Hồi giáo ở Đông Nam Á

HOI GIAO O DONG NAM A<br /> N g u y § n Thi Mai Hoa<br /> <br /> Trung tdm Ddo tao, Boi dudng gidng vien<br /> Ly luan chinh tri - BH QG Hd Ngi<br /> <br /> <br /> 0 Dong Nam A, btjfc tranh ve ton giao rat da dang; nhieu ve, bcii<br /> trong qua trinh phat trien cua lich sii, ci day da hoi tu d i y du cac he y<br /> thiic ttf tLfcing tijf ca phiidng Dong, phiidng Tay va Hoi giao la mot ton<br /> giao trong cai da dang, nhieu ve ay. Trong qua trinh xam nhap va phat<br /> trien, Hoi giao da c6 mot dia vi ch^c chin 5 nhieu na6c Dong Nam A.<br /> Ngoai t\i each la mot yeu to cau thanh cua nen van boa khu vUc, Hoi<br /> giao con la mot trong nhOng ton giao can thiep sau vao ddi song chinh<br /> tri nh^'t, neu khong muon not day la mot ton giao c6 kha nang chi phoi,<br /> anh hucing den hoa binh, on dinh ci khu vUc.<br /> <br /> <br /> SUXAM NHAP CUA DAO HOI VAO DONG NAM A<br /> Dao Hoi la mot ton giao the gi6i, nguyen goc t\l chijf Arap la Ixlam<br /> (sU phuc tung, s\i tuan lenh). Cung nhU moi ton giao the gidi khac, Dao<br /> Hoi ra ddi g^n lien v6i nhOng chuyen bien xa hoi vi dai va c6 kha nang<br /> truyen ba rong rai, khong chi bo hep trong mot cong dong dan toe hay<br /> mot bo toe, hoac khu viic. Hien nay, Dao Hoi la mot ton giao c6 so<br /> ludng tin do (1.162.000.000 tin do) va pham vi anh hiidng rong 16n thd<br /> hai sau Ki-to giao, c6 mat ci hdn 50 nxidc cua t^'t ca cac chau luc, trai<br /> dai thanh mot vong cung Idn tu! Bac Phi t6i Indonesia va Philipines,<br /> vdi trung tam tinh than cl Saudi- Arabia (Medina, La meca). Con ve<br /> mat dan so', thi trong diem nga ve phifdng Dong: chau A c6 812 trieu<br /> ngUdi Hoi giao, chau Phi 315 trieu, chau Au 31 trieu. Nam My 2 trieu.<br /> Dang chu y la mJ6c Phap c6 gan 5 trieu tin do Hoi giao. My c6 khoang<br /> 4 trieu. Indonesia la nu6c dong tin do Hoi giao nhat the gi6i; hdn 174<br /> <br /> <br /> 655<br /> trieu ngUdi, Pakistan xep thijt hai v6i hdn 142 trieu, Bangladesh xep<br /> thiJt ba vdi 11 trieu. Trong cac n\idc cua the gidi Hoi giao, c6 nU6c coi<br /> Hoi giao la quo'c dao va dung giao luat de cai tri dat niidc.<br /> <br /> Cho den nay, cac nha nghien ciiu ve Hoi giao d Dong Nam A vin<br /> chua dUa ra mot ket luan thong nhat ve qua trinh du nhap cua ton<br /> giao nay vao khu vUc. Dieu con dang gay tranh cai nhieu nhat la thdi<br /> diem, hoan canh, ngUdi truyen ba Hoi giao t6i day (ngUdi Arap, An<br /> Do hay Trung Quo'c...?). Y kien dUdc da so ung ho la Hoi giao du nhap<br /> vao day thong qua cac thudng gia Arap va An Do, vao khoang the ky<br /> vn-xni.<br /> Tuy la mot ton giao Idn tren the gi6i, nhifng Hoi giao den Dong<br /> Nam A tudng doi mugn, vao luc ma "lUdi gUdm tan bao ciia Hoi giao"<br /> khong con thoa sijtc hoanh hanh de mci rong lanh tho va ap dat ton giao<br /> cho cac cU dan cac vung dat bi ngiidi Arap Hoi giao chiem dong nfia.