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Phụ thuộc dữ liệu trong cơ sở dữ liệu quan hệ với thông tin ngôn ngữ

Chia sẻ: Nguyễn Minh Vũ | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:15

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On this new viewpoint, in the present paper a notion of “fuzzy” functional dependencies in these databases will be defined reasonably. These new dependencies will be examined in the context of traditional functional dependencies, which play as syntaxtical constraints of the databases under consideration. Relationship between these two kinds of such dependencies will also be considered.

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Nội dung Text: Phụ thuộc dữ liệu trong cơ sở dữ liệu quan hệ với thông tin ngôn ngữ

’<br /> Tap ch´ Tin hoc v` Diˆu khiˆn hoc, T.23, S.2 (2007), 164–178<br /> ı<br /> e<br /> e<br /> .<br /> . a `<br /> .<br /> <br /> . ’ . ˜. ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> ˜. ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> PHU THUOC DU LIEU TRONG CO SO DU LIEU QUAN HE<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> ˜<br /> ´.I THONG TIN NGON NGU.<br /> VO<br /> ˜<br /> ˆ<br /> ˘<br /> NGUYEN VAN LONG<br /> <br /> Khoa Cˆng nghˆ Thˆng tin, Dai hoc Giao thˆng Vˆn tai H` Nˆi<br /> o<br /> e<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a ’ a o<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> Abstract. Relational databases with linguistic data based on hedge algebras - based semantics<br /> were introduced and investigated in [3], in which the evaluation of queries containing linguistic data<br /> was transformed into that of traditional queries. On this new viewpoint, in the present paper a<br /> notion of “fuzzy” functional dependencies in these databases will be defined reasonably. These new<br /> dependencies will be examined in the context of traditional functional dependencies, which play as<br /> syntaxtical constraints of the databases under consideration. Relationship between these two kinds<br /> of such dependencies will also be considered.<br /> ´<br /> ´ .<br /> ´<br /> ’ a<br /> T´m t˘t. CSDL ngˆn ng˜. v´.i ng˜. ngh˜ du.a trˆn c´ch tiˆp cˆn dai sˆ gia tu. d˜ du.o.c nghiˆn c´.u<br /> o<br /> a<br /> o<br /> u o<br /> e a<br /> e a<br /> e u<br /> u<br /> ıa .<br /> .<br /> . o<br /> .o.ng gi´ c´c truy vˆ n liˆn quan dˆn thˆng tin ngˆn ng˜. du.o.c du.a vˆ viˆc<br /> ´<br /> ´ e<br /> ` e<br /> o e<br /> e<br /> o<br /> o<br /> u<br /> trong [3], trong d´ viˆc lu .<br /> a a<br /> a<br /> e .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .o.ng gi´ kinh diˆn. Trˆn co. so. d´, phu thuˆc h`m m`. trong CSDL ngˆn ng˜. s˜ du.o.c dinh<br /> ’<br /> ’ o<br /> a<br /> o<br /> u e<br /> e<br /> e<br /> o a<br /> o<br /> thao t´c lu .<br /> a<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> ’ u u<br /> e a o a<br /> o<br /> u ’<br /> o<br /> o a<br /> ngh˜ v` nghiˆn c´.u trong ng˜. canh v´.i phu thuˆc h`m kinh diˆn v` c´ r`ng buˆc CSDL o. m´.c c´<br /> ıa a<br /> e u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´i quan hˆ gi˜.a hai loai phu thuˆc n`y c˜ ng du.o.c xem x´t.<br /> e<br /> o a u<br /> ph´p. Mˆ<br /> a<br /> o<br /> e u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> <br /> ’. A<br /> ˆ<br /> 1. MO D` U<br /> ´<br /> ’ u e<br /> Co. so. d˜. liˆu (CSDL) quan hˆ m`. d˜ du.o.c nghiˆn c´.u ph´t triˆ n t`. cuˆi nh˜.ng n˘m 70<br /> e o a<br /> e u<br /> a<br /> e’ u o<br /> u<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . d´ d˜ du.o.c u.ng dung ([1, 2, 17, 21, 22]) dˆ giai quyˆt c´c b`i to´n thu.c tiˆn<br /> ˜<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> e<br /> thˆ ky XX v` t` o a<br /> e’ ’<br /> a u<br /> e’ ’<br /> e a a a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .`.ng thˆng tin m`., khˆng ch˘c ch˘n. Nh˜.ng u.ng dung hˆ thˆng CSDL trong<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> trong mˆi tru o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> u ´<br /> e o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> e<br /> e a o<br /> o<br /> a<br /> u<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a<br /> ı a<br /> e<br /> thu.c tiˆn kinh tˆ, x˜ hˆi thu.`.ng g˘p nh˜.ng thˆng tin khˆng ch˘c ch˘n nhu. vˆy. V` vˆy, viˆc<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .u c´c CSDL v´.i thˆng tin m`., khˆng ch˘c ch˘n, khˆng ch´ x´c s˜ c´ nh˜.ng u.ng<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> o<br /> ınh a e o u ´<br /> nghiˆn c´ a<br /> e u<br /> ´<br /> dung thiˆt thu.c.