Đổi mới quản lý đất đai trong nông nghiệp ở Việt Nam: Thành tựu và những vấn đề đặt ra

QUAN LY KINH TE<br /> <br /> ^'>.<br /> Ooi m6i quan ly ddt dai trong nong nghiep 6<br /> Viet Nann: thanh tau va vdn de dot ra<br /> NGUYEN TAN PHAT<br /> <br /> <br /> '/ffrong thdi ky chuye'n ddi kinh ti' d Viet Nam, udn di ddt dai hiin dang co tinh thdi sii<br /> Su/ thu hilt sU quan tdm nhiiu phia tii ngUdi nong ddn din cU ddn thdnh thi, chinh quyin<br /> cdc cdp, nhd ddu tU. NhUng phdt sinh tU quan he to chUc - qudn ly ddt dai, tranh chdp, xung<br /> dot liin quan din ddt dai giUa cdc chu thi ngdy cdng pho bien, gay gdt, phUc tap... gdy mdt<br /> trat tu an ninh xd hgi. NhUng uu viec tieu ciic lien quan de'n ddt dai trUdc hit xudt phdt tii<br /> nhiing quy dinh, cdch hieu vd qudn triet chinh sdch ddt dai chUa day du; thU hai la khdu to<br /> chUc, qudn ly vd trinh do, dqo dUc cua cdn bg qudn ly ddt dai d cd sd. Bdi viit tap trung phdn<br /> tich thtic trqng doi mdi qudn ly ddt dai trong nong nghiep thdi gian qua, chi ra nhiing thdnh<br /> cong, ton tqi, nguyin nhdn cua tinh hinh vd gdi y nhiing vdn di chinh sdch.<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Tong quan doi mdi he thong to chiic, thfla nhan cac hd gia dinh la dPn vi kinh te<br /> quan ly da't dai trong nong nghiep tfl chil, da budc cac hpp tac xa ndng nghiep<br /> va ndng trfldng qud'c doanh tien hanh giao<br /> TrUdc khi cd Luat Da't dai nam 1993, he<br /> dat cho cac xa vien vii ndng dan. Ddng thdi,<br /> thd'ng td chflc, quan ly da't dai trong ndng<br /> chu trUdng ddi mdi kinh te da dUdc thiic hien<br /> nghiep chu yeu la ciic hpp tac xa ndng nghiep<br /> sau Dili hdi VI ciia DCSVN nam 1986, da<br /> va ndng trflpng qud'c doanh. Chflc nang quiin<br /> lam gia tang qua trinh tan ra he thd'ng td<br /> ly nhii nfldc ve da't dai trong ndng nghiep<br /> chflc, quiin ly dat dai theo kieu cu. Sd' lupng<br /> nhfl: quy hoach sit dung da't, phan chia rudng<br /> cac hpp tiic xa va ndng trttdng sut giiim<br /> da't cho ndng dan, quye't dinh quy md san<br /> nhanh chdng tren toan qud'c. Dieu nay ddng<br /> xua't... deu dflpc thtic hien bdi cac hpp tac xa<br /> nghia vdi viec de lai mdt khoiing trdng trong<br /> ndng nghiep va ndng trfldng qud'c doanh. Ltlc<br /> quiin ly da't dai. Ciic hdp tac xii ndng nghiep<br /> Iflpng can bd dia chfnh de thflc hien chflc<br /> v£i ndng trUdng qud'c doanh da giao dat cho<br /> nang quan ly nha nfldc ve da't dai ndng<br /> cac thanh vien nhUng nhieu trudng hdp tuy<br /> nghiep cung chfnh la so' Iflpng can bd quiin ly<br /> tien va khdng dung tham quyen, vupt hiin<br /> cac hpp tac xa va ndng trfldng. Cac cdng cu<br /> mflc qui dinh, quiin ly hd sP dia chfnh long<br /> dieu tiet va phan phdi lpi fch tfl dat dai ctia<br /> leo, lam that lac... da de lai he luy- dd la tinh<br /> Nhii nfldc nhu he thd'ng thue dat dai va thue<br /> trang thieu hd sP phap ly gay khd khan cho<br /> ndng nghiep cung dUdc cac hpp tac xa va<br /> cdng tac ke khai, thu thap thdng tin cua cac<br /> ndng trudng thtic hien theo hinh thflc ke<br /> CP quan quiin ly nha nUdc vii thiet hai de'n<br /> hoiich hda tap trung. Nhfl vay, cac hpp tac xa<br /> quyen ldi hpp phiip cua ndng diin. Dd la mdt<br /> ndng nghiep vii ndng trUPng qud'c doanh da<br /> trong nhflng nguyen nhan cila tinh trang<br /> vUpt qua chflc nang la cac ddn vi san xuat<br /> tranh chap cila cac hd ndng dan, khieu kien,<br /> kinh doanh ma kiem ludn vai trd quan ly nha<br /> khieu nai da't dai keo dai, tham chf lii tinh<br /> nudc ve da't dai trong ndng nghiep va phat<br /> trang tham nhung da't, tuy tien trong thu<br /> trien ndng thdn.<br /> hdi va cap dat d cac dia phtidng.<br /> Khi thuc hien chu trUdng ddi mdi ve td<br /> chflc, quiin ly da't dai trong ndng nghiep vao<br /> dIu nhflng nam 80s, nhfl "khoan 100" nam Nguyen Tiin Phiit, ThS, Khoa Kinh te, Dai hgc Qudc<br /> 1981 vii "khoiin 10" nam 1988, nhat Iii sii gia Tp Hd Chi Minh.<br /> <br /> 23<br />  Doi mofi quan iy flat flai<br /> <br /> <br /> De ddi mdi viec td chflc, quan ly dat dai xa, phflpng, thi tran do UBND huyen, quan,<br /> trong ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn, thi xa, thanh phd' thudc tinh bd nhiem, mien<br /> bp may quan ly nha nfldc da tham gia vao nhiem.