhan<br /> nhu la trach nhiem ciia con cai trudng thinh. Bdi hg cho ring nghTa vu gia<br /> dinh thuc chit la mdt cam kit khdng chat che va cd thd thay ddi theo thdi<br /> gian va cd thd dugc thuc hiin tren ca sd thoa thuan giiia cic ca nhin. Do<br /> dd viec con cai trudng thanh cham sdc cha me hay khdng la phu thude vio<br /> ban chit nidi quan lie ciia mdi ca nhan hay chinh xac han la vin dl mang<br /> tfnh riing tu. Vi thi, tir quan niem din hanh vi cd thd cd sir khdng ddng<br /> nhit: nghTa vu cham sdc gia dinh cd thd dugc dat ra tren ca sd vl tinh cam,<br /> nhung dd cung la su thoa thuan ciia ca nhan ma ddi khi cd thd phan anh cac<br /> lgi ich xung ddt giira con cai trudng thanh va cha me (Millward, 1999).<br /> Mdi quan he giira con cai trudng thanh va cha me d cac nudc phuang<br /> ray dudng nhu gap phai mdt sd khd khan nhit dinh. Vi du nhu d My hay<br /> Uc, ngay cang cd nhilu ngudi khdng kit hdn, tudi thg ngay cang tang<br /> cung vdi ty le ly hdn, tai hdn cao khiln cho ty le ngudi cao tudi sd'ng ddc<br /> than ngay cang nhilu. Do dd nhu viec con cai trudng thanh cham sdc cha<br /> me trong trudng hgp ly hdn thi khd ed thd phan dinh rach rdi. Nhu vay, cd<br /> the thiy ring cic thay ddi vl din sd, xa hdi cd anh hudng dang kd den cac<br /> ca nhin va mdi quan hi gia dinh ma d diy la mdi quan hi giiia con cai<br /> trudng thanh va cha me (Moen va Forest, 1995).<br /> Ngoai ra, con cai trudng thanh cung chju ganh nang kep vi hg viia<br /> cham sdc con nhd, vira cham sdc cha me ldn tudi. Ngoai ra thuc tl' cho<br /> thiy nhiing ngudi ganh vac trach nhiem kep nay thudng la lao ddng ndi<br /> trg va phin ldn la phu nii va hiu nhu hg khdng cd su trg giup cia cac djch<br /> vu xa hdi. Vi thi, mdt nghien ciiru d Uc cho thiy chinh phu cin cd chinh<br /> sach hd trg vl thu nhap va cham sdc y te' cho ngudi cao tudi dd hg giam<br /> bdt su phu thude vao con cai (Millward, 1998).<br /> Chinh sach gia dinh liln quan dl'n mdi quan hi giiia cha me va con cai<br /> trudng thanh thudng dua trin ly thuydt sinh thai hge vl vdng ddi, nghTa la<br /> xem xet gia dinh vi cudc sd'ng cua cac thanh vien gia dinh tren ea sd sU<br /> dn djnh va thay ddi theo thdi gian va qua cac the' hi. Ciing vdi cac chinh<br /> sach dae thii vl gia dinh thi cd mdt sd chinh sach nhim cai thiln cudc sd'ng<br /> cua ei nhan va cd nhirng tic ddng gian tie'p de'n cac md'i quan he trong gia<br /> dinh. Trong trudng hgp nay chfnh sach cai thiln md'i quan he giiia cha me<br /> va con cai trudng thanh hay chfnh sach danh cho ngudi cao tudi la nhu viy.<br /> Vi du d My la cac chinh sach an sinh xa hdi Social Security hay cham<br /> sdc y te'- Medicare (Moen va Forest, 1995).<br /> Mdt quan didm niia la chinh sach gia dinh nham ning cao chi^t lugng<br /> quan he giiia con cai trudng thanh va cha me cin phu hgp vdi cac chinh<br />  Phung Thi Kim Anh 29<br /> <br /> sach an sinh xa hdi danh eho ca nhan. Vi du viec cham sdc cha me cao<br /> tudi thi eon cai la ngudn luc quan trgng nhung lai dugc coi la phi chinh<br /> thiic. Trong cac chinh sach, vi du nhu cham sdc siic khoi thudng tap trung<br /> vao ngudi eao tudi ma chua chii y din viec phd'i hgp vdi cac ngudn luc phi<br /> chfnh thurc la con eai. Ngoai ra, chfnh sach gia dinh cung cin ddng bd vdi<br /> cic chinh sach xa hdi khic vi du nhu chim sdc siic khoe, y tl, phiic lgi xa<br /> hdi, an sinh xa hdi. Nhu vay, chfnh sich gia dinh nhim ning cao chit<br /> lugng quan he giiia cha me va con cai trudng thanh cin thd hiin dugc muc<br /> tieu la thiic diy mdt each cd hieu qua viec thuc hien chiic nang cua gia<br /> dinh va cac thanh vien trong gia dinh d tit ca cac giai doan ciia cudc sd'ng<br /> (Moen va Forest, 1995).