Luận văn Thạc sĩ Hóa học: Nghiên cứu ứng dụng tính chất kỵ nước của axit MDV đối với quá trình nghiền clinker và tăng thời gian bảo quản xi măng

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAG

DAI HOG QUOG GIA HA N OI

T R U O NG DAI HOG KHOA HOG Tl/NHlfiN

DINH XUAN LOG

Ngliien ciiu ung dung tinh chat ky nuo^c ciia axit MDV doi voi qua trinh nghicn clinker vii tang thori gian biko quiin xi inang.

LUAN VAN THAC SY KHOA HOG HOA HOC

Chuyen nganh : Hoa vo ca

Ma so

: 01.04.01

'L^JOt

Huong dan khoa hoc : TS. Nghiem Xuan Thung

P(iS.TS.Phan Van 1 uong

Ua noi 2000.

J

M ue luc

I1IZIIZZIIZZZ^^\Z^

Tiaiig 1.2 ' 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 13 13 1^ 13 13 14 14 14

Ph;lM A Chircng 1 I.I. 2 1. 1. 2.1 T 1 1. 1. 2.} 2.4 1. 1 2.."^ 1 2.r) 3 1 3.1 1 3.2 1 3.3 1 3.4 1 3.5 1 4 1 1 .4.1 1 .4 2 .4.3 1 .4.4 1 1 .5 .5.1 1 1 .5.2 1 .5.3 .6 1 1 .7 .7.1 1 1 .7.2 1 .7.3 .7.3;i 1 .7.3b 1 .7.3c 1 1 .7.3cl .8 1

Lcri ma daii Tung quail Xi maiig pooclang Khai iiiem Thanh phaii hoa hoc ciia clinker xi mang CaO SiO, A l , 0, Fe^O, MgO Kicm Thanh ph;1n khoang hoa ciia clinker xi inang pooclang Alit Belit Canxi Ahiniinal cciii I'ha tlmy tinh Qua Irnih hydrat hoa ciia xi mang Phan iVng hydrat hoa cua khoang Alit Phan ung hydral hoa cua khoang Belit Phan ung hydrat hoa cua khoang TricaxiAluminat Phan I'rng hydral hoa cua khoang Tetra caxi Fcroaluminat Cac he so ca ban cua clinker xi mang pooclang He so bao hoa voi LSF Modun .Silic SM Modun iihom AM Qua truih san xuflt xi mang pooclang Nghien xi mang pooclang Thach cao Cac loai phu gia khac O ic vcu to lien quan den qua trnih nghien Do min Kha nang nghien cua vflt lieu Phuong phap nghicn Cac chflt tro nghien C.ac tinh chA't co ly hoa cua da xi mang va cac yen to auh hmyiig den no Do mill T\ le iiuo'c/ xi mang Thoi gian iiiiih ket Cirofiig do \ a mac cua xi mang Su to;i nhiet khi doiig ran Do on diiili the tfch

1.8.1 1.8.2 1.8..^ 1.8.4 1.8.5 I .8.6

15 15 15 15 16 19 20

20 21 -- 22 23 27 34

1.8.7 1.9 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 ChU(tng 2 Chircyng 3 3.1

^ '

3.1.1 3.1.2 3-1 -3 3 . 1A 3.1.5 3.2 3.3 3-4 3.5

Do ginm mac luc lini kho ban quan Cac loai phu gia tra nghicn xi mang T ro xi Phu gia Puzolan Cac loai axil beo va chat hfru co khac Vai tro cua phu gia ky nirac doi vai xi mang Cac phirang phap hoa ly nghien curu xi mang Phaang phap phan tfch hoa hoc xac djnh cac thanh philn khoang hoa ciia xi mang Xac dinh lugng SiO. trong xi mfing Xac dinh ham lirgfng F e ; 0, Xac dinh ham liraiig A i p, Xac dinh ham krcrng CaO Xac dinh ham lagng CaO tir do Phirong phap phan tfch nhieu xa tia X F^hucrng phap phan tfch pho hong ngoai Phirong piiap phan Ifch nhict IMian Ifch cap hat bang quang pho laser

34 34 35 35 36 37 38 39 41 43

l^han B C hUitng 4

4.1

Thac nghiem Nghien ci'ru anh hirong cua axit beo MDV den tfnh nang ciia xi mang pooclang Doi tintng va phirang phap nghicn cihi

^^^ A^

4-2

Aiih hiring cua ham lirang phu gia dei] do min cua xi mang

^(^

4.3

Anh huang ciia ham lirang phu gia den do ky nirdc cua xi mang

4.4

4-4.1 4-4.2

Xnh hirang cua ham lirang phu gia den chat lagng xi mang khi bao quan £)Q hut am theo thai gian bao quan £)Q \ on cue theo thai gian bao quan

5 I 51 54

4.5

Arih hirang cua ham lugng phu gia deii do deo lieu chuan ciia xi mang

_

^

;

•" • _

^

"^

^

_^ ! Sh

4.6

Anh hirang cua ham hrgng |)hu gia den qua lilnh dong h(.)c dong ran cua xi mang

4-7 Chirang 5

. ^

Xiih hirang cua ham lirgng phu gia den cirang do cua xi mang Danh gia xi mang co phu gia ky nuac bang cac phirang phap hoa ly hien dai Phan tfch nhieu xa Ranghen |>|ian tfch nhiet vi sai DTA IMian ifch bang quang pho hong ngoai Phan tfch bang kfnh hien \i dien tir

5-1 5-2 5.3 5.4 5.5

Phan tich cap hat bang laser

63 67 69 60 -^

Ket luan

-j

Mo ddu

Xi mang la vat lieu quan Irong hang dau Irong nganh xay dung, chi'nh vi va)'

nganh cong nghicp san xual xi mang dUdc coi la mol U'ong nhu'ng nganh mui

nhon cua mol nii^c. San Iticfng lieu ihu xi mang hang nam ciia moi nuac la

mol Irong nhung chi lieu cho la ihay loc do phal Iricn kinh Ic ciia dal nuo'c

do.

0 Vicl nam Irong qua Irlnh kicn ihicl dal nuac ,nhu cau sir dung xi mang

cho xay dung hien nay la 18 Iricu Ian va duyc du doan lang Irung blnh

khoang 10 - 15%/ nam Irong mUoi nam lai. Dc ihu'c hien khoi lirong xay

clu'ng lo 16'n Irong nhung nam lai, chiing la can lang dang kc khoi luo'ng xi

mang va nang cao chal luang xi mang. Irong dicu kicn lir nhicMi voi khf hau

nhict doi nong am, mua nhieu, vice san xual, bao tiuan. van chuycn, luu kho

laii ngay moi sir dung, nhal la xi mang \\i\ khong dong bao. ihl van dc cai

Ihicn va nang cao chal hro'ng xi mang la ral buc ihiel. Tu nhung ycu cau cap

ihici do, vice nghicn cii'u va sil dung phu gia xi mang ki nuoc co mot vai Iro

ral c|uan Irong . Do la mol giai phap khoa hoc ky ihual lam hiCMi doi mol so

liiih chal ciia xi mang, be long va vij'a be long iheo quan diem Uic dung cua

niriV cV cac giai doan khac nhau Irong san xual va sir dung loai vai lieu nay.

Clu can mol luong phu gia hiru co* ral nho (vai phan nghln) cho vao khi

nghicn clinker, co ihe cai Ihicn va nang cao chal \via\\\i sii' dunu ciia xi man^^

() kicMi X6 lir nam 1947 - 1949 da nghicMi ciiu va chc lao diro'c xi manu ki

nir(')c.dCMi nam 1950 da dira vao san xual cong nghicp. Sau niiv cac nha khoa

hoc LicMi Xo da nghicn cu'u sii' dung nhieu loai phu gia ki nu'(')"c va cac dac

dicMii ky ihual ciia xi mang ki nuac Irong vu'a, be long dicing trong cac cong

Irinh \a\' du'nu.

0 nu6c ta tir tmoc tai nay co vai tac gia da nghien cuu sir dung phu gia ki

nuac vai cac muc dich khac nhau nliu phu gia K 3 CS tir cac loai dfui khoang,

dau thao moc nliam cai tieii tuili chat cua xi mang [ 3,16,17 ] . Tliay dirge

tarn quan trong va tinh thofi sir cung nJiu" muc dich cua van de neu tren.

Trong pham vi cua de tai chiing toi khac sat , nghien ciiu^irng dung \oa\ phu

gia axit beo MDV vao xi mang pooclang Biit san nh^m dap li'ng yen cdu da

n§u do.

PHAN A

Tong quan

C H U ( ) N (, 1:

XI MAN(J POOCLANC;

Xi m a ng la ten g gi c h i mg ciia m ol nhcim h gp chat ket d f nh v6 co\ cci kh;i

nang n g u ng ket, d o ng ran k hi ket hap v oi n u o v. Xi m a ng pooc

l a ng la san

p h am n g h i en m in ciia c l i n k er v('yi pini gia thach c lo (3 - 5 %)

C l i n k er o d a ng hat dirge san xiiai b a ng each du vc n u ng c ho den k cl k h oi o

I450"C/ h on hgi") chi'ra da voi va A l u m o s i l i c at (dai set, xi lo cao...)

r h a c li cao c(i tac d u ng dieii c h i nh Ihoi g i an n i n li ket cua xi m a ng . t i o i ig k hi

n g h i en m in de d i e ii c h i nh Ifnh chat va ha gia thai h n g u oi ta c ho thcMii khoi'nig

L 5 '/ phu gia boat l i nh nhu" P u z o l a n, I r o, (rcpcn. . k h o a ng 0,1 - 0.5';^ pini gia

tro" n g h i en uhir a x il beo, mo" d o ng \ a l, dfui thirc \a( va 10',^ phu gia l io nhn

c;it. thanh a n h, da \ 6 i. [ 7 | .

Xi m a ng dirge phat m i nh va san xua't tir dfiii the ky 19 tai A n h. do nhu'ng uu

(hiMU noi bal nhu c u o ng i]o cao. d o ng l i in n h a n li ucu xi m a ng pooc l;tng da

t io thanh chat ket d f nh cjiian I r o ng nhal I r o ng \ a\ d u ng co' b a n.

1 . 1. Khiii iiiciii :

1 . 2. riuinli pliiin lioii hoc ciui clinker xi inaii^ | 9

D ay la yen to cpian t r o ng nhal de d a nh gia chat I rgng c l i n k c i. G om co 6 oxit

c h i n h:

1.2 .1 . C aO : c h i cm t(')'i 63 - 67 ^; va d u gv k\ hu u la C.

C aO la oxit cpian I r o ng nhal dc' xi m a ng co chal u'Ong cao. C aO ph;'ii lien kcl

hcl Mvi cac o x it k h a c . i i c ii hrgng C aO tir do c on 1; i a d a ng cpia lira sc lam cho

da xi m a ng k h o ng on d i nh the Ifch g a\

tac hai cho \i m a n u. L i r o i n: C aO

lu'n

kcl Ion lam xi mang co cuong do cao, dong rfui nhanh. nhirng khi dong ran

lai loa nhiet nhi^u nen kern ben hoa.

1 . 2 . 2. SiO, : chiem 2 1 - 24 '/r, ky hien S

SiO, lien kel voi CaO lao thanh khoang Silicat Cac khoang na\ ^'^'^ \ai Iro

qnyel (hnh tci'i cii'o'ng do ciia vua xi mang doin cii'ng. Luong SiO, lien kcl

l(Vn,vl vay xi mang co cuo'ng do Ion sau 2S nga) dong ran cham. vl toa nhict

nh(i khi d(ing ran ncn ben boa ho'n.

1.2..'^. A1,0, chicm 4 - 8 '/r ky hieii A

A I , O j i en kcl voi CaO va Fe,()^ tao khoang Aluminat va Aluminoferit canxi,

lam cho xi mang co cii'ong i]o phal Irie'n h'lc dilii ao. sau chani dan. Ihoi giim

dong ran nhanh, nhiel toa nhieu, toe do toa nliiet Ion. do i\n khi dong ran

kcm ben ho;i.

1. 2 .4 . F c O, chiem 2,5 - 3 '^, ky hien F

Fe,()^ licMi ket voi CaO tao thanh Feritcanxi 1 o ac Alumoferit canxi. Ncii

hrgng F e , 0, hi'n, nhiel do ket khoi ciia jihoi lieu gi;'im, do nlvi't pha long nho

i.\c tao khoang trong clinkci. Neu F e , 0, ciua h n xi mang co l\ Irong cao.

cunng iAi^ Ihap, dong ran cham, toa nhiel lha|), nhung ben hoa.

I. : .5 . MgO tir 5 -6 %

Neu MuO > 5 - 6'f sc lam xi mang khonu on dinh the lich khi donu ran. \i

no o tinnu dune tlich lan thnv tinh Pci iclaz (uion:-, Ca() lir do)

. 2 .6 . KiOm chicm 0.1 - \'/< . kv hien KX)

Khi cho kiein van clinker thl mot phfin bay di va mol ph;1n o lai tronu clinkci

(K.O > Na.O). Day la thanh ph:1n khong mong niuon \i n('> lam giani tto nhol

ciia pha long, lam tang dinh bet va lha> doi lor do dong lan cua \i mang.

Kicm lac dnng voi SiO, lao gel silicat kicm. co die licli Ion ga\ mat on dnih

the lich, khong ben nii'6'c.

Ngoai ra con co cac oxit khac n I n i T i O, - Mn,() . !',().. nhung co anh huong

nho khong dang kfi toi xi mang

1 . 3. r i i n nh p h an k h o a ng c ua c l i n k er \i niaiiji p o o c l a ng | 4 |

I. 3.1. Alit ( ( \S ): chiem 4.'S - 70%

\)C\\ la khoang (juan Ining niiat cua clinkci.

ix)

la dung dicli ran ciia

."^C/aO.SiO, CC) lan lAn .^ - 4'/r cac oxit khac. Alit (C.S) lao Ihanh a nhiel do <

I2.^{)"C

.^C + s = c,s

\'a chi'i \ cu

lao thanh khi co mat

|iha h'mg. N(') ben o nhiet do I^^O'C -

r)()()"C'. Khi nhiel do nho hon I2.^()"C Ihi C,S = (' + CS

Sir bicn doi na\ phu thuoc vao che i.]o lam lanh \ i ^u' c('' mat c;'ic hop chal hoa

lan lioim C".S.

Tinh chat cua Alit trong xi mang:

- Cho \i mang c(') cuo'ng do cao nhal sau 2 < ngay

- I h oi gian dong ket nhanh. dong ran nhai h (sau C,A)

- Foa nhiet nhieu khi dong ran

- Khong ben Irong moi tiiiong Siinfat

\. }

. Belil

chiem 20 - .^0'/

(C,S) ?clil

la dung dich

i;'ui cu;i

2Ca().Si(), CO tan lan 1 - 3'Y cac oxit kh:ic. C,S (2CaO.Si(),) co nhicu daiii:

thh hinh: (/C.S , f^C.S , yC,S nhirng chi c6 da ig ( K \S la c6 tinh chat kel

dinh. dfi) la dang ngiroi ta lAt mong muon co.

|iC,S gia b£Mi Ion lai a t" < 650"C. \\C^S kho I6ng hop vi khi lam lanh i / CS ->

yCVS va tang the lich 10% lam tang clinker, yC^S khong co linh chA't kel dinh.

do vay can |)hai tao on dinh (^C,S qua cac phiron:', pha|i sau:

- Hoa hoc linh Ihe: dua vao mol so oxil nhu" N; .O. P , 0 ,, P>0. lam Ihay doi

cau In'ic linh the, lam Ihay doi tuih chat ho;i ly ci a C,S.

- Vai ly: nang cao ham luong pha long l i o ng clinker hoc chal la\

(K'.S.

ngan can sir chnyfen ihanh yC^S.

- Nhiel: lam lanh nhanh vu'o'l qua nhiel do hien doi thu hinh \'i khi do c;ic

cA'u hue tao thanh rieng re khong kip li)[i ho|^ lai thanh dnng dich r;ui o nhict

do cao ncMi khong kip hich ra.

Tinh chat ciia Belit trong xi mang:

Lam cho xi mang c() cuong do phiil tiien cham nhung sau 2S nga\

I hi gan

bang C\S.

- Thoi gian dong ket chain

- To;'i nhiel nho khi dong riin

- Ben trong moi truong Sunfal

1. 3 .3 . Canxi A l u m i n a! : chiem 5 - 15%

La dung dich iTni cua C,A (3C\i(). A L O ,) co tan lAn 1 - 27rCaO... tuy theo

luong CaO. C \a che do lam lanh clinkei ma C; nxi Aluminat c(i the o dang

C^A,C\A,. Trong clinker xi mang chi'i yeii la C,A.

'•' Tinh chal cua Canxi A l u m i n a l:

- Lam cho xi mang c(') cu'ong do ph;il tiicn nhai h nhung sau do h| chain l

va khong h,nig C,S

- Thoi gian dowz kel nhanh nhal

- Toa nhiet nhieu khi dong rfin

- Khong ben Irong moi Irirong Sunfal

1. .3 .4 . Celil : chiem 1 0 - 1 8%

La dung dich lAn ciia C^AF ( 4 C a O . A i p , F e , 0 ;) ro cac Ihanh phAn khac nhau

phu thuoc vao phoi lieu va di^u kien nung luyen C^A.F; C,AF; C,F

() day chii yeii la d AF .

1 inh chat cua C,AF :

- Lam cho xi mang c6 cuo'ng do thaj") nhal

- Thoi gian dong ket cham

- Toa nhiel khi dong ran Ihap nhAl

- Ben trong moi Iruong Sunfat ho'n C,A

I. .^ .5 . Pha thiiy tinh trong clinker :

Do C^A, CjAF, C,F (V nhiel do cao -^ hoa King - > lam lanh ~> lao thiiy tinh.

Pha Ihuy linh co lAn MgO va cac tap chA't khac do do tuy che do lam kuih ma

|iha Ihuy linh nhieu hay fl. Neu phix thiiy linh nh eii thl khi xi mang dong ran

se toa nhict nhieu.

1 . 4. Q ua triiili liidrat hoa c ua \i n i a n^ | 2 |

Khi hoa Iron xi m;uig \o'i lurtVc. sir khiiech tan cu \ cac h;it kho;uig xi mang co

kich Ihiioc nh(i \ ao moi Iruong uu'oc \l\ phan ihm hidral hoa cua chiing dicn

ra t!ii'(yc lien. Dong thoi iiiroc lAii cong len be mat cua cac hat khoang va

phan ihig cua hidral cung xay ra tren be mat cac hat khoang nay. Sau do

niitV Iham tian \ ao cac hat xi mang h'vn, c|ii;i liui i thiiy ho;i \An ticp line dicn

ra. Tlurc Ic cho Ihay tham chi sau 4 nam \ an con 15'r C,S chna iham LLKI

phan I'rng. vi the cac hat xi mang va eac phirong ihap xii ly b^ mat cua mi co

y ngliTa rAi \on doi \ri\ toe do qua tilnh hidral ho; .

1 . 4. 1. Phi'ui irng hidral hoa ciia khoang Alit:

Alit lac dung voi niroc ngay a Ihoi diem nhao Iron xi mang \o\ niroc. san

phAm tao thanh la gel- hidrosilical \a Ca(OH).

2(3CaO.Si()0 + 6 H /) -> 3CaO. 2SiO,.3F ,0 + 3Ca(OH),

Muc do Ihuy hoa ciia Alit phu thuoc vao ly le N/K, lirang CaO co trong dung

dich va nhiel do moi Iruong ihi cong. Cac hidros lieat du'oc tach ra diro'i dang

soi gan gioiig cA'ii true deo tobermoiit In" nhien, n^oai ra con c(i can tn'ic dang

ong, dang lAm, dang linh the hinh kim... vcVi c; c kich IhiKic khac nhau. sir

phAn bo khac nhau. Chinh nhu'ng hidrosilical nav lao nen cu'ong do d;i cho xi

mang.

