Vài nét về sự hình thành đội ngũ nữ trí thức ở Việt Nam trước năm 1945

on ^'<br /> <br /> VAI NET VE Sir nma THAJWI » d i MGC NC<br /> TRI THtrc d VIET NAM TRl/Ac ]\AM 1945<br /> <br /> <br /> Di^NG THI VAN CHI*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> H fii nghj lfin thQ VII Ban Chfi'p hfinh<br /> Trung Udng Dang khofi X hop tQ<br /> ngfiy 9 Mn ngfiy 17-7-2008 da ra Nghj<br /> hinh thfinh dpi ngQ nQ tri thQe d Vifit Nam<br /> trUdc Cfich m^ng thfing Tfim 1945.<br /> N i n gifio d u e N h o h p c vfi vific giao<br /> quyit v l xay dUng dpi ngu trf thQc trong d y e p h u nvt trxl&c k h i Phfip x a m liidc<br /> thdi k^ dfiy manh cong nghidp hofi, hi^n<br /> M^e dQ Nho gifio vfio Vi^t Nam tQ dfiu<br /> dai hoa vfi hdi nhfip tofin efiu. Hdi nghj da<br /> thdi ky Bfic thu§c, nhUng anh hudng ciia<br /> khang djnh: "Trong mgi thdi dgi, tri thdc<br /> Nho giao chi gidi h^n trong tfing ldp quan<br /> ludn Id nin tdng tien bg xd hgi, dgi ngd tri<br /> l^i Hfin tdc. Sang thdi ^f dpc lfip tQ the ky<br /> thdc Id lUc liiOng nong cd't sdng tgo vd<br /> X, ngay tQ dfiu thdi Lf, Vfin mil'u - Quoc tit<br /> truyin bd tri thdc. Ngdy nay, cung vdi sU<br /> gifim dfi dUdc thfinh l^ip. Dudi thdi Lf, nhk<br /> phdt trien nhanh chong cua cdch mgng<br /> nudc phong kil'n dfi b i t dfiu to ehQe cac kj<br /> khoa hgc vd cdng nghi hien dgi, dgi ngu tri<br /> thi de t u y i n chpn nhfin tfii vfi d^n dfiu thcli<br /> thdc trd thdnh ngudn lUc ddc biet quan<br /> Trfin, qua vi$c nhfi Trfin cho d§t tUdng<br /> trgng, tgo nin sdc mgnh cua moi qudc gia<br /> Khong TQ, Chu Cdng, M^nh TQ, ve tUdng<br /> trong chien lUOc phdt triin".<br /> 72 ngudi h i i n d l thd... vfi giang day "tdthU<br /> Trong ljeh svi cung nhU hien tai, phy nQ luc kinh" trong Quoc tQ vifin cd t h i th§fu<br /> Viet Nam ludn lfi mot lUc lUdng xa h$i quan Nho gifio dfi dupc trilu dinh chQ trpng vJi<br /> trpng chilm mdt nQa dfin sd' vfi ed nhilu trd thfinh bd ph^n quan trpng trong efic kj<br /> ddng gdp vfio edng cudc dUng nUdc vfi giQ thi. Dl'n thdi Lg, Nho giao dUde d l cao, viSc<br /> nude cua dfin tdc. Do dd, lfim the' nfio de huy thi cQ theo Nho giao dUpc dfiy manh nhfim<br /> ddng dUde nguon lUc nfiy gdp phfin vfio edng dfio tao m$t tfing ldp quan lai dap Qng cho<br /> cudc xfiy dung xa hdi trong tinh hinh hifin nhu cfiu xfiy dung vfl phfit trien dfi^t nUdc.<br /> nay lfi mdt vfi^n d l dUdc Dang vfi nhfi nUde Xufi't phfit tQ quan nifim: "Mud'n ed dUdc<br /> quan tam. D l gdp phfin tim hilu vai trd cua nhfin tfii, trUdc hl^t phai chon lua ke si, mfi<br /> tri thQc ndi chung vfi phu nQ tri thQc ndi kdn chpn ke si, phai Ifi'y thi cQ lfim dfiu".-<br /> ridng trong vide xay dOng dfi't nUdc, trong (Lg Thfinh Tdng), dudi thdi Lg, khoa cii<br /> bfii vie't nay chung tdi tim hieu qufi trinh Nho gifio dfic bigt phat trien.<br /> <br /> <br /> • TS. Khoa Viet Nam hpc va Tiing Viet - Tnidng Dai hpc KHXH&NV • DHQGHN<br /> Vai n& vi s u hinh thanh d^l ngu..