<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . hiˆn diˆn c´c thˆng tin m`., khˆng ch˘c ch˘n trong CSDL, tˆ t nhiˆn s˜ l`m thay dˆ i<br /> ’<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> Su e<br /> e a<br /> o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a<br /> e e a<br /> o<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> . liˆu ca trong pham vi c´ ph´p (thao t´c trˆn k´ hiˆu) v` trong pham<br /> u a<br /> a e y e<br /> a<br /> c˘n ban viˆc thao t´c d˜ e ’<br /> a ’<br /> e<br /> a u .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ` a<br /> ’ a a a<br /> ıa.<br /> e<br /> e’<br /> e ’ a a<br /> o<br /> o<br /> e<br /> vi ng˜. ngh˜ Tuy nhiˆn, theo su. hiˆ u biˆt cua c´c t´c gia b`i b´o n`y, khˆng c´ nhiˆu c´c<br /> u<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> cˆng tr` nghiˆn c´.u dˆ cˆp dˆn nh˜.ng su. kh´c biˆt sˆu s˘c trong pham vi c´ ph´p cua<br /> o<br /> ınh<br /> e u ` a e<br /> e .<br /> u<br /> a<br /> e a a<br /> u<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . so v´.i CSDL kinh diˆ n. Phˆn l´.n c´c nghiˆn c´.u c´c phu thuˆc d˜. liˆu (PTDL)<br /> ` o a<br /> e’<br /> a<br /> o<br /> e u a<br /> o u e<br /> CSDL m`<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ’ a<br /> trong CSDL m`. dˆu l` su. mo. rˆng cua c´c PTDL kinh diˆ n, ngh˜ l` c´c PTDL d´ vˆn d´ng<br /> o ` a . ’ o<br /> e<br /> e’<br /> ıa a a<br /> o a u<br /> .<br /> ` a .<br /> ´<br /> u<br /> o<br /> a<br /> e<br /> o o<br /> khi c´c d˜. liˆu trong CSDL dˆu l` thu.c. Trong nh˜.ng tru.`.ng ho.p nhu. vˆy, dˆi v´.i CSDL<br /> a u e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’ o<br /> ’<br /> u<br /> u a ’ o a<br /> a<br /> m`., ch´ng ta d˜ khˆng mo. rˆng du.o.c c´ ph´p cua l´.p c´c PTDL, v` do d´ khˆng anh hu.o.ng<br /> o<br /> a o<br /> o o ’<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´ ´<br /> ’ ’ o<br /> u<br /> ıa<br /> a<br /> e u<br /> ıa<br /> dˆn viˆc thiˆt kˆ CSDL. Khi d´, ta chı mo. rˆng du.o.c ng˜. ngh˜ hay c´c quan hˆ ng˜. ngh˜<br /> e<br /> e<br /> e e<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . liˆu dˆ cho ph´p khai th´c d˜. liˆu trong CSDL m`..<br /> ’ a u .<br /> cua c´c d˜ e e’<br /> e<br /> a u e<br /> o<br /> .<br /> . nh˜.ng u.u viˆt cua cˆ u tr´c dai sˆ gia tu. (DSGT) ([4–16, 18, 19]), trong [3] d˜ du.a ra<br /> ´<br /> ´ u . o<br /> ’<br /> a<br /> e ’ a<br /> Nh` u<br /> o<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´ .<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> o u<br /> v` nghiˆn c´.u CSDL m`. du.a trˆn c´ch tiˆp cˆn cua dai sˆ gia tu., trong d´ ng˜. ngh˜ ngˆn<br /> a<br /> e u<br /> o .<br /> e a<br /> e a<br /> ıa o<br /> .<br /> <br /> . ’ . ˜. ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> ˜. ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> PHU THUOC DU LIEU TRONG CO SO DU LIEU QUAN HE<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> <br /> 165<br /> <br /> ´ .<br /> ’<br /> ng˜. du.o.c lu.o.ng h´a b˘ ng c´c ´nh xa dinh lu.o.ng cua DSGT. Theo c´ch tiˆp cˆn n`y, gi´<br /> u<br /> o `<br /> a<br /> a a<br /> a<br /> e a a<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> . l` d˜. liˆu, khˆng phai l` nh˜n cua c´c tˆp m`. biˆ u diˆn ng˜. ngh˜ cua gi´ tri<br /> ˜<br /> ’ a a<br /> ’ a a<br /> o<br /> o e’<br /> e<br /> u<br /> ıa ’<br /> a .<br /> tri ngˆn ng˜ a u e<br /> o<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’ o a<br /> e ım e<br /> ıa ’<br /> o<br /> ngˆn ng˜. v` u.u diˆ m co. ban cua n´ l` cho ph´p t` kiˆm, d´nh gi´ ng˜. ngh˜ cua thˆng tin<br /> o<br /> u a<br /> e’<br /> a<br /> a u<br /> . liˆu kinh diˆ n thu.`.ng d`ng v` do d´ bao dam t´<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’ `<br /> o<br /> u<br /> a<br /> e’<br /> o ’<br /> ınh<br /> khˆng ch˘c ch˘n chı b˘ ng c´c thao t´c d˜ e<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a u .<br /> ’u d˜. liˆu trong xu. l´ ng˜. ngh˜ cua ch´ng. Diˆu n`y kh´c v´.i CSDL m`.<br /> `<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’ y u<br /> e a<br /> a o<br /> thuˆn nhˆ t cua kiˆ u e<br /> a<br /> a ’<br /> e<br /> ıa ’<br /> u<br /> o<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ’ ’ y u<br /> ’ ’ y u<br /> e’<br /> u<br /> ıa<br /> ıa<br /> e’<br /> e<br /> o .<br /> l` v`.a phai xu. l´ ng˜. ngh˜ kinh diˆ n, v`.a phai xu. l´ ng˜. ngh˜ du.o.c biˆ u diˆn du.´.i dang<br /> a u<br /> .<br /> ´ .<br /> ’<br /> u<br /> a<br /> o ’<br /> u<br /> a<br /> e a<br /> ıa o<br /> u<br /> c´c tˆp m`. hay h`m thuˆc cua ch´ng. Theo c´ch tiˆp cˆn cua DSGT, ng˜. ngh˜ ngˆn ng˜.<br /> a a<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ’ o<br /> ’<br /> a .<br /> a<br /> c´ thˆ biˆ u thi b˘ ng mˆt lˆn cˆn c´c khoang du.o.c x´c dinh bo.i dˆ do t´ m`. cua c´c gi´<br /> o e’ e’<br /> a<br /> o a a a<br /> ınh o ’ a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . cua mˆt thuˆc t´ v´.i vai tr` l` biˆn ngˆn ng˜.. V´ du, ng˜. ngh˜ cua gi´ tri<br /> ´<br /> o<br /> o ınh o<br /> o a e<br /> o<br /> u<br /> ı .