Mấy bài học từ những đóng góp và hạn chế của Nguyễn Trường Tộ

M A Y Bfir HQC TCr NHCifNG OdNG Q6P Vfl H6N CHE<br /> Cdfl NGCIYEH TRat^NG TQ<br /> <br /> <br /> TRAN VAN THtrC<br /> TRAN VAN DAI LOI*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> L au nay, gidi nghien cflu trong va<br /> ngodi nfldc dd bdn nhilu v l danh si<br /> Nguyin Trfldng To. Mpt sd' ngfldi da d l cdp<br /> mdn md gi vdi con dudng md cac nho si bd'y<br /> gid deo duoi Id di hpc, di thi, do dat vd ldm<br /> quan (1). Trinh dp Han vdn cua dng, theo<br /> din nghieh I^ canh tan, bi kich Nguyin Linh muc Vo Thanh Tam: "Ong khdng dd<br /> Trfldng To, nguygn nhdn thd't bai tfl tudng dgt gi cd (dflng ra Id dng khong h i dfl thi<br /> canh tdn cua dng vd cua cdc nhd canh tdn khoa nao) md viet dieu trdn bang Hdn vdn<br /> t h i ky XIX. Tuy vdy, dilu quan trpng hdn mpt cdch thdng thgo, dung lugt li, ro rdng,<br /> Id rflt ra bdi hpc cho cdng cudc doi mdi hipn duyin ddng khii'n cdc vi khoa bdng triiu<br /> nay cua dd't nfldc ta lai chfla dflpc chfl •^ dinh Hui'bdy gid eung phdi kinh phuc. Di'n<br /> dflng mflc, nhd't Id bdi hpc tfl nhflng ddng nhu eu hodng gidp Huynh Thdc Khdng, thu<br /> gdp cua nhd tfl tfldng canh tan loi lae ndy. khoa thi huang, thi hpi, chi thi dinh mdi do<br /> 1. Nguyin Trfldng To sd'ng eupc ddi kha thd ba md cung nhgn la Nguyin TrUdng Tp<br /> ngin ngui. Ong sinh ndm 1828 (hay 1830?) ed ldi viet Hdn vdn khuc chiet vd rdn roi'<br /> vd trfldc khi v l vdi Chfla ngdy 22-11-1871, (2). GS. Lg Tri Viin thi cho ring "bdi Trdn<br /> each day dflng 140 ndm, dng dd kip dg lai Tinh cua Nguyin TrUdng Tp cd the xep la<br /> mpt Sil nghiep sang chdl. mpt dng vdn xudi trQ tinh rdt hay chdng<br /> kem gi Nguc Trung ThU cda Phan Bpi<br /> Thud nhd dng hpc chfl Han d nhd vdi<br /> Ch&u" (3).<br /> than phy Nguyin Qud'c Thfl. Tfl ndm 1840<br /> dng theo hpc t h i y Tu Giai (Dfldng Dodn Ndm 1856, Nguyen Trfldng To dfldc gido<br /> Huy) d Bfli Ngoa; ndm 1847 - 1850 theo hpe xfl Xd Dodi giao trpng trach day chfl Hdn<br /> thiy Cd'ng Hflu (Dinh Trpng Thfl) d Idng cho Gidm muc Gauthier (tgn Viet Nam Id<br /> Kim Khg; ndm 1852 1856 theo hpc quan Ngd Gia Hdu, v l giao xfl Xa Dodi tfl ndm<br /> huypn Dja Linh (Udng Nhdt Han) tai xd 1846), dong thdi dfldc Gidm mue day gido<br /> Tdn L$c. Thdng minh, dUdc bijn bg suy tdn Iy, tig'ng Phdp, tie'ng La tinh vd cung cd'p<br /> Id "Trang Tp" nhung dng sdm td ra khdng cho b i n dich chfl Han cua cdc sdch phUdng<br /> <br /> <br /> ' TS. Khoa Ljch sfl - Trudng D§ii hpc Vinh<br /> " Tlis. Thdnh phd Hi Chf Minh<br /> 62 R g h i ^ cflu Lich sfl, sd 6.2012<br /> <br /> Tdy. Diu nam 1859, chfnh sach "cd'm dao" Id nhd Tdy. Di qua bom d^n chie'n tranh vd<br /> cua trilu dinh H u i dUde diy manh bude Sil huy hoai cua thdi gian hdn 150 ndm md<br /> Gidm muc Gauthier phai rdi Vipt Nam, dua khu nhd vdn gifl dupe kilu dang kiln true<br /> Nguyin Trudng To di theo sang Hong do Nguygn Trudng To thig't kl. Ong cdn<br /> Cdng, Singapore, Ma Lai (chu ylu la Poulo quy hoach lai ldng Xuan My qug me, dfla<br /> Pinang, ndi ed chung vign miln Dong Nam