<br /> <br /> TQ thdi Lg sd, n i n giao dye Nho hpc thi vfi vi thg' khdng dUde tham gia vflo bd<br /> phfit triin vfi cd ch6 dQng vQng chic trong mfiy quyin lUc eung nhU cd tigng ndi trong<br /> ddi song vfin hda - xa h^i vdi ba nfim mdt ki cac cudc thao lufin thfim chf chi trong lfing<br /> thi HUdng d efic dao vfi ba nfim mfit ki thi xa. Vi vfiy, vi$c gifio dye phu nQ hofin tofin<br /> Hdi - thi Dinh d Kinh thfinh. Nfii dung thi gidi han trong nhQng ldi rfin day phy nQ<br /> gIm cfic mdn: kinh nghia, chilu, eh^, bieu, phai Iflm tron bin ph^n ciia minh trong gia<br /> thd phu vfi vfin sfich. Trong tofin thdi Lg sd dinh vfi hofin tofin n i r a trong khudn k h i<br /> ed 29 khoa thi, Ifi'y do 988 tiln si. Chfnh cua giao due gia dinh qua efie sfich Gia<br /> sfich gifio dye vfi khoa cQ cua nhfl Lfi dfi hudn, Ndhudn.<br /> lfim hinh thfinh ngn mOt tfing ldp Nho si<br /> Sfich Khuyit Hiin ca, trong bfii B^t dfi<br /> ddng dao ed mflt 6 k h i p ndi vfi trong hfiu<br /> giai thfch rd quan nipm cua cac nhfl Nho vl<br /> hfi't eac linh vUe: hfinh chfnh, phfip lufit,<br /> vide giao dye phy nQ: "NgUdi ddn bd cd<br /> ngoai giao, vfin hofi - giao due... Hp cung<br /> ngoan hay khdng Id do d gia dinh vd cd<br /> giQ vai trd chfnh trong lUc lUpng sfing tfic<br /> quan he tdi sU thinh suy cua dgo ngi trg.<br /> vfin hpc.<br /> Nhu vgy thi viec rdn dgy khdng thi bo qua<br /> Giao dye Nho hoc vdi truyin tho'ng "dl dugc" (4). D l dap Qng nhu cfiu nfiy, nhieu<br /> vfin thu si" (ifi'y vfin chpn si) da hUdng sU hoc ddng hp ldn, nhilu tri thQc ldn nhU ThUdng<br /> ciia xa hfii vflo vi^c tfch luy kid'n thQe vfin thu Ho Phi Tich, Tigh si Bui DUdng Ljch,<br /> hpc, ky nfing sang tfic vfin ehUdng chu ylu lfl Tiln SI Dang Xuan Bang, Tig'n si Nguyen<br /> trong gidi Nho si va tinh thfin ehudng vfin Tdng Khue (5)... da soan cac lo^i Gia hudn,<br /> trong xa hdi. Vdi quan nifim "vfin di tai dao", Ndhudn dg giao due con cai trong gia dinh.<br /> cfic Nho SI la nhQng trf thQc dfch thyc vdi Ban Gia hudn ca dUdc cho lfl ban Gia hudn<br /> cac ho^t ddng sang tac vfin lipc, truyin bfi, dfiu tien vfl la ban dUdc nhac den nhilu<br /> nhfi^t tQng dUpc cdng bo' gin vdi ten tud'i eua<br /> giao liiu, sfing tao vfin hoa.<br /> Nguygn Trai, nhUng dUa trgn vide khao sfit<br /> Gifio due Nho hpc d$ cao tinh thfin hilu v l raflt vfin ban hpc va ngfin ngQ hpc, hfiu<br /> hpe, tfin sU trong dao, nudi dUdng tfim hon, h i t cac chuygn gia deu phii djnh nien dai<br /> duy tri vfl ciing el^ n i n tang dao dQc xa hdi the' ky XV ciia ban Gia hudn ca nfiy (6).<br /> da tao ndn mdt tfing ldp trf thQc trong xa Theo thd'ng ke eua Le Thu Hudng (7) thi<br /> hdi Vidt Nam thdi phong kig'n. Trong bSi trong kho sach Han Ndm hien cdn lUu giQ<br /> canh Vigt Nam phai dSi mflt vdi nguy cd 35 ten tfli ligu thudc t h i loai Gia hudn, Nd<br /> mfi't nude cuoi thg' ky XIX vfi tinh trang hudn. Trong so 35 tfli ligu nfiy ed 9 tfii lieu<br /> thudc dja dfiu t h i ky XX, tfing ldp tri thQc mang tieu de tap trung giao due phy nQ<br /> Nho hpe nfiy da ddng vai trd quan trpng nhU: Gido nU di quy cua Trfin Hofinh Muu,<br /> trong cfic cudc khfing chig'n cho'ng xfim lUdc Hudn nd dien dm ca ciia Nguyen Dinh<br /> Phfip (1) cung nhu di tifin phong trong vide Thiit, vfl cac tac phfim khuyfi't danh nhU<br /> tie'p thu nhQng tu tudng mdi, phg phfin xa Hudn nd td ca, Hudn nd td gidi, Hudn nd<br /> hdi eu, khdi xudng nhQng phong trflo cai tam tu thu, Nd hgc diin ca,Nd bdo chdm...