Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành (Nghề: Lập trình máy tính - Cao đẳng) - Trường Cao đẳng Cơ giới Ninh Bình (2021)

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Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành (Nghề: Lập trình máy tính - Cao đẳng) được biên soạn với mục tiêu nhằm giúp sinh viên đọc được các tài liệu về công nghệ thông tin; đọc được các tài liệu kỹ thuật. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

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BỘ NÔNG NGHIỆP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN NÔNG THÔN TRƯỜNG CAO ĐẲNG CƠ GIỚI NINH BÌNH GIÁO TRÌNH MÔN HỌC: TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH NGHỀ: LẬP TRÌNH MÁY TÍNH TRÌNH ĐỘ: CAO ĐẲNG Ban hành kèm theo Quyết định số: /QĐ-… ngày…….tháng….năm 2021 của Trường Cao đẳng Cơ giới Ninh Bình Ninh Bình, năm 2021 1
TUYÊN BỐ BẢN QUYỀN Tài liệu này thuộc loại sách giáo trình nên các nguồn thông tin có thể được phép dùng nguyên bản hoặc trích dùng cho các mục đích về đào tạo và tham khảo. Mọi mục đích khác mang tính lệch lạc hoặc sử dụng với mục đích kinh doanh thiếu lành mạnh sẽ bị nghiêm cấm. 2
LỜI GIỚI THIỆU Công nghệ thông tin từ lâu đã đóng vai trò quan trọng trong cuộc sống của chúng ta. Trong những năm gần đây, cùng với sự phát triển của công nghệ thông tin, mạng máy tính đang được phát triển rất rộng rãi. Để phục vụ việc học tập nghiên cứu của sinh viên ngành Lập trình máy tính, giáo trình TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH LẬP TRÌNH MÁY TÍNH được biên soạn nhằm giúp các em sinh viên tiếp xúc với tiếng anh trong lĩnh vực Công nghệ thông tin, cung cấp cho các em một số vốn từ, mẫu câu và những hiểu biết liên quan đến các chủ đề về lĩnh vực Công nghệ thông tin. Giáo trình này được biên soạn dựa trên các nguồn tài liệu tham khảo thuộc lĩnh vực Công nghệ thông tin theo chủ đề , gắn liền ngôn ngữ với nghiệp vụ chuyên ngành theo tinh thần bám sát chương trình môn học đã được nhà trường thông qua. Do còn hạn chế về thời gian, trình độ nên dù đã cố gắng rất nhiều, trong quá trình biên soạn, nhóm tác giả không tránh khỏi những thiếu sót, nhầm lẫn. Rất mong nhận được những ý kiến đóng góp từ các thày cô và các em học sinh để giáo trình này được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Chúng tôi xin chân thành cám ơn Ban lãnh đạo nhà trường cũng như các bạn đồng nghiệp đã tạo điều kiện giúp đỡ để chúng tôi có thể hoàn thành tốt giáo trình học tập này. Xin trân trọng cảm ơn. Ninh Bình, ngày…tháng…. năm 2018 Tham gia biên soạn 1. Chủ biên- Nguyễn Thị Thu Nga 2. Lê Thị Vân Nga 3. Hoàng Xuân Hảo 3
TABLE OF CONTENT 4
CHƯƠNG TRÌNH MÔN HỌC Tên môn học: Anh văn chuyên ngành Mã số môn học: MH 17 Thời gian thực hiện môn học: 60 giờ (Lý thuyết: 36 giờ; Thực hành: 20 giờ; Kiểm tra: 4 giờ) I. VỊ TRÍ, TÍNH CHẤT, Ý NGHĨA VÀ VAI TRÒ CỦA MÔN HỌC: - Vị trí: Môn học này thực hiện sau khi học các môn học cơ bản về máy tính và các môn lập trình căn bản. - Tính chất: Là môn học chuyên môn nghề lập trình máy tính. - Ý nghĩa và vai trò : Đây là môn học lý thuyết cơ sở bắt buộc, giúp cho sinh viên đọc được các tài liệu kỹ thuật và các tài liệu lập trình. II. MỤC TIÊU MÔN HỌC: - Về kiến thức: + Đọc được các tài liệu về công nghệ thông tin; + Đọc được các tài liệu kỹ thuật. - Về kỹ năng: Trình bày được các thuật ngữ về công nghệ thông tin. - Về năng lực tự chủ và trách nhiệm: Có khả năng tổ chức, thực hiện các nhiệm vụ và chịu trách nhiệm đối với kết quả công việc của mình. III. NỘI DUNG MÔN HỌC: Thời gian (giờ) Thực Số hành, Tên chương mục Tổng Lý Kiểm TT bài tập, số thuyết tra thảo luận 1 Unit 1: Computer today 10 5 4 1 2 Unit 2: Hardware 15 10 5 3 Unit 3: Software 15 10 3 2 4 Unit 4: Programming languages 10 6 4 5 Unit 5: Computer tomorrow 10 5 4 1 Cộng: 60 36 20 4 UNIT 1: COMPUTER TODAY 5
Mã bài: MH17-B01 Giới thiệu: Trong bài học này chúng ta sẽ học về các thành phần cơ bản cấu tạo nên một chiếc máy tính, những từ ngữ liên quan trực tiếp đến ngành IT. Mục tiêu: Sau khi học xong bài này người học có khả năng. - Trình bày được các từ liên quan đến các khái niệm về công nghệ thông tin; - Hiểu các kiến thức tổng quát về công nghệ thông tin; - Có thái độ nghiêm túc và tích cực trong học tập. NỘI DUNG CHÍNH: 1. Computer applications 1.1. Computer is used in some fields: Education, Sport, … We are now living in what some people call the digital age, meaning that computers have become an essential part of our lives. Young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations and improve their math skills. They are used to access the internet, to do basic research and to communicate with other students around the world. Teachers use projectors and interactive whiteboards to give presentations and teach sciences, history or