Idng ndy tfl cho i m thd'p, liy lpi len cho cao<br /> A). Nhim muc dfch ddo tao dng thdnh thay rdo, sach sg. Chfnh ong Id ngfldi ve dfldng,<br /> giing, ldm "vi§e dao", gidm miic cdn dUa phan Id cho cdc hd hpp 1^, khoa hpc. Ngdy<br /> dng sang La Md. Do dng qua tha thig't vdi 19-6-1866, theo Idi mdi cua Tong die An<br /> "vipc ddi" nen lai dupc dUa vl Paris hpc Dai Tinh Hodng Td Viem, dng da edm moc, chi<br /> hpe Sorbonnes. Day Id thdi k;^ dng migt mdi dao thdnh cdng viec ddo Kenh Sdt doan ndl<br /> hpc cdc ngdnh khoa hpc ky thudt, khoa hpc sdng Cd'm vdi sdng Vinh, mdt cdng trinh<br /> xd hdi, khoa hpe qudn sil, hdng hai, kie'n dflpc khdi cdng tfl thdi Tilt dp sfl Cao Bien<br /> true, hda hpc, cdng nghigp... Ngodi hpc t^i nfla sau t h i ky IX, roi vua Ho Qu^ Ly cho<br /> trudng, dng cdn tu hpe vd di nhilu dia ldm tiep vdo dau thg' ky XV nhUng vin dd<br /> phudng di tham quan, hpc hdi, tai nghe dang vi gdp phii nhilu da ngim.<br /> mit thd'y t^i cdc nhd mdy d§t, cdc vflng md<br /> Ddc biet, trong 10 ndm euol ddi (1861<br /> than phfa Bic, cdc xf nghi$p luygn kim<br /> 1871), Nguyin Trfldng Td da lign tilp gfli<br /> miln Ddng Id nhflng vflng cdng nghiep phdt<br /> len trilu dinh hdn 60 ban dilu t r i n (md'y<br /> trien cua nUde Phap.<br /> bin da md't, Linh mue Tiln si sfl hpc<br /> Hodn cinh dfla diy, TJguyin Trfldng To Trfldng Bd Cin tdp hpp dflpc 58 bin, dich<br /> sdm tie'p xflc vdi vSn hda phfldng Tdy qua vd in trong sdch Nguyin TrUdng Tp con<br /> Thien Chua gido, cd dip ddt chdn den nhie'u ngudi vd di thdo, Nxb. Thdnh pho Ho Chi<br /> vflng dd't la, gdp gd vdi nhieu yeu nhdn d Minh, 1988; tai bin 2002) trtnh bdy dl nghi<br /> Phdp, La Md, Hudng Cing, cd t h i dng da canh tan todn di$n dd't nude he't sflc mdi<br /> gdp Ito Hirobumi (Y Ding Bdc Vdn) mpt me, ddc dao. Mpt s i tfl lipu vl hdnh trang<br /> nhd cii cdch ldn cua Nhdt Bin. cua Nguyin Trudng To vd nhflng trfch din<br /> 2. Nhilu tu lifu eho thd'y Nguyin cae dieu t r i n (Trfldng Ba Cin gpi Id di<br /> Trudng T5 da cd nhflng ddng gdp xud't sdc thdo) trong bai ndy chu yeu Id'y tfl sach<br /> cho ddi vd cho dao. tren, nhflng trich ddn khac se cd chfl thlch<br /> Tfl thang 9-1862 dg'n ngdy 18-7-1864 rigng.<br /> dng da ve do dn vd dilu khien cdng trtnh Dl tila sdch Nguyin TrUdng Tp Thdi<br /> xay cd't tu vign Thanh Phao-Ld d Sdi Gdn the vd tu duy cdch tdn (Nxb Vdn nghp Tp.<br /> (sd 4 Tdn Dflc Thing, Thdnh phd Ho Chf Ho Chf Minh, 2001) cua nhd sfl hpc Hodng<br /> Minh hign nay) gom nhd d, nhd nguyen, Thanh Dam, GS. Phan Ngpc vilt: "Nguyin<br /> vi|n mo edi, ddc bift ngpn thdp kieu gd-tich TrUdng Tp Id eon ngUdi duy nhdt d Viet<br /> duygn ddng vut eao trgn nin trdi dg'n nay Nam qua 58 bdn di thdo dd trinh bdy mpt<br /> vin edn du sflc hd'p din du khach. nhgn thdc ddy du vi tinh hinh Viet Nam,<br /> d qug hfldng Nghg An, dng da giflp xay nhdng bdt lgi eua nd trUde tinh hinh mdi vd<br /> dflng khu vflc Nhd chung Xa Dodi gom nhd nhQng bien phdp de thay ddi vi mgi mat<br /> Dflc giam miic, nhd nguyfn vd nhd trdng chinh tri, ngogi giao, hgc thuat, kinh ti,<br /> La Tinh hinh chfl thdp cao 3 ting quen gpi qudn su, vdn hda. Cho din nay... cdng<br />  TB£y hhi hpc tfl nhung ddng gdp-. 