Tính tốt của các thực phẩm chức năng có nguồn gốc từ thực vật

TINH TOT C U A<br /> CAC THI/C PHAM CHLfC NANG<br /> •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CO nguon goc<br /> tu' thac vat<br /> • PGS. TS. Nguyin Minh Thuy<br /> TrUdng Dai hpc Can Thd<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> buat ngff thffc pham ehffc nang dau tien dffdc dung c i c ngudn thffc pham chffa cic chit nay trong<br /> <br /> T gidi thieudNhitBin vao giffa thip nien 1980 cbe bien c i c thffc pham ehffc nang, bao gdm:<br /> vi de cap den cic loai thffc pham che bie'n<br /> chffa cic thanh phan hd trd ehffc nang cu the cho cd<br /> the ngoai viec mang lai tinh bd dffdng. Den nay, Nhat<br /> Hgt yen mgch: Cac san pham tff yen mach cd<br /> chffa ngudn chit xd hda tan beta-glucan cd hieu qui<br /> trong viec lim giim ham Iffdng cholesterol, ngan<br /> Ban li nffdc duy nha't da xiy dffng quy trinb pbe<br /> ngffa hinb tbanb khd'i u va benh ung thff. Cic ngbien<br /> duyet quy dinh cu the cho cic loai thffc pham ehffc<br /> cffu cung cbo tha'y rang viec sff dung thffc pbam niy<br /> nang. Vien Y hpc Thffc pham vi Dinh dffdng dinh<br /> cd the lam giim tdng so' vi mat dp LDL (bpoprotein<br /> nghia thffc pham ehffc nang la "bit ky thinh phan<br /> ty trpng thap)-cholesterol, do dd lim giim nguy cd<br /> thffc pbam boac thffc an cd the cung cap ldi ich cho<br /> benh mach vanh.<br /> sffc khde ngoai c i c chat dinh dffdng truyen tbdng<br /> mi chung chffa". Hieu qui hdn nffa chinh li khi Ddu ndnh: Vai trd ciia diu ninh da dffdc biet<br /> nang ciia cic loai thffc phi'm ehffc nang trong viec de'n trong nhffng nam 1990. Dau ninh khdng chi cd<br /> giam thieu dich benh, tang cffdng sffc khde va giam protein cha't Iffdng cao (theo danb gii cua FDA, Hoa<br /> chi phi cham sdc sffc khde. Ky) ma cdn cd vai trd dff phdng va dieu Ui cic benh<br /> Ri't nhieu nghien cffu dich te v i thff nghiem tim mach, ung thff, loang xffdng vi cic Uieu chffng<br /> lam sing cho thi'y che dp an ud'ng cd ngudn gd'c trong thdi ky man kinb ciia phu nff. Tic dung lim<br /> thffc vat cd the lim giim nguy cd mac benh man giim cholesterol dffdc xem li i n h hffdng td't nhi't<br /> tinh, dac biet l i benh ung thff. Nim 1992, dinb gia ciia dau nanh. 38 nghien cffu rieng biet (lien quan<br /> ciia 200 nghien cffu dich te hpc (Block, 1992) cho de^n 743 dd'i tffdng) cho tha'y rang viec tieu thu pro-<br /> tha'y nguy cd ung thff d ngffdi sff dung nhieu rau tein dau nanh lim giim ding ke trong tdng so' cho-<br /> qua trong khau phan an chi khoing mdt nffa so vdi lesterol (9,3%), LDL-cholesterol (12,9%), va triglyc-<br /> sd' ngffdi tieu thu it rau qua. Rd ring l i cic thinh erides (10,5%), cung vdi sff tang mpt Iffdng nbd<br /> phan trong thffc pham cd ngudn gd'c thffc v i t cd (khoing 2,4%) HDL (Lipoprotein ty trpng cao)-cho-<br /> kba nang lim giam nguy cd ung thff hdn cic dang lesterol (Anderson, 1995) - la loai td't cbo sffc khde.<br /> tbffc pbam kbic. Steinmetz vi Potter (1991) xic dinh Mdt so' chit chdng ung thff da dffdc xae dinh trong<br /> hdn mffdi loai cbi't hda hpc cd boat tinh sinb bpc diu ninb bao gdm cac cha't ffc che protease, pby-<br /> cao trong thffc vat dffdc gpi dffdi t e n tosterols, saponins, phenolic acid, acid phytic, va<br /> "phytochemicals". C i c chuyen gia y te dang dan isoflavones (Messina va Barnes, 1991). Trong sd nay,<br /> dan nban ra vai trd cua phytochemicals trong nang isoflavones (Genistein vi Daidzein) dffdc dac biet<br /> cao sffc khde (Howard va Kritcheveky, 1997) vi sff cbu y.<br /> <br /> 15<br />  Cd chua: C i chua da dffdc quan tim nhieu do c i c te b i o thffc vit, xuc t i c cho mdt loat c i c sin<br /> chffa lycopene li loai carotenoid chii yeu (Gerster, pha'm thuy phan, bao gdm isothiocyanates v i Indoles.<br /> 1997) vdi vai trd trong viec giam nguy cd ung thff Indole-3 carbinol (I3C) hien dang dffdc nghien cffu<br /> (Weisburger, 1998). Trong nghien cffu tren hdn trong hda lieu phdng ngffa ung thff tuyen vii.