Phương pháp phân tích - phê khảo sử liệu trong nghiên cứu lịch sử (Qua trường hợp tìm hiểu quan hệ Việt Nam - Trung Quốc thời kỳ hiện đại)

PHUONG PHAP PHAN TICH - PHE KHAO SLfUEU<br /> TRONG NGHIEN CUU LICH SLT<br /> (QUA TRi/dNCHCfP TIM HIEU QUAN HE VIETNAM<br /> TRUNC QUOC THCfl KY HIEN DAI)<br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYfiN VAN KHANH*<br /> NGUYfiN THI MAI HOA"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> nghien ciiu deu co chung quan diem rSng,<br /> D e lich sii thiic sU trcl thanh khoa<br /> hoc cSn phai xdy dUng dugc hi<br /> thd'ng phuong phdp nghien citu. Lich sii trd<br /> khong CO nguon sii lieu, thi lich sii khong<br /> the diidc viet ra, "khong co cai gi co the<br /> thanh khoa hoc thiic sii khi diidc xay diing thay the tii lieu - khong co chiing thi khong<br /> diia tren nhiing tri thiic dky dii, toan dien, CO lich sii" (1). Sii lieu ton tai khach quan,<br /> h§ thong. NhiJng tri thiic nay phai diidc doc lap doi v6i chu the nhfin thiic va tren cd<br /> nhk sii hoc xac dinh do tin c£ly, tinh chan sd thong tin thu nhfin diidc tii ket qua phan<br /> thiic, thong qua viec phan tich va kiem tra tich sii lieu, nha sii hoc phuc diing lich sii.<br /> mot each ky ckng tii Ueu lich sii. PhUcfng Vi the, dien mao cua qua khii, miic do khach<br /> phdp phdn tich - phi khdo sd lieu ra ddi la quan, khoa hgc cua hien tiidng Uch sii diidc<br /> n h i m thiic hi^n nhiing muc tieu do va diJdc phuc diing phu thuoc chu yeu vfio viec nhfi<br /> coi nhii mot trong nhQng phiidng phap sii hoc xac dinh pham vi nguon sii lieu.<br /> mang tinh tien de trong moi cong trinh 0 cac thcJi ky khac nhau, trong sii lieu<br /> nghien ciiu lich s^, ma thieu no, tinh khach hoc CO nhiJng tieu chi khac nhau de danh<br /> quan, khoa hoc, ciing nhii ket qua ciia cong gia nguon sii lieu. Trong mot thcfi gian kha<br /> trinh khong tranh khoi nhiing han che dai da ton tai quan niem cho ring, chi co<br /> nha't dinh. Phiidng phap phdn tich - phi nguon sii li^u chii viet (thii tich) m6i co t h l<br /> khdo sa lieu cang diidc tien hanh can trong coi la nguon sii lieu vfi la nguon s^ lieu c6<br /> bao nhieu, thi tri thiic lich sil thu nhan gia tri, con nhiJng nguon sii lieu khac deu<br /> dvidc cang gSn t6i chan ly lich sii bay nhieu, khong dang tin cfiy. Quan niem nfiy kha<br /> dSc biet do'i v6i nhiing vS'n de con dang pho bien doi v6i triicfng phai sii hoc ThUc<br /> tranh luftn, co do "nhay cam" cao.<br /> chitng (positivisme), mfi dai dien dien hinh<br /> 1. Sii lieu va phiftfng phap phan tich Ifi nhfi sit hoc ngifdi Phap Numa Denis<br /> - phe khao sii lieu Pustele De Coulage (1830-1889) - ngii6i<br /> sa lieu la mot trong cac khai niem quan diidc menh danh Ifi "ke sung bai thii tich",<br /> trpng nhfi't ciia khoa hoc lich sii. Cac nha khi ong tuan thu vfi chi hanh dong theo<br /> <br /> 'GS. TS. TrUdng Dai hpc KHXH&NV - DHQGHN<br /> " TS. Dai hpc Quoc gia Hfi Npi<br />  Rghien curu Lich sit. s611.2010<br /> <br /> mot phiidng cham duy nha't: "Vfin ban, chi chia sil lieu ra Ifim hai loai: Sii lieu tnic<br /> CO vfin ban, khong co gi khac ngofii vfin tiep vfi sif lieu gian tiep (7). Sii lieu triic<br /> ban" (2). Tuy nhien, mpt cau hoi diidc dfit tiep xufi't hien ciing vdi sii kien, thupc ve sii<br /> ra la: Ne'u vay thi lich sii cac dan toe chiia kien vfi thiidng diidc coi Ifi ngudn tif lieu<br /> CO chii viet, hoac d thdi ky chUa co chii viet gd'c, cd gia tri, vi du nhu vfin ban Hpi nghi<br /> se khong the tai tao? Chinh hien thiic lich Paris, vfin ban ky ket ve bien gidi Viet -<br /> sii ciia cac dan toe tpc nfiy diidc phuc diing Trung (2000); vfin ban dam phan ve bien<br /> da Ifi cau tra ldi mang tinh phu dinh do'i v6i Ddng, hay nhii chiec xe tfing T54 hiic do'<br /> quan niem s ing bai sii