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PRAN TICH CHINH SACH CONG<br />
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I. TONG QUAN VE CHINH SACH CONG<br />
1. Khiti<br />
<br />
ni~m<br />
<br />
chfnh sitch cong<br />
<br />
Khoa hQc chinh sach ra doi mUQn hon cac khoa hQc khac va chi thllC Sll<br />
phat tri~n rQng rai a cac nuac tren thS giro sau nhiing nam 1950, do co sg thay<br />
thS dfut cac nghien Clm chinh tri truySn thBng sang khoa hQc chinh sach. Vi sg<br />
phong phil cua cac phuong di~n ho~t dQng chinh tri nen cac hQc gia da dS c~p<br />
dSn khai ni~m vS chfnh sach cong duai nhiSu giac dQ tiSp. c~n khac nhau. Cho du<br />
v~y, cac khai ni~m dSu thBng nhdt cho r~g chinh sach cong b~t ngu6n tit nhUng<br />
"quySt dinh" cua nha nuac va va dung dS giai quySt nhUng vdn dS chung vi lqi<br />
. fch cua dffi sBng cQng d6ng.<br />
Thomas Dye dua ra mQt dinh nghia ng~ gQn vS chinh sach cong la: "bat<br />
kY nhiing gi ma nha mritc hra ch9n Iam ho(zc kh6ng lam"l. Khai ni~m vS chinh<br />
sach cong cua William Jenkins C\1 thS hon so vro dinh nghla tren. Theo ong,<br />
chinh sach cong la "m9t t(Ip hr;p cac quyit dinh co lien quan viti nhau dU:(1c ban<br />
hanh bOi m9t nha ho~t d9ng chinh trj ho(zc m9t nhom cac nha ho~t d9ng chinh<br />
tri lien'quan din 11:fa ch9n cac mlj.C tieu va cac phu:ong ti¢n di d~t mlj.c tieu trong<br />
m9t tinh hu6ng Clj. thi thu9C ph~m vi thdm quyJn cua h(/,2. Con James Anderson<br />
dua ra mQt dinh nghla chung hon, mo tit chinh sach nhu la "m9t du:irng 16i hanh<br />
d9ng co mlj.C dich dU:(1c ban hanh bOi m9t nha ho~t d9ng ho(zc m9t nhom cac nha<br />
ho~t d9ng di gicii quyit m9t van dJ phat sinh ho(zc win dJ quan tam,,3.<br />
Tuy co nhUng giro h~n nhdt dinh, nhung cac dinh nghla tren dSu ~p trung<br />
mo tit nQi ham cua chinh sach congo Tren ca sa tham khao cac cach tiSp c~ khac<br />
nhau vS chinh sach cong, co thS di dSn mQt dinh nghia: Chinh sach c6ng la dinh<br />
hu:ang hanh d9ng dU:(1c 11!a ch9n phil hr;p viti thai d9 chinh tri cua nha nu:itc khi<br />
gild quyit nhiing van dJ phat sinh trong ddi s6ng c9ng dang nhlim d~t dU:(1c mlj.c<br />
tieu phat triin m6i thai kYo<br />
<br />
a<br />
<br />
2. Vai tro cna chinh sitch cong<br />
Thu nhat, dinh huang m\1c tieu cho cac chu thS tham giaho~t dQng kinh tS<br />
-xa hQi.<br />
<br />
Thomas R. Dye, Understanding Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972):2 <br />
<br />
William J. Jenkins, Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective (~ondon: Martin Robertson, <br />
<br />
1978) <br />
<br />
3 James E. Anderson, Public Policy Making: An Introduction, 3rd ed.(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, <br />
<br />
1984):3 <br />
<br />
I<br />
<br />
2<br />
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45<br />
<br />