1 . 4 . 2. Ph;'ui ung hidral hoa cha khoang Belit

Khoang nay co 16c do Ihuy hoa chAm va tach ra it Ca(()H). hon so \'(vi C\S

Neu khi Ihi cong ly le N/X IhAj-) Ihl sir hidral hoa khoang nay khong co

Ca(()H), lAch ra. Khi ly le N/X qua cao va qua irlnh nhao Iron manh thl co

xay ra phan ii'ng :

C .S + n H .O -^ 2Ca(OH), -f SiO, (n - 2 ' H , ()

loan bo c|u;i Irlnh duoc bieii dien qua so'do sau:

C , S ^ C , SH ->CSH

Iheo lien la ihAy C,S la mot khoang quan trong Iiong xi mang. No quyc;'l diiih

den cuo'ng do ciia da xi mang, hon nfra lai rAl it i Ay ;inh hirong phu khong c(')

loi.

Ban chn't kei d f nh ciia C a n xi Silicat la do dac Ifnh cAii l i ne m a ng t i nh the cua

cac pha boat t i nh h y d r a t, tire la sir co mat ciia t ac k h oi In" d i en SiO^

t r o ng

cac k h o a ng cha c l i n k e r.

T r o ng cac k h o a ng C^S, C\S sir cAn bAng hoa t ii c ua cac a n i on O

c hi la h i nh

thifc. T l i i rc le cac a n i on nay chira d u oc bao hoa aoa tri b oi cac c a t i on H'

lAn

c o ng vao can l i ne lam thay d oi Irang thai cAn b a ng hoa t r i. K el qua la mot so

ion Ca'* hi l h a\ the b(Vi ion H *. () t i a ng thai cAn bang cAu I n ic cua c l i n k ci

(tu'o'c sAp xe|i l a i. cac l i nh Ihe d a ng s o i, d a ng o n z . .. diroc h i nh t h a nh tao ncn

l i nh ket d f nh d o ng ran ciia xi m A n g, cac ion C a' hi dAy ra lao nen C a ( ( ) H ) ,.

1. 4 .3. i l i i ' ui l i ng hydrat hoa ciia k h o a ng t r i c a n xi a l u m i n al

Kho.'ing C ,A

la pha hoal d o ng iihAi. ngay k hi Iron xi m a ng vcVi luKrc c l u i ng dr

dang phan u ng tao Ihanh l i nh thd 1A|) p h u o ng C\A H,,.

3 C a O . A I > 0 ,+ 6 H X) = 3 C a ( ) . A l ,( ',. 6 H ,0

De lam c h am qua I r l nh n i nh ket. k hi nghiCn c l i i u er cAii c ho t h em mot

l u o ng

d;i thach cao (3 - 5V< ) C a S O, d(')ng vai tro la ch il hoal d o ng ho;i hoc cua

m a ng n('> t;ic d u ng v oi k h o a ng C ,A dt^ lao thanh c Itringit .

3 C ^ i { ) . A L O .+ 3 ( C a S ( ) , . 2 H , 0) + 2 6 H ,0 = 3Ca' ) . A L ( ) , . 3 C a S ( ) , . 3 2H ,0

I r o ng d u ng d i ch bao hoa C a ( O H )^ ngay tir dAii e l l r i n g it se tach ra va d o ng lai

tren be mAl 3 C a O . A L O, l am chAm sir t h i iy hoa cua k h o a ng nay va keo dai

thoi uiaii n i nh ket cua xi m;uiii.

1 . 4 . 4. Phan l i ng h \ t l i al hoa cua k h o ; i ng

t e t i a c a n xi

f c r o a l u m i n a t.

K h o a ng n a\

thnc hien |)han u ng hydrat boa chAn h o n. loc do h i t h al ho;! c u i iu

phu thuoc

\ ao

loc do

Ihi c o n g. ham

l u o ng C a ( O H ), I r o ng d u ng d i c h. Iv

N/X.. sAn phAm cd the" la C \ ( A . F ) fL hay d a ng kliAc, song h i on cd xu hiKing

chuxCai thanh d a ng ben v u ng C , ( A . F ) H„

4 C a ( ) . A l , ( ) , . F e , 0 ,+ l 2 H , 0 ^ 3 C a O . A I , ( ) , . 6 H , ( ) + C a ( ) . F c , ( ) . . 6 H ()

Hydro fciit iiAm lai Irong thanh |->h;1n cua xi mami. con h \ d ro Aluminal sc l;i

dung voi Ihach cao nhir (V tien.

1. 5. Cac he so co ban ciia clinker xi niiing pooclang | 9 |

I . 5 .1. He so bao hoa voi LSF :

00 .CaO

93 __. 9s ';

LSF =

2.x . SiO, + LIS AI,(), + 0,65 Fc,()

LSF hicu hien long luxrng CaO cAn Ihict (.]r bao hao hoan loan c:\v oxil

kh;ic chi'i NCU la can co du luong CaO dc lien kcl hoan loan cac oxit

SiO,, A1,0,, Fe^O,. Mai khac jihai tianh lluia CaO tU do gay h;ii cho xi

mang | 9

' V II

LSF va SM lang se lam cho luong voi tu do lani' len. LSF co anh hu'ong

den kha nang nung ciia clinkei.

1. S . 2. M o d un Silic SM:

SiO, . I0(

= 1.7 — 2 .6 'A

Al/), + Fe,0,

Thuoim la 1.7 - 2.6'/r

Sir lAng SM lam giam kha nang nung cua clinke do sir giam ham luong pha

long va giam xu hirdng hinh thanh lop cola trong Id. sir tAng SM cung dAn loi

sird()ng ran va ciro'ng do xi mang khong dong nliAt phat trien cham. Sir giam

SM cung (lAn den

pha long tang, dieu nay c;;i thien kha iiAiig nung cua

clinker va hinh thanh lop cola Irong 16.

1. 5. 3 . Mo dun nhom AM :

A I . O ,. 100

= 1,5 — 2,9 %

Fe.O,

riurong la 1,5 - 1,9%

AM l(Vn c<) nghia la C^A ld"n, xi mAng co xu hircvi g dong ran nhanh, AM nho

luc la C,AF UVn xi mAng dong ran cham \'a liro'n<: nhiel toii ra thA|i.

1 . 6. Qua trinli san xiiat \i mang poocaiig

Qii;i (luih san xuAt xi mAng pooelAng dirac thir( hien qua nhieu cong doiui

nen lieu \o\\ nhieu nAng hro'ng. Sau dAy la so" do mot dAy chuycn san xuAt xi

mAng pooclang lai nha may san xuAt xi mang.

Kfio dong ninat so bo

Dinh iL/dng

Ket chUa

May dap

Da voi

•

1

Dinh iL/dng

Kho dong nhat sd 1^6

Ket chCra

Dal set

May can

•

Dinh li/Ong

Phu gia

Kel chua

May dap

•

Dinh li/dng

Kel chCra

Xisat

•

Than

Dau

May nghien. say

I

Nghien. say than

Ham. say dau

Thiet bj dong nhSt

i

I

Lo nung clinl

Thach cao

Thiet bi lam lanh clinker

May dap clinker

lay dap

May nghien

Si 16 chCra. u clinker

Phu gia

Si 16 chQa xi mSng

May dong bao

w p

^ ^

'^ r

Xuat xi mSng rdi

Xual xi m^ng bao

Huih 1. So' do cong nghe san xuA't xi mang.

1. 7 . Nghien xi mans pooclang

T h i r o ng n g i r ai ta n g h i en c l i n k er v ai cac loai phu da i^liu:

1 . 7 . 1. T h a ch cao

T r o ng san xuat xi m a ng viee dira t h em thach cao vao thanh phAn xi mAng la

bAt b i i o c. d i i ng de d\iu c h i nh thd'i g i an d o ng rAii ciia xi m A n g. LiVo'ng thach

cao dira vao phu t h u oc vao h am

l u o ng C , A, [ hii thuoc vao do m i n, h am

hrong kicMn cua c l i n k e r, vao m uc do ket k h oi cua c l i n k e r. L u o ng thach cao

dua vao lot iihAt k h o a ng 2 ^5 %.

1 . 7 . 2. Cac loai phu gia khac :

I h u o ng c h i em k h o ; i ng < 15% de ci'ii thien t i nh chAt xi m A ng va tAng l u o ng xi

m a n g.

M uc d i ch cua cpia l i u ih n g h i en la dal diroc

\i nAng c('> do m in t i c ii c h i i i in

3 2 00 b l a i ne hoac

lot cjua sang 4 9 00 16 \'a l i a nh cac b i en d oi hoa hoc

lam

gi.'im chat hrong xi m a n g, g i am toi da tieii hao n'uig l u o ng n g h i en ( t r o ng c;ic

nha m ay xi m A ng n a ng lirang tieii Ihu cho cac qua t i u ih n g h i en Ihu'dng c h i cm

t(Vi 40^^ ) ncn phai ap d u ng c o ng nghe n g h i en thfc h ho'|') de gi;'im gia thanh san

|)hAin .

1 . 7 .3

-Cac yen id licMi quan den qua t i l nh n g h i c 'i :

a. Do m in

: \'iec n g h i en c l i n k er thanh hot m ii d u oc

thiic h i en t r o ng m ay

n g h i en b i. do m in phai dal d u oc kJKKing 2 80 ) - 3 2 00 cm 7g hoAc lot cpia

sang loai 4 9 00 16. Nhu" vay c l i n k er d u oc n g h i cn tiVi luc l u o ng c on lai l i en

sang la k h o a ng 10 ^ 15%. Neu xi m A ng diio'c n g h i en m in cpia c u ng khouL'

tot \'l \i m A ng se bi co nhieu va ton nang \\\'< ng n g h i e n. cu'ong di) cua

mAng tang k h o ng ty le v oi do m m.

b. Kha nang nghien cua vat Heu : neu clinker cc- lironig QS cao va LSF thA'p

se ra't kho nghien. Ngoai ra cac yeu to v6 kich ea tinh th6, toe do lam

nguoi sau nung, c6 hat clinker, che do u bro quan clinker... se co anh

hirang nhieu d6'n kha nang nghidn cua clinker.

c. Phirang phap nghicn (kin - ha), loai may nghien :

May nghi6n ha (nghi6n thang) thucmg tieu ton nang luong nghidn lan va

khi nghi6n min hay gap phai vAn de bam dinli, von k6't kho cua cac locii xi

mang tr6n b6 mat vAt nghidn, can tro qua trinh nghien .Nen cac nha may

lorn khong diing may nghidn ho ma d i ng may nghi6n chu trinh km , tiet

ki6m 10% nang Ivrong nghicn , giam bot cac vA'n de vi von ket kh6. Loai

may nghien thucrng diing hien nay la may nghien bi chu trinh km. Vat

lieu diroc giam kich thirdfc do sir va dAp, sir cha sat gifra vAt nghidn va vat

lieu, hat min diroc hut ra truo'c mot phAn boi quat gio. Luang vat lieu ra

khoi may nghien duoc tach ra, phan ly, hat thi) tro lai may nghidn

ti6'p.V6i cong nghe hien dai nguoi ta ket hop may nghien bi va may dap

so bo nhAm mue dich giam tieu ton nang luong nghicn. May nghidn bi

thuong duoc ehia thanli cac ngan rieng voi ty le, loai bi dirge tinli toan

cho phu hgp v6i tung ngan.

d ) Cac chat trg nghidn : La chat dua vao lam tang kha nang nghi6n bAng

each ngan can sir tao lop bam dmh tren b6 mit vat nghi6n hoac lam phan

tan vat lieu nghicn , hoac cai thien tinh chat cua xi mang ma khong gAy

anh huong xAu toi tinh chat cua xi mang. Chat trg nghien can de dat hieu

qua tot chiem khoang 0,1 ^ 0,5% (tire 0,1 ^ 0,5 kg/ tan xi mang ) co the

tai)g nang suat nghien tir 10 ~ 20%. Tuy hiei qua kinh te ma nguoi ta su

dung chat trg nghien nhu the nao. Cac chat tig nghien thuong dung trong

nghien xi mang la Amin acetat, ethylenglyeol, Hea2, DDA-7.

1 . 8. Cac tinh chat ca \y hoa cua da xi mang va cac yen to

anh huiVng t('yi no

1. X . 1. Do min :

Nhu tren da noi do min the hien miTc do nho c la cac hat xi mAng, do mui

cang nho toe do Hydrat hoa cang tang do dien tich be mal cua hat khining

tang, do do sir tiep xilc voi nirdc cang Ion, lam ^ho sir kel tinh pha ran moi

d6ng dCni va de dang hon. Tuy nhien do min qua nho se lam loc do hydial

hoa dicn ra nhanh lam anh hirong nhieu den tinh chAI co' ly cua xi mAng. Vi

do mill nho se cAn rAl it nu6c nen be tong se hi co venh nhieu, do min nho

cung lam ton hao nang lugng nghien.

1. X . 2. Ty le niioc/ xi mAng ( N / X)

Ty le N/X la lugng luioc tieu chiiAin nhal dinh cAn Ihiet cho mot lugng xi

mang dcm dung de c() du do deo cAn cho Ihi co ig, tir do nguoi la tlm duoc

ty le nirdc/ xi mang toi Ihieii thuong la tir 25 ^ 3( '/<• theo trong hrong xi mang

I 1 I |. Hon nfra hrong nirdc lieu chuAii cung phu thuoc vao do min cua

mang. Do min cang Ion Ihl ly le N/X cang nho. Lugng N/X cung phu thuoc

\'ho thanh phAn khoang cua clinker. Xi mang co ihanh phAn C\S Ion Ihi luong

nii'cVc tieu chu An Ion.

1 . 8 . 3. riidi gian ninh ket

Khi Iron \i mAng \'(Vi niioc se xay ra jihan ung Ihuy hoa cua cac khoi'uig liong

xi mAng. \ ii'a t;io thanh Iheo thoi gian sc mAl ('An tinh deo sau do \\o ncn

ciVng ran \a co the chiu lire dirge. Ngirdi ta |4iAi hiet hai loai thoi gian ninh

kcl :

- Thai gian bAI dfiu ninh kel : la thoi gian tir khi bAt dfiii Iron nude cho den

khi vua mat tinh deo.

- Thai gian ket thilc ninh ket : la thai gian tii khi Iron nude den khi \ua

cirng lai va cd the chiu lire dirge.

Trong Ihi cong, chi tieu nay phai iiAm ro vl tAt ea cac khAii \'An chuyen, do

va dAm be t6ng phai tien hanh xong tiudc khi xi mAng bAt dfiu dong dAc, do

do xi mAng phai cd thai gian ninh ket du dai chi cac thac^ tac nay duoc hoan

lAl. Theo TCVN cung nhir tieu chiiAn the gidi 'hi thoi gian ninh kcl cua \i

mang duoc xac dinh lir ho deo tieu chuAn banu dung cii vica voi kim c(')

duo'ng kfnh Imin. Thni gian bAt dAn ninh ket la khoang thoi gian In" khi bal

(lAu nhao Iron xi mAng vdi nirdc d^n khi kim vi^a cAm sAii 3S - 39mm, yeu

cAu thoi gian nay khong nho ho^n 45 phut.

Thoi gian ninh kei xong hay bAI dAii lAn chAc la khoang Ihoi gian tir khi nhao

Iron xi mAng vdi nude d€n khi kim vica cAm s Ui I - 2mm. Thoi gian nay

khoang 104^12 gid L 4 ] .

1. X . 4. Ciidng do va mac cua xi mAng :

Theo TCVN 140 - 64 fl 1] mac cua xi mAng dngc xac dinh theo cuong do

chiu lion cua 3 mAu vfra xi mang hinh dAm cd kk h thirdc la 4 x 4 x 16cm chc

tao trrh6n hop 1 xi mAng : 3 cat va hrgng nude ti-Hi chiiAn (xac dinh bAng ban

tian) diiong he 2X ngay trong dieu kicn lieu chi An mot ngay trong khu6n o

ngoai kh6ng khi Am va 27 ngay sau ngAm trong uidc d nhiet do phong. Tinh

tiung blnh theo cirdng do chiu udn cua 6 niVa mAu dem do .Thuong cuong do

cua xi mAng phat trien khong dong deu, trong 3 ngay dAu cd the dat duoc 40

- 50 % mac xi mAng . den 7 ngay thl dat duoc ( 0 - 70%. Trong nhiuig nga\

sau 16c do chAm dAn den 2X ngay moi dal diKvc mac yen cAii. 'Tu\ nhien

liong nhuim dieu kien ihiiAn loi thl sir ran chAc cua be lonn co the kco dai

16

hang nam va vum gap 2 - 3 lan ctrang do 28 ngay cua no va lang ihco quy

lual logaril.

Cirrmg do cua da xi mang va loc do ciing rSn ciia no phu Ihuoc vao ihanh

phan khoang clinker, vao do min cua xi mang, do am. nhiel do moi Iruong va

Iht^i gian bao quan cua xi mang. Toe do phal Irien eu5ng do cua cac khoang

ouu

li'ong xi mang ral kliac nhau (dudc liinh bay 6 hinh 2).

^

4v

450

1 /^

/

y^ / f

300

^ z ^y

i { n '

0 7 28 90 180 360 (ngay) 150 1/ t

Hinh 2 : Sic tang cudng dp cua cac khoang xi mang

1 - C,S ; 2 - CyiF ; S-C^S ; 4- C,A

Jvi day la ihay C^S co do lang cuong do nhanh nhal , sau 7 ngay no dal den

70%^ cudng do, 28 ngay sau do ihl cham lai. Con doi vdi C^S chi Irong ihdi

ky dau (khi dal den 28 ngay ludi) ihl C2S co loc do phal Iricn cUOng do lai ral

cham chi dal khoang L5% cudng do cua C^S. Tlidi ky sau loc do nay lang len

duoi kip va cd ihe vuoi ea cudng do cua C^S. Con C^A ban ihan no c(') cudng

do ihap nhung lai phal Irien ral nhanh d ihd'i ky dau . D() mm cua xi mang

TRUflGTAM^UUG_T^N,T>IirVlENi

tang thl cucmg do cua no cung tang do \6n tmiig blnh cua hcit xi mang la

40)im, sau 6 - 12 thang rdn chdc, chieu day thuy hoa kliong vugt qua 10 —

15).im . Nhu vay se co khoang 30 - 40% clinker khong tham gia vao qua trinh

ran chac va hinh thanh ca'u tnic cua da. Tang do min ciia xi mang cd nghTa la

tang muc do thuy hoa xi mang va nang cao cUong do cua no. Theo ket qua

thu dugc thl cir tang do min cua xi mang len lOOOcmVg thl cuong do cua no

tang len 2 0 - 2 5 %.

Do am va nhiet do moi trudng cung co anh hirong den qua trinh ran chac

cua da xi mang. VI giai doan dau cua qua trinh idn chac la thuy hoa. De tao

m6i truong Am, trong thirc te da dung nhung phuong phap khac nhau nhu

tudi be tong, phii mun cua, cat ^m roi tudi nude hang ngay...