<br /> viec thiet lap va thtic hien chinh sach da't 2. T h a n h tvfu v a nhiJfng v a n de mdi<br /> dai tren ca ba phflpng dien: lap phap, hanh nay sinh<br /> phap va tfl phap. Trong dd, ve lap phap, 2.1. Ve td chiic, qudn ly ddt dai tU liic<br /> Qud'c hdi da xay dflng va hoan thien he chuyen ddi kinh te den nay<br /> thd'ng Luat Dat dai va cac sic thue da't dai,<br /> Thic nhdt, ddi vdi he thdng phdp luat vi<br /> thue ndng nghiep tfl nam 1993 de'n nay; ve<br /> ddt dai: tfnh tfl Luat Dat dai nam 1987 cho<br /> phfa hanh phap, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi<br /> den nay cd tren 300 van ban phap luat hen<br /> trfldng da xay dflng bd miiy quan ly dat dai<br /> quan den da't dai. Chi tfnh rieng Luat Dat<br /> tfl cap trung fldng den cap cd sd vdi he thd'ng<br /> dai mdi nhat (nam 2003) de'n nay, da cd<br /> can bd dia chfnh cac cap vii ban hanh thflc<br /> hang loat nghi dinh hfldng d i n thi hanh<br /> hien cac nghi dinh hfldng dan tUdng flng vdi<br /> Luat Da't dai (vi du: Nghi dinh<br /> ciic luat lien quan de'n da't dai va thue ndng 181/2004/ND-CP ve thi h a n h Luat Da't dai,<br /> nghiep; ddng thdi, he thd'ng tfl phap ve da't Nghi dinh sd 182/2004/ND-CP ve xfl ly vi<br /> dai trong ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng pham hanh chfnh trong linh vflc dat dai,<br /> thdn cung dflpc van hanh tfldng flng. Ngoai Nghi dinh 188/2004/ND-CP ve phflpng phap<br /> ra, cac linh viic d i u tU, thUPng mai, san xac dinh gia da't va khung gia cac loai dat,<br /> xua't kinh doanh khac cung cd nhflng quy Nghi dinh sd 198/2004/ND-CP ve thu tien sil<br /> dinh phu hpp vdi viec td chflc, quan ly da't dung da't, Nghi dinh 197/2004/ND-CP ve bdi<br /> dai trong thdi ky ddi mdi. Trong giai doan thfldng, hd trp, tai dinh cfl khi Nha nfldc thu<br /> nay, cac hpp tac xa va ndng trfldng trd ve hdi da't, Nghi dinh 142/2005/ND-CP ve thu<br /> chflc nang san xuat kinh doanh thuan tuy. tien thue dat, thue mat nfldc; Nghi dinh<br /> NhQng ndi dung ddi mdi he thd'ng td chflc, 84/2007/ND-CP ngay 25-05-2007 Quy dinh<br /> quan ly da't dai trong ndng nghiep va phat bd sung ve viec cap Giay chflng nhan quyen<br /> trien ndng thdn dflpc the hien tap trung sil dung da't, thu hdi dat, thflc hien quyen sil<br /> nhat d Luat Da't dai nam 2003' chil yeu la dung da't, trinh tU, thu tuc bdi thudng, hd<br /> quy dinh ve quyen ban va triich nhiem cila trp, tai dinh cU khi Nha nUdc thu hdi da't va<br /> Nhii nfldc dai dien chu sd hflu toan dan ve giai quyet khieu nai ve da't dai...), de'n nay<br /> da't dai va thd'ng nha't quiin ly ve da't dai, cac Nghi dinh thi h a n h v i n chUa du vi<br /> che dp quan ly va sil dung da't dai, quyen va nhflng khoang trdng chfla cd quy dinh de<br /> nghia vu cua ngfldi sti dung da't. dieu chinh, cdn nhflng chd chdng cheo vdi<br /> quy dinh khac nhau.<br /> Ve td chflc cP quan quiin ly da't dai: he<br /> thd'ng td chflc, quan ly da't dai dfldc thanh ThU hai, ddi vdi hi thdng quy hoqch sti<br /> lap thd'ng nha't tfl trung fldng de'n cd sd. Cd dung ddt: cho de'n nay cd the ndi ve hinh<br /> quan quan ly nha nfldc ve da't dai P trung thflc quy hoach, ke hoach sil dung da't cila ca<br /> tiPng la Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trfldng. Cp nfldc va cap tinh da di vao ne nep, du ndi<br /> quan quan ly d dia phfldng dupc thanh lap d dung va dung dinh ky. Quy hoach, ke hoach<br /> tinh, thanh phd' trflc thudc trung Udng; sil dung dat cap huyen va cap xa van cdn thieu<br /> huyen, thi xa, thanh phd' thudc tinh. Cd<br /> quan quan ly da't dai cap nao trilc thudc cd 1. Luat Dal dai da triii qua mgt qua Irinh sira ddi, bd<br /> quan hiinh chfnh nha nUdc cap dd. Can bp sung nhidu liin: Luat Dat dai nam 1987, 1993, 1998,<br /> dia chinh xa, phudng, thi tran cd trach 2001, 2003 va du kien tiep tue sira ddi vao nam 2009 ii<br /> nhiem giflp UBND xa, phudng, thi tran hoan thien ve ngi dung vd td chu:c, quiln ly cho hieu qua<br /> trong viec quan ly da't dai. Can bp dia chfnh va gan vdi thuc tiSn hien nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> 24 Nghien ctiu Kinh te sd 374 - Thang 7/2009<br />  Doi moii quan iy flat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> nhieu, mdi cd 60% cac dia phUdng cap huyen Tha tu, dd'i vdi hi thd'ng hdnh chinh vi ddt<br /> va 40% sd dia phupng