<br /> u<br /> ıa ’<br /> a .<br /> tri ngˆn ng˜ ’<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . o<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> a o<br /> o ınh o a e .<br /> ı o<br /> a e<br /> e’<br /> ngˆn ng˜. (GTNNg) rˆ t l´.n cua thuˆc t´ “Sˆ b`i trˆn tap ch´ nu.´.c ngo`i” s˜ du.o.c biˆ u thi<br /> o<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> b˘ ng nh˜.ng khoang lˆn cˆn cua gi´ tri dai diˆn cua GTNNg rˆ t l´.n thˆng qua ´nh xa dinh<br /> a<br /> u<br /> e<br /> a o<br /> a a ’<br /> a . .<br /> o<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> lu.o.ng cua DSGT cua thuˆc t´ “Sˆ b`i trˆn tap ch´ nu.´.c ngo`i”. Theo ngh˜ d´, trong [3]<br /> a<br /> ıa o<br /> o ınh o a e .<br /> ı o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> a<br /> u<br /> o<br /> u<br /> a<br /> u<br /> o<br /> d˜ su. dung thuˆt ng˜. CSDL ngˆn ng˜. thay cho thuˆt ng˜. CSDL m`..<br /> a ’ .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .u c´c PTDL m`. trong CSDL ngˆn ng˜. trˆn ca hai kh´ canh c´<br /> B`i b´o n`y s˜ nghiˆn c´ a<br /> a a a e<br /> e u<br /> o<br /> o<br /> u e ’<br /> ıa .<br /> u<br /> . ngh˜ (semantics). Ta s˜ thˆ y trong CSDL ngˆn ng˜. v`.a tˆ n tai c´c<br /> ` . a<br /> ´<br /> ıa<br /> e a<br /> o<br /> u u o<br /> ph´p (syntax) v` ng˜<br /> a<br /> a u<br /> `<br /> ’ o<br /> u<br /> o u a o<br /> o .<br /> PTDL mo. rˆng kinh diˆ n, v`.a tˆ n tai nh˜.ng PTDL m`., t´.c l` khˆng c´ su. PTDL kinh diˆ n<br /> e’<br /> u o .<br /> e’<br /> .<br /> .o.c biˆ u thi b˘ ng c´c PTDL m`. n`y.<br /> ’<br /> e<br /> a<br /> a<br /> o a<br /> du .<br /> . `<br /> .ng kh´i niˆm co. ban vˆ DSGT v` CSDL ngˆn ng˜. s˜ du.o.c tr` b`y ng˘n<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’ `<br /> Tiˆp theo, nh˜<br /> e<br /> u<br /> a e<br /> e<br /> ınh a<br /> a<br /> a<br /> o<br /> u e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ` dˆ tu.o.ng tu. gi˜.a c´c d˜. liˆu cua thuˆc t´ ngˆn<br /> ’<br /> o ınh o<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a e<br /> e .<br /> gon trong Muc 2, d˘c biˆt kh´i niˆm vˆ o<br /> . u a u e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ` a .<br /> e<br /> e .<br /> a e<br /> o a<br /> ıa<br /> ng˜. s˜ du.o.c dˆ cˆp lai. Trong Muc 3, kh´i niˆm phu thuˆc h`m tu.o.ng tu. s˜ du.o.c dinh ngh˜<br /> u e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .u. N´ s˜ l` mˆt su. mo. rˆng rˆ t gˆn g˜i v´.i phu thuˆc h`m kinh diˆ n v` do vˆy<br /> ’ a<br /> ´ ` u o<br /> o e a o . ’ o<br /> a a<br /> o a<br /> e<br /> a<br /> v` nghiˆn c´<br /> a<br /> e u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> e u<br /> o e e a<br /> e o<br /> e e `<br /> e<br /> a<br /> ch´ng c´ thˆ du.o.c nghiˆn c´.u trong mˆi liˆn hˆ ch˘t ch˜ v´.i nhau. Hˆ tiˆn dˆ Armstrong v`<br /> u<br /> o e’<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> ˜n c`n d´ng dˆi v´.i l´.p phu thuˆc m´.i v` do d´ vai tr` kh´c biˆt cua<br /> ´<br /> ’ ’ o a<br /> o<br /> o a<br /> a<br /> o o o<br /> o<br /> o a<br /> e ’<br /> t´ dˆy du cua n´ vˆ o u<br /> ınh `<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> hai loai phu thuˆc d˜. liˆu n`y trong c`ng mˆt CSDL ngˆn ng˜. c˜ng du.o.c xem x´t. Mˆt sˆ<br /> o u e a<br /> u<br /> o<br /> o<br /> u u<br /> e<br /> o o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . ´<br /> .o.c tr` b`y trong phˆn kˆt luˆn, Muc 4.<br /> `<br /> ´ a<br /> ´ a a a a `<br /> ´ e ’<br /> ınh a<br /> a e<br /> kˆt luˆn v` c´c vˆ n dˆ ngo du .<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . ’<br /> ´<br /> ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> ˜.<br /> `<br /> E<br /> 2. NHU NG KHAI NIEM CO BAN V` DSGT VA CSDL<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> ˜<br /> ´<br /> VO I THONG TIN NGON NGU<br /> ` . o<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> 2.1. Vˆ dai sˆ gia tu. (DSGT)<br /> e<br /> ´ .<br /> ’ y u<br /> a<br /> ıa o<br /> u<br /> a<br /> e a<br /> Dˆ dˆ theo d˜i phu.o.ng ph´p xu. l´ ng˜. ngh˜ ngˆn ng˜. theo c´ch tiˆp cˆn DSGT, ta t´m<br /> e’ ˜<br /> e<br /> o<br /> o<br /> ´t lai mˆt sˆ kh´i niˆm vˆ ´nh xa dinh lu.o.ng v` c´ch th´.c x´c dinh c´c hˆ lˆn cˆn ng˜.<br /> ` a<br /> a a<br /> u a .<br /> a e a a<br /> u<br /> t˘ .<br /> a<br /> o o<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . ´ a e<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> o<br /> u a<br /> o ınh o<br /> u<br /> a a<br /> a .<br /> ngh˜ dinh lu.o.ng. Trong CSDL ngˆn ng˜., c´c thuˆc t´ ngˆn ng˜., ngo`i c´c gi´ tri kinh<br /> ıa .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> diˆ n ch´ng c´ thˆ c´ c´c k´ hiˆu gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜.. V` vˆy, mˆi thuˆc t´ ngˆn ng˜. s˜ du.o.c<br /> e’<br /> u<br /> o e’ o a y e<br /> a . o<br /> u<br /> ı a<br /> o<br /> o ınh o<br /> u e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .i mˆt DSGT.