T6c do cua cac phan ung gifra cac khoang clinker vdi nude tAng len cung vdi

sir tang nhiet do. Qua trinh ran chac cua xi man^ cd the dien ra d mot vung

nhiet do rong : d nhiet do blnh thuong la 15 - 20%C, chuiig hoi (80 - 90"C),

gia cong oetola (170 - 200''C) va tham chi ca 6 nhiiet do am. Trong octola chi

sau 4 -6 gid la be tong cd the dat dirge cuong do mac ,c6n khi chung hoi thl

cham hon den 2 lan. De be tong xi mang cd the ran chac d nhiet do Am.

thirdng phai sir dung cac chat dien ly nhu CaCl2 , NaCI . KJii do ndng do cac

chat tan trong nude tang len va nliiel do dong bang cua mx6c giam xudng.

Viee bao quan xi mang trong mot thai gian dai mac du d dieu kien tot nhat

cung lam cho cuoiig do cua no giam di, sau 3 thang giam 20%, sau 12 ihang

giam 40%, do min cua xi mang cang lan thl do giam cudng do cang nhieu.

Sau day la bang tieu chuAn mac cua cac mac xi mAng theo

TCVN 2 6 8 2 - 92 [15 ] .

18

Bang 1 : TCVN 2682 - 92

Quy

dinh

srr

doi \oi xi mang mac Cac chi tieu

F'C - 40 I'C - 50 PC - 30

1 Gioi ban ben nen N/mm

Sau 3 ngay 16 30 21

Do mill :

Sau 28 ngay 30 50 40

Luong sot tren san \5

().()8mm%

ciii7g

- Tong dien li'ch ht mal 2.500 2.500 2.500

*

3 Thoi gian ninh ket

- Rat driu khong so'm hon 45 45 45

(phut)

- Ket thuc khong cliani 10 10 10

hon (gio)

4 Do on dinh Ihe Ifch (Iheo 10 10 10

phuong phap salahe) mm

Luo'ng mat khi nung( %) 5.0 5.0 5.0

1. 8 .5. Su loa nhiet khi dong i;in :

Luong nhiCM loa in khi d(Mig lAn phu thuoc vao Ihanh phfin khoang vat. do

nun cua \i mang va ham Uioiig thach cao. Luong nhiet phat la c(') loi cho viee

llu cong be long vao mua lanh hoac mudn ch( he long ifm nhanh. nhung

khong CO loi khi thi cong vao mua nong. Dac bi.-t doi vai cong tnnli co khoi

luong Ion (Vi nhiet (\o Irong Imig khoi he long co the len loi 4 0 C) do d<', doi

19

vdi nhung cong trinh nay mot mat ngudi ta piiai chu y deii ky thuAt thi cong.

*

mat khac neu cAn thiet phai dung loai xi mang cd it thanh phfin khoang gA\

toa nhiet Ion.

Bang 2 : Lifong nhiet tod ra theo ngay tuoi cua cac khoang xi mang

Ihoi cian cam) sau ra (cai / Khoang Lugng nhiet phat

6 thane 3 Ihang 3 ngay 2^ ngay 7 ngay

vm

CaOSiO, 13^ 124 97 1 16 110

47 ^5 2Ca()SiO, 13 '40 25

209 158 141 224 221 3Ca()Al,0,

I. S . 6 . Do 6n dinh the tfch

Khi xi mang lAn chac the tich cua nd Ihudng tha / doi. Dieu dd chu yen la do

SU" tiao doi nirdc giua ho xi mang va moi tru'dng (nude tir do va nude Irong

cac gel). Th6ng thudng neii rAn chAc trong khons; khi thl xi mAng bi co. con

Irong moi trudng nude thl khong bi co hoAc nd n 61 chiit . Su' thay doi the tich

Ihudng gay ra nhung hien tuong cd hai nhu" sinli ra ung siiAl gAy mil ne kei

cAu. Nguyen nhAn chinh gAy ra hien tuong nay la xi mang chiia nhung tap

chAI CO hai gAy ra sir thay d6i the tich Idn nhir CaO; MgO.

I - S .7. \)o giam mac luc lirii kho bao quan

Xi mang khi bao quan Inn klio lAu. nliAt la tn ng dien kien thcvi lict nAng

nong Am tliAp Ihnong xiiyen, se dAn tdi bi hiit An lam xay ra cjna trinh hydral

hoa va cacb(-)nat hoa, tao thanh ld|i mang tren be mAl hat xi mang. Ncn dc

lAu, dAn dAn se hi \6n cue dcnig ran chAc lam c lo hoal linh ciia xi m;ing bi

giam di kha nhanh. Sir giam boat tinh cua xi mang dAn \o\ Ihoi gian dong kcl

4CaOAl/),Fe,(), 99 42 60 224 90

ch;)m, cuong do cua xi mang vl the cung giam nl i6u toi 30'/r neu de lan 3 - 6

Ihring.

Hoat tfnh cua xi mang giam la do thanh phAn khoang C,A \a C,AF nhieu. do

min cua xi mang cang Ic'rn thl sir hut Am cang nh; nh dAn uVi hoat tfnh gi;im.

Do giam hoat tfnh cua xi mang hie luu kho hao quan thuong xa\ la hoi co

chc li6n hydrat hoa va cachonat hoa :

Ca(()H)^ + C();

-> CaC'(), + H,()

CaS(),.2H;() + C,A + 9H,() -> C,A.CaSO,. I 1 H,()

VA CaO

+ up

( a ( ( ) H ),

K,S(), + C a S ( ) , . 2 H ,0 ^

K,Ca(SO),.3H,()

C,A

+ C a S ( ) , . 2 H ,0

+ 1 6 H ,0

C,A.3CaS(),.32M,()

2C,S + 6 H , ()

C,S,H, + Ca(()H),,

DAy la cac phan i'rng khong mong muon :;ay ra truoc khi hAt dAu qua

tiinh hydrat ho;i ihuc su ciia he long.

I. y . CJIC loiii phu gia tr(> nghien xi mm g

Phu gia la ten goi cua cac hop chA't hcva hoc duTVC them vao xi mang de

f.- v.e cai

thien Ifnh nang cua he tong. Phu gia co nhidu I )ai khac nhau, co the l;i tro

ha\ hoal tfnh. c(') Ihe o dang dung dich hay a d i ng rAn. Cac chat Iro nghien

duoc dira \ ao lam tang kha nAng nghien hang c: ch ngAn can su tao Ic'vp h.ini

dinh lien he mat \At nghi6n hoac lam phAn tan \ at nghicn, hoAc cai lien liiili

tlral cua \i mang

21

Lirong chAI tro nghidn de' dat hieu qua tot khi dira vao nghien vc'ii clinkei

thirang a khoang 0,1 - 0,5% lugng xi mang da c6 the tang nAng suAt nghien

lir l()-20'/r.

1.9. 1. Tro xi :

Cac loai phu gia thuong dudc dira vao trg nghien la :

Gom C, S. A, F chiem 95 - 96% chinh la cac khoang Irong clinker chua hao

hoa voi CaO : 30 - 35%. LUong CaO nhieu thl \'\ eo hoat tfnh cao. Thuong

SiO, lir 2S - 38%. neu hrgng SiO, > 38% thl lam ^iam hoat tfnh cua xi.

Khi xi lac dung voi nudc Ihl no khong the hien loal tfnh, nhung khi co chat

kfch Ihfch thl xi the hien hoal tfnh. ChAI kfch thf-h (V dAy la Ca(()H)^, sunfat.

si1a voi... khi ket hgp v6i nirdfc thl se tao ra lofp m ing tren he mAl xi. chAI kfch

Ihich se |)ha vo l(y|i mang lam cho xi hoc 16 ho.it tfnh nhu' kho;ing clinkci

Ngufri la dua xi vao nguyen lieu hoac lam p iii gia dua \ao khi nghicn

clinker.

Neu liiong xi dua vao khi nghien clinker < \5^/f xi mAng Ihl goi la xi mAng

pooclang Ihudng. Con neu lucrng xi dira vao > I ^% hrong xi mAng Ihl goi la

xi mAng xi.

Yen cAu clinker cd ham lirang C\S va C\A \on vl xi cfin chat kich Ihich va

ddng ran cham. Ham luong voi tu do cd the tdi 5 - 6% vl :

C a O - h H , O ^ C a ( ( ) H ),

Xi mAng xi cd Irong luong rieng, do co ngdt. do 'oa nhiet, do hcu lanh va gi;l

Ihanh nho hon so \'di xi mAng thirdng nhung luong IUKVC lieu chiiAn va su

chui nhiet cao hon \i mAng Ihudng.

1. *). 2. Phu gia Pu/olan:

I'll/Allan khong cd kha nAng ddng rAn nhung la e hat kfch ihich d()ng ran giai

doan 2 va duoc danh gia bAng do hut \'6i : can;: hul nhieu voi ihi IKKU tinh

cua Pu/olan cam: h'ln.

")"»

Do boat tfnh a dAy chu yen do lirtvng SiO. va Al , 0, cd trong Ihanh phfin cua

F^izolan, luong SiO^ cang Idn thl Puzolan cang tot.

Thudng ngudi ta dua Puzolan vao cung khi nghien clinker. Luong Puzolan

dua vao phu thuoc vao thanh phAn khoang trong clinker. Do hoat tfnh cua

Puzolan cd tac dung :

fhai doan dAu : lam chuyen hoa cac khoang liong clinker.

- Giai doan hai : Ca(()H)^ duac giai phdng ra phan i'rng vdfi eac cAu tu hoal

Ifnh CO trong Puzolan.

Ca(OH), + SiO^ + Hp ^ CSH,

Phu gia Puzolan duoc dira vao xi mang cd lac dung lam giam Irong hrong

rieng cua xi mAng, ha gia Ihanh xi mAng va lam cho xi mAng cd t:ic dung

chong ihAm tot hon.

1 . 9. 3. CYic loai axit beo vA chA't hfru co khac | 27 J

Cac loai axil beo la axil huu ea mach dai nhir : oleic, stearic, panmilic va

chAI beo, cac loai xa |")hdng, bitum. paraphin, amino axelal, etylen glucol,

projiylen glucol... TAt ea eac l(n)i phu gia nay duoc dua vao trong khi nghien

clinker se lam tang kha nAng nghien cua clinkei. chdng sir bam dfnh you cue

Irong silo nghien, Irong cac may ddng bao. lam cho xi mAng cd tfnh chdng

bill nirdc cao. xi mAng se lAu bi giam mac khi de tix^ng klio lAu ngay bao

c|uan. Uic la lam cho xi mAng ngAn chan duoc c)ua Irlnh tien hydiat hoa. De

giiii thfch sir ngan chan qua Irlnh lien hydrat IK a do. tren co sd nghicn cu'u

cua mlnh Mileston [ 26 J da dua ra quan diem giai Ihfch cua phu gia Inrii co"

den c;ic nh(')m C;S. C,A nhu sau:

Do cac nhom phAn tU hmi ca cd chira cac nhdm OH va COOH

luc la nhdm

hydroxy I \a cacboxyl con goi la cac nhdm phAn ''ire. Cac nhdm phan cue nay

cd Ifnh chAt ua nucVc eon cac gdc hydrocacbon kd cd Ifnh ki nude. C\ac nhdiTi

phAn cue Ua nude la OH ' va COOH

cd kha nang phan Ung vdi cac ion kim

?^

loai M '" Irong hat xi mang de' tao nen cac vdng chelal. Cac vdng chclat l;ii

c('> kha nang kim ham sU hydrat hoa cua khoang clinkei. Do do cac lu^p chal

huu c(^ dUa vao la cac chat ddng

thoi cd chua hai nh('>m f^hydrowl

cacboxilal co kha nang kim ham tot han cac hop chat cln chua mol nlu'im

phAn circ la hydroxyl hay nhdm cacboxyl .

Vf du : cac phan lU sau day duoc sap xep theo thu lU kha nang kim ham tpia

Ulnh hvdral hoa.

O OrV

o. d-r

OH

C --X)

C --0

\

M'" <

M"

M"^ <

X

Ol

Su lie che cua hop chA'l huii cc^ cang lien quan den \i lii eac nlnxn the

Irong cac phan lu" cd vdng nhir sau>

<

@

©

C

OH

()

C

OH

Ol 1 c

() e- U

O (S> (J

(,)ua kel i|iia nghien ci'ru ve vai lio uc che tpia tiinh hydial h();i cac kho;mg xi

mang cua axil huu c(^. Mileston da chi ra lAng klii tliciii d . l ';

lionn \{UUv.i

a\it glulamic 1 lOCH. - ( C l l O l l ), - COOH se c(') kha nanu lie chc Ion hon so

24

vdi glucoza : C^H^^^^^. Con doi vdi axit beo stearic so vdi axit glutamic,

glucoza thl axit stearic la tot hon ca.

Trong cong nghiep xi mang, chat tro nghien tmyen thong la Trietanolamin:

N (CH2CH2 — OH),; T E A; Etylen glycol (- OH CH^- CH.OH) va cac dAn

xuat cua chiing da dugc sir dung tij" lau. Trong ihuc te de tang tac dung trg

nghien ngudi ta thudng dijng chung ciing vdi hon hgp cac chat hoat dong b^

mat khac.

Ngay nay viee sU dung chA't trg nghien kha pho bie'n tren the' gidi va ngirdi ta

da tong hgp dugc nhieu loai chat trg nghien mdi, chiing chu yeu la eac hgj)

chA't hfru CO* cd chua nhdm rugu da chuc va nhdm amin. Ngoai tac dung trg

nghien con cd tac dung tang nlianh sir phat trien cudng do xi mang chdng

von cue va tang thai gian bao quan. Ve hieu qua kinh te ky thuAt, nhln chung

cac chi phf cho chat trg nghien dugc bij dAp bAng Igi ich dem lai do tiet kiem

dien nAng, giam tieu hao bi nghien va cac chi phi san xuA't khac. Boi vAy viee

ap dung cac chat trg nghien cd tfnh chat keo dai ihdi gian bao quan, tang thoi

gian dir Iru xi mang dang dirccnghien cuu ap du ig tai cac nha may xi mang

Idn.

0 Viet nam chat trg nghien da dugc thu nghiem va ung dung tai mot sd nha

may thuoc Tdng cong ty Xi mang Viet nam [ t ] . Sau dAy la ket qua ung

dung mot sd phu gia trg nghien tai cac nha may >.i mang nhu : Hoang thach,

Bim son , Ha lien va Hai phdng .

Tang nang Noi ap Ky hieu

suat may chat tro dung thu Tinh nang STT

nghien % nghiem nghidn

BAC Trg nghien tang do linh dong 1

15 xi mang bot, d6 deo vira, tang Ha Tien

cuong do ban dAu.

2 14 TEA Trg nghien tang do liiih dong Bim Son

xi mang bot

3 BKl Trg nghien tang do linh dong Bim Son 15

BKII B xi mang bot

4 TEA Trg nghien tang do linh dong Hai Phdng 13

xi mang bdt, chdng dmh bi

trong may nghien

5 HEA2 Trg nghien tang do linli dong Hoang

xi mang bot,tang cudng do ban Thach 16

dAu, tang thdi gian bao quan.

26

Chuong 2

VAI TRO CUA PHU GIA KY N U 6c DOI V 6l

XI MANG

Tir lAu A.R. Xuliachenco, Lostalie, A.A.Bacdp va nJiUng iilia khoa hoc c6

dien khac da chii y den sU cAn thiet phai dieu chiiih tiiili chat cua xi mang doi

vdi tac dung cua nude. Nhu vay xuA'l hien nhieni vu la phai nghien eilu bien

phap cong nghe mdi che lao xi mang de cd the dieu chinh dugc phAm chat

cua xi mang doi vdi nude a moi giai doan. BAt dAu tu khi nghien clinker den

khi van chuyen va bao quan, ciing nhu d thai ky lao hdn hgp vua be long.

Lotai xi mang cd dac diem ban che dugc tac hai cua nude ma kha nang ddng

rAn thuy lire vAn blnh thudng dugc goi la xi mang ky nude [ 18 ]. Khai niem

ky nude khong chi rieng vdi bot xi mang ma con doi vdi h6 xi mang va da xi

mAng.

Tir nhieu nAm nay a cac nude da ap dung chat huu co ky nude de nang cao

do ben cua voi nhu chat md, dau thuc vat va dong vat, va mot sd hdn hgp

khac deu cd tfnh chat ky nude. Thai Lama da cho mau dong vat va md Ign

vao voi, eon thai co Nga da dung phomat tuai, cay gai bam nho cung vdi hat

gai, vo cAy thong va nhieu chat khac.

Trong nhung nam 1930 - 1940 d Lien X6 va m.)t sd nude tren the gidi nhu

Canada, Nhat ban da su dung rong rai phu gia la xa phdng, axit beo khong

hoa tan trong nude. Vi du nhu : da xuat hien tren thi trudng cac ten ggi khac

nhau: serodil, serolit, hon hgp olein canxi \a olein alumin vdi Canxi

hydroxit. Ngoai ra cung dung cac Ihanh phAm lir bitum, sap va nhua o dang

huyen phu de che tao be tong va vfra. Doi khi dt ky nude hoa cho san nham

be long ngudi la da diing each lam lien liep bang dung dich xa phdng phen

nhdm Irong nud'c hoac dung dich paraphin Irong diclo elan Cacbonlelra

clorua va cac ihanh phan khac.

Sau nay lac gia : Khigherovic da nghien cUu va di den kel luan la can dac

biel chu y den phu gia ky nudc va ky nud'c hoa. Loai phu gia ihi'r nhai nlur

paraphin. axil stearic hoac mudi canxi ciia axil beo cd phan uV Idn khi Iron

vcVi xi mang khong lac dung vdi nd ma Ion lai Irong dd d" dang hon hop co'

hoc. Lc:)ai phu gia ihu hai la xa phdng hoa lan cua axil beo, axil nhua, hoac

axil dau m('). Tuy ban than nd khong ky nude nhUng lai lao ihanh chai ky

nude do Uic dung hoa hoc vdi xi mang. Loai phu gia ky nude hoa ihugc loai

chai cd chua cac phAn lU Idn phAn cue khong doi xiing va co kha nang hap

ien kcl manu

fcCacphan lu' O CH icn kcl ion

Rhan cUc

Hinh 3 : Can true lop cua mang

l>Rang IrUgl

phu Utn be mal ua nudc (nhu xj mang...) tuong tac vdi cac ion canxi va ma nhe cii,

lao Ihanh U-At lir chal che dugc dinh hudng. Nhung phAn lir nay gin dAu phan cue

cua no vai vai Uie ua nudc la xi mang va khi dd gdc hydrocacbon quay m phia ngoai

cd lac dung lach nudc. Tuong lac nay dugc Irinh bay nhu d hinh 3.

Chiing la biei rAng phu gia ky nudc ihuoc loai chat hoal dong be mat, linh

chal quan irong nhal la nhirng phAn lir cua chA't nay cd kha nang bj hAp phu

iren be mat cua vAl ihe lao ihanh mol Idp mang rA't mong.Trong phAn tu cua

cac chal nay gom nhdm phAn cue va nhdm hydrocacbon. Nhdm phAn cue

nay la nhdm hydroxyl OH ' hoac cacboxyl COOH ' cd linh chA't Ua nudc.

Con gdc hydrocacbon lai cd ifnh ky nudc. Hay ndi each khac nhdm phAn cue

cd ai luc vdi nudc va vdi be mal ua nudc cua ihe rAn nhu hai xi mang. Gdc

hydrocach(^n (mach) cd klia nang lach nudc nhung cd khac la ai luc vdi dAu

mo' va bitum. Do dd cac phan lii ciia cac chat hoal ifnh be mat dirge goi la

''Ifnh hai mal". Quan diCm chung ve mal ly thuyet ihl viee lao nen mang hA^p

ihu cd ifnh chai ky nu'dc dugc dua li'cn ca sd cac cong Innh nghien cuu ciia

Rcbindc phal Irien lu ludng co dien ciia Langchie ve vice dinh hudng cac

phAn iii hoal ifnh be mat Ircn hien dudng phan pha va do ky nudc lao Ihanh

bdi Idp hap ihii (Hinh 3).

