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Chương này trình bày đến người học về quá trình tổng hợp RNA. Quá trình tổng hợp RNA gồm có 4 bước, đó là: Gắn kết vào khuôn mẫu, khởi đầu chuỗi, kéo dài chuỗi, kết thúc chuỗi & giải phóng khuôn mẫu. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

41p tieu_vu16 03-01-2019 49 3   Download

Chapter 8 - Major shifts in bacterial transcription. In this chapter, students will be able to understand: Sigma factor switching, the RNA polymerase encoded in phage T7, infection of E. coli by phage λ,...and another contents.

40p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 51 4   Download

Chapter 6 - The mechanism of transcription in bacteria. In this chapter we will focus on the basic mechanism of transcription. We will begin with RNA polymerase, the enzyme that catalyzes transcription. We will also look at the interaction between RNA polymerase and DNA.

55p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 76 3   Download

In chapter 7 we will explore one strategy bacteria employ to control the expression of their genes: by grouping functionally related genes together so they can be regulated together easily. Such a group of contiguous, coordinately controlled genes is called an operon.

49p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 56 2   Download

The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Categories of activators, structures of the DNA-Binding motifs of activators, independence of the domains of activators, functions of activators, interaction among activators, regulation of transcription factors.

53p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 63 4   Download

Chapter 11 - general transcription factors in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases, unlike their bacterial counterparts, are incapable of binding by themselves to their respective promoters. Instead, they rely on proteins called transcription factors to show them the way. Such factors are grouped into two classes: general transcription factors and gene-specifi c transcription factors (activators). In this chapter we will survey the general transcription factors that interact with all three RNA polymerases and their promoters.

38p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 80 3   Download

Chapter 13 - Chromatin structure and its effects on transcription. In this chapter, we will look at the crucial relationship among activators, chromatin structure, and gene activity. This chapter presents the following content: Histones, nucleosomes, chromatin structure and gene activity.

40p tangtuy05 30-03-2016 77 3   Download

Mer belongs to the Tyro 3 family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Together with Axl and Rse, the three RTKs are believed to play important functional roles in the male gonads because gene knockout male mice lacking all of these receptors are infertile. In the present study, postnatal expression of Axl and Rse in mouse testes decreased during maturation while expression of Mer increased age-dependently during testicular development.

12p system191 01-06-2013 43 2   Download

Selenoprotein P (SeP) is a plasma protein that contains up to 10 selenocysteine residues and accounts for about 50% of total selenium in human plasma. We have previously shown that SeP expression in the human liver cell line HepG2 is inhibited by transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1 on a transcriptional level. Smad proteins are the transcriptional mediators of TGF-b signalling and putative Smad-binding elements (SBE) comprising the core sequence CAGACA are present at two positions in the SeP promoter....

6p system191 01-06-2013 35 4   Download

We report the cloning and functional charaterization of the full-length cDNA and gene encoding a Toxoplasma gondii DNA repair enzyme designated TgDRE. The gene is composed of three exons separated by two introns of 780 and 630 bp, and encodes a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 49.6 kDa. The native TgDRE protein, with a molecular mass of 60 kDa, is only detected in the virulent tachyzoite stage of T. gondii. However, the transcript is present in both asexual parasite stages, virulent tachyzoite and avirulent encysted bradyzoite. ...

9p research12 01-06-2013 33 5   Download

Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are characterized by their ability, upon activation, to bind to heat shock response elements (HSE) present in the promoter of their target genes. HSE are composed of inverted repeats of the pentamer nGAAm. In this study, we compare the embryonic HSF2 protein, purified from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells tumor, and thein vitro synthesized HSF2. We show that the context of HSF2 synthesis influences its thermosensitivity and DNA-binding properties.

11p research12 29-04-2013 47 2   Download

Understanding peroxidase function in plants is complicated by the lackof substrate specificity, the highnumber of genes, their diversity in structure and our limited knowledge of peroxidase gene transcription and translation. In the present study we sequenced expressed sequence tags (ESTs) enco-ding novel heme-containing class III peroxidases from Arabidopsis thalianaand annotated 73 full-length genes identified in the genome.