<br /> ´ ´<br /> g˘n kˆt v´ o<br /> a e o<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> X<br /> e ınh `<br /> a<br /> o<br /> Cho mˆt DSGT tuyˆn t´ dˆy du AX = (X , G, H , σ , Φ, ), trong d´ Dom(X ) = X<br /> o<br /> .<br /> . cua thuˆc t´ ngˆn ng˜. X du.o.c sinh tu. do t`. tˆp c´c phˆn<br /> `<br /> l` miˆn c´c gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜ ’<br /> a `<br /> e a<br /> a . o<br /> u<br /> o ınh o<br /> u<br /> u a a<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ’. sinh G = {1 , c+, W , c−, 0} b˘ ng viˆc t´c dˆng tu. do c´c ph´p to´n mˆt ngˆi (c´c gia<br /> 1<br /> a<br /> e a o<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a<br /> thu<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a<br /> e ınh o<br /> u<br /> ıa a a<br /> e<br /> o<br /> u<br /> a a<br /> tu.) trong tˆp H ; σ v` φ l` hai ph´p t´ v´.i ng˜. ngh˜ l` cˆn trˆn d´ng v` cˆn du.´.i<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .c l` σx = supremumH (x) and φx = inf imumH (x), trong d´ H (x)<br /> ’ a<br /> H<br /> H<br /> d´ng cua tˆp H (x), t´ a<br /> u<br /> u<br /> o<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ` u<br /> u<br /> o<br /> e<br /> l` quan hˆ s˘p th´. tu. tuyˆn t´ trˆn<br /> a<br /> e a<br /> u .<br /> e ınh e<br /> l` tˆp c´c phˆn t`. sinh ra t`. x, c`n quan hˆ<br /> a a a<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> X cam sinh tu. ng˜. ngh˜ cua ngˆn ng˜.. V´ du, nˆu ta c´ thuˆc t´ N umIP (Numu<br /> ıa ’<br /> o<br /> u<br /> ı . e<br /> o<br /> o ınh<br /> .<br /> ´ ´<br /> ´<br /> e .<br /> ı o e<br /> ı<br /> ber of International Papers) l` “Sˆ b`i b´o d˘ng trˆn tap ch´ quˆc tˆ”, th` Dom(N umIP) =<br /> a o a a a<br /> <br /> ˜<br /> ˆ<br /> ˘<br /> NGUYEN VAN LONG<br /> <br /> 166<br /> <br /> {large, small, verylarge, morelarge, possiblylarge, verysmall, possiblysmall, lesssmall, ...},<br /> 1<br /> G = {1, large, W , small, 0}, H = {very, more, possibly, little} v`<br /> a<br /> mˆt quan hˆ th´. tu.<br /> o<br /> e u .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . ng˜. ngh˜ cua c´c t`. trong Dom(N umIP), ch˘ng han ta c´ verylarge ><br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> u<br /> ıa ’<br /> a u<br /> a<br /> o<br /> cam sinh t`<br /> u<br /> .<br /> large, morelarge > large, possiblylarge < large, littlelarge < large, ...<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> o<br /> e u a<br /> Du.a trˆn cˆ u tr´c cua DSGT, trong d´ quan hˆ gi˜.a c´c phˆn tu. l` quan hˆ th´. tu. ng˜.<br /> e a<br /> u ’<br /> a ’ a<br /> u<br /> e u .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’ ınh o a o<br /> a e<br /> o a<br /> ngh˜ mˆ h` to´n hoc cua t´ m`. v` dˆ do t´ m`. cua c´c kh´i niˆm m`. d˜ du.o.c dinh<br /> ıa, o ınh a<br /> ınh o ’ a<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ngh˜ trong [6, 7].<br /> ıa<br /> ’<br /> ’ ’ a<br /> a<br /> Gia su. c´c gia tu. trong tˆp H = H − ∪ H + , du.o.c liˆt kˆ nhu. sau:<br /> .<br /> . e e<br /> .<br /> +<br /> a<br /> H = {h1, ..., hp} v` H − = {h−1 , ..., h−q}, v´.i h1 < ... < hp v` h−1 < ... < h−q ,<br /> a<br /> o<br /> o<br /> trong d´ p, q > 1.<br /> `<br /> Cho f m : X → [0, 1] l` dˆ do t´ m`. cua DSGT AX , ta c´ mˆnh dˆ sau.<br /> a o<br /> ınh o ’<br /> o e<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ’<br /> a o<br /> o a<br /> e<br /> o<br /> ınh o<br /> ınh o ’<br /> Mˆnh dˆ 2.1. ([6, 7]) Dˆ do t´ m`. f m v` dˆ do t´ m`. cua gia tu. µ(h), ∀h ∈ H , c´ c´c<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´t sau:<br /> t´ chˆ<br /> ınh a<br /> 1) f m(hx) = µ(h)f m(x), ∀x ∈ X<br /> 2) f m(c− ) + f m(c+ ) = 1<br /> 3)<br /> f m(hi c) = f m(c), trong d´ c ∈ {c− , c+}<br /> o<br /> −q i p, i=0<br /> <br /> f m(hi x) = f m(x), x ∈ X<br /> <br /> 4)<br /> −q i p, i=0<br /> <br /> o<br /> a<br /> 5) {µ(hi ) : −q i −1} = α v`, {µ(hi ) : 1 i p} = β, trong d´ α + β > 0 v`<br /> a<br /> α + β = 1.<br /> ’. a<br /> ˜<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> O dˆy m˘c d` 3) l` tru.`.ng ho.p riˆng cua 4), nhu.ng vˆn du.o.c viˆt ra dˆ dˆ h` dung<br /> o<br /> e<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a u<br /> a<br /> e’ ˜ ınh<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . cua c´c kh´i niˆm m`..