Tlieo nghien cuu ve hoa ly ciia qua Irinh luyen noi , Rebinde da neu i-a anh

hudng dac biel va dinh vi hoa hoc ciia nhdm phan cue doi vdi sir dinh hudng

hinh ihudng ciia day hydrocacbon [ 20 ] . Sau nay ap dung luAn de nay khi

nghien cii'u be long bot [ 21 ]. Theo lac gia Khigherovich ihl khi lua chon

diing phu gia ky nudc de ihu dirge xi mang ky nudc fl hul Am va kliong ihA'm

nude se co anh hudng deii ihdi gian dai bao quan ngay irong mdi Irudng Am

khong bi giam do hoal ifnh, dd la dc; Idp hap ihu duoc ca'^u lao lir nhung phan

lii' dinh hu'dng Lao ihanh hang rao bao vc doc dao cho liing hai xi mang i-ieng

29

biet. khi do 26c hydrocacbon moc len tua tiia a hat xi mang co tac dung bao

ve xi mang khong cho nii6c xam nhap vao.

Tuy nhien, tinh chat khong tham nuoc cua xi mang khong dugc can tio viee

che tao h6n hgp \ua be tong bing cac phuomg phap thong thuomg. Do do

khon^ the duns bitum thong thuons dugc. mac dii bimm thuoc loai phu gia

ky nudc. nhung khong phai la loai phu gia ky nudc hoa.

De iron blnh thudng xi mang ky nudc vdi nudc va cot lieu, dieu can thiet la

man^ kv nuac khons duac dav dac va nd phai de dang bi pha vd trong qua

ninh che tao hon hgp \ai'a be long. Ngudi ta da xac dinh dugc rAng mang bao

ve nen cac hat xi mang ky nudc cd cau lao dang "ludi", cac hcaV xi mang ky

nude tac dung vdi nude theo the tfch va bi bde trAn ra tren toan bg be mat va

khi dd mauR kv nude nav bi pha vd.

Khi sir dung cac locai phu gia ky nudc hoa nhieu nha nghien cuu tren the gidi

da dp dung cac loai phu gia nhu axit oleic, axit nhua va dAn xuat ciia chiing

nhu : Pec thao moc, xa phdng hoa, viso!, dau md dugc oxy hoa va eac chat

Ions silic huu ca abietat natri.

Xi mang k\ nuac dugc che tao bAng each cho chat phu gia ky nudc vao liic

nghien clinker. Viee nay c6 Igi cho cong doan nghien la lam tang do min ciia

XI mAng dong thai tao cho xi mang cd dac diem la ft hut am trong dieu kien

bao quan va \an chuyen khong ihuan Igi (mua. ndng ALm...) cung nhu tao cho

xi mAng cd nhung uu diem khac vdi xi mang thudng, tao cho hon hgp vira va

be tong cd do linh dong va tfnh de do cao.

Xi mAns kv nude khdns nhuns: cd kha nans chdns vdn cue khi bao quan ma

con CO the nAng cao dugc tfnh hoat n'nh ciia nd. Phu gia ky nude cd anh

huonii bien tinh den qua trinh kei tinh ciia chAi mdi tao thanh dans hvdrat, co

kha nans tao ihanh cau tnic hat nho tuans doi dons nhat ciia da xi mans. Xi

I—

• i _-

i _.

i _,

mang ky nuac con cd tfnh chai deo do tfnh chai hap ihu va boi nan cua phu

gia ky nude nen chiing cd kha nang loai trir kiem. Viee sir dung xi mAng ky

nudc se cai thien dugc linli de dd cua hdn hop /ua be long lam giam lugng

dijng xi mang. Xi mang ky nude lam giam toe do bay hoi nudc ti^ be long

trong dieu kien khi hAu kho, ndng do dd nang cao do ben ciia be long.

Be long dung xi mang ky nude cd dac diem la sir hiit nude va tham mao quan

It do hon hgp chat ky nude cd kha nang tao mang xung quanh hat xi mang,

vdi nhdm mang dien gAn chat vao hat xi mAng va nhdm ky nude quay ra

ngoai da lam giam kfch thude hieu dung ciia eac mao quan trong vua ngan

chan sir xAm nhap cua nude vao trong eac Id trong.

Tfnh chat tham nUdc giam di ciia xi mang ky nude la do do ddng nhAt ciia

cA'u triic dugc nAng cao va chat mdi bao thanh du'gc kei tinh d dang hat nho,

eCing nhu do cc) Idp ky nude trong chAi mdi tao tl*anh dang hydrat.

Su tao ky nirdc ciia vCra va be long se giiip cho chung giia* dugc do Am trong

thai ky dfiu ddng rAn. Do dd giam dang ke do co ngdt trong khong khf kho

va do nd trong khong khf Aim, giii dugc cirdng do lien kei khi giam lugng xi

mang.

Tfnh deo cao ciia xi mAng ky nudc cho phep giam lugng xi mang trong be

tdng. ngoai ra chiing eon cd tac dung lam giam sir toa nhiet cho xi mAng,

tfnh chong xani thuc trong mdi trudng khoang ciia xi mAng cung lAng len id

ret. VI vAv xi mans k^ nudc da duoc nshien cii'u va sir dung nhieu Irons eac

cong Irlnh thuy Igi [ 22,23 ]

Chung ta deu bict: voi Ltia hinh keo dai hon 3.000 km. Irai dai lu vi luyen

8 \5 dC-n vT luyen 23"50, nuoc ta nam ^j,on trong vising nhiel doi gio mua,

nflng lam, mua nhieu, khi hau dm u6t gfin nhu quanh nam. Mot nira phia Bac

tir Ha Giang den Hue la viing khf hau nhict doi dang chuytin .sang on doi, nen

nu^ia mua keo dai tu thang 4 den thane 1 1. miia kho li:f ihan" 12 den thanu 3

nam snu, tuy nhien do anh hudng ciia viing on doi nen trong nhung thang nay

vAn eon cd mua nho gAy do Am cao. Con mien Nam til Da Niing den Ca Mau

thi ehia hai mua ro ret la mua mua va miia kho. Do lugng mua Idn trong mua

mua ncn cac cong trinh xAy dung deu phai tarn ngirng thi cong, viee tam

ngi^rng va giam tien do thi cong eac cong trinh xAy dung se keo theo giam

lugng tieu thu xi mang. Trude viee giam lugng tieu thu xi mang hang hoa

(ude deii 30 — 40% tdng san lugng xi mAng san xuAi hang nAm). Cac nha

may xi mang ciia ta khong the cijng tam ngUng san xuAi hoac giam san luong

san xuAi dugc. Vay bien phap duy nhat la phai luu kho lau ngay, do nang

ndng nhiet do len cao cd khi den 35 — 37''C, (hong kho bao quan nhiet do

con tang cao hon nua) se lam qua trinh phan Ung tien hydrat hoa va eacbonat

hoa lang nhanh. Con khi mua nhieu lai lam cho xi mang thuong pham, nhai

la xi mAng rdi khong ddng bao se hut Am nhanh gAy vdn cue keo theo su

giam mac nhanh khi bao quan.

Viee dua phii gia ky nuo'c vao xi mang lam cho xi mAng chdng dirge sir hiit

Am va cac phan ling tien hydrat hoa, eacbonat hoa nay la mot giai phap huu

feh rAt Ihiet thue, dam bao cho sir luu kho lau ciia xi mang ma khong anh

hirdng den chAi lugng ciia xi mang.

La mol nude dang phat trien, nganh cong nghiep san xuAi xi mang ciia nudc

ta Cling mdi ra ddi, trinh do ky thuat con non kem, cong nghe lai lac hau,

thiet bi khong ddng bo, eu ky. Do do nAng lugn,^ tieu hao cho viee san xuAi

mot lAn XI mang kha Idn khien gia thanh san phi^m tang cao mot each khong

hgp ly. 40 — 50% nAng lugng cho san xuAi mot tan xi mang lai nam Irong

cong doan nghien clinker. Vay giam dugc lieu hao nang h\-gn- trong cong

doan nghien clinker se la mot viee rAi biic xiic. Khi cho phu gia ky nudc vao

hie nghien clinker se cd lai:

32

- Tang do min ciia xi mang

- TAng nang suat nghien clinker hoac giam thai gian nghien do dd giam

tieu hao nang lugng va bi nghien.

- Chdng vdn cue trong silo chua xi mang.

- TAng toe do ddng bao.

Ndi torn lai viee nghien cihi va sir dung phu gia trg nghien ky nudc trong san

xuA't va sir dung xi mang cd nhieu uu diem noi bat ma xi mAng thudng khong

the cd dugc . Nhal la trong dieu kien van chuyen, bao quan va sir dung xi

mang rdi d dieu kien thai tiet ndng aim, mua nliieu nhu nude ta.

Hieu qua ciia phu gia trg nghien ky nude trong s.in xuat xi mang la gdp phAn

tiei kiem xi mAng ddng thai nAng cao nang suAi lao ddng trong xAy dung va

cai thien chAi lugng be tdng, dac biet la nAng cao hieu qua eiia vdn xay dung.

Thuc nghiem da chung minh khi sir dung xi mi ng ky nudc cho be tdng cd

the dat dugc mot trong nhung ket qua sau:

1. Khi khong thay ddi thanh ])hAn be tdng so vdi xi mAng thirdng thi do deo

ciia hon hgp be tdng ky nudc se Idn hon dac biet vdi be tdng ft xi mAng.

2. Khi giu nguyen cudng do thiet ke , cd the giam ty le N/X do dd cd the

tAng do dac chac, do khong tham nude cung nhu eudng do chiu lire ciia be

tdng .

3. Giam \ugng. dung xi mAng trong betdng ft xi mang khi giu nguyen eu'dng

do ihiei ke ciia be tdng.

Tlieo cac sd lieu thong ke ciia cac ca sd san xuat betdng d Lien Xd thi vice

tiet kiem xi mang trong san xuat be tdng khi luong dung xi mang khong Idn

hon 240 - 260 kg/nr cd the dcit dirge la 8 - 12% | 3 ] do dd cd the giam dugc

dang ke lugng xi mang can dung.

Chmmg 3

cAC PHUONG PHAP HOA LY NGHIEN CUU

XI M A NG

3. 1 . n u i o nR phap phan tich hoa hue x ic dinh cac thanh phan

khojing hoa ciia xl mang

Xi mang co bon tli;inh pliAii khoang hoa clinih la C,S, Q S, C,A,C4AF moi

Ihanli phAn co ly le khac nhau, ty le cac Ihanh phAn do anh huong den tinh

chAt ciia xi mAng. Chung cd the dirge xac dinh thong qua phep phAn tich

(hanh jihAn hoa hoc ciia xi mang.

3.1 .1. Xac dinh lugng SiO^ trong xi mAng | 10

Xi mAng sau khi xac dinh do Am dugc dem dung xac dinh ham lugng SiO, .

Nguyen lAc cua phirang phap nay la hoa tan xi mang bAng HCI dac.

A l , ( ) ,+ 6 HCI -^ AlCl. + 3 H /3

F e , 0, -h dHCI -> F e C I , + 3 H ,0

SiO, nam dudi dang gel nen de tianh hien tiigng <:e( tiia keo. ngirdi ta Ihudng

cho them mot lugng nho mudi amonicloiua \'ao, loc nra ket tua nhieu lAn,

cAn . nung den tigng hrgng khong ddi . Xac dinh cAn khong tan bAng each

ngAm ket lua trong dung dich HF 40% cho bde khoi tren bep dien deii kho.

Nung den khoi luong khong ddi. Ham luong SiO duoc tinli theo cong thiic:

( a' - a ) . 100

CaO + 2HCI ^CaCb4- H,()

'/r SiO, =.

iOO -W

a^ long khoi lugng ket tua cua Si02 va can khong tan (gam)

a : khoi lugng ba con Kai sau khi thu do tinh khiei (gam)

m : khoi hrgng mAu (gam)

W: % dd Am

3. I . 2. Xac dinh ham lugng Fe,(),[ 9 J 3 J4 ]

LAy lurdc loc lira ciia qua Irlnh xac dinh SiO;,de xac dinh ham hrgng Fe.O,.

Tat c;i luong F c* duoc chuyen thanh Fe""^ hang iiidropeoxit.

2 Fe^' + H / ), + 2 H' -^ 2 Fe'" + 2 H ,0

Them axil snnphosalisilic va di6u chinh ITl dung dich den khoang 1.5 - 2.

dung dich co mAu do sAm cua phi'ic sat sunphosalisilic chuAn F e' bAng dung

dich FT3TA 0.01 M cho den khi dung dich chuyei,i tir mAu do sang vAng lo'm.

I lam luong F e / ), dugc Inih Iheo cong thiic :

(),()()0798.5 V

% F e , 0, =

^i= 100

Voi:

: the' lich dung dich EDTA 0,01 M

().()()()7')8.'^ : do chuAn cua F e , 0, lii(tng ling \di I ml tlung dich EDTA

0.01 M

: khoi hrgng mAu dem phAn tfch (g)

^. I .}. Xac dinh ham luong AI,C),[ 9.13.14 ]

I.A> nuoc loc Irong t|iia trinh xac dinh ham liinn : Fc,(),. Nhom dune l.kh la

khoi c;ic ngti\en to khac bAng kiem manh.

2 F e" 4 H,(), + 2H'

2Fe + ll,()

Fe-" + 3 0H -^ Fe(OH),

AP' + 4 OH -^ AlO, + 2 H ,0

Ca^" + 2 ( )H -^ Ca(OH)

Mg'"+2 0H -> Mg(OH)^

Loc Ufa ket lua nhifiu hin tao phi'rc nhom coiTiple ;onat

Ar^ + H^Y^ -> AIY + 2 H'

Tlicm chi thi xylen da cam, dieu chinh PH den 5 -6 giai jihong EDTA khoi

phuc nhom complexonal bAng NaF dung dich co man vang, diing dung dich

Zii(C"H,C()())_, 0,02-5M chiiAn do lugng EDTA lirgc giai phong ra cho den

khi mail dung dich chuyen tir man vang sang h nig. ham lugng Al,(), dugc

Ifnh theo cong lln'rc :

(),()()I2745A^K

% Al,(), = . 100

m

Vdi V : the' tfch iliing dich Zn(CH,COO)2 ().025M da sir dung.

K : he so nong do giua dung dich EDT/, 0,025M va

Z n ( C H , a ) ( ) ), 0.025M

0.001 2745 : do chuAn cua AljO,i'rng voi I ml dm g dich Zn(CH,C()0)_,

0.025M

m : khoi hrgng mAu dem phAn tfch (g)

3. 1 .4. Xac dinh ham lugng CaO[ 9.13.14 ]

Dung IUKVC loc lira trong qua trinh xac dinh SiO, xac dinh ham luong

CaO. C"a * va Mg'' dirge tach ra khoi iigii)en to khac h;mg

Amonilndidxit.

Fe'* + 3NH,OH -^ Fe(()H), 3 N H/

Ar^ + 3NH,OH -> AI(OH),+ 3 N H/

phan i'rng dugc dun soi d 60 - 70''C trong 45 phut cho amonihydroxit du

bay hoi bet, loc nra ket tua bang dung die i amoni Nitrat cho hel CI.

Them KOH vao den khi PH = 12, tiep den cho 2ml KCN 0,5IVI va mot li

chi thi fluorexon. ChuAn bAng dung dich EDTA 0,01 M cho den khi man

huynh quang xanh vang cua dung dich chuyen sang man hong.

Flam hrgng CaO tfnh theo cong thirc:

*^ 100

y/o CaC) =

•

0,00056V

Vdi V : the tich dung dich EDTA 0,01 M da sir dung.

(),()()056 : do churin cua CaO iTng vdi 1ml dun ^ dich EDTA 0,01 M

m : khoi hrgng mAu dem phAn tfch (g)

3. I .5. Xac dinh ham lugng CaO lir do [ 5.13 ]

Diing dung dich iirgu Glyxerin da co chi thi ph Miolphtalein hoa tan CaO tir

do trong xi mang de tao thanh canxi glyxerat. ChuAn canxi glyxerat bAng

axil benzoic 0,1 N cho den khi niA't mau hong the ) phan ung :

2CH

- OH

+ 2Ca()

—> CH

- OH

CH — OH + 2 H ;O

- O - CH

<^"

-^>H

C H ,- { ) - (a

<^"H-(>H C H , - O - C a - O - CH

C H, - O - CV

C H 2 - OH

I

I 2 C H, - OH

+ 4 C , H , C O OH ---> 2 CH - OH + 2 C a ( C „ H , C ( ) 0 ),

C H , -O

C H 2 - OH

lien hanh bAng each: xi mang + 20 inrglyxerin lAc deu dun hoi krii cho soi

nhe den khi xiiAt hifn man hcing thl chiiAn nong bAng axfl benzoic.

Ham lugng CaO dugc Ifnh theo cong thi'rc :

% C a () = V T / m T OO

Vdi : V la the tfch dung dich axft benzoic 0.1 N

la do chiiAn cua CaO ung \'o'\ 1ml dung dich axft benzoic 0.1 N.

in la liKtiig xi mang diing Irong phAn tfch.

Sau khi Ihu dugc cac ket qua phAn tfch thanh jiliAn hoa hoc cua xi mang a|i

dung cac cong thuc sau dAy d^ tfnh thanh phAn khoang hoa cua xi mang:

C,S = 4,07 I '/r CaO - 7.6 % SiO, - 6.7 I 8 % AI,() - 1,43 % F e , 0 ,- 2,85 % SO,

C,S = 2.867 % SiO, - 0,754 %C,S.

C,A = 2.65 '/r A1,0, - 1.692 % F e , 0 ,.

C,AF = 3.043 % F e , 0 ,.

Cac cong thiic nay cho phep sai so la 39r va chi dung trong phAn tfch thanh

jihAn khoang hoa cua clinker .

3. 2 . Phuong phap phan tich nhi^ii xa tia X :

DAy la mot phirong ph;i|i vAt ly dung de nghien ciiu can true va thanh phAn

cua xi mang.

RAng jihirong phaji na\ ngiroi ta cd the xac dinli dirge khoang each giua hai

mat mang Imh the tir d(i cho pheji xac dinh du( c can true tinh the \;i su' en

mat cua cac chat trong mAu nghic-n ciiu. Co sd cna phuong ph;ip la: khi chieii

mot chum tia X vao mang tinh the thl se gAy n ui hien tuong nhieu \ a. Moi

electron cua nguyen lir dirdi tac dung cua tia X se lid Ihanh tiung (am dao

dong phal lia X ve moi hirdng. eac song nay ^e giao Ihoa \(Vi nhau. Neu

chum lia X lao \'di mAl phang tinh the' mot gdc -f) thl dieu kien cua cac tia

Cling phan xa theo mot hudng giao Ihoa \'di nbau la hieu sd dirdng di cua

chiing bAng sd nguyen lAn hirdc song.

Phirorng Irlnh V U L LF - BVEG [ 28 ] :

2dsin 0 - nX

Trong do : d la khoang each gifra hai mat mang ( A" ).

n la sd nguyfin 1. 2 , 3 ,4 . . .

A. la sdng tia X chieu vao linh the'.

O'La gdc lia phan xa cd cirdng do cue dai.

May phAn lich Roughen cho phep ghi lai d va I ( C'lio'ng do ph;'in xa lia cue

dai ). Dcm gia tri nay so sanh vdi d va I ly llniyel Iheo hang Alal cua lia

ko'nghen ta cd th6 khAng dinh dirge sir cd mAl cua cac chat trong mAu xi

mAng dem nghien eiru.

