Lecture Management accounting: An Australian perspective: Chapter 4 - Kim Langfield-Smith
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Chapter 3 introduce the product costing systems. Learning objectives of this chapter include: Product costing systems, different product costs for different purposes, designing product costing systems, flow of costs in manufacturing businesses, allocating overhead coststo products,...
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Nội dung Text: Lecture Management accounting: An Australian perspective: Chapter 4 - Kim Langfield-Smith
- Chapter 4 Product costing systems Copyright 2003 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd, PPTs t/a Management Accounting: An Australian Perspective 3/e by Langfield-Smith, Thorne & Hilton Slides prepared by Kim Langfield-Smith
- Product costing systems Product costing systems accumulate productrelated costs and use procedures to assign them to the final products In some businesses upstream and downstream costs are regarded as productrelated Product costs are the input to the product costing system Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 2
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 3
- Different product costs for different purposes Product costs can include upstream, manufacturing and downstream costs Inclusion of various costs depends on the time frame and type of decision to be made Managers’ needs for product cost information will vary depending on the type of decision to be made and managers’ personal preferences continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 4
- Different product costs for different purposes Cost for inventory valuation for eternal reporting must include only manufacturing costs For longterm decision about products a wider definition may be used Product costs are used to value inventory, for shortterm and strategic decision making, for planning and controlling costs and for cost reimbursement continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 5
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 6
- Different product costs for different purposes Current or future product costs? Current product costs are relevant for inventory valuation Future product costs may be relevant for input into some decisions Frequency of cost information? Infrequently for longterm decisions, or even shortterm decisions More regularly for inventory valuation Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 7
- Designing product costing systems Identify the managers’ needs All product cost information may not come from a single product costing system Cost and benefits of various alternative systems must be assessed Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 8
- Flow of costs in manufacturing businesses When used for inventory valuation, manufacturing costs only are assigned to products, in line with Australian accounting standards Manufacturing costs consist of Direct material Direct labour Manufacturing overhead continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 9
- Flow of costs in manufacturing businesses Several manufacturing ledger accounts Raw materials inventory, Work in process inventory, Finished goods inventory, Cost of goods sold expense, and Profit and loss account Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 10
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 11
- Allocating overhead costs to products To estimate the cost of a product we need to identify the cost of resources used to produce the product Some resources are consumed directly, and are traced directly to each product Overhead costs are essential to production, but have no observable relationships to the product need to be allocated continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 12
- Allocating overhead costs to products Identify the overhead cost driver Calculate a predetermined (or budgeted) overhead rate per unit of cost driver Apply manufacturing overhead costs to products at the budgeted (or predetermined) overhead rate, multiplied by the quantity of cost driver consumed by the product Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 13
- Accounting for manufacturing overhead Actual manufacturing overhead Manufacturing overhead costs incurred in production Charged to the manufacturing overhead account Applied manufacturing overhead Estimate of the overhead resources used to manufacture a product Applied to products using a predetermined overhead rate continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 14
- Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 15
- Accounting for manufacturing overhead Disposing of underapplied or overapplied overhead at the end of the accounting period… Close the underapplied or overapplied to cost of goods sold, or Prorate to cost of goods sold, work in process inventory and finished goods inventory continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 16
- Accounting for manufacturing overhead Most firms close underapplied or overapplied overhead at the end of the year only Do not close monthly as monthly fluctuations will average out over a year Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 17
- Types of product costing systems Job costing Manufacturing costs traced to individual jobs Products are produced in distinct jobs/batches which are significantly different Printers, furniture manufacturers, machinery manufacturers Many service firms—lawyers, accountants, consulting engineers continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 18
- Types of product costing systems Process costing Production costs traced to process/department, and averaged across all units produced Mass production or repetitive environment Petrol production, processed food, chemical and plastics manufacturers Repetitive services – routine processing of cheques by banks, handling of license applications by government departments continued Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 19
- Types of product costing systems Process costing involves … Estimate the cost of production processes, and Calculate the average cost per unit by dividing the cost of the process by the number of units produced The costs of products that are produced in one department are transferred into the next department Some product costing systems have features of both job costing and process costing Copyright ª 2003 McGrawHill Australia Pty Ltd, 20
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