Bàn về điều kiện tồn tại của cụm "phó từ và danh từ" trong tiếng Hán hiện đại

So 10 (240)-2015<br /> <br /> N G 6 N N G f & Bin<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> 39<br /> <br /> BAN VE DIEU KIEN T 6 N TAI CUA CyM<br /> "PHO Ttr + DANH TlT" TRONG TIENG HAN HIEN D^^I<br /> DISCUSSING THE CONDITIONS OF USING CLUSTER<br /> OF "ADVERB + N O U N " IN MODERN CHINESE<br /> CAONHirNGUY]^:!<br /> (TS; 891 b9c Ng09i ngfi:, D H Q G Hk N$i)<br /> Abstract: The cluster of "adverb + noun" exists quite common in modem language but not<br /> entirely recognized by grammatical specialists. Based on the split of the cluster of "adverb +<br /> noun" into two categories: grammatical "adverb + noun" phrase and rhetoric "adverb + noun"<br /> phrase, the purpose of this article is studying the conditions of using the cluster of "adverb +<br /> noun" in term of grammar and semantics in modem Chinese.<br /> Key words: cluster of "adverb + noun"; conditions of using; grammar and semantics;<br /> modem Chinese.<br /> phdp v ^ cd cua nd md dd chuyin di chiic ndAg<br /> 1. D § t v i n d l<br /> 1.1. Hau het sdch ngft ph&p vd gido trinh t i ^ mang mft s6 ^ tnmg mang tinh tu tft, do dd ^ i<br /> Hdn hifn d^ deu nh|n djnh rdng, trudc danh tft cd Id t6 hgp "phd danh" tu tii, lo^i to hgp nfiy chft ylu<br /> dll didm cym tft chi s6 lupng, nhln chung Ididng do phd tii mftc dp kit hpp vdi danh tft ma didnh. Vf<br /> thl them phd tir, Chiic ndng ngft p h ^ chu yeu ciia dy:<br /> phd tft Id tu sue dio dfng tft ho$c hinh dung tft.<br /> (1) AMR^flJ (chl 2tiiudcvdiX :^—Tcft<br /> (<br /> Nhung trong thyc te sft dyng ngdn ngft 1^ dang ton<br /> t^ hifn tugng phd tft diing ttudc danh tft, tu sftc mdildong) ,'(R-Dl-h^^±(venv?nlDhpcsinh).<br /> cho danh tft, d$c bift sau nhung ndm 90 cua the ki<br /> (2) a. | I i : * : ^ ^ T ( d a sinh vl&i r6i>, b. |BlfP-feT<br /> XX dll hifn tugng ndy cdng didm pho biln, vf dy:<br /> (da bf tmdng r^i"); c . E @ ^ ^ T ( d a mfta ddng r6i).<br /> nhOng cym "phd tft + danh tir" nhu ^ : ^ A (rit con<br /> (3) ^ I f i i J f e ^ , ift^Blite (Tidn gid sdch toan<br /> gdi), U'Pm (rit Tnmg QuocX ^^H<br /> ( ( ^ ndng<br /> ddnX "Si4^" (rit gjdi/ rit trau bd"), Mi^ff (cdng tinh sdch, khdng cd gi khdc); | ^ ^ M/^3fe^ (Trong<br /> cdm), ^^M Q (di^t AQ) . V|iy t^i sao mpt hifn<br /> tugng ngft p h ^ von khdr^ dugc gi(^ ngft phfip vudn toan cd); tnLh/^ A (Tr&i bf bip todn nguM)<br /> hodn todn thfta nh@n l^i khdng bj mit di mfi cdn<br /> n ^ y cfing phdt triln vd dupc v ^ dyng rfng i ^ den<br /> dll?<br /> X6t ve diih difii (ciu tnic-hf tii6ng), dii trong<br /> tilng Hdn, phd tft khdng dil tryc tilp kit hgp vdi<br /> danh tft; nhung nlu xdt tft ^ dp dpng didi (dyng<br /> hgc)tillphd tir cd till ket hgp tryc tilp vdi danh tft.