3. 3 . IMuion^ phnp phan tich pho honj; ngoai | 1

Pho hong ngoai la mot phuong phap quang pho dua tren nguyen lAc:

HAp Ihu cong hirong nAng hrgng ( nAng hrong cna cac dang chuye'n dong cha

nguNcn urdirgc hrgng tir hoa ).

d n c ii mol chum lia hdng ngoai vao moi trudng ;hA't ghi lai cuong do cua lia

sau khi di c|ua mAu ta luon luon cd I < I,^.

Vl hien tuong hAp thu nang lirgng la hien lugng I Ap thu cong hirong In- = AE.

Neu xAy dirng duong dd thi hieu di^Mi cudng do

ia hdng ngoai phu tlumc do

dai snng. lAn so. hoAc sd sdng cua lia hdng ng( ai la Ihu duoc mot g,;,n ito.

Ciian do nay uoi la Pho hdno n^oai

/

\

/

/ 7

/

K^'

'^X

Hinh 4a Plio hong ngoai

True lung hieu dien 1 ( % Cuong do lia ). Hue lioanh hieu dien do dai hu'i'vc

sdng A ( ^im) hoac nm ( 10 "' em ).

Cd khi dUoc hieu dien hanu :

C

V =

( Cm )

X

nhu'ng ihud'ng diio'c hieu dien lien Iriic hoanh hang do'n vi v ( so sdng ) luc d(') :

E = hv = h . C/ X Vdi V = Cm '

Nhu' vay phd co dang

00 X

r-\

\

/

rv^ N r^^ f~

5d

/ ^' V

\

\ \

- —•

0

V ( Cin )

Ilinh 41) Vh() liong ngoai

2 0 0- 4000 Cm

4(

Vdi do dai hiroc song X o khoang 0,4 — 0.8 )im

ta CO

= 2.5 .10 Cm

X = 0,4 nm

y

0.4 .10 ' Cm

1.25 .lOCm

X = 0 , 8 p rn

V =

0.8 . 10 ' Cm

Dac tiung ciia |ihd hong ngoai thudng dirge hieu J i ln bdi:

- Sd lugng dai hA]") thu

Vi Iff cua cac dai hAp thu

- C\rdng do cua cac dai hA|i thu

CVi ba dai lugng nay d^ii phan anh cAu lao va dac Inrng cua cac lien kel

cua cac phAn lir.

3. 4 . Phuong phap phan tich nhiet [S].

Nguyen lac chung : MAu dugc dem nung ndng hoac lam lanh theo chucyng

trinh dinh sAn rdi ghi I At ca eac thong sd vat ly sau dd dirng gian dd ham

Y = f ( I ) giai thieh moi bien ddi cua mfu nghien cuu trong qua lilnh

bien hoa.

Di do dugc hieu ling nhiet ngirai ta dijiig pm nliiet dien. Pin nhiet

dien la mot bg phAn quan trong trong phAn tich nhiet.

Thiet bi phan tfch nhiet nhir hinli ve:

DTA

MAu dugc nghiSn nho cho vao ede A, ede B dung mAu so sanh. TAt ca

hai ede du'gc dat trong Id L. Tang ddng dien, trong cae cap nhiet dien luAn

chuyen ngifge chi6u nhau qua nhiet ke. Neu mAu kJiong xay ra sg bien ddi

hoa ly nao khi nung thl khong phat ra dong diei trong mach vl hai dAu hai

cap pin nhiet dien deu dirge nung ndng nhu' nhau va ddng dien khu' nhau -

DTA la dudng thAng (hoac bAng 0). Klii mAu cd phan ling nhiet thl nhiet do

cua mAu va chat ehuAn chenh lech nhau lam cho trong mach phat sinh ra

ddng dien bg phan ghi pho se ghi dugc dudng DTA. Neu mAu ihu nhiet ihl

dmh nhon hirdng xudng dirdi eon mAu toa nhiet thl dinh hu'dng len tren. Khi

dii'dng cong bAt dAu lech khoi dudng thAng nAm ngang tu'e la bAt dAu cua

hieu irng. Ngoai dudiig DTA ngudi ta con thu dugc dudng TGA (do giam

trong hro'ng khi nung ndng) va nhi6u dudng khac nua. Trong phan tich nhiet

ngudi ta chi quan tAm nhieu ddn dudng DTA va TGA. Khi ham Y = T,- T^ ta

dirge dudng DTA eon klii Y = m ta duac dudng TGA.

42

3-5. Phan tich cap hat b^ng quang pho I.aser

Phucfng phap nay duac ggi chmh xac hem la "tan xa anh sang laser gdc nho".

Phuong phap nay Ird thanh mot tieu chuAn trong nhieu nganh cong nghie|r

Ddi vdi vAt Ii6u cd kfch thude tu OJ - 2000pm. Phirang phap laser nay dua

Iren nguyen lAc la gdc nhieu xa ly le nghich vdi kfch ihirdc hat.

Thiet bi gom:

Mot nguon laser cd cuang do sang 6n dinh vdi bude sdng dinh

I rude tia laser cua khi He - Ne (A. = (),63).u7i) thuong dugc sir dung

lot nhAl vl chung cho do on dinh cao (dac biet ddi vdi su thay doi

cua nhiet do ) va tfn hifiu ro han ddi vdi lieng dn so vai cac diod

laser cd bude sdng cao hon.

Mot bg phAn thu phi^i hgp, thuong la mot ban silicon cam quang

gAn cac bo phAn thu dAt rdi nhau, sd ban nhAn toi im la tu 16 - 32.

Mot vai thiet bi c\i dAy mAu qua tia laser tren thuc te cd the do cac

hat bui khf bAng each dAn luong khf qua tia laser. Cac loai bot kho

CO the thoi qua tia laser bAng ap suAt va giiTr lai trong may hiit chAn

khong dd tranh bui phAn tan ra moi truong. Cac hat Irong hiiy6n

phu c('> the do dugc bAng each cho nd xoay tidn tiudc tia laser. Uu

diem cua phmmg phap nay la cac ket qua dugc dua ra duii\ nhicHi

dang khac nhau di tien cho ti^rng yen cAu sir dung.

- Gia tri D 11,0]: dudng kfnh trung blnh cua hat vdi gia thiet lA't ca

cac hat cd dcang hinh cAii \'a tinh iheo trung blnh dirang kinh cua

chung.

D[2.()| : dudng kfnh trung blnh cua hat so sanh dua li6n dien tfch

be mat (gia tri nay cd Igi cho cac nha nghien cun chAt xilc tac)

43

- D[3,0] : dudmg kfnh tmng blnh cua hat so saiili dua tren khoi lugng

hat (eac nha hoa hge cong nghe hay dung gia tri nay)

- Trong tnidng hgp thuc te ,mAu cd hiiih dang bA.'t ky, cac gia tri kfch

thude hat hay sir dung la D [ 4,3 ] neu ta so sanli ve the tfch hat va

D [ 3,2 ] n6'u ta so sanh ve dien tfch be mat.

Tom lai viee dijng phuang phap phAn tfch cap hat bang quang pho

Laser se cho ta thA'y ro hon ve kfch thud'c eiia hat xi mAng, dieu nay

b6 xung cho viee danh gia do min cua xi mang bAng sang 4900 16.

PHAN B :THirc NGmEM

CHUONG 4

NGHIEN c uu ANH H U ( 3 NG CUA AXIT BEO MDV ¥)P.N TINH

NANG CUA XI MANG POOCLANG.

4. 1 . f)()i flr()m^ va phmmg phap nghicn cuu.

*D6'\ tirgng nghien ci'ru la axft beo MDV CxHzCOOH. CLinker xi

mang But sctn va 5''/r thach cao hai niroc.

Thanh ph.in hoa hoc cua xi mang Bill scrn ( clinker ) theo % trong lirong

nhir sail :

CaO

: 63 - 67 %

SiO,

: 21 - 24 %

Al,0,

: 4 - 8 %

Fe.O,

: 2.5 - 5 %

MgO

: < 5 -6%

Kiam

: 0.1 - I %

Thanh phfin khoang cua xi mang gom :

C,S

:45 -70 %

C,S

: 20 - 30 %

C,A

: 5 - I 5 %

CjAF

: 10 - 18 %

*

PhiKtng phap nghicn ci'ru :

- Thuc hi6n cac phuctng phap so sanh trong cung didu kien thu : mAu ddi

chung vdi cac mAu thf nghiem. ,

- Phuang phap thu : theo cac tieu chuAn thuc hanh ve xi mAng - be tong:

TCVN 140 - 1964 ; TCVN 2682 - 1992...

- Cac phuang phap phAn tfch kiem tra danh gia bang cac phuoiig phap

vAt ly hien dai nhu :

May quang phd laze : MALVERN MASTERSIZER.

May quang pho hong ngoai.

May quang phd ranghen : SIEMENS D5000 x Ray.lab .

May phAn tfch nhiet vi sai : SHIMADZU TGA . 50H .

Kfnh hien vi dien tu .

Cac phuang phap phAn tfch vAt ly nay deu duac do tai cac phdng thf

nghiem tai Trung lAin khoa hoc tu nhien & cong nghe qiidc gia va truang Dai

hoc khoa hoc tu nhien- Dai hoc qude gia Ha noi.

4 . 2. Anh hinyng ciia ham lirang phu gia den do min ciia \i

mang

Nhung nAm trude dAy vien sT Rebinde va cac cong tac vien cua ong da

nen ra mot huong nghien cuu maf : vAn di gia cong ihi rAn cd quan he chat

che vdi hoa ly hien dai dac biet la vdi hien tugng d bien cac pha phAn ehia.

Ddng thai da xac dinh duac hieu qua lam giam do lAn cua ihi rAn khi da tao

thanh lap hAp phu tren bi mat cua ihi rAn nay [24] . Rebinde cung da chi ra

rAng tuang tac hoa hoc cua chAt hAp phu cd the' lam giam dang ki dd rAn, do

do lam cho the ran nay de bi pha vd dudi tac dung ca hoc. Tir nAm 1941 d

Lien x6 da cd tieu chiiAn ca ly ve xi mAng TOCT 970 - 41 cho phej) dua vao

xi mAng 1 ^f phu gia dac biet ma khong lam anh huang xAu den chal hrang

cua \i mAng. Phu gia nay la san phAm cua than da va cac chA'l khac cho vao

khi nghien clinker de nhAm cai thien do min cua xi mAng. d My cung da

dung cha't TDA la h6n hop cua Sulfonat lignhin vdi trietanolamin lam phu

gia tang do min [27].

Khi dijng phu gia ky nudc nhu mulonap hoac axft oleic ( 0,2 % ) thAy

do min thay doi tir 5,8 xudng 4,2 % tren sang 4900 16, nang suat may nghidn

ti^ 9,3 tAn/ gid tang len 11,1 tA'n / gid (tang 1 9 %) [24].

Di nghien cufu anh hudng cua axft beo M£)V den do min cua xi mang

Biit san, chiing toi tien hanh khao sat ham luong phu gia so vdi luong xi

mang la : 0,05% ; 0,10%; 0,15 % ; 0,20 % va 0,30 % ; eUnker xi mAng But

san dugc dem nghidn nlio lAi'y hat dudi sang 2 mm va hat tren sang 4900 16.

Cac d\i\\ kien nhu toe d6 may, ty le bi/ clinker, cdi nghien, duoc thuc hien d

dieu kien nhu nhau. Sau khi tron true tiep axit btio MDV vao clinker va 5 %

thach cao, mAu duge dem nghien trong 8 gid. Ket qua thu dugc trhiii bay

theo bang 3 va hinh ^.

Bang 3 : Anh hudng cua hdni luong phu gia den dp min ciia xi mang

Mclu

Ham

luong %

Luang

sot %

tren

phu gia

sang

490016

10,4

1

0,05

7,8

0,10

1,1

0,15

0,0

0,20

0,0

0,30

0,0

Tir bang 3 cho thay v6\ cung thai gian nghien nhu nhau do min cua clinker

tang theo ham lugng cua phu gia. Khi su dung 0,05 % phu gia so voi ham

luoiigxi mang da the hien tang do min ro rang ( tang 23 % so vofi krcpng sot

sang cua mAu doi chung ). Con d ham luo'ng phu gia la 0,1 % thf do min tang

tdi 89 % so vdi khong cd phu gia. d ham lugng 0,15 % phu gia ihi lugng

clinker khong eon sot lai tren sang 4900 16.

Nguyen nhan lam tang hieu qua nghien chii yeu la do khAc phuc dugc

viee cac hat nho xi mang dfnli hai vdi nhau lam giam ma sat trugt. Hat xi

mAng khi dugc trgn lAn vdi axit beo tin khong bi dfnh vao nlaau va dfnh vao

bi nghien do dd da nAng cao dugc khoi lugng xop ciia vat nghien va lam bien

d6i thuan Igi ty le giiia klidi \ugn^^ ciia bi nghien va the tfch ciia xi mAng

trong may nghien dong thdi lam giam do rAn cua clinker. Nhu'ng bien ddi

nay goi la hieu umg Robinde [24].

De khao sat anh huang ciia phu gia den thdi gian nghien ciia clinker chung

t6i cung lam tuang tu nhu tren vdi thdi gian nghiien khac nhau. Ket qiui de

dat dugc do min ciia xi mAng cd phu gia tuang tu do min ciia xi mang khong

cd phu gia theo tieu chuan xAy dung ciia Viet nam la TCVN: 2682 — 1992

[15]. Tuc la luo'ng sdt tren sang 4.900 16 ciia xi mAng PC 30; PC 40 va PC

50 khong cd |")hu gia phai dat la 12 — 15%. Ket (jua cho theo bang 4.

Hiing 4 : Anh hudng cua ham lugng phu gia den

thdi gian nghien xi mang

Mflu • Ham luong % phu gia so voi luong xi ma ig Thoi gian nghicn (Phut)

1 0 420

1

0,05 400

3 0,10 350

4 0,15 310

5 0,20 290

-

0,30

Tu bang 4 cho thay de dam bao do min cua niAu thf nghiem theo TCVN

2682 — 92 thl mAu cd 0,15% ham lugiig phu gia cd the giam dugc thdi gian

nghien la 20 — 25 %. Ket qua nay cung phu hgp vdi ket qua ciia

Khigherovich [ 19 ].

BAng phuang phap kiem tra ca hcit tren may quang pho Laser Malvern

Mastersizer tai Khoa Vat ly truang Dai hoc Khoa hge Tu nhien, ket qua cho

thA'y or bang 5.

Hang 5 : Anh hudng ciia ham lugng phu gia cli n do min cua xi mang

Mau

Ham lugng % phu gia T6ng dien ti'ch be mat D[3,2J (^m)

so voi lugng xi mang cua hat (Sp mVg)

1 0 3,56 0,5624

2 0,05 3,53 0,5673

3 0,10 2,82 0,7093

4 0.15 2,15 0,9323

5 • 0,20 2,91 0,6870

Nhu vay tir bang 5 ta thay rAng khi tAng ham lugug phu gia thl do min cua xi

mang cixn^^ tAng len ro ret. Ket qua kiem tra cd' hat bang quang phd Laser

cung phii hop vdi ket qua kiem tra tren sang 4.900 16. (Xem phu luc 2).

2

0.2

0.3

(1.05

0.1

0 . 15

flinh 5 ; Quan he cua hdm lupitg phu gia den dp min cua xi mang

4, 3. Anh hir^yng ciia ham luong phu gia dtn do ky nuac cua xi mang

Mot trong nhung chi tieu quan trong ddi vdi xi mAng ky nudc la do

thA'm nudc dugc danh gia theo tieu chuAin TOCT 10178 - 76 [25 |. I h eo tieu

chuain nay xi mang ky nude khong dugc hut nudc dudi 5 phut ke tu luc nho

gigt nudfc tren mat xi mAng. mAu thi nghiem dugc che tao theo muc 11. Sau

khi nghien xong dugc sA'y of 170 '*C trong 2 gid sau dd de nguoi den nhiet do

bhih thudrng roi thu do ky nude. Ket qua thu dugc trnih bay d bang 6.

Bang 6 : Anh huong cua ham lupng phu gia den thoi gian tham nuoc.

Ham lirgng % phu gia Thai gian thA'm nirac ( phut )

ThA'm ngay 0 1

2 Thcl'm sau 5 phut 0.05

3 ThAm sau 10 phut 0.10

4 0.15 Thft'm sau 20 phi'il

5 0.20 Tham sau 50 phiit

50

Qua bang 6 ta thAy cac ham lugng phu gia cho vao xi mAng deu tham

sau 5 phut dung vc'^i tieu ehuAn TOCT 10178 - '6 cua Lien x6.

4. 4 . Anh huang ciia ham luong phu gia den chat lui/ng xi

mang khi hao quan.

Phu gia ky nudc khdng chi cd hieu qua ro ret trong viee tang cirdng qua

trhih nghien min cua clinker xi mang ma eon cd tac dung tot trong \ iec

chdng hut A'm, vdn cue vh bao toan cirdng do ( do hoal tinh ) cua xi mang khi

bao quan va vAn chuyen. Xi mAng fiiy di tron^^ bao kin nhu'ng khong khi Am

cung CO the IhA'm qua khe chi va Id thong hoi Iren bao de tham vao xi mang.

Mat khac xi mAng la chA't bot min , xdp nen cfiiig de hut Am. Nhu vay do Am

cua xi mang se tang len khi cA'f giu , bao quan xi mang. Ho^i Am lam cho cac

thanh phAn Irong xi mang bi tien hydral iioa mot phfin dAn tdi xi mAng bi von

cue va hir hdng. Muc dich cua di lai nay chfnh la khAc phuc su hut A'm nay.

4 * 4 . 1. t)g hut Am theo thin gian hao quan

De xac dinh thong sd nay chung toi tien hanh tao mfui iheo muc 11 va

tien hanh kiem tra theo hai phuang phap :

- Kiem tia theo su tAng khoi hrgng true tiep.

- Kiem Ira do hut khoi lugng bAng phAn tUh nhiet.

Ket qua thu theo phuang phap tang khoi hrgng true tiep. bAng mot lugng

xi mAng nhAt dinh (10 g ). Dung

tiong cac hop long bAng thuy (inh dudng

kinh 150 mm de hd nAp trong dieu kien bhih thudng nhu khi bao quan xi

mang, vdi do Am cua khong khf la 75 - 85 '/r dugc xac dinh bAng phuong

phap can Irong hrgng va do hut Am tinh theo c o ig thiTc :

m^ - m,

Do hut Am =

X 100%

m,

m2 - MAu da hiit Am.

Trong dd : mj - Mau dAu

Ket qua thu dugc cac gia tri trnih bAy d bang 7

Bang 7 : Dp hut dm theo thdi gian bao quan.

D6flm Ham hrgng

tang % phu gia M.lu Thai gian bao quan (ngay dem )

( %)

theo khoi

lirgng XM

7 60 0 28

12,557 25 1 0 10 10,886 11,350

10 10,780 11,324 23 2 0,05 12,350

10,247 0,10 10 10,342 6 3 10,6109

4 0,15 10,098 10,112 10 10,2182 2

10,077 10,084 5 0,20 10 10,0950 0,9

Tir bang 7 ta thA'y sau 60 ngay dem bao quan, xi mang khdng cd phu gia

thl do hilt Am den 25 %. Con xi mAng cd phu gia d ham lugng 0,10 % su hiit

dien tren do thi hhih g^

0,30 10 10,062 6 10,079 10,08 0,8

0.3

0.2

0.05

0.1

0.15

Anh huong % ham lugng phu gia de'n d6 hiit Am

cua xi mang a 28 ngay tu6i

0.2

0.3

0.05

O.I

0.15

Hinh 6 : Do thi bieu dien anh huong % hdm lupng phu gia den dp

hut dm cua xi mang a 28 & 60 ngay tuoi

De kiem tra dO sut khdi lugng khi nung chiing toi cung dung mau tren

tien hanh phAn tich nhiet vi sai theo ducfng TGA ( xem phu luc ). Ket qua

trinh bay a bang 8.