<br /> ’<br /> a e<br /> o<br /> viˆc h` th`nh c´c khoang t´ m` ’ a<br /> e ınh a<br /> a<br /> ınh o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . cua kh´i niˆm m`.. Gia su. thuˆc t´ (hay biˆn ngˆn ng˜.) X c´ miˆn tham<br /> ´<br /> ’ ’<br /> ’<br /> a<br /> e<br /> o<br /> Khoang m` ’<br /> o<br /> o `<br /> e<br /> o ınh<br /> e<br /> o<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .c l` khoang [a, b]. Dˆ chuˆ n h´a, nh`. mˆt ph´p biˆn dˆ i tuyˆn t´<br /> ’<br /> ’ o<br /> ’<br /> ´ o<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> e<br /> e<br /> e<br /> a<br /> o o<br /> e ınh, ta gia thiˆt<br /> e<br /> chiˆu thu a<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ’<br /> a ` a<br /> a o a<br /> e<br /> e<br /> ı o<br /> ınh o<br /> moi miˆn nhu. vˆy dˆu l` khoang [0, 1]. V` dˆ do t´ m`. f m l` mˆt ´nh xa X → [0, 1], nˆn<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜ a<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> e<br /> e’<br /> e<br /> a .<br /> a<br /> a<br /> n´ go.i y dˆn viˆc biˆ u diˆn c´c gi´ tri f m(x), x ∈ X , b˘ ng c´c khoang con cua doan [0, 1]<br /> o . ´ e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .o.c goi l` khoang m`. cua kh´i niˆm x. Nhu. vˆy, c´c khoang m`. l` mˆt biˆ u diˆn dinh<br /> ˜ .<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> v` du .<br /> a<br /> o<br /> a e<br /> a a<br /> o a o<br /> e’<br /> e<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> lu.o.ng c´c kh´i niˆm m`. cua mˆt biˆn ngˆn ng˜.. Cho tru.´.c f m, c´c khoang m`. cua c´c kh´i<br /> a<br /> a e<br /> o ’<br /> o<br /> e<br /> o<br /> u<br /> o<br /> a<br /> o ’ a<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . trong X du.o.c xˆy du.ng quy nap theo dˆ d`i cua x ∈ X nhu. sau:<br /> ’<br /> niˆm m`<br /> e<br /> o<br /> o a<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> a e<br /> e<br /> a<br /> o a<br /> a u ınh a<br /> o<br /> - Khoang m`. cua hai kh´i niˆm nguyˆn thuy c− v` c+ : R˜ r`ng l` t`. t´ chˆ t 2) ta c´<br /> o ’<br /> .<br /> ’ xˆy du.ng hai khoang m`. (c− ) v` (c+) cua hai kh´i niˆm nguyˆn thuy c− v` c+ , v´.i<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a e<br /> e<br /> a<br /> o<br /> thˆ a<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’ o a ’<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> | (c− )| = f m(c− ) v` | (c+)| = f m(c+ ), trong d´ | (x)| chı dˆ d`i cua khoang (x), sao<br /> a<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> e o<br /> cho v` ch´ng tao th`nh mˆt phˆn hoach cua [0, 1] v` (c−), (c+ ) dˆ ng biˆn v´.i c− , c+ , t´.c<br /> a u<br /> a<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> −<br /> + k´o theo (c−)<br /> + ), o. dˆy (c−)<br /> +) du.o.c hiˆ u l` v´.i ∀x ∈ (c−) v`<br /> ’ a<br /> e’ a o<br /> a<br /> l` c<br /> a<br /> c<br /> e<br /> (c<br /> (c<br /> .<br /> + ), ta c´ x<br /> ∀y ∈ (c<br /> o<br /> y.<br /> ’<br /> ’ ’ `<br /> ’ ng m`. cua x dˆ d`i k > 1: Mˆt c´ch quy nap, ta gia su. r˘ ng v´.i ∀x ∈ X k−1 =<br /> a<br /> o<br /> o a<br /> o a<br /> - Khoa<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .ng du.o.c khoang m`. (x), v´.i |((x)| = f m(x),<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> o<br /> a a<br /> {x ∈ X : x c´ dˆ d`i |x| = k − 1}, ta d˜ xˆy du<br /> o o a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ´ o<br /> o<br /> e<br /> sao cho { (x) : x ∈ X k−1 } dˆ ng biˆn v´.i th´. tu. trˆn tˆp X k−1 v` tao th`nh mˆt phˆn<br /> u . e a<br /> a .<br /> a<br /> o<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ınh a<br /> hoach cua doan [0, 1]. Khi d´, trˆn mˆi khoang m`. (x) cua x ∈ X k−1 , do t´ chˆ t 4), ta<br /> o e<br /> o<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> i<br /> p, i = 0, | (hix)| = f m(hi x)}<br /> c´ thˆ xˆy du.ng du.o.c ho c´c khoang { (hix) : q<br /> o e’ a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . a<br /> `<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> a o<br /> u . a<br /> a ’<br /> sao cho ch´ng l` mˆt phˆn hoach cua khoang m`. (x) v` dˆ ng biˆn v´.i th´. tu. c´c phˆn tu.<br /> u<br /> a o<br /> a<br /> o<br /> e o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> {hi x : q i p, i = 0}.<br /> ´ .<br /> C´ thˆ thˆ y ho { (hix) : q i p, i = 0, | (hix)| = f m(hi x) v` x ∈ X k−1 } = { (y) :<br /> o e’ a<br /> a<br /> <br /> . ’ . ˜. ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> ˜. ˆ<br /> ˆ<br /> PHU THUOC DU LIEU TRONG CO SO DU LIEU QUAN HE<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> <br /> 167<br /> <br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> y ∈ X k v` | (y)| = f m(y)} l` mˆt phˆn hoach cua [0, 1]. C´c khoang n`y goi l` c´c khoang<br /> a<br /> a o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a . a a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . m´.c k.