Do chinh sach phan anh thai dQ u.ng xu cua nha nuac truac rnQt vAn d~<br />
cong, nen no thB hi~n ro nhUng xu th~ tac dQng cua nha nuac len cac chu thB<br />
trong xii hQi giup hQ v~ dQng d~t dugc nhUng gia tIi tuong lai rna nha nuac<br />
rnong rnu6n. Gia tti do chinh la rn\lc tieu phat triBn phil hgp vai nhUng nhu c~u<br />
co ban cua dOl s6ng xii hQi. N~u cac chu thB kinh t~, xii hQi ho~t dQng thea dinh<br />
huang tac dQng cila chlnh sach thi khong nhUng dS dang d~t dugc rn\lC tieu phat<br />
triBn, rna con nh~ dugc nhUng uu diii ill phia nha nuac hay xii hQi. Di~u do co<br />
nghIa la, ciIng vm rn\lc tieu dinh huang, cach thuc tac dQng cua chinh sach cong<br />
ciing co \rai tro dinh huang cho cac chu thB hiinh dQng.<br />
<br />
Thit hai, t~o dQng l~c cho cac d6i tugng tharn gia ho~t dQng kinh t~, xii<br />
hQi thea rn\lC tieu chung.<br />
Mu6n d~t dugc cac rn\lC tieu phat tri~n chung kinh t~-xii hQi, nha nuac<br />
phiii ban hiinh nhi~u chinh sach, trong do rnBi chinh sach l~i co nhUng cach thuc<br />
tac dQng rnang tinh khuy~n khich d6i vm cac chu th~ thuQc rnQi thiinh ph~ nhu:<br />
rniSn giiirn thu~, t~o co hQi ti~p c~ vai ngudn v6n co liii su~t uu diii, ban hiinh<br />
nhUng thu t1)c hiinh chinh don gian, dugc th\l huang cac khoan uu diii d~c bi~t<br />
khac, ... Sl)' tac dQng cua chinh sach khong rnang tinh b~t bUQc, rna chi khuy~n<br />
khich cac chu th~ hiinh dQng thea y chi cua nha nuac. Chfulg h~, dB tang cUOng<br />
lugng d~u tu vao n~n kinh t~, nha nuac ta ban hiinh chinh sach khuy~n khich cac<br />
chu th~ .trong nuac va nuac ngoai tich Cl)'C d~u tu van cac nganh, lInh Vl)'C hay<br />
nhUng viIng c~ dugc uu tien phat triBn.<br />
<br />
Thit ba, phat huy rn~t tich Cl)'C, ddng thOl kh~c ph\lc nhUng h~ ch~ cua n~n<br />
kinh t~ thi truOng.<br />
Trong kinh t~ thi truOng, quy lu~t c~ tranh va cac qui l~t thi truOng khac<br />
dii thuc d~y rnBi chu thB trong xii hQi d~u tu van san xu~t kinh doanh, khong<br />
ngimg d6i rnm cong ngh~, m1ng cao nang su~t lao dQng, cMtlugngsan phk va<br />
h~ gia thanh hang hoa va dich V1) cung c~p cho xii hQi. Nhu do rna cii xii hQi va<br />
rung ca nhan, t6 chuc d~u dugc huang 19i nhu; Hang hoa va dich V1) tang v~ s6<br />
lugng, da d~g phong phu v~ chUng lo~i, ch~t lugng ngay cang dugc nang cao vm<br />
gia tieu diIng ngay cang reo Tuy v~y, Sl)' v~ hanh cua thj truOng ciing gay ra<br />
.nhUng tac dQng tieu Cl)'C rna cac nha kinh t~ gQi la rn~t trai cua thi truOng nhu:<br />
DQc quy~n trong san xu~t, cung u.ng khong d~y du hang hoa cong cQng, Sl)' b~t<br />
cong bing, b~t 6n kinh t~ vi rno, ca Ian nU6t ca be ... gay iinh huang khong t6t len<br />
toan xii hQi va rnBi nguOl tieu diIng. Trong tinh hinh do nhii nuac phiii su d\ll1g h~<br />
th6ng chinh sach cong dB giiii quy~t nhUng vAn d~ bAt c~p v~ kinh t~, kh~c ph\lc<br />
