Đổi mới giáo dục quốc phòng trong tình hình hiện nay với các tư duy lý luận của Đảng: Phần 1

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Tài liệu chuyên khảo Đổi mới giáo dục quốc phòng trong tình hình hiện nay với các tư duy lý luận của Đảng giới thiệu một cách có hệ thống những quan điểm của Đảng, Nhà nước, Chính phủ ta về đường lối xây dựng nền quốc phòng toàn dân, nâng cao chất lượng xây dựng nền quốc phòng toàn dân, xây dựng ý thức bảo vệ Tổ quốc xã hội chủ nghĩa trong thời kỳ mới. Tài liệu gồm có 5 chương và được chia thành 2 phần, phần 1 được chia sẻ dưới đây sẽ trình bày 2 chương đầu tiên. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

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Nội dung Text: Đổi mới giáo dục quốc phòng trong tình hình hiện nay với các tư duy lý luận của Đảng: Phần 1

124.2597071 GUYEN BA Dl/QNG T550D TU DUY LY LUAN CUA DANG TA VE DOI M6| GIAO DUC OUOC PHONG TRONG TINH HINH HIEN NAY (Sach chuyen khao)
PGS.TS. NGUYIN BA DiraNG TL/ DUY LY LUAN CUA DANG TA VE DOI M6| GIAO DUC QUOC PHONG TRONG TINH HINH HIEN NAY (Sach chuyen khao) TW/VIENTfWHBINH THUAW 3KV5 NHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRI QUOC GIA CTQG - 2009 Ha No! - 2009
MUC L U C Trang Lcfi Nhd xudt ban 7 Md dau 9 ChUdng 1 TIT QUAN NIEM LICH Str DEN Tir DUY M 6 I VE CHIEN LUOC QUOC PHONG CUA N U 6 C VIET NAM TRONG T H d l KY M 6 I 19 I. Dang nii6c di doi v6i giQ niidc - tu tUdng chi dao xay dung nen quoc phong, bao ve To quoc cua dan toe va Dang Cong san Viet Nam 19 II. Su phat trien tU duy ly luan ve quoc phong cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam 31 III. S u phat trien tif duy ly luan ve chien lUcfc quoc phong cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam 45 Chiidng2 GIAO DUC QUOC P H O N G - CON D U C N G DUNG D A N DE X A C L A P Y THlTC B A O VE TO Q U O C X A H O I C H U N G H I A C U A MOI N G U d i DAN VIET NAM 74 I. Su phat trien tU duy ly luan ve doi m6i giao due quoc phong cua Dang ta 74 I I . Cach tiep can va siJ phat trien tU duy ly luan ve giao due quoc phong cvia Dang ta 87 I I I . Tinh tat yeu ciia doi mdi giao due quoc phong trong tinh hinh hien nay 92 IV. Noi dung doi m6i giao due quoc phong trong he thong giao due quoc dan hien nay 103
V. Yeu cAu ve doi mdi noi dung giao due quoc phong hien nay 107 .:.in V;>.':'-r.;' ..• Chiidng 3 TINH TAT YEU KHACH QUAN VA THU6C DO G I A TRI D O I M 6 I G I A O D U C Q U O C P H O N G T R O N G T I N H H I N H M61 116 I. NhQng van de c6 ti'nh quy luat eiia ddi mdi giao L d l NHA XUAT BAN « duequocphong 116 II. Tfnh quy dinh va nhiing can eii danh gia ket qua ddi mdi giao due quoc phong 136 Giao due quoc phong la bo phan hdp thanh cua nen giao due III. Tinh h i e u qua cua giao due quoc phong trong he quoc gia, la noi dung cd ban trong xay dUng nen quoc phong thong giao due quoc dan 144 ChitOng 4 toan dan, nham gop phan dao tao con ngvfdi phat trien toan BIEU HIEN TRONG THUG T I I N T U D U Y LY LUAN dien, c6 dao diie, sijfe khoe va kien thilc quoc phong, ky nang C U A D A N G T A V E D O I M 6 I GIAO D U G QUOC P H O N G 148 quan sxi can thiet de tham gia vao sU nghiep xay dUng, cung eo' I. Tdng q u a n ve t i n h h i n h v a ket qua giao due quoc nen quoc phong toan dan. phong cho c a c do'i tUdng t r o n g he thong giao due Cong tac giao due quoc phong - an ninh trong nhQng nam quoc d a n h i e n n a y 148 II. Bieu h i e n c u the tu duy ly l u a n cua Dang t a trong qua da dUdc Dang, Nha nifdc, Chinh phu quan tam. Bo Chinh thuc t i l n giao due quoc phong h i e n nay 153 t r i da ban hanh nhieu chi thi, Chinh phu da ban hanh nghi ChMng 5 d i n h ; l i e n bo