<br /> Hoi giao xuat hien d Dong Nam A tvxidc Dao Thien chua, nhung thuc<br /> sU CO anh hUdng sau do vai the ky. ThUc vay, mot trong nhiing muc<br /> dich bien minh cho sU banh tru6ng cua chau Au vao vung nay la de<br /> ngan chan Dao Hoi tren cap do toan cau. TCt lau, trU6c khi ngUdi chau<br /> Au den vung Dong Nam A, Dao Hoi da Ian rong mot each vflng chac<br /> doc theo cac con dUdng buon ban dUdng thuy noi Tay An Do va Dong<br /> A. Hoi giao den Malaisia, Indonesia sau do qua con dUdng Malaisia<br /> Ian ra cac dao mien Nam Philippines. Lanh tho dau tien ma Hoi giao<br /> xam nhap la vung Bac Sumatd. NgUdi Ache la cU dan dau tien theo<br /> dao Hoi. Khi Malacca trd nen cUdng thinh, thi no trcl thanh trung tarn<br /> truyen ba Dao Hoi. Cho den the ky thxi XV, ban than vung Dong Nam<br /> A hai dao ditdc gin vdi nhau bang mot chu6i cac quo'c gia buon ban<br /> theo Dao Hoi. Tien trinh "Hoi giao hoa" luc bay gid diidc hoan t4't<br /> thong qua viec cai dao va chinh phuc cac dao, m3 rong vung giap ranh<br /> Hoi giao doc theo cac con dUdng buon ban hien c6. Trong qua trinh Hoi<br /> giao du nhap, thi cac thanh pho ven bien nhU: Malacca, Aleh, Pasai...<br /> dong vai tro quan trong, vi chung la nhutng thanh pho'va nhutng trung<br /> tam, ndi giao luu buon ban 16n d khu viic. Do vay, dieu d l hieu la<br /> nhiing thanh pho do trd thanh trung tam Hoi giao d i u tien, la ndi Hoi<br /> <br /> 656<br /> giao xam nhap tdi triidc tien.<br /> <br /> Cac thUdng nhan Ba Tu, An Do, Trung Quoc, Arap c6 mat tai khu<br /> vUc Dong Nam A kha sdm (the ky VII-VIII) va ciing tham gia vao qua<br /> trinh Hoi giao hoa Dong Nam A. Nhieu khu dan cU buon ban cua ho<br /> vin con ton tai cho tdi ngay nay. Cac khu dan cM nay da tixng la nhiing<br /> trung tam boat dong ton giao, truyen ba kien thutc ve the gidi Dao Hoi<br /> cho cU dan dia phUdng. Dieu nay g6p phan tao nen mot trong nhiing<br /> dac trUng cua Hoi giao d khu vUc nay. Do la sU pha tron nhiing ye'u<br /> to tin ngU5ng tien Hoi giao cl dia phUdng vdi nhiing net van hoa An Do,<br /> Ba Tu va Hoi giao chinh thong.<br /> <br /> Viec Hoi giao den Dong Nam A khong c6 chien tranh ton gi^o xay<br /> ra, trtt mot vai cuoc dung dp nho 6 Philippines la dieu khong con phai<br /> nghi ngd gi nfla. Mac dii Dao Hoi den Trung Can Dong va An Do bang<br /> nhiing cuoc chien tranh than thanh, nhifng no dd'n Dong Nam A b&ng<br /> con dUdng hoa binh, khong phai qua nhiing nha truyen dao chuyen<br /> nghiep, ma thong qua thUdng mai va cac thUdng gia Hoi giao, nen d i<br /> dang diidc tiep nhan va cang ngay cang cd nhiing anh hUdng sau rong<br /> trong ddi song chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, dac biet d cac quoc gia hai<br /> dao. O mot so tieu quo'c, vua dong thdi la giao chu, tieu quo'c bien<br /> thanh Hoi quo'c. Vi du d Philipines, tieu quo'c Hoi giao dfiu tien la Sulu<br /> (the ky X -XV), tieu quoc thijt hai ci Mindanao (the ky thii XVI). Cac<br /> boat dong kinh te sau khi Hoi giao truyen vao tap nap, khcii sac, nh\i<br /> d dao Malacca. Cung tH day, van hoa Arap, Ba Tu: anh hiiSng den<br /> Dong Nam A. So vdi An Do giao, tren mot phiXdng dien nao do, Hoi<br /> giao CO tinh dan chu hdn ban, vi khong hi go bd bc( tinh ch^'t giai c^'p<br /> nang ne, dap dng diidc khat vong cua nhan dan ve sU cong bang, binh<br /> dang trong cuoc song, trong hoan canh lich sit nhat dinh, d miJtc do<br /> nha't dinh. Ngoai ra, Hoi giao d Dong Nam A con cd tac dung doan ket<br /> cac dan toe trong cuoc chien chong ngoai xam.