62 TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOl SO 3(151)-2011<br />
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TRUYEN THONG SAN X U A T G 6 M OAT NUNG<br />
CUA NGLPOI KHMER VA NGU'OI VIET Q NAM BQ:<br />
NGHIEN CCrU NHU'NG BIEN OOl TRONG KY T H U A T<br />
CHE T A C V A K I E U D A N G SAN P H A M G O M<br />
OTINH KIEN GIANG<br />
NGUYEN THI HOAl HLfaNG<br />
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TOM TAT 1. VAl NET TONG QUAN KHU VU'C<br />
Bai viet la kit qua nghien eiru ky thuat lam NGHIEN ClJU<br />
gom thii edng d tinh Kien Giang dwoc thwc Khu vyc mien Nam Viet Nam thupc vung<br />
hien trong nam 2008. Nghien eiru dwa ra ehau t h i sdng Mekong la mpt khu vyc da<br />
eae van de hien trang san xuit, ehuyen doi s i c too. Dan too Kinh ehilm p h i n Idn 87%<br />
ky thuat ehe tae va san phim gom Khmer t i n g dan s l , k l den la ngudi Hoa, ngudi<br />
d tinh Kien Giang trong qua trinh thich irng Khmer va ngudi Cham. TCr khoang d i u t h i<br />
vdi nhirng blin doi kinh te, xa hgl hien nay. ky XVII, ngudi Khmer ehilm s l lugng Idn<br />
Theo Si/ phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng tai trude khi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Hoa va ngudi<br />
Iwu virc ha Iwu song Mekong, hau nhw Cham den djnh c u tgi day. Hipn nay d<br />
khdng cd hy vgng bag tin hien trang nghi o l n g b i n g sdng CCru Long cd khoang 90<br />
gom thii cong mang tinh truyen thong tgc vgn dan la ngudi dan tdc Khmer, cu tru d<br />
ngwdi. Dien hinh la san xuat gdm a lang cae tinh An Giang, Kien Giang, C i n Tha,<br />
Dau Doi d Kien Giang, viec dan gian hda dgc biet hp s i n g tap trung d Sde Trang,<br />
ciia ky thuat san xuit cung nhw hieu qua Tra Vinh. P h i n Idn, hp ed quan he sau sac<br />
ciia san pham gom da thay doi dang ke v l van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su' vdi ngudi<br />
thay thi va chia se thj phin cung nhw so Khmer d Campuchia. Ngudi Khmer sing<br />
Iwgng san xuit ciia tang Diu Dgi so vdi do chu y l u d cae vung nui, chan d i i t h i p nhu<br />
gom eiia ngwdi Khmer. Sw phan bo lang Hdn Olt-Hdn Queo (Kien Giang), eac chan<br />
Hdn Queo-lang Tri Ton-lang Diu Doi cho nui Tri Ton d tinh An Giang, bien gidi<br />
thay sir ton tai va sw can thiit cua do gom huyen Tjnh Bien. Chung ta de dang nhan<br />
trong sinh hoat d Dong bing song CCru dipn khu vyc sinh s i n g cua hp so vdi cac<br />
Long, dong thdi phan anh qua trinh chuyen tpc ngudi khac vi hp s i n g trong mdt khdng<br />
doi eua ky thuat san xuat va loai hinh do gian tap trung theo phum, sdc. Nghien eCru<br />
gom. trudng hgp san x u i t g l m truyin thing d<br />
o l n g b i n g sdng CLPU Long eho bilt chi<br />
cdn hai khu vyc ed ngudi Khmer lam g l m<br />
Nguyin Thi Hoai Huong. Thae sT. Vien Nghien<br />
cuu Phat tnen Thanh phi. Nghien CLPU sinh la huyen Hdn O l t tinh Kien Giang va huypn<br />
nganh Khao co Hoc vien Khoa hpe Xa hpi. Tri Tdn tinh An Giang.<br />
NGUYEN THI HOAl HUONG - T R U Y E N T H O N G SAN XUAT G O M OAT NUNG,. 63<br />