lieu vie't. Ciing v6i cong Dinh Dpc lap (30-4-1975). Cdn s i Heu<br /> sii phat trien ciia khoa hpc vfi nhiing bien gian tiep Ifi sii Heu phan anh sii kien lich<br /> doi trong ban than khoa hpc lich sii, pham svf qua thong tin gian tiep, vdi muc dich<br /> vi nguon sii lieu ngfiy cang diidc md rpng. truyen dat thong tin - qua tac gia sii lieu<br /> Nhfi sii hpc ngifdi Phap la Lucien Fevre (chfing han nhif hdi ky), d dd, cac sii kien<br /> (1878-1956), da gpi "tii Heu thU tich" Ifi xay ra khdng ddng thdi vdi sif lieu (trifdc<br /> "nhiing bong hoa quen thupc" ciing xac thdi diem hdi ky difdc viet ra). Ciing can<br /> nhfin mpt each hinh tiidng rfing: "Khi lilu y rfing, mpi each phan chia svf lieu deu<br /> khong CO nhiing bong hoa quen thupc, nhfi mang tinh lidc le.<br /> sii hpc vfin co the hai mat cho minh td ta't Nhif da ndi d tren, bfi't cii tif lieu nao lien<br /> ca nhiing gi mfi tri tue ciia anh ta dUa vao quan den mpt bien co', sii kien lich sif dfi<br /> tim ngfim" (3) vfi "tdt cd nhang gf ma xay ra deu trd thfinh nguon tfii lieu cho nhfi<br /> Lucien Fevre am chi chinh Ifi "nhiJng gi sii hpc; tuy nhien, tii lieu do trd thanh tfii<br /> thupc ve con ngiidi, phu thupc con ngiidi, lieu sii hpc hiJu ich cho nhfi khoa hpc den<br /> phuc vu con ngiidi, the hien sii hien hiJu, miic dp nfio la hofin tofin phu thudc vao<br /> hoat dpng, sd thich vfi cac phiidng thiic sinh quan niem, nhfin thiic, kinh nghiem,<br /> so'ng cua con ngifdi" (4). Noi each khac, vdi phifdng phap khai thac vfi xii ly tfii lieu.<br /> tii each nguon sii lieu, co the xem x6t ba't Khi b i t tay vfio tim hieu, chpn lpc svf<br /> ky tii lieu sii hpc nao c6 da'u hieu vfin hoa lieu, ngifdi nghien cilu tien hfinh giai mfi sii<br /> ciia thdi dai minh, nhU nhfi sii hpc kiem lieu, dien giai cac thdng so cua nd, xac dinh<br /> triet gia ngifdi Anh R. J.Collingwood dien miic dp tin cay, tinh xac thiic cua sii lieu<br /> dat mpt each ddn gian, de hieu, song khong tren mpi phiidng dien. Khi de'n vdi nhfi sii<br /> k6m phSn khoa hpc: "Mpi thii tren ddi deu hpc, sii lieu da trai qua sii sfing lpc mang<br /> la chiJng cii tiem tfing cua cai gi do" (5). tinh dfic thu vfi sau moi giai doan cua sii<br /> Nhif vay, theo nghla rpng, nguon sii lieu sfing lpc fi'y, thdng tin cdn lai ngfiy cfing it<br /> Ifi ta't ca nhiing gi chiia diing cac thong tin di. Liic nfiy, mpt phiidng phap diing Ifi het<br /> ve qua khii hoat dpng cua con ngiidi trong siic can thiet. Chinh til yeu ciu nfiy mfi<br /> dieu kien tii nhien - xa hpi nha't dinh, nhif phuong phdp phdn tich - phi khdo sd lieu<br /> nhfi sii hpc Ba Lan Topolski da co mpt dinh (analysis-criticizing historical documents<br /> nghia kha day du rfing: "Nguon sif lieu la method) da ra ddi nhd cdng siic, sii co ging,<br /> mpi thong tin ve ddi so'ng con ngifdi trong qua no liic ciia nhieu nhfi nghien cilu.<br /> khii cung vdi cac kenh thong tin" (6). Phifdng phap phan tich - phe khao sif<br /> Cd nhieu each phan loai sii Heu khac lieu cd ngudn goc tii phifdng phap phe phan<br /> nhau, song thong thifdng, cac nhfi khoa hoc sii lieu, mfi ngifdi sang Ifip ra phiidng phap<br /> Phuong ph6p phan Meh...<br /> <br /> nfiy Ifi nhfi bac hpc ngifdi Diic G.B.Niburu da diia ra nhiing quy tfic phe phan s i lieu,<br /> (1776-1831). Ong quan niem hoat dpng cua trong dd dfic biet nha'n manh tdi vfi'n de<br /> nha sii hpc tiia nhU giai mdt bfii toan hai td'ng hdp cac svf vfit rdi rac thu dvfdc vfi xay<br /> fin sd^: Tha nhdt, phan tich - phe phan cac dilng chuoi cac qui t i c can thie't de nhdm<br /> ngudn sii lieu vdi muc dich phat hien thong hda cac svf vfit rdi rac thfinh chinh the khoa<br /> tin dang tin cfiy; Tha hai, phuc diing lai hpc. Ddng gdp quan trong cho svf phat trien<br /> hien thiic lich sii tren cd sd cac dii lieu, cua phvfdng phap phe phan svf lieu phai ke<br /> thdng tin thu nhan diidc. Phiidng phap phe de'n nhfi svf hpc loi lac ngiidi Nga A.S.