<br /> <br /> d Dong Nam A luc dia, cac cong dong Hoi giao da dUdc thiet lap<br /> cl Myanmar, Thai Lan, Viet Nam va Campuchia. Tuy nhien, cac cong<br /> dong Hoi giao d khu vUc nay chi la nhiing cong dong dan cU thieu so,<br /> khong phat trien manh me n h u d cac nUdc Dong Nam A hai dao, bdi<br /> vi khi tdi day. Hoi giao vap phai mot lUc can Idn la Phat giao va nen<br /> van hoa Phat giao - An Do giao da diidc du nhap va phat trien triidc.<br /> <br /> <br /> 657<br /> Chinh vi vay, Hoi giao d nhiing niidc nay v&n cd nhiing dac trUng ton<br /> giao va van boa rieng.<br /> <br /> NHUNG THUAN LOI CIIA H 6 I GIAO KHI o f N DONG NAM A<br /> <br /> Khoang thdi gian tii luc Hoi giao xam nhap cho den khi no trd<br /> thanh ton giao thong tri d mot so niidc Dong Nam A khong phai 1^ dai,<br /> bdi vi Hoi giao den Dong Nam A vdi rit't nhieu thu^n Idi.<br /> <br /> TM nhat, thdi ky Hoi giao hoa Dong Nam A triing hdp vdi thdi ky<br /> khung hoang cua cac vUdng quoc co dai nhU d Champa luc dia. V^o<br /> cuoi the ky XV, quoc gia An Do- Phat giao Majapahit hung manh trade<br /> kia dang bi suy thoai va tan ra. Cac tieu quo'c thuoc de quoc nay tach<br /> ra khdi chinh quyen trung Udng, gianh doc lap ve kinh te, chinh tri,<br /> k^o theo sU sup do cua he tif tiidng - ton giao cu. Luc nay, he thong<br /> ddng cap cua An Do giao da trd nen 16i thdi, khong dap ling dUdc nhu<br /> c^u phat trien cua che do xa hoi vdi sU phat t h e n cua nen kinh te hang<br /> hoa. Su khung hoang cua he tu tudng An Do giao tao sU tro'ng rong<br /> trong niem tin va mot 16 hong de ton giao mdi len vao, d6 la Hoi giao-<br /> ton giao cua cac thUdng gia. Neu nhU trUdc day, Hoi giao ra ddi gop<br /> phan thong nhat cac bo lac tren ban dao Arap thanh mot de quo'c Hoi<br /> giao viing manh, thi luc nay Hoi giao lai trd thanh ngon cd cua cac tieu<br /> quo'c tren quan dao Indonesia dau tranh gianh doc lap, phat trien kinh<br /> te, chinh tri va quan sU. Tam gUdng tieu bieu la Hoi giao Malacca.<br /> Malacca trd thanh mot trung tam buon ban sam uat ttf mot lang danh<br /> ca ngheo khd sau khi gianh doc lap. Sau do, Malacca khong chi la<br /> trung tam buon ban quo'c te quan trong, ma con la mot trung tam<br /> truyen giao Idn nhat thdi bay gid. Cac tieu quoc khac coi Malacca la<br /> tam gUdng, cho dua ve kinh t e v a tinh than cua ho. Cac ti^u quoc mien<br /> duyen hai sau khi di vao quy dao buon ban vdi Malacca dan bi le thudc<br /> ve tinh than va cuoi cung trd thanh nhiing quoc gia Hoi giao. Cac tieu<br /> quo'c thay ro Hoi giao la mot vu khi chinh tri sic ben, giup tao dUng<br /> mot cong dong Hoi giao Idn de thUc hien y do banh trUdng lanh tho va<br /> truyen ba van hoa cua minh.<br /> <br /> Thi2 hai, qua trinh Hoi giao hoa cac vUdng quo'c hai dao phii hdp<br /> vdi qua trinh chuyen hudng kinh te cua khu vUc. TiJf mot nen kinh te<br /> <br /> <br /> 658<br /> tu cung, tu cap, cac tieu quo'c da trd thanh ndi cung cap hang hoa quan<br /> trong, nhat la hUdng lieu cho chau Au, do vay da s^n sang md ctta cho<br /> cac thUdng gia Hoi giao ngoai quo'c vao buon ban va truyen giao. Trong<br /> khi do, nguyen t i c binh dang, tinh phdng khoang, ddn gian trong ll<br /> nghi cua Hoi giao von phu hdp vdi tang Idp thUdng nhan da dUdc gidi<br /> quy toe Indonesia va Malaisia tiep ddn. Hdn niia, khac vdi khu vUc<br /> Trung Dong, Hoi giao den Dong Nam A bang con dUdng hoa binh,<br /> thong qua cac cuoc tiep xuc ca nhan, cac cuoc hon phoi ciia thUdng<br /> nhan Hoi giao den dinh cU vdi con gai cac tang Idp quy toe dia phUdng.