cap xa cd quy hoach, dai: h e thd'ng h a n h chfnh ve da't dai bao gdm<br /> ke hoach sti dung da't dupc xet duyet. •viec lap h e thd'ng hd sd dia chfnh (gdm b a n dd<br /> Thu ba, dot vdi hi thd'ng tdi chinh ddt dia chfnh), giay chflng n h a n quyen sil d u n g<br /> dai: he thd'ng tai chfnh dat dai da dUdc ddi da't, cac t h u t u c h a n h chfnh, bd m a y va can bd<br /> mdi toan bd trong Luat Da't dai nam 2003, q u a n ly da't dai. T r e n p h a m vi ca nfldc, hd sP<br /> tren cP sd xac lap he thd'ng mdt gia da't va dia chfnh va giay chflng n h a n da hoan t h a n h<br /> xay dflng thue thu nhap tfl chuyen quyen sil CP b a n cho d a t ndng nghiep, d a t P t a i ndng<br /> dung dat, thue sil dung da't. Ve gia da't, muc thdn va d a t chuyen d u n g phi ndng nghiep. D a<br /> tieu dat ra la mdt gia dat nhflng tren thflc te hoan t h a n h k h o a n g 6 5 % ddi vdi da't l a m<br /> gia da't do UBND cap tinh quy dinh mdi chi nghiep va 5 5 % ddi vdi d a t d tai dd thi^ Rieng<br /> dat tfl 50% - 70% gia thi trfldng. Ve thue 81 xa k h a o s a t cho tha'y, cac mflc dp hoiin<br /> da't, den nay thue thu nhap tfl chuyen quyen t h a n h qui hoach tdng t h e d a t dai ndng nghiep<br /> sul dung dat mdi cd quy dinh cho td chflc nhfl sau: mflc dp h o a n t h a n h 100% la 39,51%,<br /> kinh te, sap ban hanh quy dinh cho hd gia tfl 80%-90% la 33,33%, tfl 50%-70% la 11,11%,<br /> dinh, ca nhan va thue sil dung dat van chfla cdn sd Iflpng k h a ldn 16,05% la chfla hoan<br /> dflpc ban hanh^. t h a n h qui hoach tdng t h e .<br /> BANG 1: Mufc d o h o a n t h a n h q u i h o a c h t o n g t h e d a t d a i c i l a 8 1 x a oi 9 t i n h v u n g<br /> _. Dong N a m Bo, Tay Nguyen va DBSCL<br /> <br /> Cac mure do hoan thanh 100% 80% - 90% 50% - 70% Chua hoan thanh<br /> Sd lugng cac xa 32 27 9 13<br /> Tyle(%) 39,51 33,33 11,11 16,05<br /> <br /> Ngndn: Kei quii khao sat can bg dia chinh 81 xa d ndng thon, thang 1 - 2009.<br /> • Tinh h i n h cap giay chflng n h a n quyen sti n a m da cd 62,2% dflpc cap giay chflng n h a n<br /> d u n g da't ndng nghiep q u a k h a o s a t 81 xa nhfl vdi mflc dp cap giay 90% - 100%, tfldng tfl da't<br /> sau: ddi vdi da't ndng nghiep t r d n g cay h a n g ndng nghiep trdng cay l a u n a m la 65,21%.<br /> BANG 2: T i n h h i n h c a p g i a y chufng n h a n q u y e n sii d u n g d a t n o n g n g h i e p c u a 8 1<br /> x a of 9 t i n h v i i n g D o n g N a m B o , T a y N g u y e n v a D B S C L<br /> <br /> Miirc do cap giay chiing Da't trdng cay hang nam Dat trdng cay lau nam<br /> nhan QSD dat Sdlugng xa Tyle(%) Sdlugng xa Tyle(%)<br /> 90%- 100% 46 62.2 45 65,21<br /> 70 - 89% 18 24,3 15 21,73<br /> 50 - 69% 5 6,75 5 7,24<br /> < 50% 5 6,75 4 5.82<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ket quii khao sat can bg dia chi'nh 81 xa d nong thon, thang 1 - 2009.<br /> <br /> 2. Dang Hiing Vo (2004), Ddi mai he thd'ng tdi chinh ddt dai id trqng tdm ciia ddi mai trong Litdl Ddt dai 2003.<br /> Bao eao lai Chircfng trinh Giang day kinh te Fulbright.<br /> 3. Theo Bg Irudng Bg Tai nguyen - Moi trudng Pham Khoi Nguyen bao cao trudc Qudc hgi ngay 6-11-2007 rang<br /> Luat Dai dai cd hieu lire tir nam 2003, ehii trucmg ca'p sd dd ciing khoi dgng ttr dd. Theo ke hoiich, de'n het nam 2005,<br /> 64 tinh thanh se phai hoan thanh. Mde han nay da dugc ddi sang nam 2006. Tuy nhien de'n ngiiy 30-9-2007 mdi ed 37<br /> dia phucmg dat dirge 70% ke hoach, trong dd cd 11 tinh hoan thanh co ban (90%) viec cap sd dd, 27 tinh thanh cdn ki<br /> van edn hem nira phan viec chira xong. Tai mgt sd dia phircmg, gia'y da hoan thanh nhung ngudi dan chua den nhan. Cd<br /> noi nhu Ha Ngi chi cd 23,8% cac td chirc dugc ca'p sd dd, Bac Giang la 37,08%. Rieng van ban hucmg dan cap sd dd tCr<br /> nam 2003 de'n nam 2007 bao gdm 40 van ban ttr Chi'nh phii de'n cac bg, nganh.