da ban h a n h thong tU h u d n g d i n thUc h i e n ; cac bo, Q U A N D I E M vA G I A I P H A P H I E N T H U C H O A cd quan ngang bo, cd quan thuoe Chinh phii da ban hanh nhieu T U DUY LYLUAN CUA DANG TA VE DOI M 6 I van ban chi dao td chiic thUc hien. V i vay, cong tac giao due quoc GlAO D U C Q U O C P H O N G T R O N G T H 6 I K Y M 6 I 194 I. Tac dong cua t i n h h i n h t h e gidi, khu vUc d e n sU phong, an ninh da di vao nen nep va c6 bude phat trien mdi. De p h a t t r i e n tu duy ly l u a n ve ddi mdi giao due quoc thvfc hien t h i n g Idi cong cuoc ddi mdi, xay dUng va bao ve To phong cua Dang v a Nha nUde ta 194 quoc Viet Nam xa hoi chii nghia, chung ta phai chii dong, tich II. Q u a n diem cua Dang t a ve ddi mdi giao due quoc cue xay dung nen quoc phong toan dan vQng manh, t r o n g do ddi phong trong t i n h h i n h mdi 207 mdi, nang cao c h a t lUdng, hieu qua giao due quoc phong - an III. Giai p h a p h i e n thUc hoa tu duy ly l u a n cua Dang ta ve doi mdi giao due quoc phong t r o n g he thong ninh khong chi c6 y nghia trUdc mat, ma con la van de cd b a n va giao due quoc dan h i e n nay 213 lau dai. Ketluan ' 245 Nhan dip ky niem 65 nam ngay thanh lap Q u a n doi nhan dan Phu luc 249 Viet Nam (22-12-1944 - 22-12-2009), 2 0 nam ngay hoi Quoc phong 6 7
toan d a n , sO ket h a i n a m to chijfc t h u c h i e n C h i t h i so' 1 2 - C T / T W ngay 3-5-2007 c u a Bo C h i n h t r i ve Tang cUbng siC Idnh dao cua Dang dot vdi cong tdc giao due quo'c phong, an ninh trong tinh hinh mdi v a N g h i d i n h so 1 1 6 / 2 0 0 7 / N D - C P ngay 10-7-2007 c u a C h i n h p h u ve Giao due quo'c phong - an ninh n h l m gop p h a n lam cho cac cd q u a n , ddn v i , d i a phUdng, cac hoc v i e n , n h a M d DAU trifcing t h a c h i e n to't cong tac giao due quo'c phong - a n n i n h dap i i n g y e u c a u n g h i e n c i i u , hoc t£ip c u a c a n bo, d a n g v i e n , hoc v i e n Sau k h i gia n h a p To chiic T h u o n g m a i the gi6i trong ca nxidc, N h a x u a t b a n C h i n h t r i quo'c gia xu^i't b a n cuo'n (WTO) va t r d t h a n h t h a n h v i e n k h o n g c h i n h t h i l c cua s a c h c h u y e n k h a o Tii duy ly luan cua Dang ta ve ddi mdi giao Hoi d o n g B a o a n L i e n h d p quo'c, n\idc t a c6 t h e m thdi due quo'c phong trong tinh hinh hien nay do P G S . T S . N G L / T . cd, v a n h o i p h a t t r i e n , t h U c h i e n t h S n g I d i c o n g cuoc d o i N g u y e n B a DucJng - Hoc v i e n C h i n h t r i - Bo Quo'c phong n g h i e n mdi, cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa d a t n\l6c v i muc cdxx, bien soan. t i e u d a n g i a u , nii6c m a n h , xa h o i cong bang, d a n chu, Cuo'n s a c h gidi t h i e u mot each c6 he tho'ng n h i i n g q u a n van minh. diem c u a D a n g , N h a niidc, C h i n h p h u t a ve diidng lo'i x a y dUng Tuy nhien, c u n g v d i n h i J n g t h d i cd, t h u a n I d i l a nen quo'c phong toan d a n , n a n g cao c h a t lUdng x a y dUng n e n n h u t n g k h o k h a n , t h a c h t h i i c d a , d a n g v a se n a y sinh quo'c phong toan d a n , x a y dUng y t h i i c bao ve T o quo'c x a hoi c h i i t r o n g q u a t r i n h mci cvfa, g i a o l i i u , h o i n h a p quo'c t e . D o n g h i a trong thdi k y mdi. l a m o t thiJc t e k h a c h q u a n . C h u n g t a v u i m t f n g v i s a u X i n gidi t h i e u cuo'n s a c h c u n g b a n doc. nhieu nam kien t r i phan dau, Viet N a m da la t h a n h v i e n c h i n h thijtc c u a W T O , c6 q u a n h e s o n g p h U d n g , da Thdng 10 nam 2009 p h u d n g v d i n h i e u nvfdc t r e n t h e g i d i . T h o n g q u a q u a n