<br /> Con dudng cai giao hoa binh va tu nhien do rSit phu hdp vdi tam ly cua<br /> cac cU dan dia phUdng, giup ho d i dang hoa nhap, tiep thu Hoi giao.<br /> <br /> Thi2 ba, chinh tinh bao dung, mem deo va thich nghi cua Hoi giao<br /> do'i vdi cac tin ngUdng truyen tho'ng dia phUdng da khien cho Hoi giao<br /> mau chong chiem dUdc Uu the d cac nUdc Dong Nam A. Trong qua<br /> trinh Hoi giao hoa, mot so' tap tuc, truyen tho'ng dia phUdng lai gop<br /> phan dac lUc day nhanh qua trinh Hoi giao hoa. Vi du nhU d<br /> Indonesia, che do vUdng quyen va long trung thanh vdi nha vua tren<br /> quan dao Malay da khien cho khi nha vua cai dao theo Hoi giao, thi<br /> nhat loat dan chung ciing mau chong cai dao theo.<br /> <br /> Thit tu, Trong Hoi giao ton tai nhiing ye'u to'cua chu nghia th^n<br /> bi da cd san trong truyen tho'ng van hoa cua cac cU dan viing ban dao<br /> Arap - ndi phat sinh cua Hoi giao va chung di vao Hoi giao mot each<br /> tu nhien. Dac biet, khi Hoi giao den An Do da tiep thu them sU than<br /> bi phUdng Dong. Chinh vi the, khi vao Dong Nam A, Hoi giao mau<br /> chong cd vi tri viing chic d ndi day va de dang xam nhap vao cac cU<br /> dan t\i lau da song trong anh hudng cua van hoa An Do. Cac cu dan<br /> Dong Nam A ban dia de dang tiep thu Hoi giao va day ciing la xijt sd<br /> hiem hoi ma Hoi giao khong phai dung bao lUc de loai trtf nhiing ton<br /> giao da dUdc thiet lap tii trUdc. NgUdc lai, vdi kinh nghiem song song<br /> ton tai ciing cac ton giao khac d An Do, Hoi giao tiep tuc bien ddi, uon<br /> minh theo cac phong tuc truyen tho'ng cua dia phUdng. Co the noi,<br /> chinh nhiing ye'u to' than bi trong Hoi giao va kha nang ket hdp vdi cac<br /> tin ngUdng dia phUdng da day nhanh qua trinh cai giao d khu vUc<br /> Dong Nam A.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 659<br />  Thit nam, viec sii dung ngon ngii Malai de truyen giao ciing gop<br /> phan lam cho Hoi giao phat trien nhanh tren quan dao Malay-<br /> Indonesia, sau do la khu vUc Dong Nam A. NgUdi Hoi giao da ehon<br /> tieng Malai ma khong chon nhiing ngon ngii khac trong khu vUc, bdi<br /> vi tijf thdi tien Hoi giao, tieng Malai da dUde str dung rong rai va trd<br /> thanh ngon ngii trung gian de giao tiep, dac biet la trong giao lUu buon<br /> ban cua khu vUc. Khi Hoi giao den, tieng Malai da dat trinh do ngon<br /> ngii van hoa tinh te. Tieng Malai dUde svT dung hau nhU tren k h i p cac<br /> cong dong Hoi giao cho tdi tan Campuchia va Viet Nam.