Bang 8 : Do sat khoi

lupng khi nin.g. ( theo gian dd T(JA

)

nung sau MAu Ham lirgng phu gia Vc Iheo Lirgng mAt khi

hrgng xi mang 6 ) ngay ( '/f )

1 15.54 0

-

2 0,05

3 5.48 0,10

4 0,15 2.<15

-

5 0,20

-

Theo bang K ta IhAy sau 60 ngay dem bao quan xi mang But san khong cd

phu gia bi sut khoi lugng tai 15.5 '/r. 0 hAm ugng phu gia 0.10 '/^. do siil

khoi lugng la 5^5 %. Con d ham lugng phu gia la 0,15 %,lhi do sut khoi

hrgng chi cd 3 %. NghTa Ih xi mAng cd phu gia thi do hut Am va khi CX), il

han xi mang khong cd phu gia tir 3 - 6 lAn. Nhu' vAy cho ta thAy rang phu gia

ky nude la axit beo cd tac dung chdng hut Am Uia tot trong dieu kien khi hAu

nirdc ta. So di xi mAng cd the chdng dugc hu Am nhu vay la vl cac hat xi

mAng dugc bao boc bAng mang mong ky nirdv nen da han che dugc sir hut

Am cua hat xi mang d ben trong. Dd la mot

rong nhung dac diem cua xi

mAng ky nudc so vdi xi mAng thudng

4. 4 . 2 . Do vdn cue theo thdi gian b ao q u a n.

Do \ dn cue dugc \ ac dinh bAng each sang qua sang 4900 16/ cm^ nhu yeu

cfiu thu doi vdi xi mang thirdng.

Cac mAu thir dugc chuAn bi nhu muc II v;i de mAu Ihu nhu vdi mAu thu

do hul Am Iheo thdi gian bao quan. voi do Am Irong jihong la 75 - X5 Vr sau

0,30

dd dugc dua len sang 4900 16 de sang kiem tra. ket qua dugc trinh bay a

bang 9 .

Bang 9 : Do vdn cue theo thdi gian bao quan.

Do vdn cue theo thdi gian bao quan Ham lugng

% phu gia

60 ngay 30 ngay Ban dAu

25 % vdn cue kho Khdng vdn 10 % vdn cue, bdp 1 0

tay va va

5 % vdn cue bdp 0,05 Kh6ng vdn 5 % vdn cue bdp va 2

tay va

0,10 khdng vdn Bat dAu vdn, sang Vdn ft, sang thl 3

nhe thl het het

0,15 khdng won bat dAu vdn, sang 4 Vdn it, sang thl

nhe thl het het

0,20 khdng vdn khdng vdn 5 khong vdn

0,30 klidng vdn 6 klidng vdn kli6ng vdn

Tu' bang 9 cho biet sau 30 ngay dem bao quan d dieu kien thuang xi

mang kh6ng cd phu gia da bAt dAu vdn cue va cd hien tugng cung lai, nhung

cue von chi vai mm cd the bdp va bang tay. Sau 60 ngay dem bao quan thl xi

mang khdng cd phu gia da bj vdn cue 25 - 30 %. Con xi mang cd 0,15 % phu

gia vAn tai xop nguyen va hAu nhu kh6ng vdn cue. Nguyen nhAn vdn cue do

xi mang hut am tu khdng khi vao ncn co phan ling tidn hydrat hoa va

eacbonat hoa . Phan Ung tien hydrat hoa ciia xi mang vdi hoi Am trong khong

khf xay ra, ta cd ihe giai thfch theo ca che cac phan ling nhu sau :

Ca(OH)^ -f CO^ > CaCO, + H^

C,A

3CaS04.2H20 + 5 H ,0

C,A.3Ca SO,.I I H .O

Va :

6C,S.

H2O

C.S.H,

-h 3Ca(OH), ,

Ddi vdi xi mAng cc) phu gia ky nudc do ch^ng dugc sir hiit Am nen cac

phan ling tien hydrat hoa va eacbonat hoa xay ra rat cham vi vay vAn toi

\6p

nhu" thirdng khi bao quan dai ngay trong moi trUcmg khf hau ndng Am. Su hill

Am It cua xi mAng nhd mang mong phu gia ky nudc bao boc xung quanh cac

hat xi mang lam cho hai Am Irong khong khf khong lot vao dugc, hoac ndi

each khac la mang mong nay cd tac dung ky mrdc dirge lao thanh mot Idp

ludi bao ve xung quanh hat xi mAng ( hinh 2). Do vdn cue cd anh hudng lAI

Idn den chAi lugng xi mang, xi mAng bi vdn cue cang nhieu Ihl chal

lugng

Ciing bi giam. do hoat Ifnh cua xi mang bi giam Iheo va keo theo dd hieu qua

sii dung xi mAng se thAp, dAn den sir hao Idn nhieu xi mang, do dd lang gia

thanh xi mang. Dieu nay kha phii hgp vdi lac gia Sestopecop da neu la lai hgi

nghi qudc te hin Ihii 6 ve hoa hoc xi mang nAm 1974 la sir cAn thiet jihai (tua

phu gia ky nude vao cac loai xi mAng.

4 . 5. Anh hirdiiR ciia h am lugng p hu ghi den do deo tieu c h u an cua

xi m a ng .

Do deo tieu chuAn la chi lieu danh gia lugng ni dc cAn thiet de xi mang dat

dugc tfnh deo iheo yen cAii cua hd xi mAng de d;'im bao thi cong dugc diCn ra

blnh Ihudng. Ilniong phap xac dinh chi lieu na)' luge lien hanli Iheo cac lieu

chiiAn thii ca ly xi mAng TCVN 140 - 64 bAng ( ach do do Inn cua kim vica

cd dudne kinh lieu chuAn la 10 mm.

MAu Ihii dugc chuAn bi nhu muc II va kei qua dugc tiinh ba\ a b;nig 10.

Bang 10 .vi;/// hunjig cua ham IiKwg phu ym den do den tieu chiidn

Do deo lieu chuan Ham lirgng '7c

phu gia HI X ( %)

Mciu

0.28 0

2 0.28 0,05

3 0,285 0,10

4 0,29 0,15

5 0,29 0,20

6 0,30 0,30

Theo bang 10 ta ihAy qui lu;)t lo rang la ham lugng phu gia tang iC-n llii

ty le N/X cung fang, khi yeu c;1u nuoc tang len 'hi do la tlau hieu khong tot

doi voi xi mang boi vl lugng nuoc tang len tin do sut the tich cua vua xi

mang cung tang len do do lam anh hu'ong den k(;t cau, lam giam do ben cua

cong tilnh. Thuong lugng nuoc tieu chufin cho xi mang la khoang 24 - 30 '/r

theo tigng hrgng xi mang.

Nhu' vay theo k6t qua nhu a bang 10 ta th;Y} lugng nu'oc cfin thiet cho xi

mang co phu gia tang len khong dang ke vftn phu hgp voi yeu cfui ty le cho

phep doi voi xi mang blnh thu'Oiig.

4. 6 . Anh luioiig cua ham lugng phu gia den qua Irlnh (tong hoc

(Idn^ ran cua xi man^.

Qua liinh ddng hoc ddng lAn cua da xi mAng la c ua tiinh hoa ly phiic la|) xay

ra do cac khoang cua xi mAng lac dung vdi lurdc Kao Ihanh cac san pham m(ii

Ihuy hoa \'a kel tinh Irong da xi mAng. Tdc dd )hal liien cua c;ic s;'ni phfim

mdi hydrat hoa na\ tuy thuoc lung loai xi mang.

MAu thu dugc chuAn bi nhu muc II, sau dd dugc trgn nudc theo ty 16

nu6c tieu chuAn nhu muc V roi dugc dua len do bAng do liin cua kim vica c6

duang kmh tieu chuAn la 1 mm . Kei qua do dugc chi ra a bang 11 . Hhih ^

chi ra cho ta biei quan h6 giua ham lugng phAn tram cua phu gia d6n ddng

hoc ddng rAn cua xi mang.

Bang 11: Anh huSn cua hdm lupng % phu gia den ddng hpc ddng

ran cua xi nidng.

Dong hoc dong rdn cua xi mang

Ham lirgng phii gia

Thoi gian ket thiic ninh

Tlio'i gian bat ddu

% theo XM

ninh ket ( gid )

ke't ( gia)

2.10'

3.30'

0,05

2.20'

3.50'

0,10

2.30'

4.00'

0,15

2.30'

4.10'

0,20

2.50'

4.30'

-

0,30

Bang 11 cho ta thay thdi gian ninh kei cua xi mang cd phu gia phii hgp vdi

ti6u chuAn qui dinh ve thdi gian ninh kei TCVN 2682 - 1992.

/

'J

/ /

/

(C

1 /o A/i/^

i -L

'Z/

/

//

f^

/;»/' Uc{

i^;r -/^"^" /

y.f

/ //

// //

5 /

H i nh 7 : i^)ung hoc donj; ran i i ia \i n i a n^

Tren huih 7 cho IhAy qua trhih dong hoc d Mig lAn ciia xi mang xay ra

kha nhanh dirdng bidii dien dong hoc cua qiin liinh ddng rAn a xi mAng

khong cd phu gia gAn nhu thAng diing

Khi cd phu gia thl thdi gian ninh kei va kei thuc ninh ket cang lang dAn

.Tuy nhien hrgng phu gia cang tAng thl thdi giai ninh kei cung tAng len nen

cac duong bi^u di^n cd dang xien gAn gidng nhau. D\in nay cung chung

minh rang xung quanh hat xi mAng cd sir bao b )c cua phu gia ky nudc lam

cho nude khd IhAm true tiep vao hat xi mAng. K li lion xi mAng vdi nudc thl

mang nay mdi bi pha vo dAn va nude cd Khi ket hgp vdi xi mang de lid Ihanh

cac khoang thuy hoa ket linh tao nen pha ket tinh mdi CSH. su" tao thanh pha

mdi nay cung cd \hi dugc danh gia bAng phiron.i phap phAn tich pho nhieu

xa tia X.

4. 7 . Aiih huong ciia ham luung phu gia den eunng do cua xi

mang.

Chi lieu cud'ng do cua xi mang la mol chi lieu quan trong nhAi khi danh

gia chai lugng xi mang. Ve mal cud'ng do cua xi mang ngu'di la cd 2 khai

niem :

Cudng do ban dau va cudnu do lAu dai va duac danh uia theo do ben

nen va do ben udn cua xi mang.

Cuong do ban dau dugc danh gia a cac ngay ludi 3 , 7 , 28 , 56, 90

ngay.

Cud'ng do lau dai la 6 ihang, 9 ihang, 12 ihang ...

MAu dugc chuan bi nhu muc II. Sau do dugc Iron thanh vua iheo ly le

nud'c tieu chuan nhu da xac dinh d" muc V. Sau khi Iron kv Irom; thdi gian

khoang 5 phut dc dal dugc do deo lieu chuan )"di dua vao due khudn ki'ch

ihud'c 2x2x2 cm. Trong khi due dam chal I'di bao dud'ng a nhiel do phdng 24

gid'. Sau do mau dua ra khoi khuon va bao dudng a do am 100% ( ngam

Irong nud'c ).Ti"u'dc khi niau dal dcii cac ngay ludi (Ingay) Ihl vol ra khoi

nudc, lau khd mau va de d" nhiel do 27''C Irong 12 gid roi dcm ihri hen nen.

MAU llui hen nen dudc ep bang 2 lAin ihcp day. Sau dd dal vao may ep

ihuy luc. Dieu chinh cho may ep khi'l vao 2 lain dcm. Bal iiiay chi) lang lu* lir

luc ep khoang 1 / 2 luc du' Imh Irong 1 giay sau do lang nKuih dan. Khi man

l^i pha huy ihl ihuy lu'c lac dung len kim lam kim quay ngugc lai. ddng van

dau \'a doc gia Iri cua kim linh tren ddng hd. Dd la gia Iri lai Irong phii huy

nuiu, do hen ncn cua mAu dugc xac djnh theo cong ihiic :

R =: P / s

Vd'i R : cud'ng do kliang nen ( N/mm" )

P : Luc nen tdi da.

S : dien ifch be mat mAu.

Kel qua hen ncn Ui gia Iri liiinu blnh cua 3 mau llui. Thf ni.ihiciri duo'c

xac diiih lai Iru'dnu dai hoc xay dun\i lia ndi.

•»

Kei qua cho d" bang I 2

Being 12 : Cudng do khdng nen cna xi mang d cac ngdy tuoi

TT Hain krang % Circtiig dc khang nen ( N/nim^) N/X

56 phu gia 28 7

47,0 1 0,28 43.8 0 42,8

44.5 42,3 2 39,7 0.05 0.28

42.5 41.0 3 39.3 0,10 0,285

40.3 41.3 4 39,2 0,15 0,29

40,0 5 39,0 40,1 0,20 0,29

6 0,30 0,30

Tir kel c]ua d bang 12 cho IhAy .

Cudng do ban dAu a cac ngAy tuoi cua cac mAu cd phu gia nhln chung

din IhAp hon mot ft so vdi mAu khong cd phu gin, neii lAy cuong do cna mAu

xi mAng cd |^hu gia la luoi 28 ngay lam chuAn la 100 thl mAu xi mang cd phu

gia cd \hi giam khoang 7 - 20 % tuy theo ham lugng phu gia cho vao .

Neil xel Iheo mac thl deu dat mac PC* 0 theo TCVN 2682 - 92.

Khigherovich [ 19 ] khi viet vi cuang do xi i aAng cd ndi rang " Do hoat

Ifnh cua xi mang ky nude a tuoi 28 ngay dem dugc xac dinh theo chi lieu

cudng do nen \'a keo. Mol sd trudng hgp cudng do lang len 5 - 15 ^'/c Mot sd

Irudng hgp khac lai giam di 5 - 15 % so vdi do hoal tfnh cua xi mang thudng.

nghia la Ihuc Ic ndi chung Ihay ddi hfiu nhu khdig dang ki ". Cung theo lac

gia nay thl mot diem cAn luu y la khi diing xi i lang ky nirdc ( Mulonap va

axit oleic ) khdng phai bao gid cirdng do a tudi 3, 7 ngay dem ciia no ciing

IhAp hon a xi mang khdng phu gia. Thuc te lai c(' Irudng hop nguoc lai cudng

61

do d 3, 7 ngay ciia xi mang ky nud'c lai cao ho'n mAu xi mAng thuang. Dieu

nay phu thuoc vao nhi6u nguyen nhAn trong do quan trgng nhAi la thanh

phAn khoang hoa cua clinker, chat lugng va ham lugng phu gia. Chung ta

biei rAng nhGng phan tu hocit tinh b6 mat ( ua nude, ky nudc ) cd kha nang bi

hA'p phu tren be mat ciia vAt th6, nhung ddi v6i cac khoang clinker cd sir khac

nhau vi thanh phAn khoang hoa a trong hat xi mang thl qua trinh nay xay ra

khac nhau, phu thuoc vao hoat tfnh bi mat va tuy theo cac hgp chAi hSu ca

ky nudc cd kha nAng tcio mang xung quanh hat xi mang. Vdi nhdm mang

di6n gAn vao heat clinker va nhdm ky nudc quay ra ngoai da giam ban kfnli

hieu dung ciia mao quan trong da xi mAng, ngan can sir xAm nhap cua nud'c,

cac mudi vao trong cac 16 trong. VI the se lam tang cudng do cua mac xi

mAng len.Ddng thdi vdi phu gia ky nud'c khdng tham gia phan ling vdi cac

pha clinker de t<70 pha kei dfnh CSH, vl vay chiing khong lam tang cuang do

ciia mac xi mang len.

Nhu vAy khi ta diing phu gia ky nude cho xi mang d ham lugng 0,1 %

den 0,15 % se cd tac dung tot trong trg nghien va bao quan, luu kho xi mAng

ma cud'ng do ciia xi mAng vAn dcit mac cho phep Iheo TCVN 2682 - 92.

CHUdNG 5

DANH GIA XI MANG CO PHU (HA KY NUOC BANG

CAC PHUONG PHAP HOA LY HIEN DAI

Ngoai cac phuang phap ca ly de thii va danh gia xi mang nhu phfin tren

da trinh bay, cac phuong phap phAn lich hoa ly lii nhu'ng phuong phaj^ nghien

ciiu hi^n dai cung dugc diing de phAn tfch danh g,ia xi mAng nhAm di sau vao

ban chA't ciia vAt lieu de chiing minh ro han vi cAii tao khoang hoa va cAu

5, 1 . Phan tich nhieu xa Rcni ^hen

Inic linh the ciia xi mAng.

MAu thii dugc chuAn bi nhu muc 11, V va \ I ciia chuong 4 sau khi dal

28 va 56 ngay ludi.MAu dirge nghicn min rdi sii ly bAng axetc^n nham ngiing

lai qua liinh Ihuy hoa ciia xi mang ,Saii dd dugc phan tfch tren may nhieu xa

4. Ron ghen : X DRay lap. Siemen. 5000 tai Vien khoa hoc vat lieu D Ihugc

Trung tAm Khoa hge tu nhien va Cong nghe qudc gia.

MAu thii ddAy dugc chgn vdi cac ham lirgnii phu gia la 0,10 % , 0,15 %

kei qua phAn tfch dugc tiinh liay d phu luc I va bang 13. tu bang 13 va phu

luc la thAy d mfui cd do ludi 28 ngay vdi ham luong phu gia la 0.1 % va 0,15

^/r cac khoang chfnh ciia xi mang da xiiAi hien tncrng ddi nhi6ii va d6u khAp.

VtVi mAu 56 nga) luoi cac khoang cua qua liinh xi mAng thuy hoa deu da

xuAl hien vdi cudng do cang lang va mAu cd ham lugng 0,15 '/r ihl cudng do

vach i^hd manh hon d man cd ham lugng 0.10 '/r. Dac biet lien ket cpia phan

tfch nhicni \a ron ghen con thAy sir xuAt hien cu; tinh the SiO, Quart/ . Viee

xuAi hien tinh th6 khoang Si02 Quartz trong mAu xi mang dugc coi la dau

hi6u rAi tot cho xi mang.

Nhu vAy cd thi ndi rAng : Dua phu gia ky nudc la axit beo MDV vao xi

mang khong nhiing khong lam anh hudng deii chAi lugng xi mang ma con

Lam tang cac tinh th6 khoang hoa cd anh hudng tot deii cac tinh chAi ca ly

cua xi mang.

Bang 13 : Cudng do vach pho nhieu xa ron ghen cua cac khoang dac

trung trong xi mang 628^ 56 ngdy tuoi cd hdm lupng

phu gia 0,10 % vd 0,15 %.