nhUng thAt b~i cua thi truOng thong qua trg c~p, cung u.ng dich V1) cong do cac<br />
doanh nghi~p nha nuac, cac don vi Sl)' nghi~p cong l~p thl)'C hi~n.<br />
<br />
Thit ttl, ~o l~p cac can d6i trong phat tri~n.<br />
46<br />
<br />
DS kinh tS - xa hQi phat triSn mQt cach 6n dinh, bSn viing, nha nuac phai<br />
dung cac chinh sach dS t?o l~p cac can d6i vi mo co ban nhu can ddi gifra hang <br />
tiSn, cung - cAu, xuAt - nh~p kh~u, tiSt ki~m - tieu dUng, ... DBng thai, nha nuac<br />
con dung chinh sach dS dam bao SlJ phat triSn can d6i gifra cac vilng, miSn clla<br />
dAtnuac.<br />
Thu nam, kiSm soat va phan b6 cac nguBn IlJc trong xa hQi.<br />
<br />
Nha nuac luon luon quan tam dSn quan ly, khai thac va sir d\lng cac<br />
nguBn I'lJc cho phat triSn. M\lc tieu phat triSn bao gBm ca gia tang vS lw;mg va<br />
cai thi~n chAt trong hi~n t~i va wang lai, vi thS tai nguyen tv riliien va xa hQi clla<br />
mQt qu6c gia luon tra thclnh vAn dS quan tam chinh ySu clla nha nuac. DS sir<br />
d\lflg co hi~u qua mi nguyen thea huang bSn viIng, nha nuac thlJC hi~n kiSm soat<br />
-- qua trinh khai thac sir d\lflg mi nguyen va phan b6 hgp ly ~ac nguBn IlJc trong xa<br />
,,- hQi. Vi d\l nhu chinh sach xay dlJIlg vilng kinh tS mai, chinh sach dAt dai, chinh<br />
sach thl)S...<br />
Thu sau, t~o moi tTUang thich hgp cho cac ho~t dQng kinh tS - xa hQi.<br />
<br />
Thong qua cac chinh sach, nha nuac t~o nhiing diSu ki~n cAn thiSt dS hinh<br />
thanh mQt moi wang thu~n 19i cho cac Chll thS xa hQi ho~t dQng nhu: chinh<br />
sach phat triSn thi wang lao dQng, thi wang v6n, thi wang khoa hQc va cong<br />
ngh~, ~ wang bAt dQng san, phat triSn co sa h~ tAng, ...<br />
Thu bay, thuc d~y SlJ ph6i hgp ho~t dQng gifra cac cAp, cac nganh.<br />
Vi~c<br />
<br />
thlJC hi~n cac giai do~ trong chu trinh chinh sach khong chi va<br />
khong thS do mQt co quan nha nuac dam nhi~m, rna cAn co SlJ tham gia clla<br />
nhiSu co quan thuQc cac cAp, cac nganh khac nhau hay Clla nhiSu t6 chuc, ca<br />
nhan. Vi thS thong qua qua trinh chinh sach se thuc d~y SlJ ph6i hgp ho~t dQng<br />
gifra cac co quan nha nuac, cac t6 chuc chinh trj - xa hQi, cac tAng lap nhan dan,<br />
gop phAn t?o nen SlJ nhip nhang, dBng bQ trong ho~t dQng thlJc thi chinh sach<br />
congo<br />
<br />
II. NHirNG VAN<br />
CONG<br />
1. Khai<br />
<br />
ni~m<br />
<br />
BE<br />
<br />
CHUNG<br />
<br />
vt<br />
<br />
PHAN TicH CHINH SA-CH<br />
<br />
phao tich chinh sach coog<br />
<br />
Phan tich chinh sach khong phai la mQt giai do~ dQc l~p clla chu trinh chinh<br />
sach, rna la mQt ho~t dQng gfuI kSt vm cac giai do~ trong chu trinh chinh sach.<br />
Phan tich chinh sach la ho~t dQng co ban lam nSn tang cho vi~c ra quySt dinh Clla<br />
cac Chll thS ho~ch dinh va thlJC thi chinh sach congo Do tinh chuyen nghi~p va vai<br />