<br /> each, duy tfin cudi t h ^ ky XIX (2), dfiu t h i Cac tfic phfim mang tieu d l Gia hudn<br /> kyXX(3). thadng cung ed phfin dfinh cho eon gfii, de<br /> cfip d i n viec gifio dye tQ khi cdn d nha vdi<br /> Ddi vdi phu nQ, Nho gifio coi phy nQ lfi cha me cho dl'n khi di ve lam dfiu nha<br /> lo^i "tilu nhfin khd day" nen dUdi che dp chong. Cfic bai Gia hudn, Ndhudn nfiy hau<br /> phong kign phu nQ khdng dUdc di hpe, di<br />  Rghl&n CQTI Ljeh siir. ag 12.2fM8<br /> <br /> h^t dupc trinh bfiy dudi d^ng vfln vfin, t h i r i n g , n i n gifio dye Nho hpc Ifi'y dao Trung<br /> loai lyc - bfit, d l nhd, dS t r u y i n khfiu nhU qufin lfim c6t loi la nguyfin nhfin lfim bung<br /> m^t tfic gia da trinh bfiy: "Cdn nhU khdch nS cfic phong trfio chdhg Phfip do cfic si phu<br /> qudn thoa son phdn, md chfu di sdc xem phong kil'n lanh d^o. "V^ v$y, sau khi chilm<br /> xet, ra cdng trudc thudt nhU ndng Thdi, A dU^c Nam Kf, ngay Ifip tQc Phfip xda bo cac<br /> Tg thi th^c Id hiim ldm. Ddi vdi bgn hg lgi ki thi Hfln hpe vfi thay vfio dd lfi nin giao<br /> cdng khdng thi khdng gido due. Nhiing niu dye Phfip - Vi§t.<br /> nhu chd nghla true trac, gigng vdn cao xa, Myc dfch cua Phfip khi tiiuc hien<br /> thi lgi khdng the nhd md ngdm nga dugc. chUdng trinh giao dye mdi nfiy trUdc hit lfi<br /> [Cho nin], nhdn luc dgy hgc rdi rdi. [ta]<br /> di dfio t^o ldp ngUdi thQa hfinh cac chfnh<br /> nhdt nhgnh nhdng cdu cdch ngdn cd vd<br /> sfich cua Phfip trong vi$e cai trj vfi khai<br /> nhdng cdu ca dao, tuc ngd bang qud'c ngd<br /> thfic d Vi$t Nam vfi ca Ddng DUdng, dong<br /> CO the ldm ldi khuyen ran dugc, sdp thdnh<br /> thdi t r u y i n bfi tu tudng vfl vfln hda Phap<br /> hOn 40 diiu diin ra qudc dm di ldm chdn<br /> Iflm cd sd n i n tang cho sQ trung thfinh vdi<br /> ngdn cho bgn ddn bd congdC (8).<br /> chfnh quyin thUc dan Phfip.<br /> Npi dung cua Gia Hudn d l cao chQ Hil'n<br /> Theo quy chg" Tong qufit v l Gifio due Cao<br /> cua Nho gifio, tinh thfin gia t^c, tU tudng tQ<br /> d i n g d Ddng DUdng nflm 1918, h§ thing<br /> bi nhfin fii cua Dao Phfit vfl tfnh c^ng dong.<br /> giao dye cua Phfip d Vi§t Nam dUde dilu<br /> Ddi vdi phy nQ Gia hudn, NQ hudn day phy<br /> chinh cho phQ hgp vdi cfic myc dfch cung<br /> nQ phai tufin thu "Tam tdng" vfl "tQ dQc".<br /> nhu tinh hinh thac tg' d Vi§t Nam thudng<br /> Gia hudn, Nd hudn vi t h i dU^c lUu dUde gpi lfi Gifio dye Phfip-Vi§t. Dfiy lfl h6<br /> truyin qua nhilu thg' hg, vfi lfi sfich giao thcTng Gifio dye Phfip cho ngudi ban xiT<br /> khoa chu yg^u cho gifio due phu nQ. (Enseignement Franco-Indiggne). Trong<br /> Tuy nhifin, trong thUe t^, nhieu gia dinh nen gifio dye nfiy tiShg Phfip dUdc dQng di<br /> quan lai, tri thQc cung cho con gfii hpc chQ trao ddi trong ldp hoc (giang bfii, lfim bai,<br /> Han vfi trong ljch sQ Vi$t Nam da tQng sfich gifio khoa vi^t bfing ti^ng Phap).<br /> xufi't hi§n nhilu phy nQ c6 hpe vfi tham gia Rieng ba ldp dfiu t i l u hpc lfl dUde diing<br /> vflo ddi so'ng chinh trj vfi vfln hda cua dfin til'ng Vi$t lfim ehuyen ngQ, sau dd tiing<br /> tdc nhu Nguygn phi Y Lan, Nguyen Thj Ld, Vi$t dupc hpe nhu mdt ngoaii ngQ. Ngoai<br /> Tig'n si Nguyin Thj Du$, H i Xufin HUdng, ngQ thQ hai thudng lfi tilhg Anh d bfie Tu<br /> bfl Huy^n Thanh quan Nguyin Thj Hinh... Tfii. Nl'u ed thfiy day thi ehQ Hfin dUdc hoc<br /> song trong so hp rfl't ft ngudi cd dilu kifin nhu mpt mdn hpc t a chpn, mdt tufin mot gid<br /> thUe hi§n nghia vu ciia minh nhU nhQng d cfic ldp trgn ciia bfie tieu hpc.