language courses. PCs are also used for administrative purposes – schools use word processors to write letters, and databases to keep records of students and teachers. A school website allows teachers to publish exercises for students to complete online. Students can also enroll for courses via the website and parents can download official reports. In banks, computers store information about the money held by each customer and enable staff to access large databases and to carry out financial transactions at high speed. They also control the cashpoints, or ATMs (automatic teller machine), which dispense money to customers by the use of a PIN-protected card. People use a CHIP and PIN cards to pay for goods and services. Instead of using a signature to verify payments, customers are asked to enter a four-digit personal identification number (PIN), the same number used at cashpoints; this system makes transactions more secure. With online banking, clients can easily pay bills and transfer money from the comfort of their homes. Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic. On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computers. 6
Travel agents use computers to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and many other details. 1.2. Grammar: Noun, Compound Noun. Match the words (1-10) with their definitions (a-j) 1. perform a. keep, save 2. word processor b. execute, do 3. online c. monetary 4. download d. screen 5. built-in e. integrated 6. digital f. connected to the internet 7. store g. collection of facts or figures 8. financial h. describes information that is recorded or 9. monitor broadcast using computers 10. data i. program used for text manipulation j. copy files from a server to your PC or mobile 2. Computer essentials 2.1. The basic components of a computer system Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, processing in a specified format as information. These basic steps are involved in the process. First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form. Information in the form of data and program is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the central processing unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals. Perhaps, the most influential component is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the “brain” of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices. Storage devices (floppy, hard or optical disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Disk drives are used to handle one or more floppy disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished products from the system. For example, the computer 7
shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of printer. On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drivers and scanners. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration. 2.2. Grammar: Compound adjectives Use the information in the text to help you match the terms provided with the appropriate explanations or definitions below. a. software b. peripheral devices c. monitor d. floppy disk e. hardware f. input g. port h. output i. central processing unit 1. The brain of the computer. 2. Physical parts that make up a computer system. 3. Programs which can be used on a particular computer system. 4. The information which is presented to the computer. 5. Results produced by a computer. 6. Hardware equipment attached to the CPU. 7. Visual display units. 8. Small device used to store information. Same as ‘diskette’. 9. Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected. 8
UNIT 2: HARDWARE Mã bài: MH17- B02 Giới thiệu: Trong bài học này chúng ta sẽ học về các từ vựng liên quan đến cách thức hoạt động của phần cứng. Sự cần thiết của phần cứng đối với máy tính. Mục tiêu: Sau khi học xong bài này người học có khả năng: - Đọc được các tài liệu về phần cứng máy tính; - Hiểu các kiến thức tổng quát về CPU; - Có thái độ nghiêm túc và tích cực trong học tập. NỘI DUNG CHÍNH: 1. The CPU The hardware are the parts of computer itself including the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and related microchips and micro-circuitry, keyboards, monitors, case and drives (hard, CD, DVD, floppy, optical, tape, etc.). Other extra parts called peripheral components or devices include mouse, printers, modems, scanners, digital cameras and cards (sound, color, video), etc. Together they are often referred to as a personal computer. Central Processing Unit – Though the term relates to a specific chip or the processor, a CPU’s performance is determined by the rest of the computer’s circuitry and chips. 