63<br /> <br /> khdng cd mdy ngUdi n6u lin dUOc mpt bdn cung Iudn Iudn dm d'p mdng cdng danh.<br /> trinh bdy tdng quan ddy du nhU vgy". Ci Nguyin Cdng Trfl viet:<br /> xfla lin nay, thdt hilm ed ngfldi dat din Dd mang tidng d trong trdi ddt,<br /> tim tri thflc bdeh khoa nhfl Nguyin<br /> Phdi cd danh gi vdi ndi sdng.<br /> Trfldng Td. Linh myc Vo Thanh Tdm tflng<br /> so sanh dng vdi Leonardo da Vinci (1452 (Di thi tfl vinh)<br /> 1519) cua nfldc "^ vd eho ring "so ve cac hodc:<br /> mdt chfnh tri, ngoai giao, kinh tl, quan sil, Cd trung hiiu nin ddng trong trdi ddt,<br /> quIc phdng... chfla di Vinci dd vfldt qua Khdng cdng danh thdi nat vdi eo cdy.<br /> dfl^c Nguyin Trfldng To..." (4).<br /> (Ganh trung hilu)<br /> 3. Ddng gdp cu the v l cae Iinh vflc eua Cdn Nguyin Trudng Td, thud hpc vdi<br /> nhd bde hpe Nguyin Trfldng To da dUde thiy Cong Hflu, trong bdi v&n sach "lugn vi<br /> nhilu ngfldi nghign cflu. O day, chflng tdi tri binh" cua trd To da ed cdu "bdt ndng tg<br /> chi muon tim hieu thdm nhd dau Nguyin U tri qudc chi cdng, nhi mUu ky vinh thdn<br /> Trfldng To cong hiln dfldc nhilu nhfl vdy? phi gia chi ki" (khong ngn mUpn vifc ldp<br /> Bdi hpc dng de lai cho chung ta hien nay Id cdng cho nfldc dl Idm k l vinh than phi gia)<br /> gi? ' " (6). Trong Trdn tinh - Di thdo sd3, dng da<br /> Thd nhd't, Nguyin Trfldng To sinh ra tai thing t h i n ndi ve chf hudng cua minh: "Td<br /> ldng Bfli Chu, nay thude xa Hflng Trung, be tdi da than trgng trong viic giao du,<br /> huyfn Hflng Nguygn, Nghp An. Ong da ke thieh yin tinh, ddi vdi tdt cd nhdng sU cdu<br /> thfla dflijc truyin thing hilu hpc, khd hpe danh, ldn lUdt, gidnh cdng, tham lpi, toi<br /> vd hpc gidi eua gia dinh vd que hfldng xfl diiu eoi nhu mdy bay, nUde chdy"<br /> Ngh$. Trong mdt so bdi vilt gin ddy, chung Trong Di thdo so 5, dng dau ddu noi lo<br /> toi da cd djp chflng minh: xfl Nghf thdi Ly - vdn nude hiem nghgo: "Td 15 ndm nay, tdi<br /> Trin cdn Id dd't trai, nhflng den thdi Lg dd biit ro chde chdn phdi ed mdi lo nhU<br /> Trung Hflng dd theo kip tfl trd'n ngodi Bic ngdy nay, nin tdi dd ra sdc tim tbi hgc hoi<br /> vd din thdi Nguyin da vfldn Ign dflng diu tri khdn cua mgi ngUdi de cd them sU hieu<br /> ca nfldc v l thdnh tflu khoa bing (5). biit cho minh, chd khdng phdi chi mpt<br /> Nguyin Trfldng Td cd thdng minh trdi ngdy''. Tfl mdi lo dd, dng chdm ehi hpc tdp<br /> phfl, I?ti hdn ngfldi d dflc tfnh chdm chi hpe todn difn: "... khdng mdn ndo toi khong diy<br /> tdp vd Idm vipc; ^ chf nhdn nai, theo duoi tdi: cdi cao eua thien vdn, edi sdu cua dia<br /> myc dfch tdi cflng ngn t i m kiln vdn cua ly, edi phiin todi cua nhdn sU, cho den lugt<br /> dng bd'y gid ft ai bi kip. lich, binh quyin, tgp gido, di nghi, cdc mdn<br /> Thd hai, Nguyin Trfldng To ed dpng cd cdch tri, thudt so', khong mon ndo tdi khdng<br /> hpc tdp rd't khac ngfldi. Dfldng thdi, nho si khdo edu, nhd't Id diy nghiin citu vi sU thi<br /> mai milt theo dud'i I(ji danh. Sinh trfldc dgc ngang, tan hpp trong thien hg" (Di thio<br /> Nguyin Trfldng Tf dung nfla t h i ky, vd chi so 3). Ong hpc de ed dip mang cii sd hpe cua<br /> md't trfldc 13 ndm, danh si dong hfldng xfl minh din ddp lai "cdi md trdi cho tdi hgc<br /> Nghf Nguyin Cdng Trfl (1778-1858), mdt duac" nhfl chfnh cich ndi cua dng.