<br /> m` u<br /> o<br /> a o o . e e a<br /> e u<br /> u<br /> ıa o<br /> u ’ a<br /> a e<br /> o a<br /> Nhu. vˆy, c´ mˆt su. liˆn hˆ ch˘t ch˜ gi˜.a ng˜. ngh˜ ngˆn ng˜. cua c´c kh´i niˆm m`. v`<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ´ o<br /> `<br /> `<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> a ’<br /> a<br /> o<br /> e<br /> c´c khoang m`. trong doan [0, 1] nhu. sau: (i) Mˆi phˆn tu. x ∈ X dˆu du.o.c g˘n v´.i mˆt<br /> a<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . (x) c´ dˆ d`i ch´ b˘ ng dˆ do t´ m`. cua x; (ii) Nˆu x l` hˆu tˆ cua x, t´.c<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ınh a<br /> o<br /> ınh o ’<br /> khoang m`<br /> o<br /> o o a<br /> e<br /> a a o ’<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . ´<br /> ’ a<br /> a<br /> ı<br /> l` n´ l` xˆu con bˆn tr´i c`ng cua xˆu x hay, n´i kh´c di, x sinh ra xˆu x, th` (x) ⊂ (x );<br /> a o a a<br /> e<br /> a u<br /> o<br /> a<br /> ´<br /> o a a<br /> ı<br /> (x ).<br /> (iii) Nˆu x v` x c´ c`ng dˆ d`i v` x x th` (x)<br /> e<br /> a<br /> o u<br /> .<br /> .ng t´ chˆ t rˆ t quan trong cua c´c khoang m`. du.o.c dinh ngh˜ du.a trˆn cˆ u<br /> ´ a<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’ a<br /> ’<br /> ınh a<br /> o<br /> e a<br /> Dˆy l` nh˜<br /> a a u<br /> ıa .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> . so. dˆ dinh ngh˜ hˆ lˆn cˆn ng˜. ngh˜ cua x d˜ du.o.c dinh ngh˜ trong<br /> ıa ’<br /> a a<br /> ıa e a a<br /> u<br /> a<br /> ıa<br /> tr´c DSGT v` l` co ’ e’ .<br /> u<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .o.c tr` b`y t´m t˘t du.´.i dˆy.<br /> ´<br /> [3] v` s˜ du .<br /> a e<br /> ınh a o<br /> a<br /> o a<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> Dinh ngh˜ 2.1. Anh xa f : X → [0, 1] du.o.c goi l` ´nh xa dinh lu.o.ng cua DSGT AX nˆu<br /> ıa<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . aa<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> n´ thoa m˜n c´c diˆu kiˆn sau:<br /> o ’<br /> a a `<br /> e<br /> e<br /> .<br /> a<br /> Q1) f l` ´nh xa do.n ´nh.<br /> aa<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> Q2) f bao to`n quan hˆ th´. tu. ng˜. ngh˜ trˆn X , ngh˜ l` x < y ⇒ f (x) < f (y), v`<br /> a<br /> e u .<br /> u<br /> ıa e<br /> ıa a<br /> a<br /> .<br /> 0<br /> 1<br /> f (0 ) = 0, f (1) = 1.<br /> φ<br /> H<br /> H<br /> a σ<br /> Q3) f liˆn tuc theo ngh˜ v´.i ∀x ∈ X , f (φ x) = inf f (H (x)) v` f (σ x) = sup f (H (x)).<br /> e .<br /> ıa o<br /> ˜<br /> ` ’<br /> ´<br /> ´ gia tu., mˆi phˆn tu. x ∈ X dˆu mang dˆ u ˆm hay du.o.ng, du.o.c goi l` PN-dˆ u<br /> `<br /> ´ a<br /> ’<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a<br /> Trong dai sˆ<br /> . . a<br /> . o<br /> .o.c dinh ngh˜ dˆ quy nhu. sau.<br /> ıa e<br /> v` du . .<br /> a<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> Dinh ngh˜ 2.2. (H`m PN-dˆ u Sgn) Sgn : X → {−1, 0, 1} l` h`m dˆ u du.o.c x´c dinh nhu.<br /> ıa<br /> a<br /> a<br /> a a<br /> a<br /> . a .<br /> .<br /> ’ a<br /> a<br /> sau, o. dˆy h, h ∈ H , v` c ∈ {c− , c+}<br /> a) Sgn(c−) = −1, Sgn(c+) = +1.<br /> ´<br /> b) Sgn(h hx) = 0, nˆu h hx = hx, ngu.o.c lai ta c´:<br /> e<br /> o<br /> . .<br /> ´ o<br /> ´<br /> o<br /> Sgn(h hx) = −Sgn(hx), nˆu h hx = hx v` h l` ˆm t´<br /> e<br /> a<br /> a a<br /> ınh dˆi v´.i h<br /> ´<br /> (ho˘c c, nˆu h = I v` x = c),<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ınh dˆi v´.i h<br /> o<br /> o<br /> Sgn(h hx) = +Sgn(hx), nˆu h hx = hx v` h du.o.ng t´<br /> e<br /> a<br /> ´<br /> (ho˘c c, nˆu h = I v` x = c).<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a<br /> .<br /> ´ ngh˜ cua PN-dˆ u thˆ hiˆn trong mˆnh dˆ du.´.i dˆy.<br /> ’ e<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> Y<br /> ıa ’<br /> a<br /> e .<br /> e<br /> o a<br /> e<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> e<br /> ı<br /> e<br /> Mˆnh dˆ 2.2. V´.i moi x ∈ X , ∀h ∈ H, nˆu Sgn(hx) = +1 th` hx > x, nˆ u Sgn(hx) = −1<br /> e<br /> e<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> th` hx < x v` nˆu Sgn(hx) = 0 th` hx = x.<br /> ı<br /> a e<br /> ı<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> a a<br /> ıa .<br /> V´.i c´c t´ chˆ t cua t´ m`. v` h`m PN-dˆ u, ´nh xa ng˜. ngh˜ dinh lu.o.ng cua DSGT<br /> o a ınh a ’ ınh o a a<br /> . u<br /> .<br /> .o.c dinh ngh˜ nhu. sau.<br /> du . .<br /> ıa<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’ ’<br /> ’<br /> X<br /> a o<br /> Dinh ngh˜ 2.3. Gia su. AX = (X , G, H , σ , Φ, ) l` mˆt DSGT dˆy du, tuyˆn t´ v` tu.<br /> ıa<br /> a<br /> e ınh a .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ´<br /> a a o<br /> o<br /> u a ’<br /> a<br /> do, f m(x) v` µ(h) tu.o.ng u.ng l` c´c dˆ do t´ m`. cua ngˆn ng˜. v` cua gia tu. h thoa m˜n<br /> a<br /> ınh o ’<br /> .<br /> .i dˆ do t´ m`. f m<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’ .<br /> e<br /> o<br /> o<br /> aa<br /> ınh o<br /> c´c t´ chˆ t trong Mˆnh dˆ 2.1. Khi d´, ta n´i ν l` ´nh xa cam sinh bo o<br /> a ınh a<br /> e<br /> . ’<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> a .<br /> cua ngˆn ng˜. nˆu n´ du.o.c x´c dinh nhu. sau:<br /> o<br /> u e o<br /> .