<br /> <br /> <br /> TINH HINH HOI GIAO 6 DONG NAM A HlfiN NAY<br /> <br /> Hien nay, Dong Nam A la mot trong nhiing khu vUc chinh cua Hoi<br /> giao vdi hdn 3/5 dan so' la tin do Hoi giao, tiic la khoang g^n 200 trieu<br /> ngUdi. Hoi giao la quo'c giao d Brunei, la ton giao chinh d Malaisia va<br /> Indonesia, la ton giao cua cac nhdm thieu so' Idn d Philippines,<br /> Singgapore, Thai Lan... va cd mat d Myanmar, Thai Lan, Campuchia,<br /> Viet Nam. Hoi giao la mot lUc lUdng chinh tri, xa hoi Idn d Dong Nam<br /> A. Co the noi Dong Nam A la ndi tap trung Dao Hoi Idn nhat cua the<br /> gidi, ngoai vanh dai Hoi giao truyd'n tho'ng trai tii Tay Bie chau Phi<br /> den phia Nam. Tuy Hoi giao d Dong Nam A n i m ngoai pham vi cua<br /> trung tam Hoi giao la Trung Dong, nhung sU gan bd ve tam ly, tinh<br /> th^n lai rat sau sic va manh me, khong khac biet nhieu so vdi Hoi giao<br /> chinh thong d nhiing ndi khac. Dao Hoi d cac nude Dong Nam A khac<br /> nhau ve nhieu mat: ngon ngii, chung toe, dac biet la van de dan toe.<br /> Bdi ban than Dong Nam A la ndi khong thuan nhat.<br /> <br /> Hoi giao ra ddi tai Arap vao dau the ky VII, cd giao luat vao loai<br /> k b i t khe nhat trong so'cac giao luat ton giao. Diem dang chu y cua Hoi<br /> giao la tuan theo nguyen tac nam tru cot:<br /> - Dong gop cho Dao Hoi 10% thu nhap cua minh.<br /> - Khong an thit Idn dudi bat ky hinh thiic nao.<br /> - Trong ddi it nhat mot lan hanh hUdng den thanh dia Mecca.<br /> - NgUdi dan ong Hoi giao cd the lay bon vd, nhUng phai ton trong<br /> nguyen tic: Khi lay vd sau phai dUdc ngUdi vd trUdc dong y va cua<br /> <br /> 660<br />  cai tien bac do ngUdi chong kiem dUdc phai phan phat cong b i n g<br /> cho tat ca cac ngUdi vd, khong thien vi bat cii ai.<br /> - N(i gidi phai doi khan khi ra khdi nha de che toe vi theo quan<br /> niem Hoi giao, tdc sexy nhat, chi ngudi chong mdi dUdc chiem<br /> ngUdng.<br /> <br /> Giao luat tren day khi vao Dong Nam A bi thay doi chut it cho<br /> phii hdp vdi van hoa ban dia. Vao Dong Nam A, Hoi giao khong con<br /> cuong tin, bdi vi phai qua "may loc" diy tinh nheip the cua An Do - ndi<br /> Hoi giao nhap cU trUdc khi du nhap vao Dong Nam A va chiu anh<br /> hudng tinh nhan ban cua van hoa ban dia. Mac du giao luat nghiem<br /> khic, nhUng tren thue te, Hoi giao khong phai hoan toan cUc doan,<br /> nghla la b i t cac tin do cua minh tuf bd hoan toan cuoc song hien tai,<br /> coi cuoc so'ng hien tai chi la tam bd, chi dat niem tin vao ki§'p sau, vao<br /> the gidi ben kia. Tinh hinh cu the cua Hoi giao d mot so' nUdc Dong<br /> Nam A nhu sau:<br /> <br /> (J Indonesia, 90% dan so cua dat nUdc 180 trieu dan nay theo Hoi<br /> giao. Indonexia khong chi la mot dat nUdc cd dan so' theo Hoi giao Idn<br /> nha't khu vUc Dong Nam A ma con tren the gidi. Trong Dao Hoi cua<br /> Indonesia, ngoai sU da dang vi khu vUc, ngon ngii va ehiing tpc, ciing<br /> bi chia ra thanh nhieu trUdng phai nhU Hoi giao Abangan, Hoi giao<br /> Santri. Ngay trong trUdng phai Santri con chia ra thanh trUdng phai<br /> cai each, truyen thong, than bi...<br /> <br /> Cong dong Hoi giao con bi phan chia theo each giao due nhU<br /> ngudi theo he tho'ng giao due the tuc hoac ton giao,.. NgUdi Hoi giao d<br /> Indonesia con chia thanh nhdm ngUdi c6 quyen lUc va nhdm dai dien<br /> cho qu^n chung. Dai bo phan ngUdi theo Dao Hoi song d nong thon va<br /> la nong dan. Tang Idp theo Dao Hoi song d thanh pho' chu ye'u la tieu<br /> thUdng va dan lao dong.