2. The peripherals: the input/output devices Keyboard – The keyboard is used to type information into the computer or input information. Monitors – The monitor shows information on the screen when you type. This is called outputting information. When the computer needs more information it will display a message on the screen, usually through a dialog box. Monitors come in many types and sizes. The resolution of the monitor determines the sharpness of the screen. The resolution can be adjusted to control the screen’s display. Case – The case houses the microchips and circuitry that run the computer. Desktop models usually sit under the monitor and tower models beside. Removable Storage and/or Disk Drives _ All disks need a drive to get information off – or read – and put information on the disk – or write. Each drive is designed for a specific type of disk whether it is a CD, DVD, hard disk or floppy. Digital flash drives work slightly differently as they use memory cards to store information so there are no moving parts. 9
Mouse – Most modern computers today are run using a mouse controlled pointer. Generally if the mouse has two buttons, the left one is used to select objects and text and the right one is used to access menus. If the mouse has one button (Mac for instance) it controls all the activity and a mouse with a third button can be used by specific software programs. Printer – The printer takes information on your screen and transfers it to paper or a hard copy. There are many different types of printers with various levels of quality. The three basic types of printer are: dot matrix, inkjet, and laser. Modem – A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines, cable or line-of-site wireless. The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. Digital modems transfer digital information directly without changing to analog. Scanners – Scanners allow you to transfer pictures and photographs to your computer. A scanner ‘scans’ the image from the top to the bottom, one line at a time and transfers it to the computer as a series of bits or a bitmap. Digital cameras allow you to take digital photographs. The images are stored on a memory chip or disk that can be transferred to your computer. Some cameras can also capture sound and video. Cards – Cards are components added to computers to increase their capability. 3. Grammar: Relative clause 3.1. Read the text and answer the questions: a. Do the hardware include peripheral devices? b. What is the keyboard used for? c. What determines the sharpness of the screen? d. Name some types of disk. e. How do digital flash drives work? 3.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). a. The mouse is one of peripheral devices. b. The CPU determines its own performance. c. Digital flash drives use memory cards to store information. d. Computers use analog and telephones use digital signals. e. Digital modems transfer digital information by changing to analog. f. Cards help increase the capability of computers 3.3. We can define people or things with a restrictive (defining) clause. - The teacher who is responsible for the computer centre has just arrived. 10
→We use the relative pronoun ‘who’ because it refers to a person. We could also use ‘that’. - The microprocessor is a chip which processes the information provided by the software. →We use the relative pronoun ‘which’ because it refers to a thing, not a person. We could also use ‘that’. - The computer we saw at the exhibition runs at 600MHz. →Relative pronouns can be left out when they are not the subject of the relative clause. Exercise: Complete the sentences below with suitable relative pronouns. Give alternative options if possible. 1. That’s the CPU ........... I’d like to buy. 2. The microprocessor is a chip ................... processes data and instructions. 3. The microprocessor coordinates the activities ................... take place in a computer system. 4. Last night I met someone ................... works for GM as a computer programmer. 5. A co-processor is a silicon chip ................... carries out mathematical operations at a very high speed. 6. A megahertz is a unit of frequency ................... used to measure processor speed. 7. Here’s the floppy disk ................... you lent me. 11