<br /> ngfldi cd tdi kinh bang t l the, cd tfl tfldng Thd ba Id bdi hpe v l nhdn each, phim<br /> mdi me, tao b?io khdng mdng din 1(^1, nhflng gia eiia mdt ke si. Cd muc dfch hpc tdp<br /> 64 Rghian cflu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012<br /> <br /> dung din vi Nguyin Trudng To cd nhdn nude ta vd the gidi, tfl dd dl xud't chiln Ifldc<br /> each ldn. Binh sinh dng chi nghi de'n viec ngoai giao eua Vift Nam (trong dd cd di<br /> fch nude, ldi dan md khdng h i quan tam thio md diu Bdn vi nhQng tinh thd ldn<br /> df^n hanh phuc rieng cua minh: "Vd lgi, tdi trong thiin hg vd di thio cudi cflng Nin md<br /> khdng ham thieh kinh doanh, khdng thieh cda, khdng nin khep kin cdn dang vilt dd)<br /> chuyin vO con, dogn tuyet vdi hai cgm bdy din nay vdn khdng h i cfl, nhd't Id trong<br /> tai sdc" {Trdn tinh - Di thio s i 3). Tfl thud tinh hinh ndng bdng trgn bien Ddng hifn<br /> thilu nign dng da nudi chf ldn la dem nay. Nhflng d day ehung toi chi muln dl<br /> nhflng hieu bilt sau rpng minh dd hpc tdp cdp giao Iflu cua ngudi tri thflc. Nlu ba bdi<br /> dUde de ldm eho ddn gidu, nude manh. hpe trfldc Id cin cfl, chdm ehi, kidn nhin;<br /> PhUdng phdp tu duy cua dng Id Iudn ludn xac dinh ddng cd hpc tdp dflng din; cd nhdn<br /> ddl chieu gifla 1^ ludn vd thflc tiin. Trong each Idn mpi tri thflc diu ed thg hpc tdp d<br /> Di thdo sd30, dng vilt: "Mdy chuc ndm nay, Nguyin Trfldng To, thi d bdi hpc ndy no lflc<br /> tdi bdn tdu trong thiin hg, thu thdp nhQng chu quan cua moi ngfldi trf thflc chfla du,<br /> tinh thebii'n thiin xUa nay dem nhdng diiu md cdn cin phai cd dilu kifn khdeh quan<br /> dd hgc trong sdch nghiim ra viic ddi" thudn lpi nfla. Nhfl trgn chflng tdi dd ndi,<br /> Khdng cd chflc quyin de du dilu kifn thflc Nguyin Trudng To da may mdn ddt chdn<br /> hifn mue dfch, dng chi cdn bilt trinh bdy k l din nhieu ndi trgn the' gidi, cd dip tig'p xue<br /> sdch cua minh qua cdc dilu trin dang Ign vdi nhilu nhieu nhd khoa hpc, chinh khach<br /> vua vd trilu dinh. Sflc khde suy kift, ngodi noi tig'ng, tdm minh trong vdn hda phUdng<br /> ba mfldi tuoi dng da mang bfnh ndng phii Tdy, tilp thu tinh hoa vdn hda nhdn loai<br /> nim ngfla md viet: "Nhdn vi chdn tbi bi ti ngn mdi ed t i m nhin di trudc thdi dai hdng<br /> bgi sdp thdnh phe nhdn, ndm ngia ra md trdm ndm nhfl chung ta dd thd'y qua cac<br /> vii't, tinh thdn buon bUe rdi loan, tU bidt ndi dilu t r i n . Ma khdng rigng gi Nguyin<br /> ndng khdng thd tU..." (Di thao so 6). Ong Trfldng To, cac thi hdo xfl Nghf trfldc dng<br /> vilt he't dilu trin ndy din dieu t r i n khde nhfl Nguyin Du, H i Xudn Hfldng, Nguyin<br /> dfl ludn gdp phii "noi im ldng ddng sd" cua Cdng Trfl; cde chfnh khach sau dng nhfl<br /> vua vd cdc dai thin vi dng quan nif m: "Bii't Phan Bdi Chdu, Ho Chf Minh diu phai vUpt<br /> md khdng ndi Id bdt nhdn, ndi md khdng khdi nfli Hong, sdng Lam, giao Iflu hpc hdi<br /> ndi hi't Id bdt nghla'' (Di thao so' 1). Dflng khip ndi mdi dat din t i m vi nhdn nhfl vdy!