<br /> ngUdi tri thQe, gdp phfin phan bi§n xfi h^i.<br /> Hg thdhg gifio due Phfip-Vi$t gom 2<br /> C h i n h sfich giao d y e c u a Phfip d phfin: gifio dye pho thdng vfi gifio dye cao<br /> Ddng Diidng v a t i n h h i n h gifio d y e p h u d i n g chuygn nghi?p, dai hpc.<br /> nQ d Viet N a m t h d i Phfip t h u p c<br /> Ddi vdi gifio dye phd' thdng, Phfip thfinh<br /> Ngay sau khi dflt dUdc fich thong trj len l§p mdt so" trudng nhu TrUdng trung hoc Le<br /> toan cdi Vi§t Nam, vigc lfim dfiu tifin ciia Myre de Vilers d My Tho (1879) (9), Tnidng<br /> Phfip lfl dfio t£io mdt tfing ldp quan lai chiu Qud'c Hpc Hue (1896), TrUdng trung hoc<br /> anh hudng cua Phap thay t h i cho tfing ldp Bao HO (CoUgge du Protectorat) tQc Tnidng<br /> SI phu ludn noi dfiy cho'ng Phfip. Phfip cho Budi Hfi Npi (1908) (10) lfim ndng cit. Ba<br /> Vai n6t ve s u hinh fcanh d01 ngu.. 47<br /> <br /> trudng nfiy khi mdi md chi cd b^lc tilu hpc, Lue giQa H$i ding Quan hat, tdi xin thi<br /> m3[y chyc nfim sau mdi cd b^c eao d i n g tilu quan Thdhg Ddc Nam K^ vQa ldng hi$p f,<br /> hpe, cdn bflc Tu tfii ehi cd d trUdng Qufic nfin ngfii tU td eho cfic sd Tham bifin, lfip<br /> Hpc Hul'va trudng Budi. trudng Sd hpc cho con gfii" (12). Mfic dQ<br /> Nhin chung, h0 thd'ng gifio dye p h i myc dfch cua chu trUdng gifio dye cho phu<br /> thong Phfip-Vi$t cd 3 b|lc vdi thdi gian lfi 13 nQ eua hp mdi chi n h i m nfing eao tinh thfin<br /> nflm. vfi trinh d$ d^o dQc eho nQ gidi, tflng sU<br /> dfinh gifi vfi tdn trpng efin thii't ddi vdi hpc<br /> TQ nifin hpc 1937-1938 tr§n tofin Vi§t<br /> (Pfitrus KJ) (13), vfi giQp cho hp lfim tdt vai<br /> Nara diu fip dung ehUdng trinh Phfip-Vi§t<br /> tro Iflm vd, Iflm m? trong gia dinh (LUdng<br /> dii 3 ban: Tofin, Khoa hpe, Tri^t. Hpe sinh<br /> t i t nghidp 2 hoflc 3 ban hofie cd thfim b i n g Du ThQc) [Ndng ci mim ddm, 28-8-1902],<br /> TQ tfii Phfip (11) se dupc uu tien khi thi vfio nhUng chfnh nhd f kifih cua efic cdng ehQe<br /> cfic tnidng D^i hpe efi thi tuyin nhU efic chi'nh quyin c6 dfiu de edi md nfiy mfi mfit<br /> trUdng Grandes Ecoles d Phfip hofie cfic sd" trudng hpe eho nQ gidi dQpc md d Nam<br /> trudng Cao d i n g Chuydn nghi$p d Hfi Ndi. K^. Cho dfi'n nfim 1886 d Nam Kf cd 7<br /> Trong cfic trudng Cao d i n g cd tnidng Cao trudng nQ sinh vdi 922 hpc sinh nQ (14). O<br /> ding Su pham (ficole Supfirieure de Bfic K^ cd 4 trudng tilu hpe eho nQ sinh<br /> Pfidagogie) thfinh i^p ngfiy 15-10-1917, (15).<br /> nhim dfio tao gifio chQc eho cac trudng su Cae Trudng Cao dang Tieu hpc dflnh<br /> pham sd c^p vfi cfic trUdng cao d i n g tieu rifing eho nQ sinh ehi co d Ha Ndi (TrUdng<br /> hpc, hoc trinh 3 nfim dfi gdp phfin dao tao Trung VUdng), Hulf (Trudng Dong Khanh),<br /> nhilu nQ giao vign cho h$ thd'ng efic trudng Sfli Gdn (TrUdng Gia Long cdn gpi la<br /> nQ hpc, cd sd d l hinh thfinh doi ngu nQ tri Trudng Ao Tfm). Bfic Trung hpc (bfic Tu<br /> thQc Viet Nam. tfii) ehi ed d Hfi Nfii (Trudng Budi), Hu^<br /> (TrUdng Khai Djnh), Sfii Gdn (TrUdng<br /> Trudng Cao Dang Mf thufit Ddng DUdng<br /> PdtrusKy)...