UNIT 3: SOFTWARE Mã bài: MH17- B03 Giới thiệu: Trong bài học này chúng ta sẽ học về các từ vựng liên quan đến cách thức hoạt động của phần mềm. Sự cần thiết của phần mềm đối với máy tính. Mục tiêu: Sau khi học xong bài này người học có khả năng: - Đọc được các tài liệu về phần mềm; - Cài được các phần mềm; - Có thái độ nghiêm túc và tích cực trong học tập. NỘI DUNG CHÍNH: 1. Software: System Software and Application Software 1.1. System software: Operating system (MS-DOS, Windows, Linux, UNIX) The software is the information that the computer uses to get the job done. Software needs to be accessed before it can be used. There are many terms used for process of accessing software including running, executing, starting up, opening, and others. The most popular operating systems are: * The Windows family: designed by Microsoft and used on most PCs. * Mac OS: created by Apple and use on Macintosh computers. * Unix: a multi-user system, found on mainframes and workstations in corporate installations. * Linux: open-source software developed under the GNU General Public License. This means anybody can copy its source code, change it and distribute it. It is used in computers, appliances and small devices. * Windows mobile: used on most PDAs and smartphones (PDAs incorporating smartphones) * Palm OS: used on Palm handheld devices. * RIM: used on BlackBerry communication devices and developed by Research in Motion. * The Symbian OS: used by some phone makers, including Nokia and Siemens. 1.2. Application Software: The word processing (Microsoft word), Database (Access), Spreading sheet (Microsoft Excel) Computer programs allow users to complete tasks. A program can also be referred to as an application and the two words are used interchangeably. Examples of software programs or applications would be the Operating System (OS, Windows 9x/Millenium/XP/Vista, O/S2, UNIX, MacOS 9.x/10.x and various others), Wordprocessor (typing letters), Spreadsheet (financial info), Database (inventory control and address book), Graphics program, Internet Browser, Email and many others. 1.3. GUI: Graphics and Design, Web Design 12
In 1984, Apple produced the Macintosh, the first computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface (GUI). Macs were designed with one clear aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. A few years later, Microsoft launched Windows, another operating system based on graphic and intuitive tools. Nowadays, computers are used by all kinds of people, and as a result there is a growing emphasis on accessibility and user-friendly systems. A GUI makes use of a WIMP environment: windows, icons, menus and pointer. The background of the screen is called the desktop, which contains labeled pictures called icons. These icons represent files or folders. Double-clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs, documents, or more nested folders. When you are in a folder, you can launch a program or document by double-clicking the icon, or you can drag it to another location. When you run a program, your PC opens a window that lets you work with different tools. All the programs have a high level of consistency, with similar toolbars, menu bars, buttons and dialog boxes. A modern OS also provides access to networks and allows multitasking, which means you can run several programs – and do various tasks – at the same time. 2. Grammar 2.1. Countable and uncountable nouns, Plural Nouns Countable nouns are people or things that we can count. They have a singular or a plural form (e.g. program, file, system…) Uncountable nouns are things that we can’t count. They have no plural form (e.g. software, music, multimedia, networking…) A lot of software these days is open-source. Some words are countable in many languages but are uncountable in English, and are used with singular verbs (e.g. advice, damage, equipment, furniture, research, news …) The advice he gave me was very useful. 2.2. Ways of reducing sentences. 2.3. Gerunds * Cut out unnecessary phrases Macs were designed with one aim: to facilitate interaction with the computer. => Macs were designed to facilitate interaction with the computer. * Transform relative clauses into –ing participle clauses Double-clicking a folder opens a window which contains programs, documents or … => Double-clicking a folder opens a window containing programs, documents or … 2.4. Modal verbs We use modal verbs to add extra meaning to the main verb. They are followed by infinitive without “to”. Modal verbs are used in the following ways: * To express a possibility You can/could use Adobe Flash to include interactive animations. 13
You may like to insert songs, podcasts, etc. The price of Dreamweaver might go down next month. Can and could are often interchangeable when talking about possibility. May and might are used to express weaker possibilities and often come before the verb like to mean “It is possible you will like.” * To ask for permission Can/Could/May I use your mobile phone? May is more formal than can or could. * To talk about ability They are looking for artists who can draw and design web pages. Could is the past tense of can and is used to talk about ability in the past. * To talk about obligation or necessity To see or hear all these files, you must have the right plug-in. …you needn’t learn HTML in order to build your own website. Needn’t means don’t need to or don’t have to and is used to express a lack of obligation. * To give advice Before going live, you should check that all the links work. 14