:\-^ Ca^SiOs

34,4

43,4

51,8

^^^^^^^^ 20

29,5

32,1

^ \ ^^

28 ngay

0,10 %

56 ngay

0,10%

28 ngay

0,15%

56 ngay

0,15 %

64

* Ca (OH)

^.^^^^^ 20

34,2

54,4

28,6

47,2

51,6

^^^^-^^

28 ngay

0,10 %

56 ngay

0,10%

28 ngay

-0,15 %

56 ngay

0,15 %

SiO^ Quartz

27,3

39,5

42,5

56 ngay-

0,10 %

56 ngay -

0,15%

1^-...^^^^^

2 0

56 ngay-0,10%

56 ngay-0,15%

Ca,Al2(S04),(OH),2 2 H ,0

45,6

39,0

30,5

43,0

^--.....^^^

28,6

^ ^ ^ - . .^

* Ca,(Si(,0,8H2)(OH), 2H2O

-

56 ngay-0,10%

-

56 ngay-0.15%

Ca.Ai.O^ H.O.

31,2 38,2 44,8 20 49,0

0 0 0 56 n g a y - 0 . 1 0% 0

12 56 nuav - 0.15''/^ 17 12 12

5. 2 . Phan tich nhiet visa! DTA

MAu thii dugc chuAh bi trong phdng thf ng|- iem nhu muc II va IV trong

60 ngay sau dd dugc dem phAn tfch tren may SHIMADZU DTA - 50 cua

NhAt tai Vien hoa hoc Trung tAm khoa hoc tu nhien va cong nghe qudc gia.

Kei qua phAn tfch dugc truih bay trong phu luc 3:

MAu 0 : mAu ddi chiing.

MAu I : mAu cd ham hrgng j)hu gia la OJO '^n.

MAu 2 : mAu cd ham hrgng phu gia la 0.15 %.

Tr6n gian dd nhiet (phu luc 3 ) ta thA'y d mfui 0 dudng phAn tfch nhiet DTA

cd cac hieu ling thu nhiet d 9 6^

I33''C va 7 50 C. Cac hieu ling thu nhiet d

96"C

la sir mAi nirdfc Am va

I33''C

la sir nAi nude cua hydrosilical

CaOSiO^nH.O = CaO.SiO^ + n H , 0. Hiau ung tl u nhiet d 750"C la sU phAn

giai cua C a C O , = C aO + CO2 ; Ca(C)H),= CaO + H,() . Ket qha nay kha phii

hgp vdi cac tac gia trude da nghi6n ciiu f 3 ].

Tren dud'ng cong giam khoi lugng TGA cu; mAu 0 ( |ihu luc 3) cho biet

h\gn^^ nuac

thoat ra d \HfC

la (),570mg ( 4 J 5 / r) con d nhiet dd 704"C la

1,56 mg (I 3.39 % ) nghia la d mAu \i mAng kh( ng cd phu gia thl sir hut Am

hoi nu'dc va nhAi la khf CO^ d moi trudng khong khf vao xi mAng tu'o^ng ddi

Idn. D'\iu nay kha phii hgp vdi kei qua nhu da

idi d tren. MAu xi mang cd

phu gia vdi ham lugng la 0,10 % va 0,15 % tren duong cong phAn tfch nhiSt

DTA la chi thAy cd hieu ling thu nhiet d dinh I I6''C (I2(V'C ) con cac hieu

ling Ihu nhiet d cac nhiet do cao han nhu 667"C \ a 637"C. Khi cd phu gia cac

hieu ling thu nhiet da cd sir chuyen dich xudng

ihiet do thAp hon. Cd [hi la

do mot phAn chAt huu co' bi chay do do lam dich jhuyen hieu ling.

*

Dirong cong giam khoi luo'ng TGA cua 3 inAu ham kroiig |-)hLi gia 0.0;

0 . 1 0 'f v a ( ) . l5 '.f nhu sau :

Mau 0,0 % : nhiet do 120^C : 0,570 mg (4,15 %)

nhiet do 704^C : l,565mg ( 13,39 % )

MAu 0,10 % : nhiet do 116^C : 0,208 mg ( 1,83 % )

nhiet do 667^C : 0,416 mg ( 3,60 %)

MAu 0,15 %: nhiet do 120°C : 0,1325 mg ( 1,23 %)

nhiet do 639'C : 0,1855 mg ( 1,72 % )

Tir kei qua phAn tfch nhiet visai cho ta thA'y :

Khi su dung phu gia da lam giam qua trinh tien hidral hoa ciia xi mang.

Su giam dd tang theo sir tAng eiia ham lugng phu gia cho vao.

Gian do DTA cua eac mAu xi mAng cd phu gia gAn gidng gian dd DTA

cua mAu ddi chiing khdng cd phu gia. Dieu nay khAng dinh kei qua phAn tfch

cac mAu xi mang tren may nhieu x<7 ran ghen la kha |:)hii hgp.

Nhu vAy trong mAu xi mAng cd phu gia ky nirdfc lugng CaC03 nho han

rA't nhieu so vdi mAu xi mAng khong cd phu gia. Nghia la d xi mAng cd phu

gia ky nudc thl sir hiit Am va khf CO2 tii moi trudng khong khf vao trong xi

mang nhd han rAi nliieu so vdi xi mang khong cd phu gia ( khoang 7 lAn ).

Su khac nhau ve ham lugng cac khoang giua mAu xi mang khong cd

phu gia va cd phu gia chu yeu d cho khoang Ca(0H)2 va CaC03 trong xi

mAng cd phu gia ft han d xi mang khong cd phu gia. Dieu dd ndi len phu gia

ky nudc tao thanh mang bao phii len cac hat xi mang va da tac dung len ion

canxi Ca"""" lam cho ham lugng nay trong xi mang ky nude ddng rdn bi giam

di va lien quan vdi nd la giam lugng CaCO,. Tlie hien tren gian do hicu ling

thu nhiet d 639^'C cua mAu xi mAng ky nudc yeu han va lugng nuac thoat ra

d dAy Cling ft ho'n tuang ling 0,1855 mg ( 1,72 % ) so vdi mAu xi mAng khong

cd phu gia.

5. 3 . Phan tich quang pho hong ngoai.

MAu dugc chuAn hi trong phdng thf nghiem nhu d muc II \«i IV cua

chuang 4. cac mfui dem do la mAu ddi chiing khdng cd phu gia va mau co

phu gia cd ham hrgng 0,10 % va 0,15 %. Ca 3 mAu nay deu d 60 ngay tuoi

bao quan.

Cac mAu deu dugc do Uen may quang phd hong ngoai tai Vien hoi\ hoc

thuoc Trung tAm khoa hoc tu nhien va cong nj. he qudc gia. Irong khoang

vfuig bude sdng X - 400 - 4000 cm '. Ket qua d u ic chi ra d phu luc 4.

Tren dudng cong ghi phd cua [lid hdng ng( ai cac khoang dac tiung clio

xi mang da dugc thuy hoa thanh tinli the nhir : /\lil. ettiinghit, mono sulphat

deu dirge the hien id d cac bude sdng : 527; I 125; 2900 ( in '. Con d xaing

pic 3500 — 3600 Cm ' la viing pic dac liung cho [ihd hdng ngoai cua nudc ,

ta thay d dAy phd hdng ngoai chi ro cho ta thA\ kha nAng chdng hut Am hoi

nudc trong moi trudng vao xi mAng cua xi mAng cd phu gia ki nUdc la rat ro

ret. The hien d dien tfch viing phci nay ciia mAu Idi chung nhd han dien tfch

viing phd cua mAu cd phu gia la rAi nhieu. D a: biet d pic 1447 Cm ' phd

hdng ngoai chi ro dirdng cong ciia ion hydroxyl OH d mAu xi mang khong

ct) phu gia dat cu'c dai, con d mAu xi mang cd ham lugng |")hu gia ki nudc

0, lO'/p thl pic 1447 da giaiii di ro ret. Den mAu xi mang cd ham lugng phu

gia 0,15% thl pic 1447 Cm ' chi con lAt nho. diei dd da chiing to sir hut Am d

mfui xi mang cd ham hrgng phu gia O.I5^r la i it ft. hay ndi each khac khi

cho 0.15% phu gia ki nude vao xi mAng thl xi mAng But Son da cd kha nang

chdng Am tu moi liirdng vao xi mang khi bao c|U in la kha tdi. Ion OH

(V day

cd the la cua nv\ac nhirng cung c(i Ihe la cua xi i King hi ihuy hoa do hiil am

tCr moi trudng vao, dii sao dAy ciing chfnh

la :a sd quan Irong gop phfin

khAng dinh kha nang chong hut Am cua xi mang khi su dung phu gia ki nudc

la kha tdi. ODieu daim no\ a day la khi ^o s:'ml pic 1447 cm ' \di A I LA I

ciia cac cong tiinh nghien ciiu trude thl din khdng thay ndi den pie nay. vay

phai chAng dAy la mot phat hien mdi cua de tai.

vSu xuAi hien cac pic tren gian dd f^hd hdng igoai la kha phii hop vdi ket

qua cong liinh nghien ciiu cua tac gia Tavlor 1 2!! ], Cliu'ng minh mol lan luia

cac kei qua nghien ciiu phAn tfch cua cac phuong, jihap hoa ly hien dai la kha

phii hgp vdi cac kei qua nghien ciiu d tren.

5. 4 . Phan tich biing kinh hien vi dien tii .

Tlif nghiem dugc thuc hien tai phdng do hien vi dien lii cua Vien khoa

hge vAt lieu thuoc Trung tAm khoa hoc tu nhien \a cong nghe qudc gia . MAu

do dugc chuAn bi nhu muc II va III xac dinh (V c;ic ludi 28 va 56 ngay vdi cac

ham lugng phu gia cho vao xi mang la 0,10 'A \ \ 0, l5Vf. Ket qua dugc tiinh

bay d phu luc 5.

BAng i^hu'o'ng phap hien vi dien lii v(yi do |ih nig dai 2000 lAn cho la ihA)'

rd han hinh anh nhiing khoang nhu kel c|ua pi An tfch bang nhieu xa Ron

ghen ddng thdi anh chiip cung cho la thAy id hoi .sang to hon ve cAii I rue cua

da xi mang Ihuy hoa d mAu xi mAng ky nude.

0 dAy ta thAy lAi ro rang cac tinh the etliinnhit dang Ihanh vh dang tinh

the' hinh kim lien ket dan vao nhau. dA) la nhun^j linh the chfnh cua qii;i liinh

Ihuy hoa xi mAng thanh cac tinh the khoang. Do ig thdi ciing vdi cac linh the

ettiinghil ta ciing IhAy rAi id cac tinh the hinh chop ngu giac cua linh the

hydrat.Tat ca cac tinh the nav dan cai wio nhau r ii deu dan .

Sir xuat hien cac cAii tnic tinh the nhu da n u (V Iren cluing to rang: Ciic

khoang quan trgng Irong xi mang nhu Alii. Bt lil.Tiicanxialuminat deu da

tham gia phan ung thus hoa.tao thanh cac tinh Ihe dac tiUng cho xi mAng

thuy hoa chuyen thanh cac pha ket dfnh ben vunj'../.

70

Ket luan

Tii' nhung kei qua thf nghiem thu dugc, chiing toi di deii kei luan sau :

1 j Axit beo MDV CxH^COOH hoan toan cd the sii dung de lam phu gia ky

nudc va trg nghien cho xi mang. Dicing axit MDV lam phu gia trg nghicn va

hao quan xi mang rai thuan tien, khong gAy doc hai cung nhu khdng lani an

mdn, pha huy thiei bi.

2) Khi sir dung axil MDV trong san xuAi xi mang da lam tang do min kha

Id'n ( hoac giam dugc thdi gian nghien den 20 % , neu giu* nguyen do niin ).

liing nang xuai may nghien, mciy ddng bao . Trong dieu kicn nay ham lugng

phu gia dcm diing tot nhai a khoang OJO % - 0,15 % \\\co khoi lugng xi

mang . Khdng lam ihay ddi mac xi mang , Iranh dugc sU cd do xi mang vdn

cue Irong may dong bao . Nang cao du'gc chAi lugng xi mang.

3) Phu gia axil MDV ngoai tac dung trg nghicn va chdng \on cue cho may

d^Mig bao, thl xi mang hau nhu khdng hi vdn cue sau 90 ngay bao cjuan.

chiing dugc su giam mac cua ximang Irong qua liinh luu kho .

4) Ximang ky nu'dc vcii phu gia la axil MDV cd dac diem ihdi gian ninh kei

kco dai ,dg hiil am ihap so vdi xi mang ihud'ng .

5) Do xi mang ky nUcic dicing phu gia la axil MDV cd kha nang chdng hul am

kha idl Vii cd ihe bao U)an mac kha dai ncn cd Igi irong vice luu kho lau ma

khdng phai dao bao.Do do lici kiC'm thdi gian va gia thanh Irong vice ki

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M A S T E R S I Z ER

m. ^Mmzmmmm:^

Result: Histogram Report Sample Details 9

Run Number Record Number. 71

Measured Wed Feb 16 2000 11 53AM Analysed. Wed Feb 16 2000 11 53AM Result Source: Analysed

ID: Mau cementO File: MINH Path: C:\SIZERMP\DATA\ Notes: Khoa Hoa

System Details

Measured Beam Obscuration: 14.6 %

[Panicle R I = ( 1 5960, 0 3000):

Dispersant R I = 1 3300]

Residual 0.805 %

!r: Internal tation' 5P1D IS Model Polydisperse ations: None

Result Statistics

Specific S.A = 0 5673 sq m / g

4.17 urn

jtion Type. Volume Diameters: 1 = 20,98 urn

Concentration = 0 0108%Vol D ( v .0 1)= D [3, 2| =

3.53 um

Density = 3 000 g/cub. cm D (v, 0 5) = 17 03 urn Span = 2 213E+00

D (V. 0,9) = 4 1 8 7 um Uniformity = 6.985E-01

Size

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

0.27

1 30 0 99 0 73 0 52 0,35 0 22 0 13 0 08 004 0.03 0.03 0,02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 00 0,00 0 00 0,00 0.00 0 00 0.00

0 00 0.00 0,00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0.00 0.01 0 01 0 03 0,04 0.06 0.11 0 17 0.25 0.34 0.43 0.51 0,57 0.57 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.39 0.33

1 10 1.35 1.64 1 98 2 34 2.72 3.13 3.52 3.90 4 25 4 54 4 76 4.90. 4.96 4,93 4.81 4.61 4.34 401 364 3,24 2 83 2 42 2 02 1 65

0 21 0 16 0 13 0 13 0 13 0 14 0 14 0.15 0.16 0 17 0 17 0 17 0 18 0 18 0 19 0.20 0 22 0.25 0 29 0.36 0.44 0.56 0.70 0 88

ze m) .050 055 060 .066 .073 .080 087 096 .105 .116 .127 .139 ,153 168 .184 .202 222 .244 267 294 ,322 ,354 .388 .426 .468 ,513

54 12 5941 6521 71 57 78 56 86 23 94 65 103,9 1140 125.2 137.4 150.8 165.5 181.7 199 4 218,9 2403 263.7 2895 317.8 348.8 382.8 4202 461 2 505 3 555.7

Size (um) 5.27 579 6,35 6 97 7.65 8 40 9 22 10.12 1111 12.19 13,38 14.69 16 12 17,70 19.42 21,32 2340 25 69 28 19 30,95 33.97 37 29 40.93 44.92 49.31 54.12

Size (um) 0.513 0.564 0619 0679 0 745 0,818 0 898 0985 1.08 1.19 1.30 1 43 1,57 1.72 1.89 208 2 28 2.50 2 75 3,01 3.31 3.63 3.99 4.38 4 80 5.27

Mau cementO

Volume (%)

100

i

_80

/ ^ ^ " ^\ /

:

N

:

:

:

60

•

\

/

/

40

/

\

20

^

:0

100.0

1000 0

1-0

10.0

1

Particle Diameter (pm.)

lenls Ltd.

Mastersizer Microplus Ver 2 17 Serial Number 33850-57

16 Feb 00 11

i84-892456 Fax +[44) (0)1684-892789

'•':9!9;»SS9S94««fiS90y^->t:;»(«S9^

A S T E R S I Z ER

Result: Histogram Report Sample Details

2

Run Number: Record Number: 68

Measured: Wed Feb 16 2000 9 31AM Analysed: Wed Feb 16 2000 9.31AM Result Source: Analysed

ID: Mau cement^ File: MINH Path: C:\SI2ERMP\DATA\ Notes: Density=3,000g/cm''3

Presentation 5PID

System Details

Measured Beam Obscuration: 17.3%

[Particle R.I. = (1.5960. 0.3000);

Dispersant R I. = 1.3300]

Residual: 0.754%

: Internal ation: 5PID i Model: Polydisperse itions: None

Result Statistics

Volume

Specific S.A. = 0.5624 sq. m / g

3.33 um

ion Type: iameters: = 19.31

Concentration = 0 0125%Vol D(v, 0 1)= D [3. 2] =

3.56 um

Density = 3.000 g/cub. cm D (v. 0.5) = 16.51 um Span = 2.055E+00

um

D (v. 0,9) = 37.27 um Uniformity = 6.383E-01

e

Volume ln%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0,00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.12 0 20 0 29 0.39 0.50 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.53 0.49 0.44 0.39

1) 150 )55 )60 166 )73 180 187 )96 05 16 27 39 53 68 84 !02 !22 J44 167 !94 122 154 188 126 168 i13

0.32 0.26 0,21 0.18 0.17 017 0.17 0,18 0.19 0,20 0.22 0,23 0.23 024 0 25 0,26 0 27 0 29 0 32 0 36 0,41 0.48 0.58 0,71 0.86

1.06 1.29 1.56 1 89 2 26 2 66 3,10 3.54 3 99 4.42 4.78 5.08 5.30 5 39 5.36 5.19 4.91 4.53 4.07 3.57 3.05 2,53 2.04 1,59 1 20

0 88 0.61 0 40 0.25 0.15 0 09 0 05 0.04 0 03 0 03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0,01 0 00 0 00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Size (um) 54.12 59 41 65 21 71 57 78 56 8623 94 65 1039 114.0 125,2 1374 150.8 165 5 181 7 199.4 2189 240 3 253,7 289.5 317.8 348.8 3828 420,2 461.2 506.3 555,7

Size (um) 5 27 5 79 6 35 6.97 7 65 8.40 9 22 1012 11 11 12,19 13.38 14.69 16.12 17 70 19.42 21.32 23 40 2569 28.19 30.95 33 97 37 29 40 93 44 92 49.31 54,12

Size (um) 0.513 0,564 0 6 19 0 679 0 745 0818 0 898 0.985 1.08 1.19 1.30 1.43 1 57 1 72 1.89 2.08 2.28 2.50 2.75 3.01 3 31 3.63 3,99 4 38 4 80 5,27

Mau cementi

Volume (%)

100.0

10.0

1000.0

Particle Diameter (pm.)

lis Ltd

Mastersizer Microplus Ver 2 17 Serial Number: 33850-57

16 Feb 00 09 3

t-892456 Fax +{44] (0)1684-892789

K->w-iia»iKftCfii>KflBSiasisw:«wc:>!^^

• :oao«>^o«->:->x^^.>qo.^qM<«-v>-^--- -'•MMf^^^bgiy? » - - » : - ' & M q f t f l » » » : > x -;

'^r^m-ufff-'y^^j^ffKtrry.',

M A S T E R S I Z ER

Result: Histogram Report Sample Details 3

Run Number Record Number: 69

Measured: Wed Feb 16 2000 9 52AM Analysed: Wed Feb 16 2000 9.52AM Result Source: Analysed

e ID: Mau cement2 eFile: MINH e Path C:\SIZERMP\DATA\ e Notes:

System Details

Measured Beam Obscuration: 22.6 %

(Particle R.I. = ( 15960, 0.3000);

Dispersant R.I. = 1.3300]