<br /> (Ecole des Beaux-Arts de ITndochine) cung<br /> gdp phfin dfio tao cae nQ hpa sT, ma nii bfit Tnidng nQ hpc, tnidng Brieux, khai giang<br /> lfl nQ Hpa si Le Thj LUu trong nfim 1932- ngfiy 6-1-1908 tai Hfl Npi cd 178 hpc sinh<br /> 1933 da cd tranh triin lam trong eac k^ Hdi (16), nfim hoc 1922-1923 s^hpc sinh hpc bfic<br /> chd phy nQ... sd hpc lfi 129 ngudi (17).<br /> Mflc du chfnh sach vfln hda gifio due eua Trudng NQ hpc Ding Khfinh d Hu^ thflnh<br /> Phap cdn rfl't han chg* vfi cd tfnh ehfi't nhd l$p nflra 1917. Nfira hpc 1922-1923 so hpc<br /> gipt, nhUng eung da tao nfin nhQng thay sinh sd hpc lfi 358 hpc sinh, hpe sinh b§c<br /> doi sau sac trong ddi song xfi h$i vfl vfin trung hpe lfi 35 ngudi (18). Nfim 1930, so hpc<br /> hda d Viet Nam. Vi$c gifio due cho phy nQ sinh nQ d Trung K^ lfi 1986 ngUdi, trong dd cd<br /> khfing hofin tofin dUdc sU ung hd ciia cfic 47 ngUdi hpc ldp Su phara vfl 494 ngUdi hpe<br /> quan chQc Phfip, song qua bao chf, chdng ldp Cao ding tilu hpc (19).<br /> ta dupc biet rfing chfnh mdt && quan lai O Sfii Gdn tnidng dfinh eho nQ sinh dfiu<br /> Viet Nam nhU LUdng Du ThQc (Blh Tre), tign lfi Trudng Ao Tfm khai giang ngfly 19-9-<br /> Pfitrus Kf da d l nghj md trudng hpc cho 1915. Nflm hpc dau tidn ed 42 nQ sinh chu<br /> phy nQ. LUdng Du ThQe eho bil't, "tdi xin yg'u d khu vQc thanh pho", cung cd mdt sd' nQ<br /> nhfi nUdc giup sQc l^p trUdng day con gfii. sinh deh tQ efie dnh lfin cfin. Tnidng c6 cfic<br />  Rghien cihi Lieh sSt. s g 12.8012<br /> <br /> <br /> ldp tQ Dong fi'u d^n ldp Cao ding. Tfi't nghi$p, d i n g y khoa, Tnidng cao d i n g sU phgm,<br /> hoc sinh dupe cfi'p b i n g sd hpc. Dfi'n thfing 9- Tnidng Cao d i n g Ndng lfim cQng nhfin cac<br /> 1922, tnidng cd 226 hpc sinh sd hpc vfl cd sinh vifin nQ. Trong cfic trUdng day nghi<br /> thgm Ban trung hpc NQ hpc dudng vdi 24 hpe nfim 1941-1942 cung c6 khoang 900 nQ<br /> sinh (20). LQc dfiu hpc sinh vfio hpe chia lfim sinh (23). NQ giao vidn khoang 1000 ngU&i<br /> hai ban: ban Su pham (hpc ra lfim giao vign) (24).<br /> vfi ban Phd' thdng. Td't nghidp, hpc sinh dUiJc Trong ehUdng trinh giao due cua Phap,<br /> nhfin bing Thfinh ehung. ddi vdi cfic tradng nQ sinh, Hgc chinh ting<br /> Nflm 1917 quy chg' chung v l gifio dye quy quy djnh moi ngfly phai dflnh ra mdt<br /> Ddng DUdng thudng dUpc gpi lfi Hgc chinh hoflc hai gid d l hoc nQ cdng gia chlnh.<br /> ting quy dUpc ban hfinh quy djnh bdn canh Trong tnidng, hpc sinh b i t budc phai ndi<br /> vide md cfic trudng tieu hpc d cfic xa eho con chuygn vdi nhau bfing tieTng Phap (25).<br /> trai thi tai cfic tinh eQng cd t h i rad ft nhtft Cae sfich giao khoa trong nhfi trUdng<br /> mfit trudng cdng cho eon gfii. Trong trUdng Phfip-Vi^t chii yg'u "rfip khudn" theo mlu<br /> hpp chUa cd trUdng rifing eho con gfii, thi sfich dQng trong h$ thd'ng gifio due eiia Phfip<br /> con trai, con gfii cd t h i hpe chung ra§t sau khi da loai bd nhiSng ndi dung bj a)i lfi<br /> trudng, nhUng phai to chQc day rifing cho nguy hilm cd t h i "pha hoai" chg^dd thudc dja,<br /> con gai. Huyfin ly ldn ed trUdng Tieu hpc, nhfi^t lfl nhQng sfich v l lich sQ, dia If vfi vgn<br /> nhUng chi efic tinh ly ldn mdi cd trUdng Sd hpc... vl v^y cd the ndi anh hadng PhUdng<br /> Hpc hay Tilu hpc dflnh rifing cho nQ sinh. Tfiy dm vdi cae nQ sinh khfi dfim ndt. NhQng<br /> Cho deh nhQng nam 1929, sd* lUpng hpc nQ sinh nfiy vi the dUdc xa hfii gpi dudi ten gd<br /> sinh khoang 434.335 vfl ed 551 hpc sinh eao lfl cae "ed gai mdi" hoflc cfic '*tfin nQ lUu"...