<br /> phan siul lieu trd nen thong dung vfi difdc Lappo-Danilevxki (1863 - 1919) vdi cud'n<br /> dinh hinh rd rang hdn tif giiia the ky XVIIL giao trinh "PhUcfngphdp ludn sii hoc" (1910<br /> Nhfi sil hpc Nga Bestyghep-Riumin (1829 - - 1913), dfi xac dinh each thiic, nguyen tic<br /> 1897) cho rfing, phe phan sif lieu tifdng phfin loai svf lieu, cac phvfdng phap dien<br /> ddng vdi qua trinh nghien cilu so sanh cac giai vfi phe phan ngudn svf lieu. Nhvf vay,<br /> sii lieu va bfing each dd, dung tii lieu nfiy trong khoang thdi gian tvf the ky XVII-XVni,<br /> de kiem chiing tU lieu khac. Trong nhiJng phifdng phap phe phan svf lieu dvfdc hinh<br /> nfim 1842-1849, cdng trinh gdm 20 tap thanh ve cfin ban.<br /> "Cours d etudes historiques" (8) cua nhfi sii Thdng thiidng, nhiJng nhfi nghien cilu<br /> hpc Claude Francois Daunon (1761-1840), dfit nen mdng cho phvfdng phap phe phan<br /> difdc xufi't ban (9), trong dd tofin bd tap thil sv( lieu, ciing nhvf nhiJng ngifdi phat trien<br /> nhfi't difdc gifinh de dinh nghia ve phifdng phifdng phap nfiy trong nhiJng giai doan<br /> phap phe phan sif lieu cung vdi each phan tiep theo, deu coi muc dich chinh ciia phe<br /> chia sii lieu. Vfio nfim 1858, vdi cdng trinh phan sii lieu la xac dinh mile dp tin cfiy cua<br /> "Grundriss der Historik" (10), nhfi sii hpc svf lieu tren mpi phvfdng dien, vfi dfi chia qua<br /> LG.Droysen (1808-1884) diia ra phiidng trinh phe-khao sii lieu thanh hai giai doan:<br /> phap phe phan tiing nhdm sif lieu rieng Phi phdn ben ngodi (Ifim ro tfi't ca cac dii<br /> biet. Nfim 1876, giao sif sii hpc A.Tardif lieu ben ngofii cua svt lieu, xac dinh xufi't xii -<br /> xufi't ban cdng trinh "Notions el6mentaires tac gia, thdi gian, dia diem vfi muc dich viec<br /> de critique historique" (11), trong dd, ngoai sang tao, tinh xac thiic cua ngudn svf lieu) vfi<br /> viec liet ke hang loat phifdng phap cd ban, phi phdn bin trong (xac dinh tinh diy du,<br /> can thie't de phe phan sif lieu, cdn difa ra tinh xac thilc cua cac thdng tin chiia trong<br /> nhiJng ldi khuyen hiJu ich khi Ifim viec vdi ngudn sii lieu - suy dodn kin), moi giai doan<br /> sii lieu cho nhiing ngifdi mdi b i t d i u cd nhiem vu rieng, vfi vi the, can svt dung<br /> nghien cilu. Nfim 1883, nhfi sii hpc Ch. De nhiing each thiic, phifdng phap nghien cilu<br /> Smedt trong tac phfim Cdc nguyen tdc rieng. Quan diem nfiy thinh hfinh den tnidc<br /> phe phdn sdt lieu (Principes de la critique nhiing nfim 70 the ky XX vfi ra't nhfi'n manh<br /> historique) (12), da trinh bfiy nhiing den vai trd, tam quan trpng cua phe phan<br /> nguyen t i c phe phan dd'i vdi sif lieu vie't vfi ben trong, vi cho rfing, day Ifi giai doan<br /> chi ra nhQng phifdng phap bo trd cd ban de quye't dinh; ddng thdi, khi thiic hien thao<br /> thiic hien qua trinh phe phan svf lieu. Sau tac nay, dvfdi anh hiidng cua cudc dfi'u tranh<br /> dd mpt thdi gian dfii, hai nhfi svf hpc Sharle y thvtc he vfi Chie'n tranh lanh, d rfi't nhieu<br /> Victor Langlois (1863 - 1929) vfi Sharle qud^c gia tren the gidi, each tiep cfin xa hpi -<br /> Seniobos (1854 - 1942) trong cong trinh giai cfi'p diidc coi Ifi quan trpng nhfi't, chu<br /> "Nhdp mdn nghiin cOu svt hoc" (1897) (13) chot nhfi't. Viec xac dinh ngudn gdc giai<br />  Rghien curu Lich si. s611.2010<br /> <br /> ca'p, vi tri xa hpi cua tac gia svt Heu dvfdc ldn nha't Ifi xac dinh mdt each diy dii,<br /> xem la quan trpng hang dau. chfnh xac nha't ve so' lUdng, pham vi, cac<br /> thdng sd'cd ban, tinh xac thvtc cua ngudn svt<br /> Vfio nhiing nfim 80-90 cua the ky XX,<br /> each chia qua trinh phe phan svf lieu mdt