<br /> 47.000 nam gidi, nhffng ngffdi tieu thu sin phi'm Cam, chanh, quyt, bi/dti: Mdt so'nghien cffu dich<br /> ci chua 10 lan hay nhieu hdn mdi tuan se giim t i hpc cho thi'y c i c loai tiii niy giup bao ve cd the<br /> mdt nffa nguy cd phat trien ung thff tuye'n tien liet chd'ng lai nhieu loai benh ung thff. Ngoii cic cha't<br /> (Giovannucci, 1995). Dieu thu vi li lycopene lai li dinh dffdng quan trpng nhff vitamin C, folate vi cha't<br /> dang carotenoid phd bien nhi't trong tuyen tien liet xd, c i c loai trii c i y n i y cdn chffa mdt dang chat<br /> (CUnton, 1996). Lycopene cting cd khi nang ngan "phytochemicals" li Umonoids (Hasegawa va Miyake,<br /> ngffa nguy cd ung thff vu, dffdng tieu hda, cd tff 1996). Limonene dffdc chffng minh l i chi't hd trd<br /> cung, bing quang, da (Clinton, 1998) va phdi (Li, ngan ngffa ung thff cd hieu qui (Gould, 1997).<br /> 1997). Tic dung chii ye'u ciia lycopene li do ehffc<br /> Cranberry: Nffdc qui cranberry d i dffdc cdng<br /> nang chd'ng oxy hda ciia nd.<br /> nhan li cd hieu qua trong dieu tri nhiem triing dffdng<br /> Toi: Tdi (Allium sativum) li loai thao mdc cd tinh tiet nieu tff nam 1914 (Blatherwick).<br /> chit dffdc lieu (Nagoumey, 1998) vi da dffdc xep<br /> Trd: Thinh phan dffdc quan tim dac biet chii y<br /> hang li loai thao mdc ban chay thff hai tai Hoa Ky<br /> la polyphenol chie'm de'n 30% trpng Iffdng khd ciia<br /> trong nhieu nam qua (Anon., 1998). Nhffng ldi ich<br /> li tri tffdi. Catechins li thinh phan chii yeu vi quan<br /> ve sffc khde ciia tdi da dffdc cdng bd nhff hda lieu<br /> trpng nha't ciia tit c i c i c polyphenol tri (Graham,<br /> phdng ngffa benh ung thff, thud'e khang sinh, chd'ng<br /> 1992) vdi 4 h d p cha't catechins chii ye'u la<br /> tang huyet i p , giam cholesterol (Srivastava, 1995)<br /> Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Epigallocatechin,<br /> vi phdng chdng benh mach vinh. C i c hffdng vi dac<br /> epicatechin-3-gallate vi epicatechin. Trong nhffng<br /> trffng vi vi cay cua tdi li do mdt sff hien dien ciia<br /> nam gan diy d i cd ri't nhieu nghien cffu quan tam<br /> hdp chit chffa Iffu huynh bda tan dffdc trong nffdc vi<br /> den tic diing dffdc ly cua tri vi hau bet li ldi ich<br /> dau. Tdi chffa acid amin khdng miii, alliin, dffdc<br /> ciia tri dd'i vdi sffc khde trong hda Ueu phdng ngffa<br /> chuyen dd'i bdi enzyme allinase thanh allicin khi tdi<br /> benh ung thff.<br /> dffdc nghien (Block, 1992). Allicin sau dd tff phin<br /> buy de tao thinh hdp chi't chffa Iffu huynh cd tic Nho vd ritdu vang: C i c hdp chit phenol vdi ham<br /> dung hda Ueu phdng ngffa benh. Iffdng cao trong rffdu vang dd (gi'p khoang 20-50<br /> lan so vdi rffdu vang trang) li do sff ket hdp ciia vo<br /> Cic dieu tra dffdc tie'n hinh tai Trung Qud'c cho qui nho len men vi nffdc ep nho trong sin xua't rffdu.<br /> tha'y nguy cd ung thff da diy giam khi Iffdng allium Frankel vi cdng sff (1993) cho thi'y ldi Ich tich cffc<br /> trong tdi cao. Gan diy, trong nghien cffu tren hdn cua hdp chit phenol trong rffdu vang dd cd kha nang<br /> 40.000 phu nff d thdi ky man kinh, viec tieu thii tdi ngan chin sff oxy hda LDL (mdt tic ddng quan trpng<br /> da lam giam gan 50% nguy cd ung thff rupt ke't ciia qui trinh xd vffa ddng mach). Rffdu vang do cung<br /> (Steinmetz, 1994). li mdt ngudn ding ke ciia trans-resveratrol, mdt phy-<br /> Bdng cai xanh vd cdc logi rau cdi khde: C i c toalexin cd d vd qui nho (Creasy vi c i phe, 1988).<br /> nghien cffu dich te hpc cho thi'y cd md'i lien quan Resveratrol cung dffdc chffng minh li chi't cd ich ldi<br /> giffa viec tieu thu thffdng xuyen cic loai rau cii vdi cho tim mach, vi cd kha ning ffc che chit giy ung<br /> giam nguy cd ung thff. Verhoeven (1997) cho thi'y cic thff (Jang, 1997).<br /> rau cai cd chffa h i m Iffdng cao glucosinolates. Tuy nhien, vi'n de ding Iffu y la c i c loai dd<br /> Glucosinolates li mdt nhdm c i c glycosides dffdc udng cd cdn thffdng lien quan den nguy cd gia tang<br /> giff trong khdng b i o ciia te b i o ciia ta't c i c i c loai ciia mdt sd' loai ung thff, bao gdm ung thff vu<br /> rau cai. Myrosinase, mdt loai enzyme tim thi'y trong (Bowlin, 1997)./.<br /> <br /> 16<br />