<br /> W<br /> 1) ν(W ) = κ = f m(c− ), ν(c− ) = κ − αf m(c− ) = βf m(c− ), ν(c+ ) = κ + αf m(c+ ).<br /> j<br /> <br /> µ(hi )f m(x) − ω(hj x)µ(hj )f m(x)} trong d´,<br /> o<br /> <br /> 2) ν(hj x) = ν(x) + Sgn(hj x){<br /> i=Sgn(j)<br /> <br /> 1<br /> o<br /> a<br /> ω(hj x) = 2 [1 + Sgn(hj x)Sgn(hphj x)(β − α)] ∈ {α, β}, v´.i moi j, −q j p v` j = 0.<br /> .<br /> φ<br /> φ<br /> a<br /> 3) ν(φ c− ) = 0, ν(σ(c−) = κ = ν(φ c+ ), ν(σc+) = 1, v` v´.i moi j, −q j p v` j = 0,<br /> a o<br /> .<br /> ch´ng ta c´:<br /> u<br /> o<br /> <br /> ˜<br /> ˆ<br /> ˘<br /> NGUYEN VAN LONG<br /> <br /> 168<br /> <br /> j−1<br /> <br /> µ(hi )f m(x)} v`<br /> a<br /> <br /> ν(φhj x) = ν(x) + Sgn(hj x){<br /> i=Sign(j)<br /> j<br /> <br /> ν(σhj x) = ν(x) + Sgn(hj x){<br /> <br /> µ(hi )f m(x)}.<br /> i=Sign(j)<br /> <br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> a ’ a<br /> a o<br /> ınh a e’<br /> o<br /> Th´.c chˆ t cua ´nh xa ν l`, v´.i moi x = hj u, ν(x) ch´ l` diˆ m chia trong khoang m`.<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .o.c lai, n´ l` diˆ m chia trong khoang<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’ e<br /> ’<br /> (x) theo ty lˆ α : β nˆu Sgn(hphj u) = +1 v`, nˆu ngu . .<br /> e<br /> a e<br /> o a e’<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’ e<br /> (x) theo ty lˆ β : α. Nhu. vˆy, ch´ng ta c´ mˆi quan hˆ ch˘t ch˜ gi˜.a gi´ tri ´nh xa dinh<br /> a<br /> u<br /> o o<br /> e a<br /> e u<br /> a .a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ıa ’<br /> a . o<br /> u<br /> e’<br /> a<br /> o ’<br /> a u<br /> lu.o.ng cua DSGT v` ng˜. ngh˜ cua gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜. du.o.c biˆ u thi qua c´c khoang m`. cua<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . r˘ ng ban chˆ t c´c phu.o.ng ph´p khu.<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> a a<br /> a<br /> ch´ng. Diˆu n`y d˘c biˆt c´ y ngh˜ nˆu ch´ng ta nh´ `<br /> u<br /> e a a<br /> e o´<br /> ıa e<br /> u<br /> o a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . (defuzzification methods) ch´ l` thiˆt lˆp c´c ´nh xa dinh lu.o.ng. Tuy nhiˆn, c´c phu.o.ng<br /> ´ a a a<br /> m`<br /> o<br /> ınh a e .<br /> e<br /> a<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> a<br /> o<br /> e . e e a<br /> e o<br /> u<br /> ıa o<br /> u<br /> ph´p nhu. vˆy khˆng du.a trˆn su. liˆn hˆ mˆt thiˆt v´.i ng˜. ngh˜ ngˆn ng˜. (!).<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> ´ o a y o<br /> e<br /> a .<br /> ıa<br /> a<br /> o a<br /> Ch´ ´: T`. Mˆnh dˆ 2.1 v` Dinh ngh˜ 2.3 cho thˆ y, v´.i bˆ t k` mˆt DSGT, ta luˆn xˆy du.ng<br /> uy u e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> u o<br /> a<br /> a<br /> du.o.c dˆ do t´ m`. v` h`m dinh lu.o.ng cam sinh t`. dˆ do t´ m`. b˘ ng c´ch lu.a chon c´c<br /> o<br /> ınh o a a<br /> ınh o `<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . cua c´c phˆn tu. nguyˆn thuy c− v` c+ v` cua c´c gia tu. sao cho<br /> `<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ınh o<br /> c´c gi´ tri dˆ do t´ m` ’ a<br /> a<br /> a . o<br /> a ’<br /> e<br /> a<br /> a ’ a<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ´ .<br /> ´<br /> ’ a m˜n t´ chˆ t 2) v` 5) cua Mˆnh dˆ 2.1, c`n goi l` bˆ tham sˆ dinh lu.o.ng. N´i<br /> ’<br /> e<br /> o . a o<br /> o<br /> o<br /> ch´ng tho<br /> u<br /> a ınh a<br /> a<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> o o ´<br /> e’ a<br /> kh´c di, ta s˜ c´ mˆt bˆ tham sˆ dˆ diˆu chınh cho th´ u.ng v´.i mˆt u.ng dung cu thˆ n`o<br /> a<br /> e o o o<br /> o e’ `<br /> e<br /> ıch ´<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> d´. Ngo`i ra, t`. t´ chˆ t 3), Dinh ngh˜ 2.3 ta thˆ y, khoang m`. (x) = (νA (φx), νA (σx)].<br /> o<br /> a<br /> u ınh a<br /> ıa<br /> a<br /> o<br /> .<br /> `<br /> 2.2. Vˆ CSDL ngˆn ng˜.<br /> e<br /> o<br /> u<br /> ’. u u<br /> Trong [3], kh´i niˆm CSDL ngˆn ng˜. d˜ du.o.c du.a ra v` nghiˆn c´.u. O m´.c c´ ph´p,<br /> a e<br /> o<br /> u a<br /> a<br /> e u<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> ˜<br /> `<br /> `<br /> a y a<br /> e<br /> o a ı a<br /> u<br /> a ’ .<br /> kh´i niˆm n`y khˆng c´ nhiˆu thay dˆ i v` v` vˆy ch´ng ta vˆn su. dung c´c k´ ph´p truyˆn<br /> a e<br /> a<br /> o<br /> o<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .i thiˆu t´m t˘t c´c kh´i niˆm ch´<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> e o<br /> a a<br /> a e<br /> ınh.<br /> a e o<br /> thˆng. Sau dˆy s˜ gi´<br /> o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .o.c dˆ CSDL DB = {U, R , R , ..., R ; const}, trong d´ U = {A , A , ..., A }<br /> `<br /> o<br /> X´t mˆt lu . o<br /> e<br /> o<br /> 1<br /> 2<br /> m<br /> 1<br /> 2<br /> n<br /> .