<br /> cim ndi h i t sil thdt khdng sp hilm khfch, Hdn ai hit, cde cd'p ldnh dao hifn nay cin<br /> nghi ky, khdng S(J nguy hiem din tfnh tao mpi dilu kifn thudn ldi cho cdc nhdn<br /> mfnh (do dng Id ngudi cdng gido da tiing tdi que hUdng dflpc giao luu rdng rai dl hp<br /> phuc vu Phap tfl 1862 1864) bdi vi dng cd the phat huy h i t k h i ndng cua minh<br /> khdng nghi gi dg'n b i n thdn minh, chi nghl phuc vu cpng dong!<br /> dg'n fch nfldc I ^ ddn: "That khdng nd thdy<br /> ddt nude bi chia eat, trdm hg bi lia tan, cho Thd ndm. Id bdi hpc v l boi dfldng vd<br /> nin khdng nghl minh d dia vi thdp hen, trpng diing nhan tdi. Nguyin Trfldng To<br /> ddm cd gan ndi ra" (Di thao sd 1). kig'n nghi trilu dinh cfl ngudi du hpc, tfly<br /> tdi md ddi ngd vd sfl dung ngudi tdi dung<br /> Thd tu Id bdi hpe giao Iflu. Cd 35 di thio vdi sd trudng. Cd t h i ndi, trilu Nguyin da<br /> trong td'ng s i 58 di thio hifn ed cua bd phf mdt tdi ndng ldn, mpt nhd thig't k l<br /> Nguyin Trfldng To ed ndi v l quan hf gifla xuit sdc cdng cude canh tan d i t nude. Bi<br />  gf^Y bai hpc tfl nhflng ddng gdp... 65<br /> <br /> kich ndy phii chdng dau chi Id bi kich ridng dinh trUde sau khdng khdng ddi lap vdi mgi<br /> ca nhdn Nguyen Trfldng To! sii thay ddl Ni'u ed luc do tinh the thuc<br /> Cdn cd mdt tfl tfldng ldn cua Nguyin bdch phdi thiic hien mpt vdi ddi mdi ndo dd<br /> Trfldng To di lai bdi hpc thilt thilc eho thi le te, ehdp vd, mien cUdng, vgi vd. Cdc<br /> chung ta hdm nay Id tfl tudng til do tdn diiu chinh, sda ddi chUa kip phdt huy tdc<br /> gido. Nguyin Trfldng To sdm biet dUde da dung thi dd bi dinh chi'<br /> tam ngfldi Phap nflp bong ton gido de mUu Cung theo GS. Dinh Xudn Lam, bdi hpe<br /> do chfnh tri, trong Idc trilu dinh Til Dflc cho hifn nay Id: "Qua sii thdt bgi cua<br /> chi biet gidn ca chgm thdt, dan dp tdn bao Nguyin TrUdng Tp eUng thdy rdng mudn<br /> cdc con chign vd tdi, vd hinh trung tao cd ddi mdi thdnh cdng khong thi chi ddi mdi<br /> cho bpn xam lUdc. Phan bift rach rdi tdn vi kinh timd quan trgng Id phdi ddi mdi cd<br /> giao vd chfnh tri, trong Di thdo so' 2 dng tu tudng, ehinh tri, cdn dieu chinh cO cdu<br /> thdng thig't dl nghi: "Ndi tdm lgi, bdt ky bp mdy chinh quyin that thick hop de ddm<br /> trong dgo gido ndo, hi ai phdn nghieh logn bdo cho cdng cupc ddi mdi ddng bp trdt lgt.<br /> thudng diu Id ngudi ddc tpi trong ldn gido, Dd Id nhQng bdi hgc kinh nghiim ldn di'n<br /> cd dp dung hinh phdp khong tha dicho dgo nay nguyen gid tri ly lugn vd thUc tiin vd cd<br /> gido dugc trong sgeh. Cbn ai yin phan tudn the van dung hieu qud vdo cdng cupc ddi<br /> theo phdp Iudt thi dicho hg tU nhien ed hgi mdi cua ddt nUdc dang dUpc tii'n hdnh trin<br /> gi ddu? Ddng hdnh md khdng nghieh nhau quy md ldn trong cd nUdc" (8).