<br /> <br /> O Malaisia, ngUdi theo Dao Hoi chiem hdn 55% dan so. Tuy<br /> khong phai toan bo nhiing ngUdi theo Dao Hoi la ngUdi goc Malaisia,<br /> nhung da la ngUdi goc Malaisia phai la ngUdi theo Hoi giao.<br /> <br /> Singgapore la mot nUdc cd khoang 2,5 trieu dan, nhUng la mot<br /> nude da chung toe, da ngon ngii va da ton giao. 77% dan so la ngUdi<br /> Hoa, ngUdi Ma Lai chiem 15%, ngudi An 6%. Gio'ng nhU d cac nUdc<br /> <br /> 661<br /> Dong Nam A khac, Hoi giao d Singgapore khong dong nh^'t. Dai bo<br /> ph^n ngUdi theo Hoi giao la ngUdi Malaisia. So ngUdi Hoa theo Hoi<br /> giao la rat nhd. Cong dong Hoi giao Malaisia ndi chung ye'u vi kinh te<br /> va xa hoi so vdi ngUdi theo Dao Hoi khong phai goc Malaisia, th^m chi<br /> tha'p hdn ca ve hoc van.<br /> <br /> Hoi giao d Philippines cd lich sil lau ddi. Hoi giao b i t d^u tien vac<br /> cac dao d mien Nam Philippines vao cuoi the ky XIV. Vao nhiing nam<br /> 80 cua the ky nay, tren cac dao Tavitavi, Simunul b i t dau xu§'t hi^n<br /> nhiing cong dong Hoi giao dau tien. B i t dau tii thdi thUc dan nUdc<br /> ngoai xam chiem di't nUdc, nhiing ngUdi Hoi giao d mien Nam<br /> Philippines da cho'ng lai sU xam chiem thuoc dia cua Tay Ban Nha.<br /> Tuy nhien, cuoc xam lUdc 6 at cua Tay Ban Nha da lam giam va loai<br /> bd hau nhu hoan toan cac tieu quo'c Hoi giao d day va d i y liii qua trinh<br /> banh trUdng cua Hoi giao d mien Bie Philippines. Do vay, ngay nay,<br /> anh hudng cua Hoi giao chu ye'u d dia diem ban d i u , khi no mdi dS'n<br /> la Mendanao va Sulu.<br /> <br /> Con khu vUc Hoi giao phia Nam, mai den d i u the ky XX thi mdi<br /> b i t dau hoa nhap chung vao dat nUdc mot each cd h§ tho'ng va vi mat<br /> hanh chinh. NgUdi theo Dao Hoi d Philippines dUdc goi la ngUdi Moros.<br /> So'ngUdi Moros ed khoang 4,5 trieu, tiic la khoang 9% dan so. Dai bo<br /> phan ho lam nghe danh ea, nghe nong. Mot so nhd lam la cong chute<br /> nha nUdc hoac giao vien, quan nhan hoac nganh tU phap,..<br /> <br /> Tinh hinh Hoi giao d Brunei khac b i n vdi cac nUdc Dong Nam A<br /> khac. Brunei cd khoang 250.000 ngudi, ma phan Idn theo Dao Hoi. Dao<br /> Hoi la quo'c dao cua Brunei. Cong dong Hoi giao d day ciing dUde hinh<br /> thanh trong qua trinh chung cua cac nUdc hai dao Indonesia va<br /> Malaisia.<br /> <br /> Do'i vdi Thdi Lan, Hoi giao la ton giao diing thti hai sau Ph§t giao<br /> ve so ngUdi theo dao. Hoi giao d Thai Lan chiem khoang 4% dan so'cua<br /> da't nude 50 trieu dan. Ve phUdng dien dan toe hoc, ed the chia cac tin<br /> doi Hoi giao Thai Lan thanh nhdm ngudi Malai Hoi giao va ngUdi Hoi<br /> giao khong phai Ma Lai. NgUdi Hoi giao Malai chiem khoang 70-80%<br /> tong so' cac tin do Hoi giao ca nUdc. Hien nay, tuy da trd thanh cong<br /> <br /> <br /> 662<br /> dan cua Thai Lan, cac tin do Hoi giao Malai vIn giii gin ban sic van<br /> hoa Malai va g i n bd chat che vdi the gidi Malai ve nhieu phUdng dien,<br /> dac biet la ve ngon ngii, van hoa, kinh te- xa hoi. Con nhiing ngUdi Hoi<br /> giao phi Malai gom eo cac tin do an Do, Pakistan, Iran, Trung Quoc,<br /> Indonesia.... Dieu dang luu y la nhT][ng ngUdi Hoi giao phi Malai nay<br /> chinh thvLc dUdc xem la ngUdi Thai Hoi giao, bdi vi ho ndi tieng Thai,<br /> hoa nhap vdi khung canh van hoa Thai. Hoi giao d Thai Lan rai rac<br /> tren toan quoc. Tuy vay, ciing cd 4 ndi dong nh^'t la d cac tinh d cUc<br /> nam cua Thai Lan (ndi ma ngUdi Malai chiem da so).