<br /> <br /> <br /> Nghien ciiu Klnh tesd374 - Thang 7/2009 25<br />  Doi mdi quan iy dat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> 2.2. Quan he gida cdc ndng hq trong xuat ldn da dien ra qua trinh tfch tu va tap<br /> giao dich trao doi, mua bdn ddt d trung rudng da't vao trong tay nhflng ngfldi<br /> nong thon vd sU xudt hien tinh trqng san xuat gidi. Mdt sd' ndng dan, doanh nghiep<br /> nong ddn khong cd ddt, thieu ddt san b i t d i u quan tam den viec mua rudng dat<br /> xudt cua nhflng ndng dan khac de md rdng quy md<br /> Khi 5 quyen kem theo quyen sii dung da't san xuat dap flng nhu ciu phat trien san<br /> cila ndng dan dflpc thfla nhan ve mat phap xuat. Giao dich mua da't, thue dat bat diu<br /> ly, trd thanh cd sd cho sU trao ddi, mua ban, xua't hien P ndng thdn Viet Nam, khiic han<br /> thfla ke, chuyen nhupng rudng da't d ndng vdi thdi ky trflde ddi mdi, viec mua ban da't<br /> thdn. Qua trinh chuyen ddi sang kinh te xua't hien k h i p cac mien/vung trong cii nfldc,<br /> hiing hda, khuyen khfch ndng dan di vao san dac biet la vung Tay nguyen va DBSCL.<br /> HINH 1: Cac hinh thufe giao dich dat dai cila n o n g ho<br /> <br /> 11^°'<br /> <br /> 70<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1^^55.56<br /> 75.61<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> to<br /> 60 • 1^<br /> <br /> <br /> 50 • at<br /> <br /> m<br /> 40 • Q'<br /> 30 •<br /> <br /> <br /> i 14.75<br /> 26.05|<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 IHII<br /> 20 • 16<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 89<br /> 1.33<br /> lo- ^3 ^ 'en Cii'p p h a t cflng da tao ra sfl "thfla - chieu tinh Ciinh danh sd de, bai biic thudng xuyen diin ra.<br /> <br /> Nghien ciiu Kinh le sd374 • Thing 7/2009 29<br />  Doi moll quan iy dat d a i . .<br /> <br /> <br /> - "Ve nghe nghiep: chi cd 10% hd lam ndng phep tren dat ndng nghiep, nhUng cung<br /> nghiep, 36% budn ban nhd, 26% cdng nhan khdng the ngan can qua trinh nay vi suy cho<br /> vien. cung dd la ldi cua quy hoach "treo".<br /> - Ve tinh trang giay td nha da't: 100% nha Hop 1: y k i e n ciia ngifdii dan oi ap 3,<br /> khdng sd', 48%i nha chfla cd giay chflng nhan xa Binh Hifng, h u y e n Binh Chanh,<br /> quyen sd hflu nha, 48% nha dang trong tinh TP.Ho Chi Minh ve t i n h trang quy<br /> trang quy hoach chd gili tda. Chi cd 6% dat h o a c h treo<br /> cd giay chflng nhan quyen sii dung da't, 4%<br /> - Li Vdn Nghiep: dan cd nhu ciu ve<br /> nha cd giay chflng nhan quyen sd hflu, 15%<br /> dat trong tinh trang quy hoach chd giai tda. nha P thuc sfl nhflng khdng cho phep xay<br /> dflng de da't cho dii an "treo"!<br /> - Ve cdng tac giai tda nha xay trai phep:<br /> - TrUdng Ky Quyt: qua khd cho ngfldi<br /> 36% ngudi dan cho r i n g giiii tda dung luat,<br /> dani Cdn ep dan qua dang, neu giao da't<br /> 8% cdng bing nhUng cd den 60% cho r i n g<br /> chua thda dang, 15% tra ldi thieu cdng bang. cho chu d i u tu, ngudi dan chuyen di nPi<br /> khac thi biet d dau?<br /> - Ve nguyen vpng cap giay chflng nhan<br /> quyen sii dung dat va dflpc phep xay nha de d 2.5. Cong tdc td chdc, qudn ly ddt dai<br /> lau dai: 80% y kie'n ciia hd dan cin chfnh trong nong nghiep cua Nhd nUdc cd<br /> quyen dia phfldng cap giay chflng nhan bdn hodn thien nhung lai xudt hien<br /> quyen sfl dung da't de hp cd cP sd phap ly tinh trqng qui mo sdn xudt nho vd<br /> trong giao dich va quan ly dat dai, 48%o mong manh miin<br /> mudn dflpc chuyen da't ndng nghiep sang da't<br /> Tha nhdt, chfnh sach da't dai ngay cang<br /> thd cfl. Dang chu y khdng cd y k^en nao ddng<br /> hoan thien theo hudng dieu chinh dap flng<br /> y giao da't cho cac nha d i u tfl de quy hoach<br /> quyen hfldng dung da't dai ciia ndng dan. Tfl<br /> thanh cac khu dd thi. khu cdng nghiep.<br /> chfnh sach "khoan hd 100" mang tfnh tham<br /> - Ve mflc giii bdi thflpng: 20% nguyen dd nam 1981, de'n viec "cdi trdi" bdi Nghi<br /> vpng khdng mudn giao dat de lap dfl iin, cdn quyet 10 nam 1988 la cd sd de ban hanh va<br /> trong trfldng hpp phai giao da't de thflc hien hoan thien d i n d i n he thd'ng luat phap dat<br /> du an thi 72% nguyen vpng phai cho ngUdi dai nam 1993, nam 1998, nam 2001. nam<br /> diin dupc phep thUdng Iflpng gia vdi nha dau 2003, cung vdi hang tram nghi dinh lien<br /> tu theo gia thi trfldng hien tai. quan den ddi mdi dat dai trong ndng nghiep<br /> - Ve cdng tac quan ly, quy hoach cua va phat trien ndng thdn. Chfnh sach ddi mdi<br /> chinh quyen dia phUPng: 18% hd dan danh da't dai trong ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng<br /> gia chfnh quyen dia phUPng trong" thdi gian thdn chfla dflng cac ndi dung md rdng quyen<br /> qua la td't; 30% chUa td't; 48% cdn nhieu bat