<br /> d i n g vfi dai hpe vdi khoang 12.000 ngudi lfi<br /> Doi n g u nuT t r i thCfc d Viet Nam<br /> giao vien efic cfi'p (21). Trong tofin coi Ddng<br /> DUdng so" nQ sinh khoang hdn 30 ngfin Dudi thdi Phap thudc, chi cd 10% dan si<br /> ngudi chu ye'u d cac thfinh phfi" vfi thj trfi'n nhfin du^e n i n giao dye mdi theo hUdng<br /> [Bdn bd, s6 dfic biet nfim 1942]. Tai efic hign dai cua Phfip, s6 phy nQ dupe di hoc<br /> lfing qug trong ca nUde vflo cudi thfing 5- cfing ft hdn, chi chie'm hdn 10% trong tong<br /> 1929 cd 25.502 hpc sinh, thi chi cd 965 hpc so" ngUdi dupe di hpc. Tuy nhifin, trong si<br /> sinh nQ [Nam Phong, 9-1929]. nhQng ngUdi dU0c nhSin sii gifio due ciia h$<br /> thCfng gifio dye Phap-Vifit, nhilu ngUdi da<br /> Nflm 1930-1931 so nQ sinh d Viet Nam t6t nghigp trung hpc, cd ngUdi tfi't nghifip<br /> lfl 38.984 (tren tong so 292.694 hpc sinh) dai hpc... Nhu cfi Henriette Biii, tot nghidp<br /> (22), d^n nfim 1937-1938 sff hpc sinh nQ lfin Dai hpe Y khoa Pari (nflra 1934), bfi<br /> tdi khoang 60.000 vfi tdi nfim 1940-1941 B6 Nguyin Thj SUdng (nflm 1940), cd L§ Thj<br /> hpc sinh nQ da l§n tdi 85.447 ngUdi (d Bic Hofing tfit nghi$p Cao dfing Y khoa Hfl N6i<br /> K^: 24.658 ngUdi, Trung K^: 15.436 ngUdi, (nflm 1937); cfi DUdng Thi Liiu (nam 1940),<br /> Nam KJ: 43.353 ngUdi). So nQ sinh hpc lfin cfi Ly Thj Nguygt tot nghigp Cao dang bfio<br /> cao (sau sd hpc) vfio nflm 1941-1942 Ifi 1096 ch^ Ha Npi, bfi Phan Thj Lipu tfi't nghidp<br /> ngUdi trong dd co 37 ngUdi hpc d bfic euoi Cao d i n g Canh ndng Hfi Ndi; cd Pham Thi<br /> cfi'p, nhilu ngUdi trong sd'hp da tilp tyc vflo My td't nghidp Cao d i n g Su pham Hfl N^i<br /> hpe d Dai hpe Ddng Dudng (chUa ke nhilu (nflm 1928), efi Nguygn Thj Chau tit<br /> ngUdi di du hpc tai Phfip). Cfic Tnidng Cao nghigp cQ nhfin Van khoa d Dai hpe Pari<br /> Vai ntSt ve sir hinh fcanh dpi ngu...<br /> <br /> (nflra 1936); bfl BQi Thj Cfim td't nghidp Dgi nhu bfi SUdng Nguy$t Anh, bfl Dam<br /> hoc Lufit khoa Pari vfi bfi Nguyen Minh PhUdng nQ sQ, bfl Hu^nh Thj Bao Hda, bfi<br /> Nguyet tdt nghigp trUdng Cao d i n g Lu^it Nguyin DQe Nhu^n, bfl Le Thflnh Tudng,<br /> khoa Hfi Npi... Dac bi$t trong nhQng nflm bfi Thyy An, bfi Nguyin Thj Thao, bfi<br /> 1930, phy nQ Vidt Nam da cd ngUdi d^u Nguyin Thj Thanh TQ, efic cd nhu Nguyen<br /> bang tiln si khoa hoe (Doctores es sciences) Thj Kiera...