tro trQng ySu clla cong vi~c nay rna hi~n nay, nhiSu qu6c gia da coi ho~t phan tich<br />
chinh sach la mQt ho~t dQng mang tinh nghS nghi~p va nhUng ngum lam cong vi~c<br />
nay dugc gQi la nhd phdn tich chinh sach chuyen nghi?p. Mu6n dcinh gia mQt chinh<br />
<br />
47<br />
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sach t!t ySu phiti phan tich chinh sach; muBn xay d\D1g chinh sach mm, di~u chinh<br />
ho~c sua d6i chinh sach dang co cling cfuJ thiSt phai phan tich, danh gia chinh sach<br />
dang th\fc hi~n.<br />
Thong thuOng cac nQi dung ho~t dQng trong qua trinh phan tich chinh sach<br />
hao gBm chu6i cac huac nhu: phan tich th\fc trliUlg dS tim kiSm v§n d~ chinh<br />
sach, phan tich xac dinhm\lc tieu giiti quySt v§n d~ chinh sach, xac dinh cac chu<br />
thS tham gia th\fc hi~n m\lc tieu va mBi quan h~ gifra hQ, d~ xu~t cac phuong an<br />
cho ho~ch dinh chinh sach, phan<br />
giiti quy~t v§n d~ duQ'c coi 1a tBi Uti lam co<br />
tich cac ySu tB itnh huang dSn ho~ch dinh chinh sach dS h~ chS S\f chi ph6i<br />
mang tich khong ·tich c\fc cua mQt sB ySu tB, phan tich cac ho~t d{>ng triSn khai<br />
th\fc hi~n m\lC tieu chinh sach va phan tich danh gia 'tic dQng 1r\fc tiSp, gian tiSp<br />
cua mQt chinh sach. DS th\fc hi~n co hi~u qua cac ho~t d{>ng tren, th\fC tS cac nha<br />
phan tich thuOng g~p khong it kho khan va m~t nhi~u thm gian vao vi~c xac<br />
dinh, giai trinh v~n d~ tl:teo mQt cach thuc hfru d\lllg ho~c phan tich cac giiti phap<br />
chinh sa:ch. NhUng cong vi~c nay co y nghia d~c hi~t quan trQng, hOO chUng quySt<br />
dinh phAn 1611 nhUng m\lc tieu va phuong phap cfuJ duQ'c su d\lllg dS danh gia cac<br />
tac d{>ng co thS co Clla cac giiti phap va giup dinh huang l\fa chQn cac phuong an<br />
chinh sach.<br />
<br />
so<br />
<br />
Nhu v~y, phlin tich chinh sach Za qua trinh xem xet toan di~n, h~ th6ng cac<br />
yiu t6 rz.9P thanh chinh sach nh&m cung cJp co sa cho vi~c hogch ilinh, th¥,c thi<br />
hay ilanh gia m9t chinh sach hi~n hanh.<br />
2. Cac hOft dQng phan nch chinh sach cong<br />
<br />
2.1. Cong tac chunn hi<br />
Cfing nhu mQi cong mc khac, truac khi tiSn hitnh cac ho~t dQng phan dch<br />
chinh sach, nha phan tich cfuJ phai th\fC hi~n t6t cong 'tic chufuJ hi. Ch~t 1uqng<br />
cua cong 'tic nay co anh huang quySt dinh dSn kSt qua phan tich trong hao cao<br />
phan tich chinh sach sau nay. Cong mc chufuJ hi phan tich chinh sach thuOng hao<br />
,<br />
gom:<br />
a) xay d'(mg ki hogch phlin tich<br />
KS ho~ch phan tich chinh sach 1a han d\f kiSn mc nghi~p hay chu6i hitnh<br />
dQng C\l thS mang tinh qui trinh lien quaD d~n th\fc hi~n m\lc tieu phan tich, nen<br />
cach thuc xay d\D1g kS ho~ch nay ciing gi6ng nhu cac kS ho~ch 'tic nghi~p trong<br />
co quan nha nuac noi chung. Day hi cong vi~c khai dAu cho cit qua trinh phan<br />