Sli dung da't g i n nhfl quyen sd hflu da't cd<br /> cap; 36% thieu minh bach va 12% yeu kem. han che; tao dieu kien de ndng dan tham gia<br /> Quy hoach "treo" 17 nam qua da gay lang thi trudng dat dai ndng thdn va quyen sii<br /> phf va gay xao trdn cupc sd'ng cua ngudi dan dting da't trd thanh hang hda trong thi<br /> nPi day. Tren giay td phap ly da't dai d ap 3 trUdng bat ddng san; nhflng qui dinh ve<br /> van la da't ndng nghiep nhUng vi cd chu chuyen ddi, chuyen nhupng tao dieu kien de<br /> trUPng quy hoach thanh khu dan cU nen ndng dan tich tu va tap trung da't dai de phat<br /> hau nhu khdng the td chflc san xua't ndng trien kinh te trang trai; viec giao da't stt dung<br /> nghiep; da sd ngudi dan y thflc rang da't ndi lau dai gdp p h i n nang cao hieu qua quan ly,<br /> diiy se la dat thd cfl nen hp tu y chuyen ddi sti dung da't dai cho ndng dan; van de thu hdi<br /> muc dich de xay nhii hoac chia Id da't ndng dat, bdi thudng, hd trp va tai dinh cU da va<br /> nghiep de biin thanh da't thd cu. Chfnh dang tiep tuc dieu chinh theo hudng thda<br /> quyen khdng sai khi cUdng che xay nha trai dang cho ndng dan...<br /> <br /> 30 Nghien ctiu Kinh te sd374 - Thang 7/2009<br />  Doi mdii quan iy dat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> HINH 3: Y kien danh gia cua nong dan ve chinh sach giao da't lau dai va cac quyen<br /> s i dung da't trong thdi ky doi mdi<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Mien Bac Mien Trung Tay Nguyen Dong Nam Bg DBSCL<br /> <br /> 3 Td't hon trade i3d'i mdi<br /> n Khdng tdt hon tri/dc doi mdi<br /> 0 Van chtra dam bao day 6u cac quyen hifdng dijng da't dai<br /> • Can cd them quyen tham gia qui hoach va thtiong It/png ve bdi thudng<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Kdt qua khiio sat 544 ndng hd, thang 1 - 2009.<br /> <br /> Theo ket qua khao siit 544 ndng hd ky, chung ta tha'y r i n g tfl thdi ky chuyen<br /> tren ca nUdc cho tha'y, h i u het ndng dan ddi kinh te den nay, cdng tac td chflc,<br /> cac mien/vung deu xac dinh chfnh sach va quan ly da't dai trong ndng nghiep vii phiit<br /> td chflc quan ly dat dai trong thdi ky ddi trien ndng thdn dflpc td chflc chuyen<br /> mdi td't hpn nhieu so vdi trflde dd: 70% nghiep hdn. Bd may quan ly nha nfldc ve<br /> ndng dan d DBSCL, 66,07% d Ddng Nam da't dai da hinh thanh mpt he thd'ng<br /> Bd, 52,1% P Tay Nguyen, 51,22% d Mien xuyen sud't tfl trung fldng de'n dia phfldng.<br /> Trung va 37,5% d Bic Bd. Khdng cd y kien Cdng tac quy hoach sfl dung da't, thflc thi<br /> nao cho rang chfnh sach va td chflc quan chinh sach da't dai, cap giay chflng nhan<br /> ly dat dai hien nay khdng bang thdi ky quyen sii dung da't, lap ban dd dia chinh<br /> ddi mdi. Mac dfl vay, ngfldi ndng dan van da di vao ne nep. Cdng tac t r a n h tra dat<br /> cho rang chfnh sach va td chflc quan ly dai cung phat huy tac dung, trong nhieu<br /> da't dai hien nay van chfla dam bao day trfldng hpp da phat hien dupc tinh trang<br /> du Ciic quyen hfldng dung da't dai va ho tham nhung dat, xii phat va thu hdi diit<br /> mong mud'n dflpc t h a m gia cdng tac qui dai sti dung khdng hieu qua.<br /> hoach da't ndng nghiep P dia phUdng cung Ben canh dd, viec td chflc quan ly dat<br /> nhu quyen dUpc thUPng lUpng, dam phan dai P cac dia phUdng hien nay chUa td't.<br /> ve va'n de bdi thudng, hd trp va tai dinh yeu kem va nhieu bat cap, thieu minh<br /> cU. bach gay bflc xflc cho ndng dan. Cd den<br /> ThU hai, cdng tac quan ly da't dai cua 75% y kien ndng dan mien Bac cho rang<br /> cac cd quan quan ly nha nUdc ngay cang qui hoach va quan ly da't dai thieu minh<br /> dupc td chflc chuyen nghiep va hieu qua. biach, tfldng tfl P Tay Nguyen 64,71%,<br /> Xet trong bdi canh phflc tap cua tinh mien Trung 53,66%, Ddng Natn Bii<br /> trang da't dai d "Viet Nam trong cac thdi 35,66% va DBSCL 23,33%.<br /> <br /> Nghien ciiu Klnh te sd374 - Thang 7/2009 31<br />  Doi moii quan iy dat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> BANG 5: Y kien cua nong dan ve viec to chiic, quan ly va qui h o a c h dat dai hien<br /> nay (%)<br /> Chua tdt, yeu Cdn nhieu bai cap va thieu minh<br /> Mien, vCing Tdt bach trong khau qui hoach<br /> kem<br /> Midn Bae 12,5 29,17 75<br /> Mien Trung 34,14 21,95 53,66<br /> Tav Nguyen 21,01 27,73 64,71<br /> Ddng Nam Bg 45,90 44,54 35,66<br /> Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long 64,44 28.89 23,33<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ke't qua khao sat 544 ndng hg, thang 01-2009.