<br /> IZ Trong tieng Hdn h i ^ d?i, c ^ tnic "phd tft<br /> + danh tii" (dudi ,b.<br /> ||iffli-fe7(da bf tmdng roiX c.ES=^3^T(da mfta<br /> ddngrSi).<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240)-201S<br /> <br /> Trong nhdm ndy, danh tii mfi i ^ tft til siic diu<br /> Id danh tii cd trinh ty. Cy till:<br /> - Sy vgt mfi danh tii dll h i ^ Ifi sy vgt mang tinh<br /> cd binh ty ho$c cd sf d i ^ b i ^ dwo thdi gian (mft<br /> chiiu). Khi dd, tiii danhti>the hifn sy vgt dftng ( ^<br /> trong chu5itiinh,tijrdd ra till nhiing danh tii diln td<br /> sy v$t khdc trong dniSi dki cd the difu sy til sdc<br /> ciia phdtii,vf dy a: ^ A ^ ^ T ( d a sinh vi&i roi).<br /> Cd till tiiiy, tilr diia trd tmdc khi di hpc d u d^<br /> bgc sinh ti^ hpc, hgc sinh tiling hgc, anh vi&i (^<br /> hgc, digc a;tirai^ hlnhtiifinhmft hf tii^^ hpc lyc<br /> cd tiinh ty, trong tiinh tydd,<br /> tiilrvitiibatdiuli<br /> "dfta ti^ so sinh diua di hgc" la till nhung tft kh&<br /> diu cd die chju sy tu sftc cfta i ^ tii.<br /> - Sy v|t mfi danh tii bilu tlij diufc diuSi cd tfnh<br /> tiinh ti; vfi di&i b i ^ dieo didi gian, dong tiidi di^<br /> hihi nfiy mang t ^ hai chieu, Idii dd danhtiicd die<br /> chju sytu siic ciia i*d tii, vfdyb: tPHP"fe7(dab5<br /> tmdng roi)<br /> Tft ngudi dfin diudngd^ Ifi ngudi cd diftc vv<br /> nhu phd tiudng ban, tmdng ban, {ihd tiudng<br /> phdng, tnidi^ f^dng, ]:^d gidm doc sd, gjfim doc<br /> sd, bf tiudng,.. .hlnh thfinh mpt hf d i ^ ngdidi<br /> dgc cd trinh ty, trong dd chiic vy mpt ngu^ cd tiie<br /> tiidng bo$c gjfing, mang t&ih hai chiiu. Cd till n6i:<br /> tPnlI-^7 (da Bp tiudng 1^0 bilu tiij sy tiidng<br /> chftc, cung cd till ndi B ^ ® 3 1 ^ W i f t 7 (da dfin<br /> tiiudng r6iX b i ^ dij sy gifing diiic, nhung nhin<br /> chung hay ndi theo diilu tdng hon Ifi gjfim.<br /> - Sy vgt mfi danhtiJrbieu thj cd tfnh trinh t^<br /> d&ng tiidi tiiufc vdng tuin hodn khdp kfn (tiiudng<br /> chl vdng tuin hodn thdi gian) thl nhihig danh tit<br /> dd cd the chju sy tu sftc ciia phd tft, vf dy c: BiS<br /> ^ ^ 7(da mfta vj ngft.<br /> phditiiufctiinhti;cy till.<br /> Tidu Khd Cudng (2001) dftng tii gde df nfi<br /> 3. Th hgp ph6 danh tu tilr<br /> hfim vd n^igi didn dd phd phdn quan di«n dio<br /> XI. N g ^ ^ khfic md ndi, to bgp j ^ danh ngft rdng, "Idii phd tft mftc dp tryc tilp tu sftc cho danh<br /> phdp khdng ph^ Ifi th hpp phd tft tu siic danh tft tCr dll gjiia chung da bj tinh lupc, ho$c khi dd danh<br /> mft cdch thyc sy. Bdi \i, nhu cfic vf dy ndu tidn, tii ^ hlnh dung tft (tbih tft) hda". 