<br /> Cac sing kie'n ehfnh sach cin thiie diy su tucmg tic hay mdi quan he<br /> giiia cha me va con cii trudng thanh. Cac bac cha me eao tudi hidn nhien<br /> la cin cd su chim sdc cua con cii, nhung ddng thdi hg ciing cd thd giiip<br /> con cii cham sdc chau. Thiic diy nang luc cua cac thanh vien gia dinh va<br /> ban than gia dinh trong viec cai thien mdi quan he giiia cha me va con cai<br /> trudng thanh can cd su hda nhap cua ca nhan trong cac hoat ddng chung<br /> cua gia dinh. Nhu vay, chinh sach gia dinh nhim nang cao chit lugng mdi<br /> quan he giiia con eii trudng thanh va cha me cin chii y den cac vin dl sau:<br /> Mdt la, an sinh xa hdi bdi nd nhin manh din su gin kit cua cdng ddng,<br /> bang cich khuye'n khich cac nd luc cua dja phucmg dd ning cao su an toan<br /> va duy tri, phat tridn mang ludi hd trg xa hdi tai cdng ddng; hai la, cham<br /> sdc siic khoe. Dd la uu tien va cung la mdi quan tam hang diu cua cae<br /> thanh vien gia dinh; ba la, nang cao tfnh ddc lap va hoa nhap vi cac chfnh<br /> sich vl gia dinh cin khuye'n khich tinh ddc lap tu chu cua gia dinh va cic<br /> thanh vien trong gia dinh (Moen va Forest, 1995).<br /> <br /> Ket luan<br /> <br /> Tdm lai, chinh sich gia dinh la mdt bd phin eiia chfnh saeh phiic lgi xa<br /> hdi. Muc tieu cua chinh sach gia dinh la thdng qua mdt ea che'nao dd ma<br /> cu thd la he thd'ng phiic lgi xa hdi nham eung cd thie't che' gia dinh, xay<br /> dung tie'n bd xa hdi dua tren nin tang gia dinh. Cac chinh sach nang cao<br /> chit lugng mdi quan he gia dinh la mdt phin nim trong chfnh sich gia<br /> dinh cua mdi qud'c gia vdi muc tieu quan trgng la dilu tie't cac mdi quan<br /> he trong gia dinh nhu quan he vg chdng, quan he cha me - con cai (Neyer,<br /> 2003). Cung vdi nha nude, cae td chiic phi chinh phii, td chiic tdn giao cd<br /> vai trd quan trgng trong viee thuc hien chinh saeh ning eao chi't lugng<br /> quan he gia dinh. Viec ning cao nhin thiic cua xa hdi vl y nghTa eua hdn<br /> nhin gia dinh,'va gia dinh cd vai trd quan hgng trong cac chinh sach nay<br /> 30 Nghien curu Gia dinh vi Gidi. Quyen 21, so 5, tr. 18-30<br /> <br /> (Brotherson va Duncan, 2004). Do vay, dd xiy dung chfnh sach ning cao<br /> chit lugng gia dinh, cin chii y din cae die diem vl lich sir, kinh td, van<br /> hda xa hdi, chl dd chi'nh trj, hC thd'ng phiic lgi dd cd nhumg sang kidn,<br /> chuang trinh hinh ddng ed tfnh umg dung cao.B<br /> <br /> Till lieu tham khao<br /> Acker V. 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Bert N.<br /> Adams and Jan Trost (ed.) Sage Publication. US.<br /> Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indegenous Affairs.<br /> 2009. Discussion paper: Developing a Family Support Program. Australian<br /> Government.<br /> Division for Sov.al Policy and Development Department of Economic and Social<br /> Affairs (DSPDDESA). 2001. Approaches lo Family Policies. United Nation.<br /> Family Strengthening Policy Center 2004. Policy brief No.l: Introduction lo<br /> Family Strengthening. National Human Services Assembly.<br /> Mercier M. Joyce and Garasky Steven, 1997. "Symposium on Family Policy"<br /> Policy Studies Journal, Vol.25 (1), p.69-74.<br /> Millward Christine. 1998. Family relationships and intergenerational exchange<br /> in later lif:. Working parer No. 15. Australian Institute of Family Studies.<br /> Millward Christine. 1999. Understanding links between family experience, obli-<br /> gations and expectations in later hfe. Working parer No. 19. Austrahan<br /> Institute of Family Studies.<br /> Moen Phyllis and Forest B. Kay. 1995. "Family policies for an aging society:<br /> Moving to the Twenty-first Century". The Gerontologisi, Vol 35 (6), p.825-<br /> 830.<br /> Pankratz J. Curt. 2009. "Cross-National Comparisions of Family Policy: The<br /> Relevance of National Approaches to Social Welfare". Journal of<br /> Comparative Family Studies, Vol 40 (3), p.493.<br /> Xuewen Sheng. 2005. Chinese famiUes in Handbook of world families. Bert N.<br /> Adams and Jan Trost (ed.). Sage Publication, US.<br />