<br /> <br /> Qui mo sdn xudt nho vd manh mun: la cho cac mien/vflng trong nUdc cho thay, qui<br /> hau qua ciia viec phan chia rudng da't mang md san xua't dudi 1 ha chie'm ty le rat ldn:<br /> tfnh binh quiin (cd td't, cd xau, cd gin, cd xa) 88% P mien Bic, 87,8% d mien Trung,<br /> da de lai he quit la sfl manh mun dat dai va 77,78% P DBSCL, 73,77% d Ddng Nam Bd<br /> qui md san xua't nhd. Qui md san xuat ciia va 62,18% P Tay Nguyen, Trong khi dd qui<br /> ciic ndng hp Viet Nam da sd' la dfldi 1 ha, md san xuat tren 3 ha chie'm ty le rat nhd,<br /> rat hiem qui md tfl 3 ha trd len, trong khi d tham chf 0% P mien Bac, mien Trung,<br /> cac nfldc phat trien qui md s i n xua't ciia cac 3,33% P DBSCL, 4,1% P Ddng Nam Bd va<br /> ndng hd vai tram ha la chuyen binh ngay ca vung da't Tay Nguyen cung chi dat<br /> thudng. Qua khao siit 544 ndng hip dai dien 6,73%.<br /> BANG 6: Qui mo s a n xuat no ng nghiep c u a c a c ho n o n g dan<br /> Dien tich dat nong nghiep dang sii dung ciia cac ndng hg<br /> Sd<br /> Midn/viing < Iha 1 - 3 ha > 3 ha<br /> mau<br /> Sd lugng Ty le(%) Sdlugng Tyle(%) Sd lugng Ty le (%)<br /> Mien Bic 50 44 -88 6 12 0 0<br /> Mien Trung 41 36 87.8 5 12,20 0 0<br /> Tay Nguyen 119 74 62,18 37 31,09 8 6,73<br /> Dong Nam Bd 244 180 73,77 54 • 22,13 10 4,10<br /> DBSCL 90 70 77,78 17 18,89 3 3,33<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ket quii khao sat 544 ndng hd, thang 1-2009.<br /> HINH 4: Qui mo dat san xua't nong n g h i e p ciia cac n o n g ho<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 1 - 3 ha<br /> <br /> •Mien Bac - Mien Trung -Tay Nguyen -Dong Nam Bd -Dong bang song Ctru Long<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ket qua khiio sat 544 ndng hd, thang 1-2009.<br /> <br /> 32 Nghien ciiu Klnh te sd 374 • Thang 7/2009<br />  Doi mai quan ly dat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> Cac dudng tren hinh 4 cd hinh ddng dang mun dd la do phUPng thflc giao dat theo tu<br /> phan anh tfnh tUPng ddng ve qui md san duy cd gan, cd xa, cd td't cd xau, nen da't dai<br /> xua't ndng nghiep nhd ciia cac ndng hd p cac ndng nghiep d 'Viet Nam bi xe nhd he't sflc<br /> mien/vung trong ca nUdc. Qui md san xua't manh mun. Ngoai ra, do tam ly cua ndng<br /> nhd va tinh trang manh mun dat dai la trd dan mud'n sti an toan triinh rui ro nen chpn<br /> ngai ldn cho viec hinh thanh nen ndng giai phap cd nhieu thfla rudng hdn la tap<br /> nghiep san xua't hang hda, can trd viec ap trung mdt chd. Ddng thdi, tap quan chia dat<br /> dung may mde thiet bi trong san xua't nhat cho con ciii sau khi ke't hdn lam cho sU manh<br /> la van de cd gidi hda va thuy lpi hda. 0 ddng mun da't cang gia tang.<br /> bang Bac Bip, binh quan mdi hp ndng dan chf Theo ket qua khao sat 544 ndng hd ca<br /> dupc giao tu 2000 - 4000 m^ dat nhflng cd nUdc cho tha'y mflc dp manh mun dat dai<br /> den gin chuc manh khac nhau. Dudi thdi nhu sau: sd' ndng hd cd 1-2 thfla dat tiip<br /> Phap thudc, 'Viet Nam chi cd khoang 15 trung nhieu nha't d nhflng vung nhfl<br /> trieu miinh rudng nhUng hien nay theo Bd DBSCL, Tay Nguyen, Ddng Nam Bd, mien<br /> Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng con sd' dd khdng Trung va Bac Bd; sd' ndng hd cd tfl 3-4 thiia<br /> dudi 75 trieu. Nguyen nhan tdn tai sU manh da't trd len tap trung P Biac Bd, mien Trung.<br /> BANG 7: Tinh trang manh miin dat dai ciia cac mien/vung<br /> Sd thiia rudng diit<br /> <br /> Mien/vung<br /> Sd 1-2 3-4 5-6 >6<br /> miu<br /> Sd Tyle Sd Tyle Sd Tvle Sd Tvle<br /> lugng (%) lugng (%) lugng (%) lugng<br /> Mijn Bac 50 8 16 24 48 14 28 4 8<br /> Mi^n Trung 41 15 36,59 13 31,70 10 24,39 3 7,36<br /> Tay Nguyen 119 74 62,18 30 25,21 9 7,56 6 5,05<br /> Ddng Nam Bd 244 129 52,87 59 24,18 36 14,75 20 8,2<br /> DBSCL 90 61 67,78 24 26,67 5 5,55 0 0<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ke't qua khiio sat 544 ndng hg, thang 1-2009.