<br /> Id dupe, edn gi bdt phdi nhdt ti nhdng cdi Ngfldi ta cung cho rdng cdc bin dilu<br /> ma tgo vgt khdng thi nhdt ti, cOng khdng tran cua dng deu ndng md phdng, sao chgp<br /> cdn thii't phdi nhdt ti, de ldm tdn thUOng bgn ngodi md thig'u cd sd vdt chat ben<br /> hba khi?" trong. Nguyin Trudng To lai qua io tudng,<br /> Tfl tudng tfl do tdn gido, tfn ngudng eua ddt h i t nilm tin vdo mot trilu dinh dd muc<br /> Ho Chf Minh.vd tinh t h i n chfnh sdch tdn ruong nhu trieu Til Dflc, biet thoi gid vdo<br /> giao cua Dang vd Nhd nfldc ta hien nay nhd trong md vdn cfl lam! Chfla ke cd luc<br /> khdng khde gi nhilu tu tfldng Nguyin dng cdn md ho v l muc dich xam lUdc cua<br /> Trfldng Tp (7). Phap: "Vd lgi, nhQng diiu md nUdc Phdp<br /> 4. Sinh thdi cde dilu tran sang sudt vd xin, chdng qua Id di md ben tdu, lap phd<br /> diy tam huylt cua Nguyin Trfldng To gfli xd, thong cda be de buon bdn, lap nhd thd<br /> de'n trilu dinh h i u nhfl khdng cd hoi dm. de gidng dgo md thdi" (Di thio sd 1). Ong<br /> Ong vl cdi vinh hing mdt each Idng le vi lai ngay thd gfli gdm "vdn menh" dd't nude<br /> ngfldi ddi chua t h i hilu dng. Bi kich cua vdo cac giam mue nfldc ngoai, md hdu hg't<br /> dng Id bi kich eua nhQng ngUdi di trfldc thdi sd ndy diu mfldn cd truyin dao de hoat<br /> d^i! dpng gidn diep; qud tin vdo dfldng 151 ngoai<br /> Nhieu nhd nghign cflu da chi ra nhflng giao "thfldng thuyg't" vdi chfnh phu Phdp<br /> nguyen nhan chu quan, khdeh quan ddn tai Paris, vdi 'Tdy sodi" d Sdi Gdn! Lai lim<br /> den thd't bai dau ddn cua Nguyen Trfldng lflc qua cfldng dif u sflc manh cua Phap!<br /> To. Theo GS. Dinh Xudn Ldm: "Nguyin Cd the day cflng Id sil nhe da, c i tin, mdt<br /> nhdn ehu yiu ldm cho cdc diiu trdn cda nhfldc diem trong ban tinh nhu: g ngudi xfl<br /> Nguyin TrUdng Tp thdt bgi chinh la thdi dp Nghf chdng? Tfl nhp da, ea tin din md't<br /> bdo thu, phdn dpng eua vua quan triiu canh giae chfnh tri chi each nhau gang tie!<br /> 66 Rghien cflu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012^<br /> <br /> Diu the ky XX, nhd ai quo'c vi dai Phan Bpi cao vua quan de thuyg't phuc hp, tranh thu<br /> Chau dong hUdng vdi dng eung ed lflc c i tin mdt sfl ung hd tfl ben trgn Id dilu de higu!<br /> nhu thi, ngdy thd chu trUdng "Phdp - Vift •Vi vdy, n l u cho r i n g cdc b i n dilu t r i n cua<br /> dl hug"", roi ed lflc Cu lai ca ngdi Ngd Dinh Nguyin Tnldng Td "chUa di cap vd tdp<br /> Difm khi y tfl chflc thfldng thfl, hay ca ngdi trung gidi quyet cdc vdn di cO bdn cua thdi<br /> Chaten thong sfl Bic Kj>. Vifn si Trin Huy dgi Id gidi quyet mdu thudn cO bdn la mdu<br /> Lifu viet: '... Theo Cu thi hdu he't ai cUng thudn giQa todn thi nhdn d&n Viit Nam vdi<br /> tdt, cUng yiu nUdc cd. Di'n cd bgn Bui thUc d&n Phdp x&m lUOc" thi hodn toan<br /> Quang Chieu d trong Nam luc dy da phdn dflng, nhung ndi chua de cdp "mdu thudn<br /> dpng ra mat, Cu cUng chUa thdy cdi xdu xa giQa nhdn dan lao dpng vdi giai edp phong<br /> cua nd... Tdi cung khdng lg gi sau ndy Cu kiin" thi e chUa thdt thda dang, vi nhfl vdy<br /> nghe tin Phgm Td vii't bdi ca nggi thdng ldm sao Ipt tai vua vd cdc dai thin! Lai<br /> Chdten, Thdng sQ Bdc Ky. Tdi hoi thi Cu nfla, ndi cdc dilu t r