UNIT 4: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Mã bài: MH17- B04 Giới thiệu: Trong bài học này chúng ta sẽ học về các từ vựng liên quan đến ngôn ngữ lập trình và các phần mềm lập trình. Mục tiêu: Sau khi học xong bài này người học có khả năng: - Đọc được các tài liệu về lập trình; - Cài được các phần mềm lập trình; - Có thái độ nghiêm túc và tích cực trong học tập. NỘI DUNG CHÍNH: 1. Basic concepts in programming languages such as VB, Cobol, Pascal, SQL, C, JAVA… Unfortunately, computers cannot understand ordinary spoken English or any other natural language. The only language they can understand directly is called machine code. This consists of the 1s and 0s (binary code) that are processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. For this reason, we use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code. For example, the so-called assembly languages use abbreviations such as ADD, SUB, and MPY to represent instructions. Basic languages, where the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special program called an assembler. These languages are still quite complex and restricted to particular machines. 15
To make the programs easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher level languages were designed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN or Pascal. Programs written in one of these languages (known as source programs) are converted into a low-level language by means of a compiler (generating the object program). On compilation, each statement in a high-level language is generally translated into many machine codes. Here is a brief description of some of many high-level languages. FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was first introduced in the United States in 1954. COBOL acronym for Common Business – Oriented Language. This language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL, which is written using English statements, deals with problems that do not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first introduced in 1959. ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL, International Algebraic Language. It is used for mathematical and scientific purposed. ALGOL was first introduced in Europe in 1960. PI/I Programming Language I. developed in 1964 to combine features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for data processing as well as scientific applications. BASIC acronym for Beginner’s All – purpose Symbolic instruction Code, developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United States for use by students who require a simple language to begin programming. 16
C developed in the 1970s to support the UNIX operating system. C is a highly portable general-purpose language. Other such languages are APL (developed in 1962), PASCAL (named after Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971), and LISP and PROLOG, both of which are used for work in artificial intelligence. LOGO is a development of LISP which has been used to develop computer-based training (CBT) packages. People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages. 1.1. Read the text and answer these questions. a. Do computers understand human languages? b. What are the differences between low-level and high-level languages? c. What is an assembler? d. What is the function of compiler? e. What do you understand by the term source program and object program? 1.2. Summarize the information on different high-level computer languages by completing the table below. Language Developed Function Characteristic FORTRAN 1959 mathematical and scientific purposes combines features of COBOL and ALGOL 17
BASIC to support Unix operating system 1962 2. Grammar: The passive voice The present simple passive. You form the present simple passive with am/is/are + past participle. E.g. This program is written in a special computer language. Programs and data are usually stored on disks. Exercise: Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs in the brackets. Example: Houses (design) ………………….. with the help of computers. Houses are designed with the help of computers. 1. Various terminals (connect) …………………… to this workstation. 2. Microcomputers (know) ……………………… as “PCs”. 3. Magazines (typeset) ……………………. by computers. 4. When a particular program is run, the data (process) ………………… by the computers very rapidly. 5. Hard disks (use) ………………… for the permanent storage of information. 6. The drug-detecting test in the Tour-de-France (support) ……………... by computers. 7. All the activities of the computer system (coordinate) ……………….. by the central processing unit. 8. In some modern systems, information (hold) ………………..in optical disks. 3. Jobs in computing 3.1. The professional skills and personal qualities required for the jobs of senior programmer and DTP operator 18