<br /> HINH 5: Tinh trang manh miin da't dai cua nong dan<br /> 80-<br /> <br /> 60-<br /> <br /> 40-<br /> <br /> 20-<br /> ^ ^ ° ^ *i i^ i<br /> 1<br /> <br /> 1-2 thijra dat 3-4 thiifa dat 4-5 thijra dat 6 da't dai: mien Bac mflc dd manh mun nhieu<br /> <br /> Nghien ciiu Kinh le sd374 - Thang 7/2009 33<br />  Do! mdii quan ly dat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> nhat, tiep de'n la mien Trung, Ddng Nam d nhieu dia phUdng d i n de'n budng long<br /> Bd, Tay Nguyen va DBSCL. quan ly dat dai, tao ra sU lan chie'm trai<br /> 3. Nguyen n h a n c h u y e u c u a nhufng phep da't dai va tfl chuyen ddi muc dich sti<br /> p h a t sinh t i e u ciic dung da't.<br /> Mot Id, td chdc nhdn sU ve cdn bg Hai Id, he thdng cdn bg dia chinh<br /> dia chinh cdp xd, phUdng khong hdp cdp cd sd vda thieu, vda ydu vd khong<br /> dUdc ddu tu diing mde, thieu tinh<br /> Chlng ban, Luat Da't dai nam 2003 qui chuyen nghiep. Do dd, khi thUc hien chfnh<br /> dinh trong p h i n "Td chflc cP quan quan ly sach gap nhieu khd khan, lung tung va din<br /> da't dai" nhfl sau: "Cp quan quan ly dat dai de'n tuy tien trong quy hoach, chuyen ddi<br /> dupc thanh lap thd'ng nha't tfl Trung UPng muc dich sii dung dat, budng ldng quan ly,<br /> de'n CP sd; cP quan quan ly dat dai cap nao tham chf tiep tay cho dau cd...gay bat binh<br /> thi trUc thupc cd quan hanh chfnh nha nfldc trong dfl luan va anh hfldng de'n quyen ldi<br /> cap dd; can bd dia chfnh cap xa, phfldng, thi chfnh dang cua ndng dan, dan de'n khieu<br /> tran la do UBND huyen, quan, thi xa tflpng kien, khieu nai ve rudng dat ciia ndng dan<br /> flng bd nhiem hoac mien nhiem". Nhfl vay, trong nhflng nam g i n day.<br /> mpi quyen hanh ve da't dai se tap trung Trong mdi xa, phUdng cd mdt can bd dia<br /> trong tay mdt ngfldi d cap hanh chfnh trong chfnh chuyen trach la hfldng lUPng tfl ngan<br /> nhiem ky lam viec va de'n nhiem ky hanh sach nha nfldc, cdn nhflng ngflpi khac tham<br /> chfnh khac thi can bp dia chfnh mdi se thay gia cong viec dia chfnh neu xet thay can<br /> the ngudi tien nhiem. Dieu dd, dan den thie't (nhieu trUdng hpp la can bd tang<br /> hien tUdng phd bien la khdng cd can bp dia cUdng) nhUng lai khdng n i m trong quy che<br /> chfnh chuyen sau nam vflng qui hoach, dia hudng lUdng nha nUdc, tflc la that sU ho<br /> ban cung nhfl qui trinh thii tuc da't dai. Do khdng phai la cdng chflc, hp chi la nhan<br /> vay, se khdng sau sat trong viec nam bat vien hpp ddng cua cap xa, phfldng. Neu xa,<br /> tinh hinh thay ddi dat dai d dia phflpng nao cd nhu cau va cd kha nang tai<br /> phfldng.Viec phan bd chi tieu can bd dia chfnh thi thue vai ngflpi giup viec neu<br /> chfnh cap xil, phflpng theo kieu binh quan khdng thi duy tri d mflc tdi thieu. Cac dam<br /> ma khdng chu trpng den quy md dan sd', bao ve ldi fch vat chat va cP hdi thang tien<br /> tfnh chat phflc tap cua dia ban da han che la mong manh, trong khi xii ly cdng viec<br /> rat nhieu de'n hieu qua quan ly dat dai phflc tap ddi hdi nhieu cdng sflc va trinh do<br /> ndng nghiep. Sd' lupng can bd dia chfnh d de thau hieu va van dung dung cac van ban<br /> cap xa, phudng chi dUpc phan bd chi tieu 1 phap luat da't dai vd'n phflc tap. Dia ban<br /> hoac 2 can bd dia chfnh - xay dting tuy theo rdng ldn giin vdi diin bien phflc tap trong<br /> dia phUPng. Neu dia phUPng nao cd nhu xay dflng nha d, lan ehiem, tfl y chuyen ddi<br /> ciiu them thi cd the thue lao ddng vdi tU dat dai ciia ndng dan... Trfldng hdp khao siit<br /> each la nhan vien hpp ddng vdi xa, phudng, 81 xa d 9 tinh, thanh khu vflc Tay Nguyen,<br /> trong khi khdi lUdng, ap lUc cdng viec ddi Ddng Nam Bd va DBSCL cho thay: da sd<br /> hdi tinh t h i n trach nhiem rat cao. Mpi mdi xa chi cd 1 can bp dia chinh chuyen<br /> trach nhiem trong td chflc - quan ly da't dai trach chie'm 71,6%; sd xa cd 2 can bd dia<br /> cfl nhfl vay trdi di va khdng ai phai chiu chfnh (cd trfldng hpp la can bd tang cfldng<br /> trach nhiem ve viec ciia ai. Hau qua tfl cua Phdng Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng) chie'm<br /> nhflng sai pham ciia nhflng ngfldi tien 23,46%; hiem khi cd xa, phudng cd tfl 3 - 4<br /> nhiem khdng bi xii ly dan de'n ngfldi sau can bp dia chfnh, ty le 2,47%, day la trUPng<br /> biet sai nhflng v i n cfl lam. Dieu nay d i n hpp cac phudng ven dd thi ldn nhu d quan<br /> den thieu sdt trong quan ly hd sP dia chfnh Thu Dflc, TP.Hd Chf Minh.