<br /> <br /> Hoi giao b i t dau xam nhap vao Myanmar khoang the ky thii XIII-<br /> XIV va ed nguon go'e tit Benlgan. Benlgan da theo Hoi giao vao khoang<br /> dau the ky thii XIII va la gidi ban can Dong cua con dUdng banh<br /> trUdng theo dUdng bo eua Hoi giao. Vao the ky XVI, p h i n Idn cU dan<br /> cua Bac Myanmar da theo Hoi giao, trong khi viing trung tam vIn<br /> theo Phat giao. Sau do, vao thdi ky thuoc dia cua Anh, hang loat cac<br /> cU dan Hoi giao An Do di cU tdi day, khien cong dong Hoi giao d day<br /> manh len ca ve so lUdng va bien ddi ve noi dung ton giao. Hien nay,<br /> ngoai nhiing khu vUc da ke tren, thi d mot so'thanh pho'Idn thuoc mien<br /> Trung va Nam Myanmar, vung bien gidi Thai Lan-Myanmar, Hoi giao<br /> ciing r^'t phat trien.<br /> <br /> U Viet Nam, theo tho'ng ke gan day nhat thi hien nay c6 khoang<br /> tren, dUdi 70.000 tin do Hoi giao, 257 chiic sic va 70 thanh dUdng. 6<br /> Viet Nam cd ba cong dong Hoi giao chinh: cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi<br /> Cham, cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi Malaisia, cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi<br /> an Do. Nhiing cong dong Hoi giao nay tap trung chu yeu d mien Trung<br /> va Nam Bo.<br /> <br /> NgUdi Malai d Viet Nam di cU sang tiX cuoi the ky XIX, ehi bang<br /> 8% ngUdi Cham va hien nay ciing khong tang them la may. Cong dong<br /> Hoi giao nay dUdc hinh thanh tijf trUdc nam 1882, bdi dai bo phan tin<br /> do la ngUdi lao dong ngheo tii Malaisia di theo chu tU ban ngUdi Anh-<br /> Phap den cac vung Sai Gon, Chd Ldn, Chau Do'e, Tay Ninh... de sinh<br /> so'ng b i n g cac nghe khac nhau. Do'i vdi cac giao luat va cac dieu khae<br /> lien quan den Dao Hoi, ho chi hoan toan lap lai nhiing dieu ho con nhd<br /> dUde tijf nhuCng ngUdi anh em cua ho d ban dao Malacca, ma ho van c6<br /> <br /> <br /> 663<br /> mdi hen he thUdng xuyen. NgUdi Malaisia Hoi giao d Viet Nam thuoc<br /> phai Hoi giao "Shiites", ndi chung cd n i m dUdc nhiing giao lu^t cua<br /> dao Hoi, doc dUde kinh Koran va cac Idi binh giang. NgUdi nao thd<br /> cung mot ngiu tUdng la se bi true xuat ra khdi cong dong. Mot vki<br /> ngUdi cd di hanh hUdng d Meca, hoac ho gop tien de mot ngUdi di thay.<br /> <br /> Cong dong Hoi giao ngUdi An Do chu ye'u tap trung d thanh pho<br /> Ho Chi Minh. Day nguyen la nhdm an kieu di nh^p vao day khoang<br /> tii nam 1880-1900 gom cac nha kinh doanh ma chu yeu la kinh<br /> doanh vai sdi.<br /> <br /> Van de Hoi giao do'i vdi dan tgc Cham la mot van de lich sxi- van<br /> hoa ly thu va c6 y nghia doi vdi ddi song ngUdi Cham - mot bo phan<br /> (khoang 1%) cua cong dong dan toe Viet Nam. NgUdi Cham tap trung<br /> chu ye'u d hai vung: Trung Bo va Nam Bo.