<br /> cua Phap. Dd lfi c6 Hofing Thi Nga. Bfio Bing bao chf vfi cfic hogt d^ng xa hpi, hp<br /> Bdn bd mdi ngay 17-6-1935 gidi thifiu cd lfi dfi lfim dfi'y lfin phong trflo phu nQ vfin<br /> ngUdi phu nQ Vifit Nara dfiu tien dftu b i n g d^ng d Dfing DUdng. Hp khfing chi ra bao,<br /> tiln si Etat. Cd da phai vilt hai ban lufln vi^t bao, sang tac efic tfic phfim vfln hpc, mfi<br /> an 'Troprfetes photo voltaiques des cdn tham gia to chQc hoi ehd, t l chQc dien<br /> substances organiques" vfi "Structure des thuyit, vfin dpng quyen gdp giQp d6ng bfio<br /> molecules et spectres d'absorption" (Nl^u ed bj nan, giup hpc sinh nghdo du hpc, giup<br /> la'y bing Doctorat d' Universitfi thi cd chi Hfii Due anh chfim sdc tre m l coi, di dien<br /> phai vie't mdt ban lufin fin )... thuyit k h i p ndi n h i m tuygn truyin vfin<br /> 06 the thfi'y trQ mdt so' rfi't ft nhQng phu ddng phu nQ... Xufi't thfin tQ tfing ldp tren,<br /> nQ ed bang cap cao cam long Iflm ngUdi ndi du sao hp cung khdng thofit khdi ban che<br /> trd, con hfiu het deu hfinh nghe b i n g chinh cua giai cfi'p minh, va phong trfio do ho vfin<br /> nganh n g h i da dUdc dflo tao nha Cd ddng cung chi trong khudn kho cua cudc<br /> Henriette Bui lfim Phd Giam doc nha bao vfin ddng nQ quyin tu san. Nhieu ngUdi<br /> sanh Chd Ldn, bfl Phan Thi Lieu Iflm d Sd thara gia vao linh vUc vfin hpe nghe thuat,<br /> nghidn cQu nfing nghigp Sai Gon, ed Phara vilt vfin, lara thd, diln kjch...<br /> Thi My vfi cd Nguyin Thj Chfiu Ifira giao sU<br /> Lfi nhQng tri thQc, hp cung cd dilu kifin<br /> d Tnidng "Ao Tim"... [Bdn bd, s6 d^c biet<br /> tilp thu nhQng tU tudng mdi tQ ben ngofii,<br /> nam 1941]. Va dQ it di, sfi'phy nQ dUdc dfio<br /> ehju anh hudng cua truyin thShg yeu nudc<br /> tao nfiy da cd ddng gdp quan trpng trong<br /> phong trao ddi nQ quyen vfi giai phdng phy eua dan tde, nhieu phu nQ trong sd' hp da<br /> nQ cung n h a phong trflo vfin ddng giai tiep thu ehu nghia Mac - Lfinin vfi nhfin<br /> phdng dan tdc cua nhfin dan Viet Nam. thQc rd, mufi'n giai phong phy nQ thUc sU<br /> trade h i t phai giai phdng dan tde va phai<br /> Lfl nhQng ngudi cd tri thQc, hp c6 dilu mang lgi quyin lpi cho phfin dong phu nQ<br /> kign va phUdng tign tilp thu nhQng tU Vigt Nam, dfi lfi phy nQ lao ddng d thdn que<br /> tudng mdi tQ bgn ngofii va nhfin thQc dUpc cung nhu thfinh thi. Tidu bieu trong sd' hp<br /> thuc trang ddi so'ng cua phy nQ Vi^t Nam. lfi Nguyen Thj Minh Khai, Trfin Thj NhU<br /> Hp thuc sU da dam nhfin vai trd nhU nhQng Mfin, Nguyen Thj Hong, Nguygn Thi LUu,<br /> ngUdi tri thQc trong xa hdi. Mai Hu^nh Hoa, Dofin Tam Dan, Nguyin<br /> Hp lam bao, viet bao va gdp phfin Iflm Thj Thye Vign, Vfin Dai, Phan Thj Nga...<br /> hinh thflnh nen ddng bao phu nQ trUdc Qua hp trgn cae td bao phu nQ dfin dan<br /> each mang thfing Tam (26). Qua cfic bfii eung xufi't hi^n nhilu bfii bao phan anh<br /> bao, hp gfip phfin da'u tranh cho sii tig'n bd eufic sfi^ng lao dfing vfi't va, nhQng thiet<br /> vfl quyen binh dflng cua phu nQ, da'n thfin thdi bfi't cfing cua phfin dfing phu nQ lao<br /> vfio cufic vfin dpng vi quyin ldi va sii tig'n bfi dfing dang Ifira vide trong cac nhfi may,<br /> cua phy nQ. Do chinh la nhQng ehu bfio hfim md, don diln dUdi chg' dfi thufic dja.<br />  so Hghien eiiru Ljeh sdr. sg 12.2012<br /> <br /> Khfing chi dQng lai d linh vi;tc bfio chf, dfing vfi tfi' c h Q c p h u n Q vfio efic t o ehfle<br /> truyin bfi tu tudng dfin ehu vfl efieh mgng, cfich mang vfl hUdng d§n phy n Q d^u<br /> nQ trf thQe Vi§t Nam thdi kj^ nfiy cdn dfiin tranh vi dfic lfip dan tfic e u n g n h U vi<br /> thfin vfio cfic hogt d^ng cfich mgng, v^n q u y i n c u a p h y nQ t r o n g x a hpi.