<br /> <br /> <br /> 34 Nghien cdu Kinh tesd374 - Thing 7/2009<br />  Doi mdfi quan iy dat dai ...<br /> <br /> <br /> BANG 8: So'lvfoing can bo dia chinh cua 81 xa d 9 tinh vung Dong Nam Bo, Tay<br /> Nguyen va DBSCL<br /> <br /> 4 can Tyle 3 can Tyle 2 can Tyle 1 can Ty le<br /> Sd lugng can bg<br /> bd/xa (%) bg/xa (%) bd/xa (%) bg/xa (%)<br /> (ngudi)/xa<br /> 2 2,47 2 2,47 19 23,46 58 71,6<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ket quii khao sat can bd dia chinh 81 xa d ndng thdn, thang 1-2009.<br /> <br /> Ngoai ra, chat Ifldng can bd dia chfnh cap Trinh dp can bd dia chinh tha'p dan den<br /> xa yeu ve chuyen mdn: trinh dp can bd dia kha nang sii dung cac phUPng tien hien<br /> chfnh p cac xa chu yeu la trung hpc phd dai nhu may vi tfnh, dpc dflpc ban dd quy<br /> thdng 70,37%, ke de'n la dai hpc 22,22%, cao hoach, cac cdng cu do dac ...vao cdng tiic<br /> ding 4,94%, trung hpc cd sd 2,47%. quan ly gap nhieu khd khan.<br /> HINH 6: Trinh do can bo dia chinh dr HINH 8: Kha n a n g ciia can bo dia<br /> 81 xa khao sat c h i n h CO the sii d u n g cac phitdgn t i e n<br /> nhii may vi tinh, d u n g cu do dac, biin<br /> do dia chinh...<br /> Trung hoc<br /> cd SCI, 2,47%<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Ngudn: Ket quii khiio silt can bd dia chinh 81 xii d<br /> ndng thdn, thiing 1-2009.<br /> Ddng thdi, thieu phfldng tien hd trp ky Ngudn: Ke't quii khiio sat Ciin bd dia chinh 81 xii<br /> thuiat nhu thiet bi do dac chfnh xac, biin dd, d ndng thdn, thang 1-2009.<br /> phUdng tien kiem tra anh hUdng den chat<br /> Khi thflc hien cdng tac ve bdi thudng, hd<br /> liipng quiin ly dat dai.<br /> trp va tai dinh cU ddi hdi tinh chuyen nghiep<br /> HINH 7: Y kien ciia can bo dia chinh ve kha nang van dipng, tuyen truyen va ky<br /> ve phvtdng tien ho trpt ky thuat trong nang phan tfch tai chfnh de thuyet phuc,<br /> cong tac quan ly da't dai d cac xa giai thich cho ngUdi dan thi lai la diem yeu<br /> cua can bp dia chfnh. Dan den viec thUdng<br /> lupng, giai thfch keo dai thdi gian nhung<br /> Day diJ<br /> ptiLic^ng tien<br /> tfnh thuyet phuc va hieu qua khdng cao.<br /> lio Iro, ThUc te P cac dia phupng hien nay cho tha'y,<br /> chi khi nao cd phat sinh van de bdi thudng,<br /> hd trp va tai dinh cU thi mdi thanh lap bd<br /> khung dpi ngu thUc hien tfl ciic ngudn can<br /> bp tang cudng d cac bp phan ciia xa phudng<br /> nhu can bd dia chfnh, can bp doiin, can bip<br /> van hda... do vay, hieu quit cdng viec thii'p.<br /> <br /> Nghien ciiu Kinh tesd374 • Thang 7/2009 35<br />  Do! mdil quan iy dat dai<br /> <br /> <br /> HINH 9: Y kien ciia nong dan ve c o n g tac t u y e n t r u y e n c h u triidng, p h o bien<br /> phap luat da't dai ciia c h i n h q u y e n<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Mien Bac Mien Trung Tay Nguyen Oong Nam Bo DBSCL<br /> <br /> 3 Ttiu'dng xuyen D Thinh thoang • it khi D Khong pho bien<br /> <br /> i\'gtidit: Ket qua khao Siit 544 nong hd. thiing 1-2009.<br /> <br /> <br /> Co che chfnh sach da't dai ndng nghiep TAI LIEU TH.AM KHAO<br /> 1. Pham Duy NghTa (2008), "Xdng thdn. ndng dan tu<br /> ngay cang hoan thien va de sfla ddi hPn<br /> gdc nhin sdhifu". Tiip chi Tia sang. (13). thang 7-2008.<br /> nhieu so vdi viec hoan thien cdng tac td 2. Le Du Phong (2007). "Van de dat dai d ndng<br /> chUc. quan ly dat dai. Hoan thien chfnh thdn". Tap chi Nghien ciiti kinh te. (355). thiing 2-2007.<br /> Siich chi la dieu kien c i n , hoan thien cdng 3. PV (2008). "Dien dan: ndng nghiep. ndng thdn<br /> trong tucmg lai". Tap chi Tia sang. (13).<br /> tac quan ly mdi la dieu kien du. Da den 4. Dang Hiing V5 (2004). Ddi mdi he thdng ldi chinh<br /> luc phai d i u tu m a n h me va quyet liet ddt dai Id trpng Idm ctia doi mcri Irong Ludt Ddt dai<br /> cho cdng tac can bd q u a n ly da't dai ve ca 2003. Biio Ciio till Chuong trinh Giang diiy kinh te<br /> sd lupng va chat lupng de thUc thi nhiem Fulbright.<br /> 6. Dilng Hung Vd (2006), Cdn ddi mdi han niia viec<br /> vu ciia minh trong hoan canh mdi - hdi gidi quyei tranh chdp, khieu nai. td cdo ve ddt dai, Biio<br /> nhap va phat trien ben t a m ndng./. cao tai Chucfng trinh Giana dav kinh te Fulbrisht.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 36<br /> Nghien ciiu Klnh tesd374 - Thang 7/2009<br />