lieu vfi npi dung lich svt chiia dvtng trong nd<br /> each cvfng nhfic thfinh phe phan ben trong dd'i vdi mdt va'n de nghien cilu lich svt cu<br /> va ben ngofii diidc xem xet lai. Dieu nay the the mfi nhfi khoa hpc da liia chpn. Nhfi svt<br /> hien kha ro n6t trong PhUcfng phdp ludn sd hpc ngUdi Nga E.M. Giukov - Vien si Vien<br /> hgc X6 vie't - linh vvtc mfi PhUcfng phdp Khoa hpc Nga da ra't xac dang cho rfing:<br /> ludn sd hoc Viet Nam cd md'i lien he gin bd, "Tren thvtc te, ra't khd khfin va hau nhU<br /> gin giii, ke thvfa. Cac nhfi svf hpc Nga va khong the chia mot each tuyet ddi, hofin<br /> the gidi cung chung quan diem: - Khdng toan phe phan svt lieu thanh phe phan ben<br /> phai tfi't ca mpi ngudn sit lieu phuc vu muc trong va ben ngofii trong mpt chuoi cac<br /> dich nghien cilu deu cd gia tri cao, vi the, hoat ddng nghien cilu. Giai ma svf lieu vfi<br /> viec sang lpc svf lieu dvfdc coi Ifi cdng viec dinh vi nd - Ifi nhiing nhiem vu lien quan<br /> quan trpng thil hai sau khi xac dinh vfi'n de vd cving chfit che vfi thudng dien ra ciing<br /> nghien ciiu. Tuy rfing, de Ivfa chpn, sfing lpc liic" (14). Ddng nha't vdi y kien dd, da phin<br /> diing din svf lieu, nhfi sii hpc da cving liic svf cac nha nghien cilu thdi ky hien dai deu<br /> dung thii phap phan tich - phe phan; - Mpt tich hdp cac bude, cac giai doan tUdng tac<br /> khi muc dich va npi dung cua ca hai hinh vdi sii lieu, tong quat thfinh phUdng phap<br /> thiic phe phan sit lieu ben ngofii va ben phan tich - phe khao svt lieu. Ben canh dd,<br /> trong gin bd logic, chfit che trong mdt the trong nhiJng nfim 90 the ky XX ciing bit<br /> thd'ng nhfi't, va ranh gidi giiia chiing ra't md d i u xem xdt lai phUdng phap tiep cfin trong<br /> nhat, mong manh, thi viec phan chia qua phan tich - phe khao sii lieu, chii trpng<br /> trinh Ifim viec vdi svf lieu thfinh hai giai each tiep can ngudn goc vfin hda - xa hpi<br /> doan nhu vay da bpc Id sii vo ly, mang nfing cua sii lieu. Mdt each tong quat, phan tich -<br /> tinh hinh thilc va khdng cin thiet. Dfic phe khao sii lieu Ifi sii dung cac thu phap<br /> biet, trong khi cac nha sii hpc phan chia khoa hpc, nhfim hieu ro, tai hien dUdc mpt<br /> rach rdi hai giai doan phe phan svf lieu, coi each td't nhfi't y nghia dich thiic cua svt lieu<br /> phe phan ben trong Ifi bUdc di cd sau, bUdc sau khi phat hien nhiing khiem khuyet,<br /> di thii hai, thi cd rfi't nhieu khia canh, nhiing khoang trd'ng cua nd. Dieu dd cd<br /> nhieu npi dung ciia phe phan ben ngofii chi nghia Ifi de phat hien diy du cac gia tri va<br /> cd the dUdc xac dinh sau khi hoan thfinh dinh vi svt lieu, can phai svt dung cac cong<br /> phe phan ben trong. NhU vfiy, khong the cu khoa hpc phu trd khfic, nhieu khi cdn<br /> ddn gian coi nhiing thao tac phe phan ben rdng ldn hdn ca so vdi phUdng phap phe<br /> ngoai, ben trong do'i vdi svf lieu nhU Ifi phan svt lieu.<br /> nhiing chuoi hoat dpng lan lUdt, nd'i tiep<br /> 2. Phan tich - phe khao sii lieu trong<br /> nhau. Quan diem nhU the cin dUdc xem xet<br /> nghien cijfu quan he Viet Nam - Trung<br /> lai; can phai hieu ring, phe phan ben ngoai<br /> Quoc thd'i ky hien dai<br /> vfi ben trong la mpt giai doan thd'ng nhfi't<br /> trong phan tich sii Heu thong qua con Khoa hpc lich svt nghien ciiu qua khil,<br /> dudng phe phan, nhfim dap ilng mpt loat cac hoat ddng cua con ngUdi, giai thich vfi<br /> nhiing yeu cau rieng le, de di den muc tieu tim ra mdi lien he, nhiJng quy lufit chi phdi<br /> nhiJng hien tUdng, svt kien rieng biet cua<br />  Phuong phap phan Hch...<br /> <br /> lich sii vfi thiic tai khach quan. Qua trinh cho ph6p di kha xa trong svf nhfin thQc, k l<br /> nay bi che' dinh bdi ngudn sii lieu vfi ca va'n de tranh luan vfi bi phu nhfin" (15).