6ng dua ra mpt<br /> diftng phdi dya vdo cfiu de ton tgi, phfin bo mang ngiQ^ tic: Idii i ^ tii muc df tiyc ti^ kit bgp v ^<br /> tfnh lidn kit di$t chd vd khdng dil ti; do lfim ti^ng danh tii till danh tii dd van Id mft danh tii, nhung<br /> ngft; bo ngft, 6^ ngft. Do vfiy, d6i vdi hlnh thiic nd bilu dij n ^ ^ nfi ham cua khfii nifm nd tiiufc<br /> ciu tilie trdn, gjdi ngft p h ^ nidn chung khdng cd vl; n^ita nfi hdm ndy khdng | ^ t6ng hgp mpi<br /> nheu tianh dQ. Thyc sy gfiy ndn tranh cdi Id ciu tiiufc tMi bdn chit cfta doi tupi^ tixmg khfii n i ^<br /> tiic phd danh kilu nhu'1& "^ ® " (rit Trung Qu6c) ndo dd, nd chi Idm n6i bgt d ^ liung md tit cfi mpi<br /> ngirfri ^ tiifta nh|in tnmg s6 thufc tbih bfin diit<br /> fdifin b6 ciia chftng tuong d6i ty do, cd thl lfim v)<br /> dd.<br /> ngft, djnh ngft, tigng ngft, b6 ngft. Cy die:<br /> TTni'/tai, tft tfnh danh tft da cd sy chuyin hda<br /> - T 6 hgp phd danh ngft jdidp cd till ldm:<br /> 1) Thuyet cfich dftng linh hogt cua tii logi: Ld<br /> +Chft ngtt : KiSP^—Ife/J^ftJ (Chl ben sdng<br /> cd mft chiec thuyai nhd).<br /> Thftc Tuong tiong bfii "7|^lftiSi5S35iSii' (E chl ra<br /> +Vi ngtt : - T ' ^ i ^ S f f l — (Hdm wy mdi tiift ifing, traag ti«ig Hfin cd lftc ^ ^ xuit hifn hifn<br /> hai).<br /> <br /> 42<br /> <br /> N G 6 N NGf<br /> <br /> & Bin<br /> <br /> tiigng "khdng phfii hinh dung tft nhung dupc dung<br /> nhu hinh dung tii", nhu "phfa tiudc cd phd tii bilu<br /> tiij miic df, titah dp da Wiiln tii phia sau nd dupc<br /> dimg nhu mft hinh tft". Vf dy: "3lfi5 , 'M , W<br /> B^fgfil:A;!S1ft7Cnigt id, tiai Nhan, cd liic cgu da<br /> qud cdm tfnh i^i); ^ i E ^ . ik¥B'.]5¥B*.(Di<br /> tiling, cdn quan dfi hon cd qudn dfi); f1"^:^?f 7<br /> ^^MXT^'M''m<br /> (Gl md dii het i^i. cdn Hong<br /> Kong hon cd ngudi H&ig Kon^', v.v. Ong cho ring,<br /> ^ y Id "mft hifn tupng cddi dung linh hogt cua tii<br /> logi md tatiiuJmg l ^ g ^ trong khiu ngft tieng Hfin<br /> hifn dgi". Theo H 6 Minh Duong (1992^ ti^ Hfin<br /> khdng cd sy tiiay doi hlnh diftc nhu ngdn ngft<br /> [Auong Tfiy, khdi^ dw tiidm mft hgu to vdo phfa<br /> sau danh tii dm Cdnh Xuan (1998), ngbb<br /> t&ih chit md danh tii cd dipc Ifi co sd ngtt i ^<br /> cua danh tft khi nd d i u y ^ b i ^ thdnh hlnh Amg<br /> tii, ngjila cfta danh tft Idii dd thdng qua in dy hhA<br /> tugng vd chiQ>ln djch ngft nghm ciing cd sy tfi^<br /> dii rd rftLuu Hilu Phong (2002) cho ifing, tiong<br /> kit ciu "phd tii + danh tii tiiiu tugng^' phdtiimiic<br /> df mieu tii bdn dian danh tft ti^ tupng, danh tir<br /> biiu tugng dd cd IdiiQ^ hudng n g j i i ^ vl hlnli<br /> dung tii mft cfich mgnh md, khfing ^nh rdng chiing<br /> dang chuyin hda dintiifinhhlnh dung tii.