<br /> `<br /> ’<br /> l` tˆp v˜ tru c´c thuˆc t´<br /> a a u . a<br /> o ınh, Ri lu.o.c dˆ quan hˆ, t´.c l` mˆt tˆp con cua U, const l` mˆt<br /> a o<br /> o<br /> e u a o a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> o<br /> o ınh<br /> e<br /> a .<br /> o<br /> tˆp c´c r`ng buˆc d˜. liˆu cua CSDL. Mˆi thuˆc t´ A du.o.c g˘n v´.i mˆt miˆn gi´ tri thuˆc<br /> a a a<br /> o u e ’<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . a o o<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> o o o<br /> o ınh<br /> e<br /> a a<br /> a . o<br /> u<br /> t´<br /> ınh, k´ hiˆu l` Dom(A), trong d´ mˆt sˆ thuˆc t´ cho ph´p nhˆn c´c gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜.<br /> y e a<br /> . ´<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .u tr˜. trong CSDL hay trong c´c cˆu hoi truy vˆ n v` du.o.c goi l` thuˆc t´ ngˆn<br /> ´ a<br /> ’<br /> u<br /> a a<br /> a<br /> o ınh o<br /> trong lu<br /> .<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> .. Nh˜.ng thuˆc t´ c`n lai du.o.c goi l` thuˆc t´ thu.c hay kinh diˆ n. Thuˆc t´ thu.c<br /> ’<br /> u<br /> o ınh o .<br /> o ınh .<br /> e<br /> o ınh .<br /> ng˜<br /> u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> `<br /> e’<br /> y e a<br /> o ınh o<br /> u<br /> A du.o.c g˘n v´.i mˆt miˆn gi´ tri kinh diˆ n, k´ hiˆu l` DA . Thuˆc t´ ngˆn ng˜. A s˜ du.o.c<br /> a o o<br /> e<br /> a .<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ’<br /> ´n mˆt miˆn gi´ tri kinh diˆ n DA v` mˆt miˆn gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜. LDA hay l` tˆp c´c phˆn tu.<br /> `<br /> `<br /> `<br /> a a a<br /> a ’<br /> e<br /> a o<br /> e<br /> a . o<br /> u<br /> g˘<br /> a<br /> o<br /> e<br /> a .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ´<br /> ’ y u<br /> ’ o<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> ıa u e<br /> e<br /> cua mˆt DSGT. Dˆ bao dam t´ nhˆ t qu´n trong xu. l´ ng˜. ngh˜ d˜. liˆu trˆn co. so. thˆng<br /> o<br /> e’ ’<br /> ınh a<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ˜<br /> ’ u e<br /> ´ o<br /> ´t kiˆ u d˜. liˆu cua thuˆc t´ ngˆn ng˜., mˆi thuˆc t´ ngˆn ng˜. s˜ du.o.c g˘n v´.i mˆt<br /> ’<br /> o ınh o<br /> u<br /> o<br /> o ınh o<br /> u e<br /> o<br /> nhˆ<br /> a<br /> e<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> a .<br /> o o<br /> o .<br /> ´nh xa dinh lu.o.ng νA : LDA → DA du.o.c x´c dinh bo.i mˆt bˆ tham sˆ dinh lu.o.ng cua A.<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . .<br /> ˜<br /> ’<br /> Nhu. vˆy, mˆi gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜. x cua A s˜ du.o.c g´n mˆt nh˜n gi´ tri thu.c νA (x) ∈ DA du.o.c<br /> a<br /> o a . o<br /> u<br /> e<br /> o<br /> a<br /> a . .<br /> .<br /> . a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> e ’<br /> o<br /> a . .<br /> a<br /> a<br /> o<br /> u<br /> xem nhu. gi´ tri dai diˆn cua x. Mˆt CSDL nhu. vˆy du.o.c goi l` CSDL ngˆn ng˜..<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> u a u e ’<br /> o<br /> o ınh<br /> a o<br /> Viˆc d´nh gi´ dˆ tu.o.ng tu. (similarity degree) gi˜.a c´c d˜. liˆu cua mˆt thuˆc t´ A du.o.c<br /> e a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .a trˆn kh´i niˆm lˆn cˆn m´.c k cua mˆt gi´ tri ngˆn ng˜., v´.i k l` sˆ nguyˆn du.o.ng.<br /> ´<br /> ’<br /> e<br /> a e a a<br /> u<br /> o a . o<br /> u o<br /> a o<br /> e<br /> du<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ´<br /> ’ ’<br /> ’<br /> o e’ a a<br /> o ’ a<br /> Dˆ tu.o.ng tu. m´.c k ([3]) (Similarity degree): Gia su., ta c´ thˆ lˆ y c´c khoang m`. cua c´c<br /> o<br /> . u<br /> .<br /> . dˆ d`i k l`m dˆ tu.o.ng tu. gi˜.a c´c phˆn tu., ngh˜ l` c´c phˆn tu. m` c´c gi´ tri dai<br /> `<br /> `<br /> `<br /> a ’<br /> ıa a a<br /> a ’ a a<br /> a . .<br /> a<br /> o<br /> phˆn tu o a<br /> a ’ .<br /> . u a<br /> .<br /> . m´.c k l` tu.o.ng tu. m´.c k. Tuy nhiˆn, theo c´ch<br /> ’<br /> a<br /> e<br /> a<br /> diˆn cua ch´ng thuˆc c`ng mˆt khoang m` u<br /> e ’<br /> u<br /> o u<br /> o<br /> o<br /> . u<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> ` u<br /> ’<br /> ’<br /> a<br /> o u<br /> a . . e ’ a<br /> o o a<br /> o<br /> a<br /> xˆy du.ng c´c khoang m`. m´.c k, gi´ tri dai diˆn cua c´c phˆn t`. x c´ dˆ d`i nho ho.n k luˆn<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . m´.c k. Mˆt c´ch ho.p l´, khi dinh ngh˜ lˆn cˆn m´.c k<br /> ’<br /> luˆn l` dˆu m´t cua c´c khoang m` u<br /> o a `<br /> a<br /> u ’ a<br /> o<br /> ıa a a<br /> u<br /> o a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> .<br /> . y<br /> ´<br /> ’ a e’<br /> e<br /> ıa o o ’<br /> ch´ng ta mong muˆn c´c gi´ tri dai diˆn nhu. vˆy phai l` diˆ m trong (theo ngh˜ tˆpˆ) cua<br /> u<br /> o a<br /> a . .<br /> a<br /> .<br /> .<br /> <br />
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