<br /> phUdng thilc tfii tao ngudn svt lieu. Nghien Tuy ngudn tai lieu nfiy cd gia tri to ldn nhU<br /> ciiu quan he Viet - Trung d thdi ky hien vfiy, song trong dieu kien nghien cQu mdt<br /> dai, cung nhu nghien ciiu ve bfi't ky mdt va'n de tUdng doi nhay cam nhU quan he<br /> vfi'n de lich sii nao khfic d Viet Nam cQng Viet - Trung, cin phai lUu y mfi'y diem sau:<br /> can tuan thu quy luat fi'y. (1) Khdng phai khi nfio vfi bfi't ky ai cung cd<br /> Ngudn svf lieu phuc vu nghien cilu quan the tiep can, khai thac ngudn sii lieu nay;<br /> he Viet - Trung thdi ky hien dai tUdng doi (2) Tuy rfi't cd gia tri, nhUng ngudn sii lieu<br /> phong phii, da dang, song khong phai mpi nay khdng phai ludn ludn cd gia tri tuyet<br /> svt lieu deu cd the de dfing tiep cfin. Ciirig dd'i. Dd'i vdi diem lUu y thd nhdt, va'n de Ifi b<br /> nhu cac ngudn svf Heu khac, mpt each thdng nUdc ta chUa cd lufit qui dinh cu t h l ve giai<br /> thudng nhfi't, svf lieu ve quan he Viet - mat va thdi han giai mfit cac tfii lieu lUu<br /> Trung thdi ky hien dai cd the phan chia trQ; tham chi, tieu chi "mfit" hay "khdng<br /> thfinh svf lieu trUc tii'p vfi svt lieu gidn tii'p. mat" dd'i vdi mdt so tfii lieu luu trQ cung<br /> Trong ca hai dang thiic svf lieu nay, ngudn deu do ca nhan quye't dinh mdt each cam<br /> svt Heu cha vie't chiem da phin, cd y nghia<br /> tinh; cac quy dinh khai thac tai lieu cdn it<br /> quan trpng nha't, vi the, ciing la ngudn svf<br /> di, khong ro rang, khdng dUdc cdng bo'rdng<br /> lieu dUdc cac nhfi nghien cilu chii y hdn ca.<br /> rai; ddi vdi da p h i n tfii lieu lUu trQ, quye't<br /> Trong ngudn sii lieu trUc tii'p dUdi dang dinh cho phep khai thac hofic khdng,<br /> chii vie't, ngudn tdi lieu lUu trQ (cac vfin thUdng dUdc quye't dinh "tai chd" cua cac<br /> ki^n, nghi quyet, chi thi, sic lenh, thdng cfi'p cd t h i m quyen, di qua nhieu tang nfi'c<br /> tu... cua Dang va Nhfi nUdc hai nUdc ve khac nhau. Viec khai thac cung mpt tai lieu<br /> ngoai giao ndi chung, quan hg Viet Nam - lUu trQ, dd'i vdi nhfi nghien cQu nfiy cd the<br /> Trung Qud'c ndi rieng; cac hiep dinh, thU, Ifi "tuyet mfit" - ddng nghia vdi khdng t h l<br /> dien, bfii phat bieu cua cfic nguyen thu khai thac, cdn ddi vdi nhfi nghien cQu khac<br /> qude gia hai nUdc; cac bao cao, vfin ban ddi lai Ifi tfii lieu da "giai mfit". Hien trang nfiy<br /> ngoai cua cfic cd quan, phai dofin hai nUdc; d i n de'n hai tinh hud'ng: Mdt la gia tri dich<br /> cac bao cao cua cac bp, ngfinh hai nUdc... thiic cua cdng trinh nghien cQu khdng nfim<br /> hien dang dUdc lUu giii tai Trung tam lUu d cfich tiep cfin, nfing liic tu duy - phan tich,<br /> trQ Qud'c gia, Vfin phdng liiu trQ Trung Udng kha nang Ifip lufin cua nhfi nghien cQu, dl<br /> Dang, Phdng lUu trQ cua Bp Ngoai giao, Vu dUa ra ket qua khach quan, khoa hpc, mfi<br /> Tnmg Qud'c - Bp Ngoai giao, Trung tam lUu phu thudc vao cho cdng bo nhiing tfii lieu<br /> trQ Bd Quoc phdng....), vQa nhieu ve sd'lUdng, "chUa khai thac"; hai la cd nhiing tU lieu<br /> vQa cd gia tri cao ve thdng tin khoa hpc. Co' mat, bing each nfiy hay each khac, nhfi<br /> Giao sU svt hpc Phap Charles Fourniau da khoa hpc tiep cfin vfi khai thac dUdc, song<br /> danh gia ve ngudn tfii lieu luu trQ d Viet lai khdng t h l svt dung dl hofin thfinh hofic<br /> Nam nhu sau: "Nguon tfii lieu luu trQ Ifi cdng bo' cong trinh nghien cQu cua minh, vi<br /> mdt kho chvfa dvtng nhQng thong tin gin the, khong hiem gfip nhQng cong trinh<br /> nhu khong bao gid can, ne'u biet khai thac nghien cQu thieu cai mdi, thieu quan dilm<br /> vfi dfit chiing dUdi mdt svt phe phan phUc dpc Ifip, thfim chi chi mang tinh minh<br /> tap, thi nhQng ngudn tfii lieu luu trQ nfiy se chvfng mdt chieu diia tren tu bien thay cho<br />  Rghien curu Lich 5i3r. 56' 11.2010<br /> <br /> svf lieu. Dd'i vdi diem lUu y tha hai, rfi^t lieu nfiy ngay cang nhieu them. Svt xufi't<br /> nhieu tfii lieu lUu trQ khi cong bd' (nhU Vdn hien cua cac cuo'n hdi ky nhU "Hoi dc vd suy<br /> kiin Bdng todn tap ching han) da bi cfit nghT (Thvf trUdng Ngoai giao Trin Quang<br /> x6n cho phu hdp tinh hinh chinh tri (vi du Cd); "Gigt nUdc trong bien cd" (Hoang Vfin<br /> nhu trong Vfin kien Dai hdi l i n thQ V Hoan); "Hoi ky DUcfng Cong Td" (Nguyen<br /> (1982) cua Dang, Nghi quye't cac Hpi nghi Dai sii Trung Quoc tai Viet Nam); "Hoi ky cd'<br /> Trung Udng khda V, rfi't nhieu npi dung ve vdn Trung Qud'c" (nhieu tac gia, trong dd cd<br /> Trung Quoc, ve quan he Viet Nam - Trung nhQng nhan vfit noi tieng nhU Lfi Quy Ba,<br /> Quoc dfi bi lUdc bdt vfi thay bfing dfi'u ba Tran Canh, VUdng Nghien Tuyen, TrUdng<br /> chfi'm). NhQng dfic diem vQa neu tren, mgt Quang Hoa)..., cho phep md rpng pham vi<br /> mat, cho tha'y svf khd khfin, trd ngai cua cac ngudn svf lieu va kilm chQng thong tin,<br /> nhfi nghien cQu quan he Viet - Trung trong thau nhfin them thdng tin mdi. Tuy cac tac<br /> xac dinh pham vi ngudn svt lieu; mat khdc, gia cua ngudn sii lieu nay lfi ngudi trong<br /> cd tac dung canh bao dd'i vdi ngUdi nghien cupc, da tQng chQng kien hien thvtc lich sii<br /> cQu khi phan tich - phe khao ngudn svt lieu va mo ta lai, nhUng viec mo ta chii yeu diia<br /> nfiy Ifi phai het sQc cin trpng, cd nghia la vao ky Qc, nhfin thiic chu quan nen de sai<br /> khdng chi chu y den tinh xac thiic cua sii lech, nha't lfi ddi vdi nhQng svf viec xay ra<br /> kien, ma cdn phai het sQc chii trpng ca dp qua lau. Mfit khac, each nhin nhfin, danh<br /> tin cfiy cua thong tin, tranh rdi vao cai bfiy gia svf kien lich svf (nha't la nhQng svt kien<br /> phQc tap, nhay cam chinh tri), phu thudc<br /> cua svf nguy tao thong tin. Phe khao ngudn<br /> ra't ldn vao viec tac gia hdi ky dQng d vi tri<br /> svf lieu nay, cin tfing cUdng cac phUdng<br /> nfio, thupc ve dau?<br /> phap dd'i chieu, so sanh, de cd nhQng didn<br /> giai vfi nhan thQc dung gifi tri cua tU lieu. Svt lieu - cdng trinh sii hpc ve quan he<br /> Ben canh dd, viec khai thac ngudn tfii lieu Viet - Trung cd dp phu kha rdng, bao triim<br /> lUu trQ tQ phia Trung Qud'c cung het sQc cac linh viic tQ chinh tri, ngoai giao, an<br /> khd khfin, nen cung chi cd t h l tiep cfin dUdc ninh - qud'c phdng, kinh te - thUdng mai,<br /> ngudn tfii lieu lUu trQ da cong bd' trong de'n vfin hda - giao due, khoa hpc - ky thufit,<br /> nhiing chiing miic han hep. du lich... Cac cong trinh cua cac nhfi khoa<br /> hpc Viet Nam vie't ve quan he Viet - Trung<br /> Ngudn svf lieu gidn tii'p dUdi dang chQ<br /> nhQng nfim qua kha phong phu ve chu de<br /> vie't ve quan he Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c chu<br /> nhU: "Chinh sdch ddi ngog,i rdng md cua<br /> yeu bao gdm hai loai chinh: Hdi ky cua cac<br /> Viet Nam vd quan hi Viet Nam - Trung<br /> nhfi Ifinh dao Dang, Nhfi nUdc hai nUdc; cfic<br /> Qud'c" (Dd Tien Sam - Furuta Motoo); "Viet<br /> cdng trinh khoa hpc ciia cac nhfi khoa hpc<br /> Nam mdt tieu diem cda chien tranh tU tudng<br /> Viet Nam, Trung Quo'c vfi nUdc ngofii khac.<br /> phdn cdch mg.ng" (Nguyen Thfinh Le); "Quan<br /> Dfiy la ngudn svt Heu do so, phong phii, ne'u<br /> hi Viit Nam - Trung Qud'c: Nhdng sU kiin<br /> dUdc phan tich - nghien cQu phe khao tot, se<br /> 1961-1970" (Nguyen Dinh Liem)... Phia<br /> trd thfinh sii lieu bd' trd, bii dip nhQng thie'u<br /> Trung Quoc cong bd' ngfiy cang nhilu<br /> hut, nhQng khoang trd'ng trong ngudn svt<br /> nhQng cdng trinh ve quan he Viet - Trung,<br /> lieu true tiep, giiip cho viec phuc dilng hien trong dd cd nhQng cdng trinh tieu bieu:<br /> thiic lich sii diy du vfi xac thvtc hdn. "Diin bii'n quan hi Trung - Viit trong 40<br /> Ve svt lieu - hdi ky, phai khing dinh ndm qua" (Quach Minh); "Chin ldn xuat<br /> rfing, cho den thdi dilm hien tai, ngudn svt qudn ldn cua Trung Qud'c" (Sa Liic, Man<br /> Phuong phap phan Hch...