tich, giup nha phan tich xac dinh duQ'c dAy du nhUng ho~t d{>ng cAn phiti ti~n<br />
hitnh, cac nguBn l\fc cAn thiSt cho phan tich cling nhu vi~c phan cong trach nhi~m<br />
gifra cac thitnh vien trong nhom phan tich.<br />
<br />
b) Chudn bi cac ngu6n Z¥'c<br />
<br />
48<br />
<br />
sa<br />
<br />
Tren cO'<br />
m\lc tieu va cac can ddi thl)'c hi~n ho~t dQng dS ra trong k~<br />
ho~ch, cac nha phan tich se khai thac nguan h;rc vS ca luqng va chit theo yeu cAu.<br />
Nha phan tich ho~c wang nhom cong tac cAn chufut bi dAy dii cac nguan nay<br />
wac khi b~t dAu thl)'c hi~n cac ho~t dQng phan tich.<br />
<br />
2.2. Tri2n khai phlin tfch chfnh stich cong<br />
Day 180 giai do~ ta chuc thl)'c hi~n cac nhi~m Vl) hay ho~t dQng dff xac dinh<br />
trong k~ ho~ch phan tich. Thong thuang, khi ti~n hanh phan tich phai bao gam<br />
cac ho~t dQng duai day:<br />
<br />
a) Thu thq.p thong tin ph1:lc V1:l cha phCin tich<br />
Can cu vao m\lc dich, yeu cAu phan tich chinh sach, nha phan tfch ti~n<br />
.. hanh thu th~p thong tin cho phil hQP. Vi~c thu th~p thong tin ph\lc Vl) cho phan<br />
- tich chinh sach gam nghien cUu tai li~u va nghien CUu thl)'c dia.<br />
b) Xu lY thong tiiz<br />
<br />
sa<br />
<br />
Tren cO'<br />
thong tin thu th~p duQ'c, nha phan ttch ho~c nhom phan tich<br />
ti~n hanh xu ly bfuJg nhiing phuang phap thich hQP, phil hQP vm m\lc tieu phan<br />
tich dff xac dinh trong k~ ho~ch phan tfch.<br />
<br />
c) Tiin hanh phCin tich<br />
K~t qua phan tich duQ'c thS hi~n dum d~g mQt ban giai trinh chi ti~t nQi<br />
dung phan tich. Ban mly thS hi~n cac k~t qua xem xet ho~t dQng chinh sach phil<br />
hQP vm m\lc tieu phan ttch dff xac dinh ddi vm tUng lo~ chinh sach C\l thS. NQi<br />
dung ti~n hanh phan tich ph\l thuQc vao cong vi~c phan tich la nhfun ph\lc Vl) cho<br />
chii thS ra quy~t dinh chinh sach hay danh gia tac dQng clla chinh sach. N~u phan<br />
tich dS ph\lc Vl) cho vi~c ll)'a chQn chinh sach se gam cac nQi dung phan tfch thl)'c<br />
tr~g kinh t~, xff hQi dS xac dinh yin dS chinh sach, phan tich m\lc tieu chinh<br />
sach, cac cO' ch~ cAn co trong bi~n phap mc dQng Clla chlnh sach d~ d~t m\lc tieu.<br />
Con phan ttch dS ph\lc Vl) danh gia chinh sach se bao gam phan tich trong qua<br />
trinh chinh sach dang duQ'c thl)'C thi d~ bi~t duQ'c vi~c thl)'c thi chinh sach co mc<br />
dQng nhu th~ nao d~n cac ddi ruqng th\l huang, hay qua trlnh thl)'C hi~n co d~t<br />
m\lc tieu chinh sach hay khong.v.v.<br />
<br />
d) Lq.p baa caa phCin tich<br />
Bao cao phan tich la ban tang hQP cac k~t qua phan tich chlnh sach theo<br />
mQt th~ thuc nhit dinb. Tuy theo m\lc dich Clla phan tich chinh sach, nQi dung<br />
duQ'c ,trinh bay trong bao cao phan tich 180 tAng hQP hay chi ti~t, la tAng' quan hay<br />
sau sac.<br />
<br />
2.3. Chuy2n giao kit qua phlin tfch chfnh stich cong<br />
<br />
49<br />
<br />