19p tumor12 22-04-2013 29 2   Download

Minichromosomemaintenance (MCM) proteins are part of the replication licensing factor (RLF-M), which limits the initiationofDNAreplication to once per cell cycle.We have previously reported that higher order complexes of mam-malian pol II and general pol II transcription factors, referred to as pol II holoenzyme, also contain MCM pro-teins. In the present study we have analyzed in detail the interaction between MCM2 and pol II holoenzyme. N- and C- terminal deletions were introduced into epitope-tagged MCM2 and the truncated proteins were transiently expressed in 293 cells. ...

11p tumor12 22-04-2013 39 3   Download

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family degrades the extracellular matrix. One member of this family, MMP-1, initiates the breakdown of interstitial collagens. The expression ofMMP-1 is controlled by themitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway(s) via the activity of acti-vator protein-1 (AP-1) and polyoma enhancing activity-3/ E26 virus (PEA3/ETS) transcription factors through con-sensus binding sites present in the promoter.

10p tumor12 20-04-2013 31 2   Download

The transcription factor v-Myb is a potent inducer of myeloid leukemias, and its cellular homologue c-Myb plays a crucial role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Recently, Bies and coworkers (Bies, J., Markus, J. & Wolff, L. (2002)J. Biol. Chem, 277, 8999–9009) presented evidence that murine c-Myb can be sumoylated under overexpression conditions in COS7 cells when cotrans-fected with FLAG-tagged SUMO-1.

11p tumor12 20-04-2013 38 3   Download

PSA (prostate-specific antigen), the most useful serum marker for prostate cancer, is encoded by thehKLK3gene and is present in the serumas amixture of several molecular species. This work was performed to identify the hKLK3 transcripts in order to determine how many proteins resembling PSA are synthesized from thehKLK3gene and secreted in blood. Combined Northern blotting, molecular cloninganddatabase searching showed that thehKLK3gene produces at least 15 transcripts ranging in size from 0.7 to 6.1 kb. Polysomal distribution analysis revealed that the transcripts shorter than 3.

9p tumor12 20-04-2013 54 2   Download

Activation of a calcium-sensing receptor (Ca-SR) leads to increased intracellular calcium concentration and altered cellular activities. The expression of Ca-SR has been iden-tified in both nonexcitable and excitable cells, including neurons and smooth muscle cells. Whether Ca-SR was expressed and functioning in cardiac myocytes remained unclear. In the present study, the transcripts of Ca-SR were identified in rat heart tissues usingRT-PCRthat was further confirmed by sequence analysis.

9p fptmusic 16-04-2013 48 2   Download

TheRel/NF-jBfamilyof transcription factorsplaykey roles in morphogenesis and immune responses. We reported previously that As-rel1 and As-rel2 of the ascidianHalo-cynthia roretziare involved in notochord formation. The As-rel1 protein is a typical Rel/NF-jB family member, whereas the As-rel2 protein is a novel truncated product of As-rel1 that lacks a nuclear localization signal and the unique C-terminal region. Here, we present conclusive evi-dence that As-rel1 and As-rel2 are generated from a single gene by alternative splicing....

10p fptmusic 12-04-2013 39 2   Download

Death inducer obliterator protein 1 [DIDO1; also termed DIO-1 and death-associated transcription factor 1 (DATF-1)] is encoded by a gene thus far described only in higher vertebrates. Current gene ontology descriptions for this gene assign its function to an apoptosis-related pro-cess. The protein presents distinct splice variants and is distributed ubiqui-tously.

7p fptmusic 11-04-2013 38 2   Download

This computerized study of the homonyms of elementary words (roughly equivalent to monosyllabic words) has allowed the compilation of exhaustive lists of homonym sets, using phonetic transcriptions from five different dictionaries. Of the 5,757 elementary words, 2,966 were involved in at least one homonym set, indicating that homonyms will present a significant problem in.

8p nghetay_1 06-04-2013 56 2   Download