<br /> <br /> Liic); "Quye't sdch cua Trung Qude trong thie't, vi "chan ly ben nay day nui Pyrenees<br /> cugc chii'n tranh trdng phat Viet Nam" thi khdng gid'ng vdi chan ly ben kia day nui<br /> (Bfinh Mp Nhan); "Quan he Trung - Viet a'y" (17). Cin het sQc chii y de'n quan dilm,<br /> sau binh thUdng hod: Nhin lai thdi gian gdc dp tiep can cua tac gia svf lieu, dfit sii<br /> qua vd trien vgng" (Hd Tfii); "MUdi ndm lieu vao hofin canh lich svt cu the mfi nd<br /> chii'n tranh Trung - Viit" (Man Liic)... dUdc sinh ra; tim hieu svt tac ddng, chi phdi<br /> Nhieu nhfi nghien cQu nUdc ngofii cung ra't cua hoan canh fi'y dd'i vdi ndi dung vfi hinh<br /> quan tam tdi quan he Viet Nam - Trung thQc cua sQ lieu. Qua trinh nfiy ddi hdi svt<br /> Qud'c; sd' lUdng a'n p h i m cong bd' ngfiy gia can trpng, kien nhfin vfi svf sfing lpc ti mi,<br /> tfing nhanh: "Chu quyen tren hai qudn ddo ket hdp chfit che cfic nguyen t i c phe khao<br /> Hodng Sa vd TrUdng Sa" (Monique sQ lieu vdi he thd'ng phUdng phap bd trd<br /> Chemillier Gendereau); "Chia se tdi nguyin phe khao svt lieu dUdc svf dung phu hdp,<br /> d bien Nam Trung Hoa (Valencia.M.J, khdng lam dung cac ket lufin cua cfic tac<br /> Vandyke.J.M, Ludwig.N.A); "Chu nghla gia svt lieu gian tiep, bdi "mpt khoa hpc<br /> ddn tgc vd chinh sdch ddi ngog.i" (Leni phQc tap nhu svt hpc, ndi trUdc khi lap<br /> Stenseth)... lufin, mpt ket luan thUdng phai tich luy<br /> hfing trieu svt vfit, khdng the diia tren cai<br /> Svf lieu gian tiep - chQ vie't ve quan he<br /> da dUdc vie't ra vinh hfing. Phuc dilng lich<br /> Viet - Trung cd Uu dilm la da dien, cac<br /> sii khong dUdc Ifim triic tiep theo cac svt<br /> quan diem nhieu chieu, thdng tin phong<br /> lieu gian tiep, can phai td hdp cfic ket lufin<br /> phu, song cung cd rfi't nhieu han che, ma<br /> dfi dat dUdc bing hfing ngfin cac cong trinh<br /> han che ldn nhfi't nfim d tinh chu quan, md<br /> bp phan" (18). Chi cd svt cin trpng nhU the,<br /> hd cua ngudn svf lieu - nd vQa phan anh<br /> cung vdi nfing Ivtc tU duy tiep can, phan<br /> hien thvtc lich svt, lai vQa phu nhfin mpt<br /> tich, ly giai cac ngudn sQ Heu, mdi cd the gdp<br /> phin hien thvtc a'y. Do tac dpng cua cac<br /> phin phuc dvtng quan he Viet - Trung gin<br /> dieu kien khach quan, chu quan khac nhau<br /> diing vdi hien thvtc Hch svt.<br /> nen cac tac gia khdng the luc nfio cung n i m<br /> *<br /> dupe trpn ven svt kien, mfi nhieu khi cdn<br /> phan anh sai lech, khien cho viec phan tich Tien hfinh cdng trinh nghien cQu cua<br /> - phe khao svt lieu cua nhfi nghien cQu minh, nhfi svt hpc hUdng tdi viec dUng lai<br /> them p h i n nfing ne, phQc tap, dung nhU mdt each tUdng ddi chan thvtc, khoa hpc bQc<br /> nhfi svt hpc A.Y.Gurevich da ket lufin: "Nhfi tranh toan canh ve svf phat trien cua qufi<br /> nghien cQu lich svt ludn luon ddn dpc vfit trinh lich sii, dl cud'i cung tim kiem mdi<br /> ldn vdi ngudn sii lieu, bdi vi ngudn svt heu vQa lien quan he thd'ng. nhfi't giQa cac svf kien,<br /> lfi cdng cu duy nhfi't ciia nhfin thQc, vQa lfi trd tQ dd tim ra nhQng yeu to tac dpng vfi chi<br /> liic" (16). phd'i cung nhU kham pha quy lufit van<br /> Trong qua trinh xvt ly ngudn sQ lieu gian dpng cua qua trinh lich svf. Trong qua trinh<br /> tiep ve quan he Viet - Trung, viec nhfi fi'y, svf lieu lfi "nguyen vfit lieu thd cQng d i u<br /> nghien cQu svf dung phUdng phap phan tich tien", khdng the thie'u, triic tiep hofic gian<br /> - phe khao, nhfim Ifim ro tinh xac thvtc ciia tiep phan anh mdt phan hofic tofin