Complete these definitions with jobs from the box Software engineer computer security specialist blog administrator Help desk technician DTP operator hardware administrator webmaster 1. A …………………………….designs and develops IT devices. 2. A ……………………………. writes computer programs. 3. A …………………………….edits and deletes posts made by contributors to a blog. 4. A …………………………….uses page layout software to prepare electronic files for publication. 5. A …………………………….manages the hardware and software that comprise a network. 6. A ……………………………designs and maintains websites. 7. A……………………………works with companies to build secure computer systems. 8. A ……………………………helps end-users with their computer problems in person, by email or over the phone. 3.2. Write a letter applying for a job in IT Complete the following letter with for, since, ago or until Dear Mr. Scott, I’m writing to apply for the position of Senior programmer, which was advertised on 28th March in The Times. I graduated in May 2002 and did a work placement with British gas as part of my degree. Before taking my present job I worked for a year with NCR. I stayed in this job (1)………March 2004. (2) ……………..the last three years I have been working as a software engineer for Intelligent Software. I have designed four programs in COBOL for commercial use, and (3) ………….January, I have been writing programs for C in use for large retail chains. These have been very successful and we have won several new contracts in the UK and Europe on the strength of my team’s success. Two years (4) ……….., I spent three months in Spain testing our programs and also made several visits to Italy, so I have a basis knowledge of Spanish and Italian. I now feel ready for more responsibility and more challenging work, and would welcome the opportunity to learn about a new industry. I enclose my curriculum vitae. I will be available for an interview at any time. I look forward to hearing from you. Your sincerely, Sarah Brown 19
UNIT 5: COMPUTER TOMORROW Mã bài: MH17- B05 Giới thiệu: Trong bài học này chúng ta sẽ học về các từ vựng liên quan đến xu thế phát triển của máy tính và ngành công nghệ thông tin. Tầm quan trọng của máy tính và công nghệ thông tin đối với cuộc sống của con người. Mục tiêu: Sau khi học xong bài này người học có khả năng: - Đọc được các tài liệu nói về về xu hướng phát triển và các vấn đề con người phải đối mặt của máy tính và ngành CNTT; - Có thái độ nghiêm túc và tích cực trong học tập. NỘI DUNG CHÍNH: 1. Electronic communications Telecommunications refers to the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. Information is transmitted by devices such as the telephone, radio, television, satellite, or computer networks. Examples could be two people speaking on their mobile phone, a sales department sending a fax to a client, or even someone reading the teletext pages on TV. But in the modern world, telecommunications mainly means transferring information across the Internet, via modem, phone lines or wireless networks. Because of telecommunications, people can now work at home and communicate with their office by computer and telephone. This is called teleworking. It has been predicted that about one third of all work could eventually be performed outside the workplace. In call centres, assistance or support is given to customers using the telephone, email or online chats. They are also used for telemarketing, the process of selling goods and services over the phone. Digital TV and radio In recent years, TV and radio broadcasting has been revolutionized by developments in satellite and digital transmission. Digital TV is a way of transmitting pictures by means of digital signals, in contrast to the analogue signals used by traditional TV. Digital TV offers interactive services and pay multimedia – that is, it can transmit movies and shows to TV sets or PCs on a pay-per-view basis. It is also widescreen, meaning programmes are broadcast in a native 16:9 format instead of the old 4:3 format. Digital TV provides a better quality of picture and sound and allows broadcaster to deliver more channels. Digital Terrestrial TV is received via a set-top box, a device that decodes the signals received through the aerial. New technologies are being devised to allow you to watch TV on your mobile. For example, DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) and DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld) can send multimedia (radio, TV and data) to mobile devices. 20