<br /> 3.3. Cd dll tiiiy, gidi ngft phfip %^ cdn c6<br /> nhthig y kiln khdc nhau doi vdi hifn tupng ciu tiuc<br /> phd danh tu tii. Chung ta ftng xft nhu till ndo v6i<br /> nhflng hifn tiigng ndy? Ching hgn: Tgl sao ^ ^ @<br /> (lit Tnmg Quoc),1#^(i^ (d$c Ldi Phong) c6tillcfaip<br /> nhan vd sft dyn& cdn UM^ (rat ban), gg-^ff (li<br /> den) lgi khoig chigc tilp nhfn vfi sft dyng?; Tgi sao<br /> cd die ndi ^XM Q 7 (Cgu AQ qud diy) nhung<br /> lgi khdng ai ndi "'tfptil;fc^HT" (C§u cung L^Tft<br /> quddiy)?Ndi cdch khdc, phd tii tu sftc danh tit<br /> khdng ty do nhu khi chftng tu sftc cho ldnh dung<br /> tii vfi dfng tii, md phdi chju (Giu kifn hgn die<br /> nhit djnh. Nhln tii gde dg phd tft, nhChig phd tir<br /> chi miic df, tiinh dg tiiyft d^i nhu ^,XMM><br /> M, v.v cd thl dftng de tij sftc dio danh tft. NUntb<br /> gde df danh tii, trong npi bf danh tii cung cd sf<br /> khdc bift, cfic danh tii Ididc nhau cd die Idi&ig oil<br /> sy khfic bift ^ vl diiic ndng ngft jMp nhung l^<br /> khdng phdi danh tii nfio cung cd the xuit h i ^ Inn<br /> ciu tiiic " i ^ tft muc df+danhtii*'.Nhiing danhft<br /> cd till xuit hifn tiong ciu ti^ ndy tiiudng c6 ifl<br /> <br /> S6 10 (240V2015<br /> <br /> N G 6 N NGf<br /> <br /> & Bin<br /> <br /> so (film diung vl m$t ngft n g h ^ diu ylu bao g6m<br /> nhftng b^i sau:<br /> a. Danh tft cd nghm chl [^uang hudng vj tri<br /> (danh tii [rfiuong vj): Cd nhih^ {tniong hudng vj<br /> tii cd dll cd till tiidi^ qua "tfnh lugng^' dl xde (^nh,<br /> danh tii bieu thj phuong vj cd tinh trin tfau|t khdch<br /> quan, tftc cd tmh "do/ tinh lugngj", vl vfy tmdc<br /> chftng cd till thdm i^d tii mftc dg chi mftc df cao<br /> nhitnhu ^ . ^ , M ( f i : d f t n g p h 6 b i l n n h i ^ ^ , ^<br /> dftng ft hon), bilu dij sy vft xIp did nhit v l Fdiuang<br /> vj khdng gjan, vf dy: fiftfj (phfa tiudc nhit/ ngofii<br /> cftng), ft^JA didifa nam nhit/ trong, ngofii ciing<br /> {Ml nam); ^St& (bdn trdi nhit/ trong, ngodi ciing<br /> b&i trdi); M-^^<br /> (phfa ddng nhat/ trong, ngodi<br /> cftng i^ik ddng). Trong tilng Hdn, bilu thj n^iia<br /> {^uong^icd:<br /> (D I%uong vj tft: Cfin eft theo cu6n " T i ^ Hfin<br /> hifn dgi" do Hodng Bfi Vinh chft bidn, phuang vj tii<br /> trong ti^g Hfin h i ^ dgi bao g6m:<br /> 1/Logi 1 : ± , T , M, J5,3K, m, ffi. db. S , :fe,<br /> m . ^ , 4 ' , 1^,31;<br /> 2/Logi2: ; ^ + ± ( T,Sif,^,S^,Rffi, Jb,i1^,<br /> <br /> S6NG<br /> <br /> 43<br /> <br /> sftc cua ph&tiisftc df; logi 7 cung diu Ididng till<br /> diju sy tu sftc cfta phd tft miic df. Khdng Idid i^ifit<br /> hifn quy luft trong dd: chl cd phuong vj tii bilu thj<br /> f^iuong hudng vj til c6 djnh, cyc doan mdi cd dil<br /> kit hpp vdi f*d tii muc df, irfiuong vj tii bilu dij<br /> [^uong hudng vj tii khdng co djnh. khdng cyc<br /> doan dii khdng k ^ hpp dugc vdi i ^ tii mftc df, vi<br /> dy khdng till ndi: ^% M^±.,<br /> M^MM&^<br /> ® Danh tii bilutiijn ^ f^uoi^ vj:<br /> <br /> '^^M^<br /> <br /> .ii[5ij.Es,Bs.a®.s**.m