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Phong trfto Cfin Vudng chtfng Phfip cu6i thfi' (13), Trjnh Vfin Thao. L'^cole Francaise en<br /> ky XIX do cfic tri thilc phong kig'n Ifinh d^o nhU Indochine, Paris, Karthala (ban dich tU li$u Khoa<br /> Phan Dinh Phdng, Trfin Xufin So^n, Ttfng Duy Ljch BQ, TrUcing D^i hpc KHXH&NV, DHQGHN,<br /> Tfin, NguySn Quang Bich, NguySn MAu Kig'n... 1995, tr. 95.<br /> (2). Cfic dS nghj cai cfich ciia NguySn TrUctng (14). Theo PaulluB vfi Bouninais trong La<br /> T § , P h 9 m Phli ThQ... France en Indochine vfi Paul Bonnetain trong<br /> (3). Phong trfio Duy tfin do Phan Chfiu Trinh, L'extreme Orient (dfin theo NguySn Anh, (1967),<br /> NguySn ThUtJng Hiin, LUtJng Vfin Can... khdi sdd, tr. 42).<br /> xudng. (15). Theo G. Dumoutier- Les d^fbuta de<br /> (4). Ky hifu AB.53 kho sfich cua Vifn Nghign I'enseignement Francais au Tonkin (din theo<br /> cflu Hfin N6m (44 trang, kh5 20x13) gdm ba tfic NguySn Anh (1967), sdd, tr. 44<br /> phft'm N6m: Khuyet hieu ca. Tntdng hdn ca (ban (16). Theo bfio Ddn Bd so Xuan nfim 1942 cho<br /> dich N8m) vfi Cdnh phu chdm. Cdnh ph\i r^ng dfiy lfi trUdng nQ dfiu tiSn trong tofin coi Biic<br /> chdm gSm 26. D i n theo Hofing Vfin Lfiu, T^p san Ky vfi cung lfi trUSng nfl dfiu tien trfin tofin coi<br /> Hfin NSm, so 1-1984. Ddng DUdng. C6 IS day lfi nhOng tnidng Cao d&ng<br /> (5). Xem th#m Ldi gidi t h i | u cua Phara Hotlng tifiu hpc nil dfiu ti€n do chinh quyen thu$c dja<br /> Qufin cho tac phfim Gia hudn diin ca. Nxb. thfinh lfip.<br /> PhUOng D6ng, 2005. (17), (18), (20). Trinh Vfln Thao, Nhd tritdng<br /> (6). Hofing Vfin Lau Tfip san Han N6m, stf 1- Phdp dBdngDitOng, tr. 130.<br /> 19841 Thi Nham Dinh Gia Thuyfi't (1953): Gia (19). Nguyen Vy, Tudn - Chdng trai nitdc Viit,<br /> hufi'n ca, Tfin Vi|t, Sfii Gon; Nguyin Hong Phong. Nxb. Vfin hoc, Hfi Noi, 2006, tr. 92.<br /> Tim hiiu Gia hudn ca, T^p san Vdn Sd Dia. so 27 (21). Nguyen Vfln Khfinh, Ccf cdu kinh tixd hoi<br /> vfi 29-1957; Dofin Khoach. Gia hudn ca cophdi cua Vi4t Nam thdi thu^ dia (1858-1945) Nxb. D^i hpc<br /> NguySn Trdi khdng? Tap chi Van hoc, so 1-1982. Qu6c gia Hfi Npi, 1999, tr. 152.<br /> (7). LS Thu Hudng, Sdch co n^i dung gido d^tc (22), (23). Trjnh Vfin Thao, sdd, tr. 138, 152.<br /> gia dinh hi^n liiu trU trong kho sdch Hdn N6m, (24). NguySn Vfin Ky, La societe vietnamienne<br /> T^p chf Nghiin cihi Hdn Ndm, B6 3-1996. face d la modernite. le Tonkin de la fin du X?Xe<br /> (8). Hofing Vfln Lfiu, sdd. sUccle d la seconde guerre mondiale, Paris,<br /> (9). Sau nfiy lfi triiSng NguySn Dinh Chifiu L'Harmattan, ell, Recherches aaatiques, 1995, tr.<br /> (10). TrUcing BuSi lfi tign thfin ciia Tracing Chu 138.<br /> Vfin An ngfiy nay. (25). H5i ai h a u ci^u nQ sinh Gia Long,<br /> (11). Bling Tli tfii Phap-Viet hofie Tii tfii Ban xit http://www.gialong.org/history,htmI, tr. 1-2<br /> cfi gifi trj nhu b^ng Tii tfii Phap (sfic Ifnh ciia Tofin (26). D§ng Thj Vfin Chi, Dong bdo phg nil truoc<br /> Quyen Dong DUdng ky ngfiy 12-10-1930). cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945, Tap chi NghUn<br /> (12). Tr6n Ndng comin ddm, ngfiy 28-8-1902. ciiu Lich sd, so 11-2006.<br />