<br /> <br /> Nhiing ngUdi Cham theo Hoi giao d Trung Bo deu la nhiing ngUdi<br /> "Hoi sdm", tiic la den sdm ma khong sau, can ban v i n la Cham, lUu<br /> giii, pha tron nhieu tap tuc tin ngUdng Hin- du vdi cam ki Hoi giao. Ho<br /> khong theo day du, khong dung quy t i e va khong lien he gi vdi the gidi<br /> Hoi giao ciing nhU nhiing ngUdi dong dao cua minh d Nam Bo. Dao Hoi<br /> ciia ngUdi Cham d day cd ve nhU thuoc phai Shiite, bdi cac vi thanh<br /> Hasan, Husain va Ali dUde dac biet siing bai va cau khan. Tuy v4y,<br /> Hoi giao d day ciing da bi bien dang di rat nhieu do chiu anh hudng,<br /> tac dong cua tin ngUdng hon hnh giao va Hindu giao da ed mat d day<br /> rat lau va hien nay v i n ton tai ben canh dao Hoi.<br /> <br /> Con d Nam Bo, ngUdi Cham Hoi eU tru xen ke, hoa thu§n lau nam<br /> vdi nhiing ngudi theo cac ton giao khac. Trung tam cua ngUdi Cham<br /> Hoi Nam Bo la Chau Do'e (An giang). Phu nii Cham Hoi khong trum<br /> khan che mat nhu d nhieu nudc Hoi giao chinh tho'ng. NgUdi Cham d<br /> Nam Bo la nhiing ngUdi Hoi giao nhiet thanh, tuan theo nhieu nghi ll,<br /> quy t i e Hoi giao nhU an kieng, dac biet la kieng thit ldn, thang nhin<br /> an Ramada. Cac buoi ll trong ngay va cac ngay le trong tuan luon<br /> dUde duy tri. Viec hanh hUdng den Thanh dia Mecca v i n dUdc coi<br /> trong va co ging thUc hien. Ngudi Cham cd tap quan theo mSu he lau<br /> ddi. Dao Hoi da dem phu he, phu quyen vao ddi so'ng ngUdi Cham,<br /> <br /> <br /> 664<br /> nhUng dung boa ft nhieu vdi phong tuc truyen tho'ng Cham.<br /> <br /> Hien nay, trong ba cong dong Hoi giao nay, cong dong Hoi giao<br /> ngUdi Cham cd p h i n on dinh hdn nhiing cong dong con lai. Mat khac,<br /> qua khao sat v^ nghien ciiu ve moi quan he giiia ba cong dong Hoi giao<br /> ndi tren, cd the ghi nhan kha ro net la moi cong dong Hoi giao d day<br /> the hien dam net s i c thai van hoa cua dan toe minh, dong thdi<br /> ciing the hien tinh tho'ng n h a t trong quan niem cua nhiing ngudi<br /> ciing ton giao.<br /> * *<br /> *<br /> <br /> Trong kho tang van hoa dac sic cua Dong NamA, Dao Hoi la mot<br /> net rieng, dac biet, sau khi xam nhap va hoa nhap da the hien ban sic<br /> van hoa Dong Nam A mot each ro net. Chi rieng viec Hoi giao den<br /> Dong Nam A b i n g con dudng hoa binh, thong qua thUdng mai va cac<br /> thUdng nhan, khong cd chien tranh ton giao ciing da thay sU hoa nhap<br /> dl dang ciia Hoi giao vao day do nhiing dieu kien lich sut t h u a n Idi.<br /> <br /> Hoi giao d nhi3ng nude khac nhau cua Dong Nam A co vai trd<br /> chinh tri, dia vi khac nhau. O nhieu nUde, Hoi giao ngay cang gia tang<br /> anh hudng ciia minh trong ddi song, la quo'c dao va thUc sU ddng vai<br /> trd he tU tudng dieu hanh dat nUdc. Tuy vay, khac vdi nhuEng quo'c gia<br /> Hoi giao d Trung can Dong, Hoi giao mac dii cd kha nang chi phoi, anh<br /> hudng tuc tiep den hoa binh va on dinh ciia khu vUc, nhUng sU chi phoi<br /> cua Hoi giao d Dong Nam A van mem mai va it cang thang hdn. Dieu<br /> nay ed the de dang giai thich b i n g siic cai bien, sU pha tron tin<br /> ngUdng, sU linh boat tac dong ngUdc trd lai, de hoa nhap van minh ben<br /> ngoai vao minh va "may loc" day tinh nhan ban cua nen van hoa ban<br /> dia Dong Nam A khi tiep nh^n Hoi giao.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 665<br />