Residual: 0 9 6 9%

er: Internal ntation: 5PID ;is Model: Polydisperse cations: None

Result Statistics

Specific S.A. = 0.7093 s q . m /g

ution Type: Volume Diameters: i] = 22.55 um

Concentration = 0.0145%Vol D (v. 0.1) = 1.77 um D [3. 2) =

2.82 um

Density = 3,000g/cub. cm D (v, 0.5) = 16 17 um Span = 2.988E+00

D(v, 0.9)= 50.11 um Uniformity = 9.236E-01

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

Volume ln%

0.36 0.31 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0,30 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.41

0 00 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.19 0,26 0.33 0.42 0.50 0.57 0,60 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.50 0 46 0.41

0 46 0.53 0.62 0.73 0,87 1 03 1 20

Iize jm) )050 )055 )060 ).066 ).073 ).080 ).087 )096 )105 ).116 ).127 ).139 ),153 ).168 ).184 ).202 ).222 ).244 ).267 )294 ).322 ).354 )388 )426 )468 ).513

Size (um) 0513 0.564 0619 0679 0 745 0,818 0,898 0985 1 08 1.19 1.30 1.43 1.57 1.72 1 89 2.08 2,28 2.50 2.75 3 01 3.31 363 3 99 4.38 4.80 5 27

1.41 1.63 1 86 2.12 2.39 2.65 2.92 3.16 3 39 3 59 3,75 3.87 3,95 3 98 3.95 3.87 3.75 3.58 3 38 3.16 2,92 2 67 2 42 2 16 1.91

1 66 1.42 1 19 0.99 0.80 0 64 0.51 0.40 0.32 0 25 0 18 0 08 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0 00 0.00

Size (um) 5 27 5 79 6 35 6 97 7 65 8 40 9 22 1012 11 11 1219 13 38 14 69 1612 17 70 19 42 21 32 23 40 2569 28 19 30 95 3397 37 29 40 93 44 92 49 31 54 12

Size (um) 54,12 59.41 65.21 71,57 78 56 86 23 94,65 103 9 1140 125.2 137.4 150.8 165 5 181 7 199 4 218.9 240,3 263.7 289.5 317,8 348.8 382.8 420,2 461 2 506.3 555.7

Mau cement2

Volume (%)

10.0

100.0

10000

Particle Diameter (pm.)

lents Ltd

Mastersizer Microplus Ver 2 17 Serial Number: 33850-57

16 Feb 00 09

)84-892456 Fax +(44] (0)1684-892789

; w s K S f t S N c - ^^ •-••»>• •.•;>^>>si

«-;<-.-^-«»3«Ki!M«'.

i^^i3tUxJ.«kJ

i v i / \ S T E R S I Z ER

Result: Histogram Report Sample Details

Run Number-

4

Measured: Wed Feb 16 2000 10 14AM Analysed: Wed Feb 16 2000 10.15AM Result Source: Analysed

)' Mau cement3 lie: (Result Not Saved) ath: C:\SIZERMP\DATA\ totes: Khoa Hoa

System Details

Measured Beam Obscuration: 29.6 %

[Particle R.I. = (1.5960, 0.3000);

Dispersant R.I. = 1.3300]

Residual: 1.251 %

Internal :Jon: 5PID Model: Polydisperse ons: None

Result Statistics

SpeciHcS.A. = 0.9323 s q . m /g

)n Type; Volume imeters

1.57 um

42.57 um

Concentration = 0.0198 %Vol D (V. 0 1)= D [3. 2] =

2.15 um

Density = 3.000 g/cub, cm D (v. 0.5) = 20.93 um Span = 4.934E+00

D(v, 0.9)= 104.83 um Uniformity = 1.606E+00

Volume l n%

Volume ln%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

0.28 0.25 0.22 0 20 0 20 0 20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.48 0.55 0.64 0.75 0.87 1 01

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0 20 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.51 0,51 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.39 0.36 0.32

1.16 1.32 1.49 1.67 1 85 2 03 2 22 2.38 2,54 2.69 2.81 2.91 2.98 3.03 3.05 3.04 3.01 2.95 2.87 2.78 2.68 2.56 2.45 2.33 2 22

2.10 1.99 1.88 1.77 1.66 1 55 1.43 1.31 1.19 1.06 0.94 0.83 0.73 0.64 0 57 0.51 0.46 0.42 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.16 0.08 0 06

\ >0 >5 JO J6 '3 JO J7 J6 )5 16 17 J9 53 58 34 )2 12 H 57 34 12 54 38 26 58 13

Size (um) 5.27 5 79 6 35 6.97 7.65 8.40 9 22 10.12 11.11 1219 13.38 14.69 16.12 17.70 19.42 21.32 23.40 25 69 2819 30 95 33,97 37 29 4093 44 92 49.31 54.12

Size (um) 54.12 59.41 65.21 71.57 78,56 86,23 94 65 103.9 114,0 125.2 137.4 150.8 165.5 181.7 199,4 218.9 240.3 263.7 289.5 3178 348.8 382.8 420.2 461.2 506.3 555.7

Size (um) 0.513 0.564 0.619 0.679 0,745 0.818 0 898 0 9 85 1.08 1.19 1.30 1.43 1.57 1.72 1.89 2.08 2.28 2,50 2 75 3.01 3,31 3.63 3.99 4.38 4.80 5.27

IVlau cements

Volume (%)

100

^80

^60

^40

~0

100.0

10.0

1000.0

1.0

Particle Diameter (pm.)

ts Ltd.

Mastersizer Microplus Ver 2 17 Serial Number, 33850-57

p 16 Feb 00 10:

-892456 Fax +[44] (0)1684-892789

^ . v - ^• •>>-•.•<-}:

•:«;«!«alM->V?«'>;^:»»3£JMaK^.ii-;

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IV! A S T E R S I Z ER

Result: Histogram Report Sample Details

6

Run Number: Record Number, 70

Measured: Wed Feb 16 2000 11 06AM Analysed: Wed Feb 16 2000 11.06AM Result Source: Analysed

D: Mau cement4 -ile: MINH 'ath: C:\SIZERMP\DATA\ ^iotes: Khoa Hoa

System Details

Measured Beam Obscuration: 25.2 %

[Particle R.I, = ( 1 5960, 0 3000);

Dispersant R I. = 1,3300]

Residual: 2.717%

Internal ition:5PID Model; Polydisperse lions: None

Result Statistics

Specific S.A. = 0 6870 sq. m / g

4.72 um

on Type; Volume ameters: = 63.25 um

Concentration = 0.0230 %Vol D (V, 0.1) = D [3, 2) =

2.91 um

Density = 3.000 g/cub. cm D (v, 0.5) = 35 13 um Span = 4,783E+00

D(v. 0.9)= 172.72 um Uniformity = 1.363E+00

3

Volume l n%

Volume I n%

Volume l n%

Volume l n%

0.01 0 01 0.03 0,04 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.21

0,18 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.11 0,11 0,11 0.12 0.12 0 13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24 0.27 0 31 0,36 0,41 0.48 0.55

0.63 0,72 0.83 0 94 1.07 1.21 1.36 1.51 1.67 1.84 2.01 2.18 234 2 50 2,64 2.77 2.88 2.98 3.05 3.09 3.11 3.11 3.07 3.00 2,90

2 78 2.63 2.47 2 31 2 15 2.02 1,91 1 83 1.78 1 76 1.75 1 75 1.74 1.70 1.62 1,48 1,28 1.05 0.82 0.60 0.39 0.11 0,00 0.00 0 00

) 50 55 60 56 73 80 87 96 05 16 27 39 53 68 84 02 22 44 67 94 22 54 88 26 68 13

Size (um) 527 5.79 6 35 6,97 7.65 8,40 9 22 10.12 11.11 12,19 13 38 14.69 16 12 17,70 19.42 21.32 2340 25 69 28 19 30.95 3397 37 29 40 93 44 92 49 31 5412

Size (um) 54.12 59 41 65 21 71.57 78 56 86 23 94 65 103.9 1140 125 2 137 4 150.8 165 5 181 7 199 4 2 1 89 240 3 263.7 289,5 317.8 348.8 3828 4202 461.2 506.3 555.7

Size (um) 0.513 0.564 0 6 19 0.679 0.745 0,818 0.898 0,985 1,08 1.19 1.30 1.43 1.57 1.72 1.89 2.08 2.28 2.50 2.75 3.01 3,31 3 63 3.99 4,38 4 80 5.27

Mau cement4

Volume (%)

100

^80

60

^40

"20

"O

100.0

10.0

1000.0

Particle Diameter (pm)

Its Ltd

p

Mastersizer Microplus Ver 2 17 Serial Number 3385U-57

16 Feb 00 11 C

4-892456 Fax +(44) (0)1684-892789

Thermal Analysis Data

DTA uV

40.00

20.00

0.00

755.04C

9r».00C

133.17C

•20.00

-40.00

1

1

J

1

1

1

1000.00

0.00

500.00 Teinp[C]

81 1 8 M0 D 60 S h i m a d zu D T A - 50 MO 2 4 . 9 0 [ m g] A l u m i na A ir D i nh X u an L oc

File N a m e: D e t e c t or T y p e: S a m p le N a m e: W e i g h t: C e l l: A t m o s p h e r e; C o m m( 3nt:

S H I M A D ZU C O R P O R A T I ON I N S T I T UF OF C H E M IS I RY T el 7 5 64 4 06

T e mp P r o g r am R a te [ C / m i n] 1 0 .0

H o ld Teri-ip H o ld T i me [ C] 1 0 0 0 .0

[ m i n] 0 O

^1 iivv} I

rhermal Analysis Data

40.00

20.00

•20.00

•40.00

0.00

1000.00

500.00 Teni|)[C]

B 1 1 8 M 1 . D 60

Ile N a m e: ) e t e c t or T y p e: S h i m a d zu D T A - 50 Ml l a m p le N a m e: 2 7 . 2 0 [ m g] V e i g h t: A l u m i na : e l l: A ir t r n o s p h e r e: D i nh X u an L oc C o m m e n t:

S H I M A D ZU C O R P O R A T I ON I N S T I T UE OF C h f E M I S T RY T el 7 5 64 4 06

f e mp P r o g r am ^ a te C / m i n] 1 0 .0

H o ld T e mp H o ld T i me [ C] 1 0 0 0 .0

[ m i n] 00

Qy iO

d

rhermal Analysis Data

40.00

20.00

•20.00

•40.00

0.00

1000.00

500.00 Tein|)[C]

B 1 1 9 M2 D 60 S h i m a d zu D T A - 50 M2 29 2 0 [ m g] A l u m i na Air D i nh X u an L oc

File N a m e: D e t e c t or T y p e; S a m p le N a m e: W e i g h t: C e l l: A t m o s p h e r e: C o m m e n t:

S H I M A D ZU C O R P O R A T I ON I N S T I T UE OF C H E M I S T RY T el 7 5 64 4 06

T e mp P r o g r am R a te [ C / m i n] 1 00

H o ld T e mp H o ld T i me [ C] 1 0 0 0 .0

[ m i n] 0 .0

0 nl

rhermal Analysis Data

D i - I GA nig/mill

TGA %

-0.00

100.00

-0.10

0.20

704.39C

50.00

-0.30

0.40

0.00

1000.00

0.00

500.00 T c i n p [ C]

File N a m e; D e t e c t or T y p e: S a m p le N a me W e i g h t: C e l l: A t m o s p h e r e: C o m m e nt

C 1 1 8 M 0 . D 20 S h i m a d zu T G A - 5 0H MO 1 3 , 7 4 [ m g] A l u m i na A ir D i nh X u an L oc

S h l l M A D ZU C O R P O R A T I ON I N S T I T UE OF C H E M I S T RY T el 7 5 64 4 06

T e mp P r o g r am R a te [ C / m i n] 1 0 .0

H o ld T e mp H o ld T i me [ C] 1 0 0 0 .0

[ m i n] 0 .0

^h

iCi^ 1

rhermal Analysis Data

DrTGA ing/min

TGA %

-0.00

667.82C

116.76C

0.10

100.00

29.62C

-5.481%

-0,624n»y

690.76C

0.20

0.30

50.00

0.40

h0.50

0.00

1000.00

0.00

500.00 TeinplC]

C 1 2 0 M 1 . D 60 S h i m a d zu T G A - 5 0H M1 11 3 8 [ m g] A l u m i na A ir D i nh X u an L oc - V K H VL

File N a m e: D e t e c t or T y p e: S a m p le N a me W e i g h t: C e l l; A t r i i o s p h e r e: C o m m e n t:

S H I M A D ZU C O R P O R A T I ON I N S T I T UE OF C H E M I S T RY T e l. 7 5 64 4 06

T e mp P r o g r am R a te [ C / m i n] 1 0 .0

H o ld T e mp H o ld T i me [ C] 1 0 0 0 .0

[ m m] 0 .0

') < K

hernial Analysis Data

OiTGA nig/inin

TGA %

110.00

0.00

105.00

639.3(iC

120.ri6C

100.00

rO.lO

0.3l8m«

-2.957%

665.000

95.00

0.20

1000.00

0.00

500.00 Temp[C]

CI 1 9 M 2 . D 60 S h i m a d zu T G A - 5 0H M2 1 0 . 7 7 [ m g] A l u m i na A ir D i nh X u an L oc

•ile N a m e; ) e t e c t or T y p e: Sample N a me V e i g h t: : e l l: a t m o s p h e r e: C o m m e n t;

S H I M A D ZU C O R P O R A T I ON I N S T I T UE OF C H E M I S T RY T e l. 7 5 64 4 06

T e mp P r o g r am R a te [ C / m i n] 1 0 .0

H o ld T e mp H o ld T i me [ C] 1 0 00 0

[ m i n] 0 .0

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lai lieu tham khao

1 . Vfi Dang Do - Giao (nnh giang day sau dai hoc - Cac phirong phap vilt

ly li'ng dung trong hoa hoc v6 co - Khoa hoix - Dai hoc khoa hoc lir nhien

(Chifa xiutf ban ).

2 . Pham Manh Hung - 1999 - Luan van tot nghiep - Dai hoc khoa hoc Tir

nhien.

3 . Triin Danh Hoa - Dao Tien Dat - 1987 - Bao cao (ong ket loan dien

nghien ciiu irng dung phu gia ky niro'c . Vien khoa hoc ky thufit xfly dii'ng

Bo xAy Dung .

4 . Fhung Van Lir - 1987 - Vat li^u xAy dirng - NhU xuat ban Giao due.

5 . Nguy6n Thi Mai - 1994 - Luftn van tot nghiep .Jin hoc khoa hoc lir

nhien .

6 . DO DiTc Oanh - I 1/1998 - Uiig dung cac bien phap hoa hoc giam lieu

hao nhien lieu, nang Iiro'ng. Nang cao nang suA'l Ihifil bi , chA'l liro'ng va

chung locai ^ i mang - Bao cao hoi Ihao hoa hoc irong xAy dung . Hi\ n()i .

7 . Phan Van Tuong - Giao tiinh gi«ang day sau dai hoc - Chuyen dc PhAn

tfch nhiet (|•on^ hoa hoc vo co' - Khoa Hoa . Da' hoc khoa hoc Ur nhifin

( Chira xual ban) .

8 . Phan Van Tuong - 1993 - Vat lieu Vo co* tap I . Dai hoc khoa hoc tir

nhien .

9 . Vu Xuan Truong - 1997 - Giao Innh giang day mon xi mang . Nha

may xi mang But son .

10 .Giao Innh Ihirc tAp VAt lieu xAy dirng - 1990 - Khoa VAl lieu xAy dirng -

Trn'ong Dai hoc XAy dvjng Ha noi .

I I,TCVN 140 - 1964 Tieu chuAn Ihir col V xi m.ing .

12.TCVN 4029 - 1985 Tieu chuAn IhiVco' ly xi m;mg .

13.TCVN 141 - 1986 Xi mang , F'huo-ng phap [ihAn Ifch hoa hoc .

14.TCVN - 1995 Xi mang Pooc lang ben stin|:)hat .

15.TCVN 2682 - 1992 I'lurong phap lhirc(r ly xi mang

ica/uiAara iiayK :

16. Nguyen Hong Lam - 1986. ZlncccpTanHM na concKannc yMtMioii cTcnenn nccjicAOBaniic TCXUHMCCKUX IIOBCXHOCTIIO - ynjioTnenHM orncynopubix npcccriopomKOB aKTimnbiMH ucuiccTnaMii iipii iiojiycyxoM iipcccooannn n ii|)ii I3n6paunii CcjJibuioii MacroTbi . Xapbicou.

17. Nguyen Hfru Phuc -M 1971 rioiJcpxnocTiK) - axTWunbic ;i.()6apin!

JXJ\^ y;iyMinenii>i ciu)iicTpa ueMeMcnroB, pacTBopoB n 6cT()noB. ABr()pc(Jx;i.nccc|^TaiUMi na concK. yMcii crcnciin Kan;i. Texn. nayK.

UCMCUT "PIn(j:)()pManHonnbic c()()6iucnnM nnnncMcuTa" N*' 2. 1949. Tpy/ibi nHHUcMeuTa . Bbiii 3.

18. XnrcpoBnM M . H. rHApoil:K)6in,iii 1950 -

19. XnrcpoBiiM M.PL 1958 - I^n;ip()(l)C)6nbn'i ncMcnr npoM. Crpoii.

H:vi.aT.

20.

n:ui. Mcpiioii i'oc.

Pc6nnAcp n . A. 1933 - n;i|). (|)ii:inK() - XMMIIM (l);i()Taiui()iiiii)ix ni)onccc()B ii UBonioii MeTaji.aypTiin M.n.CB.

2 1. n . A. 1937 - n!:»ii yMacniii iioTpoFJoii

II TL Pc6nn/iep CMiipnoBoii A.M. iioJOKiiiircnoii E TL (l^naiiKo - XIIMIIMC^CKMC^ OcnoBbi. nponaBo/iCTiia iici[()6cT()ii()B. HrujccrnM. OT/I.. T(\XK. HayK A . H. C C C P.

22. Knn.ncB. A.B. 197(S- IlBanoB P . H.

ncpcn(MrniBi>i /Kyp.

n]-)()ii:5iu)TCTi5a. FnyiporcxiMiMccKHX ucMcnron B Cii6npn Ll^cMciiT N'' 12.

23. HnanoBa P . n. 1979 - Opocr npnMcncnnM rn;ip()(l)f)r)ii()r()

nopTJianncMcirra B rii/ipocTp()iri(vn>cTB(\ /Kyp rn;i. CTP. N" 4.

npoMMOCTlI IIOBC^p^ICIlOCTIK) - aKTlI BJ I MX BCHICCTB. / K y p i l. Tf'Xi!.

24 Pc6nn/icp n . A. PL Ka./iiiiioiHMcaM 1932 - I LA. rioiin/iccMiiK^

On.i T.l Bbiii. 7-(S.

2")

r O CT 1017cS - 76 iiopiviaiiiicMcMiT n uu'iaKo - iiopTJiaiiycwKMir - T O X i l l l M C C K l IC V C . ' I O l J l i M.

25 .Davis and Higginson 1986 - Guide for use of Adimixture in

concrete ACT Manmal of concret pactici .

27 .Mr. Rixon . 1986 - Chemical admixtures for concrete - London.

28 .H .F .W Taylor . 1964 - The Chemistry of cements volume 2.

Academic pres London and New York .

Luận văn Thạc sĩ Hóa học: Nghiên cứu ứng dụng tính chất kỵ nước của axit MDV đối với quá trình nghiền clinker và tăng thời gian bảo quản xi măng

Trong phạm vi của đề tài, tác giả tiến hành khảo sát, nghiên cứu, ứng dụng loại phụ gia axit béo MDV vào xi măng pooclang Bút Sơn nhằm đáp ứng yêu cầu đã nêu đó. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.

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