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Huyen Hdn O l t ed dien tich t y nhien cung duge liet ke nhu la mdt nghe truyen<br />
1.019,75km^ dan s l 146,605 ngudi, mat thing gia dinh cua ngudi Khmer (Malleret<br />
dp dan s l 144 ngudi/km^'^', each thanh 1957). Ngoai ra, tir nam 1996, Cort Lefferts<br />
phi Rach Gia khoang 30km, theo quIc Id va eac ding nghiep Konponsupu<br />
80 (cdn goi la dudng Rgch Gia Ha-Tien). Konponehunan (Kompong Speu) va d<br />
Huyen Hdn O l t cd 7 xa, trong dd 85% dan miln Nam Viet Nam tinh Kien Giang, tinh<br />
toe Kinh, 12% ngudi Khmer, ngudi Hoa va An Giang da nghien eCru so sanh san xuit<br />
ngudi Cham la 3%. Xa T h i San, Hon O l t g l m tgi day vdi viing ddng b i c Thai Lan va<br />
c6 dan s l han 12.000 ngudi, trong dd, d l g l m san xuit tgi Khorat, tai luc dja Ddng<br />
60% ngudi Khmer, Viet 37%, 3% la ngudi Nam A "ehu y l u la logi ring hinh trg".<br />
Hoa va cac dan too khac<br />
Trudng hgp n g h i g l m thu cdng eua ngudi<br />
2. LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU V A N O t Khmer d Hdn D i t tinh Kien Giang cd<br />
v l truyin thing san xuit g l m thu c6ng d nghien eiru cua Truang Thanh Hiing, Hdi<br />
miln Nam Viet Nam, theo cac nha nhan Van nghe Dan gian (Truang Thanh Hiing,<br />
hpe 06ng Duang thdi thupe Phap, da cd 1998), va luan van thae sT cua Nguyin Thi<br />
nhilu md ta nhu Derbes (1880); Hoai Huang nghien eCru v l cac loai hinh<br />
va ky thuat san xuat g l m thu e6ng cua<br />
Monographie de la province de Chau Doc,<br />
ngudi Khmer d D i n g bing s6ng CCru<br />
1902, tr. 34-35, ed ghi "O lang Nam Quy,<br />
Long, trudng hgp lang g l m co ljch su t i n<br />
nui Nam Vi (huyen Tri Tdn ngay nay) cd<br />
tgi lau ddi nhit trong vung chau t h i nay<br />
san xuit d l g l m d i t nung'^'". Nhirng ghi<br />
(Nguyin Thj Hoai Huang, 2001), da gidi<br />
chep trong Ngwdl Viet goc Mien cung cho<br />
thieu ky thuat lam g l m va cae logi hinh d l<br />
bilt "Nghi lam g l m ( I p An Thuan, xa<br />
g l m thu edng tgi hai dia phuang tren.<br />
Chau Lang)... eua ngudi Khmer d tinh An<br />
Giang va ngudi Khmer d Campuchia nhin Ngoai ra, d Nam bp Viet Nam, trong dia<br />
Chung ed ehung truyen thing ky thuat san chi tinh Tay Ninh, ngudi ta cung ghi nhgn<br />
xuit va ehung logi, m i u ma san phim. ngudi Khmer cung tirng san xuit g l m tgi<br />
Trudc nam 1975, n l i d i t do ngudi Khmer day, nhung nhCrng d i u tich eua nghi g l m<br />
d I p An Thuan, xa Chau Lang, huyen Tri chi cdn luu giCr b i n g vai hinh anh va mpt<br />
Ten, tinh An Giang san x u i t cd m i u ma s l cdng eg lam g l m , n l i g l m trung bay tai<br />
giong nhu n l i d i t cua ngudi Khmer d tinh Nha Bao tang tinh Tay Ninh (Sd Van hda<br />
Kompong Chanang, Camphuehia da thu Thdng tin Tay Ninh, Dja ehi tinh Tay Ninh,<br />
hut nhieu khach hang d Viet Nam ma 2008).<br />
trudc dd hp phai sang Camphuehia d l Trong bai vilt nay, cae tae gia dua tren cac<br />
"mua di, ban lgi