i n "nghiing vi diiu<br /> ndi: ...T6i cd biet gi ddu! Nghe Phgm Td ndi chinh, hba gidi nen chinh nh&n d&n lao<br /> tdt thi tdi cung tudng nd td't that" (9). Trd dpng sue s6i tinh thdn yiu nUde khdng<br /> lai vdi han e h l cua Nguyin Trfldng To. Nha chii'n cUng to ra ldnh dgm" (12) cung chi Id<br /> sfl hpc Hodng Thanh Dam eho ring: "Vi v5 dodn, bdi vi nhdn dan lao ddng bd'y gid<br /> chUa thdy liic lUOng nh&n d&n la nhdn td Idm gi ed (iieu kifn tie'p xflc vdi npi dung<br /> quydt dinh vdn minh ddt nUdc nin dng dd eae dilu trin!<br /> niu ra mpt lugn diim chinh tri sai ldm. 5. Ngfldi ta ed the chpn eho minh mdt chf<br /> Trong bdi "Ngdi vua Id quy, chde quan la hfldng, mpt hodi bao dl suit ddi theo duoi,<br /> trgng" cd dogn 6ng vidt: "NgUdi xUa ndi ddn nhUng khong ai cd t h i chpn cho minh thdi<br /> Id gd'c cua nUdc. Ndi the khdng dung. Toi digm de sinh ra. Phii chdng Nguyin<br /> cho rang vua quan mdi id gd'c cua nUdc vi Trudng To da "diu thai nhim thiky"?<br /> khdng ed vua quan thi chdng bao Idu ddn se<br /> logn. Nude du cd vua bgo ngUpc cbn hOn Dung Id Nguyin Trudng To edn khong<br /> khdng cd vua... (10). Hpc gii Cao Tu tudng, ndi nhu nhd nghien cflu Trin Bach<br /> Thanh lai Idp Iudn khac: "NgUdi ta ciing Ding trong ldi TUa cudn Nguyin TrUdng<br /> thdy menh di "ngoi vua Id quy, chde quan Tp, con ngudi vd di thdo cua Trfldng Ba<br /> la trgng"... that ra dd xud't phdt td cdch dgt Cin: "Ong ndng vpi vd nhdt Id khdng biet eO<br /> vdn di vi mpt td chQc qudn ly ddt nUde vd che cua triiu Tu Ddc khdng bao gid cho<br /> xd hpi theo tinh thdn phdp quyin tU sdn, d phep suy nghi cua ong trd thdnh hiin thiic<br /> dd vua quan chi Id nhiing vien chde trong bdi chung dung din bdc tUdng lgc hdu kinh<br /> mpt hi thd'ng ehinh tri hdnh chinh vd diu khung vi hgc vdn, vi khoa hgc, su mu m&m<br /> phdi ldm trdn chde trdeh ciing nhU tudn trong ddu cdc quan lgi cao cdp, ki cd ddng<br /> thu phdp lugt, diiu ndy khde hdn vdi tU chi ton''<br /> tudng tdn qudn vd quan niim vi trdt tii xd Gin ddy, dpc cudn sdch cua TS. Bfli Kha<br /> hpi theo truyin thd'ng Nho gido phUOng (Vift kilu d My) Nguyin Trudng Tp vd vdn<br /> Ddng..." {11). di canh tdn (Nxb. Vdn hpe, 5-2011), chung<br /> Cin phii chfl y Id bd'y gid tfl tfldng canh tdi khdng khdi cd mdt s i ban khoan trong<br /> tan cua Nguyen Trfldng To trinh bdy trong nhflng nhdn dinh mdi vd khac vl Nguyen<br /> cac dilu trin trade hg't Id gfli de'n vua vd Trudng To. Cd t h i Bfli Kha cdn chu quan<br /> miy vi dai thin, ngn dng hfldng tdi viee de dinh kiln ngn nhilu nhdn dinh eua dng rd't<br />  OTf^Y bai hoc tfl nhijmg ddng g d p - 67<br /> <br /> <br /> khd chd'p n h d n , nhd't Id cho N g u y i n Trudng vgt lich sd thdi bdy gid, trong do cd Nguyen<br /> To Id "mpt con ngUdi vi ngogi bang ma viit Trudng Tp"<br /> nhQng bdn ggi Id dieu trdn gii lin vua Tu Cd t h e N g u y i n T r u d n g To cdn cd mdt so<br /> Ddc, nhUng lgi dUOc nguy trang sau hde ngd n h d n t r o n g cde dieu t r i n va chflng t a<br /> mdn canh tdn diggt triiu dinh...". Tuy vdy, cdn ed n h i l u sai l i m k h i d a n h gid dng do<br /> chflng tdi dong tinh vdi ^ k i l n cua tdc g i i d c h u a dpc ky cdc di t h a o mpt each he thd'ng<br /> nhflng ldi cudi cflng trong p h i n k i t cuon vd lien h e chflng vdi h a n h t r a n g N g u y i n<br /> sach: "Mong mud'n cudi cung cua tdi Id di T r u d n g To t r o n g boi c i n h lich vdn hda - xd<br /> nghi cdc sd gia chuyen vi lich sd Viet Nam hpi bd'y gid. T u y vdy, nhflng gi ma ong da<br /> thdi Phdp thupe vd Viin Sd hgc Viet Nam de lai eho ddi vdn du chflng minh tdi n a n g<br /> nen cd mpt chUOng trinh vd ke hogch sUu vd t a m h u y e t cua mpt gido dan kinh Chfla<br /> tdm cdc tdi liiu mdt tgi cdc ThU khd Phdp yeu Nude, dng mdi mdi vdn Id niem kigu<br /> vd tgi cdc Bp Truyin gido Hdi ngogi Paris h a n h cua ngfldi d a n xfl Nghf ndi rigng vd<br /> died mpt sU ddnh gid xdc ddng vi cdc nh&n cua ngudi d a n Vift N a m ndi chung!<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Theo Dinh Vin Niem: Nhitng ngitcH thdy ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc tai Thinh phd Vinh, ngiy<br /> nho hgc vd dil ludn vi cdi chit cua Nguyin TrUitng 10-11-2008), sdd, tr. 321.<br /> Tg trong sach: Nguyin Tritimg To vdi khdt vgng (7). Xem thgm: Hd ST Huy, Tran Vin ThUc: Tu<br /> canh tdn ddt nUdc, (Ky ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc tai do tin ngudng, tdn gido trong tit tUdng nhdn vdn<br /> Thinh phd Vinh, ngiy 10-11-2008), Nghf An, H6 Chi Minh, Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hpc "Boi<br /> 2009, tr. 48-56. canh lich sii Bac Hd ra di tim dudng cUu nUdc",<br /> (2), (4). Vo Thanh Tam: Nguyen TrUdng To hgc Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Hi Npi, 2011, tr. 331<br /> vd hdnh trong sach: Nguyin TrUdng To vdi khdt 337.<br /> vgng canh tdn ddt nitdc, sdd, tr. 70. (8), (12). Dinh Xuan Lam, Nguyen Vin Hdng:<br /> (3). Lg Tri Viin: Mgt tri tue ldn, mgt nhiet tinh Xu hiidng ddi mdi trong lich sU Viet Nam, Nxb.<br /> ldn khdng cd tieng vang trong sach Nguyin TrUdng Vin h6a Thong tin. Ha Npi, 1998, tr. 32-33.<br /> •T$ vdi vdn di canh tdn ddt nUdc, Nxb. Di Ning, (9). ChUdng Thau: Phan Bgi Chdu trong dong<br /> 2000, tr.l36. thcti dgi (Binh ludn vd hoi He), Nxb. Nghe An vi<br /> Trung tam Vin h6a vi Ngon ngii Dong Tay, 2007,<br /> (5). Xin xem; Hd SI Hfiy, Trdn Vin Thflc: Nho<br /> tr. 578 - 580.<br /> si Ngh^ An trong nin vdn hda Thdng Long - Bgi<br /> Vift tit thiky XVI den cudi theky XVIII, trong Ky (10). Thanh Dam: Khdm phd mgt nh&n cdch<br /> ydu Hpi thao khoa hpc Thanh Nghe Tinh vdi ldn trong lich sd trong sach: Nguyin TrUdng To vdi<br /> 1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Ngi, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa vdn di canh tdn ddt nUdc, sdd, tr. 266.<br /> hfi. Hi Nfi, 2010, tr. 108-115. (11). Cao Tu Thanh: Nguyin TrUdng To trong<br /> (6). Theo Hd Ba Quynh; Nguyin TrUdng To gidi hgn vd thdt bgi cua trdo lllu canh tdn ddt nUdc<br /> ngudi bdt hgnh hay hgnh phdc trong sach: Nguyen nda sau thiky XIX trong sach: Nguyen TrUdng To<br /> TrUdng Td vdi khdt vgng canh tdn ddt nUdc, (Ky vdi vdn dicanh tdn ddt nUdc, sdd, tr. 317.<br />