bp hien<br /> ngudn svf lieu nfiy vfi dp tin cfiy ciia thdng thiic lich sii. Tuy nhien, de tiep can va phuc<br /> tin, dUdc truyen tai qua Ifing kinh chu dvtng lich sQ tiem can chan ly hien thUc, thi<br /> quan cua ngUdi thong tin la het sQc can phUdng phap tap hdp vfi xvt ly ngudn svt<br /> 10 Rghien cuu Lich sit. s6' 11.2010<br /> <br /> lieu ddng vai trd quye't dinh. PhUdng p h a p s i lieu lien q u a n de'n nhQng vfi'n d l chinh<br /> p h a n tich - p h e k h a o svf lieu r a ddi la mpt tri, q u a n svt phQc t a p , n h a y cam, nen lich<br /> thfinh tUu ciia n g a n h svf lieu hpc. Tiep svf dUdc vie't r a rdi dUdc vie't lai, vfi cQ the,<br /> nhfin vfi Qng dung s a n g tao phUdng p h a p h e t t h e h e nfiy qua t h e h e khac, cac cdng<br /> p h a n tich - phe k h a o svt lieu va cac phUdng t r i n h n g h i e n cQu ve mdt vfi'n de vfin ke tiep<br /> p h a p nghien cQu k h a c cua svt hpc se giiip n h a u r a ddi. Mfic du vay, d l cd cong trinh<br /> nhfi svf hpc gia t a n g k h a nfing tiem can tdi n g h i e n cQu m a n g t i n h khoa hpc cao, tiep<br /> tinh k h a c h q u a n cua n h a n thQc lich sii. can g i n vdi h i e n thiic lich sQ, nhfi svf hpc<br /> Tuy nhien, t h a t khd mfi dat tdi tri thQc lich can p h a i t h l h i e n t i n h chuyen nghiep, tinh<br /> svt khdch quan, thdn diin, vi ddi vdi mgt k h a c h q u a n vfi can t r p n g trong p h a n tich -<br /> con ngUdi hay nhdm ngUdi, trong mgt p h e k h a o ngudn sQ lieu, t r e n cd sd tufin thii<br /> khong gian hay thdi gian nhdt dinh, nhdn c h a t che cfic tieu c h u a n , quy t i c khoa hpc<br /> thdc lich sa chi Id hihi han, cd tinh tUcfng t r o n g nghien cQu. Chi bfing each dd cdng<br /> ddi. Do qua t r i n h xQ ly vfi n h a n thQc cac vdi tfii nfing ca n h a n ciia n h a sQ hpc, cac<br /> ngudn svf lieu la khong cd gidi han, cd t h e k e t qua n g h i e n cQu mdi dUdc xay dvtng tren<br /> k6o dai vo tfin theo k h a nfing p h a t hien, mpt n e n t a n g t h d n g t i n vQng chfii, khoa<br /> nhfin thQc cua con ngUdi, dfic biet lfi ngudn hpc, tin cay.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Langlois Sh. Seniobos, Nhdp mdn nghiin (10). Tam dich til tie'ng Diic \k "Sa dd phdn<br /> ciiu sit hgc, SPb, 1899. tr. 13. tdng sd lieu".<br /> (2). M.I, Paramonova, Lich sd nhdn thUc sd (11). Tam dich tii tid'ng Phap 1^ "Cac khai ni^m<br /> hgc, Nxb. Khoa hoc, M, 2000, tr. 80 (tieng Nga). cua phe phan s i lieu",<br /> (3). L.G.Brandon, Culture: The anthropologists' (12). Tam dich tU tie'ng Phap 1^ "Nguyen tfic<br /> Account, phe phan sii lieu".<br /> http://harvardpress.tvpepad.com/hup publicitv/20 (13). Mpt th6i dai, tac ph^m n^y dU(3c coi dai<br /> 10 loai nhu "Kinh phuc dm cua ly ludn sd hgc ThUc<br /> (4). L.P.Repina, V.V.Zvereva, M.I. Paramonova, chdng".<br /> Lich sd tri thUc sii hgc, M, 2004, tr. 35. (14). Din lai theo M.G.Lebedev, PhUcfng phdp<br /> (5). A. Ia. Gurevich, Con ngudi trong lich sd, M. lugn sd hgc, sdd, tr. 90.<br /> 1997, tr. 94. (15). Din lai theo Nguyen Le Nhung, "Vki n6t<br /> (6), M.G. Lebedev, PhUcfng phdp tudn sd hgc, ve viec xac dinh gia tri tai lifu lUu trii Dang v6i<br /> Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, M, 2005, tr. 99. yeu cSu xay dUng nguon sii lieu cho nghien ciiu<br /> (7), NgUdi dat nen mong cho each phan loai nay lich sii". Tap chi Vdn thU ldu trd Viet Nam, so 1-<br /> la nha sU hoc ngUdi Ba Lan Hendensman vao nSm 2007, tr. 13.<br /> 1928. (16). A, la, Gurevich, Lanh dia cua nhd sd hgc,<br /> (8), Tam dich tii tieng Phap la "Bdi gidng ve Odissei, 1996, tr. 92,<br /> nghien cdu lich sd ". (17). Ngan ngii phUdng Tay.<br /> (9), Xuat ban sau khi Claude Francois Daunon (18). L.P.Repina, V.V.Zvereva. M.I.<br /> da mat, Paramonova, Lich sd tri thdc sd hgc, sdd, tr. 190.<br />