h e NHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRI QUOC GIA h d p tac quo'c t e , u y t i n , v i t h e c u a V i e t N a m d i i d c k h i n g d i n h v a n g a y c a n g n a n g cao. T h e n h i i n g , m d cila, giao l u u , h o i n h a p quo'c t e , d d n c a i m d i , c a i to't de x a y d U n g , phat t r i e n d a t nifdc, t h i ciing luc do, cai k h o n g to't, k h o n g p h i i hdp vdi dieu k i e n , h o a n c a n h niidc t a c i i n g se t h e o vao, g a y ro'i b a n , c a n t r d c o n g cuoc d o i m d i , x a y d u n g v a bao ve T o quo'c x a h o i c h u n g h i a . 8
L a cong dan nxidc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia V i e t ngheo, p h a n dau den n a m 2020, cd ban t r d t h a n h mot N a m , chung ta t r a n t r o n g nhutng t h a n h qua lao dong, nxidc cong nghiep va p h a t t r i e n ben vQng t r o n g nhiJng gia t r i van hoa, khoa hoc va cong nghe t i e n bo cua n h a n n a m tiep theo. Do la n h i i n g cong viec nang ne, phiic loai, mong muon v a n dung, ke thiia cac gia t r i dich thtfc tap nhijfng r a t ve vang. de xay dUng dat nu6c v i sU t i e n bo xa hoi; chiing ta ton De cong cuoc doi mdi, xay dUng va bao ve To quoc Viet t r o n g l u a t phap quoc te, thvfc hien cong bang, b i n h N a m xa hoi chu nghia t h a n h cong, viec chu dong, tich cxic dang, h a i ben cung c6 Idi t r o n g quan he, hdp tac quoc te; xay dung nen quoc phong toan dan vflng manh, chkc chdn, ton t r o n g doc lap, chii quyen, t h o n g n h a t toan ven l a n h toan dien c6 y nghia dac biet quan trong; trong do doi m6i, tho cua moi quoc gia, dan toe; k h o n g can thiep vao cong nang cao chat lUdng, hieu qua giao due quoc phong, boi viec noi bo cua cac nu6c, cung nhxi k h o n g bao gid de ai diidng k i e n thiic quoc phong khong chi c6 y nghia thdi sxl, Idi dung, gay ton h a i den uy t i n , doc lap, chu quyen, cap thiet trxidc mat, ma la van de r a t cd ban va lau dai doi thong n h a t toan ven l a n h tho cua nxidc Cong hoa xa hoi v6i chien lifdc xay dUng eon ngifdi trong thdi ky m6i eiia chu nghia V i e t N a m . Dang, Nha nxidc ta. Sii h i i n g t h i n h va phat t r i e n ciia quoc Doi v6i c h u n g t a , m o i siJ ho t r d , g i i i p dd t h i e t thiJc, gia dan toe Viet N a m phai diia chSe t r e n nen tang vQng h i e u qua tH ben ngoai, cua ban be quoc te deu r a t quy manh cua nen quoc phong toan dan g i n chat v6i an n i n h t r o n g gop p h a n t h u c day cong cuoc doi m d i , xay d\lng nhan dan, trong do c6 sU dong gop thiet thue, t i c h cxic, va bao ve To quoc. Con dUdng va dong lUc quyet d i n h hieu qua eua cong tac giao due quoc phong - mat k h a u de chung ta t i e n len, thUc h i e n thSng Idi cong cuoc doi quan trong eua viec chuan b i n h a n to'chinh t r i - t i n h t h a n mdi, cong nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa dat nxidc v i rriuc cho stf t r i i d n g ton va phat t r i e n ben v i i n g cua dan toe Viet t i e u dan g i a u , nxxdc m a n h , xa hoi cong b i n g , dan chu, N a m trong the ky X X I . v a n m i n h la noi \xic do c h i n h c h u n g t a tao nen. Do la sii Triide day eiing n h u h i e n nay, t h d i chien cung n h i i c h u n g siic, c h u n g long, p h a t b u y t o i da n h a n to con t h d i b i n h , giao due quoc phong, an n i n h l u o n eo v i t r i , ngUdi - v a i t r o cua chu the, chu n h a n xay dUng va bao v a i t r o t r o n g yeu t r o n g sxi nghiep xay dxing va bao ve ve To quoc; v i the, c h u n g t a l u o n t m h tao, sang tao, doc To quoc, la noi d u n g cd ban, m a n g y n g h i a quyet d i n h lap, txl chu, txl Ixic t\l cUdng, k i e n quyet day l u i k h o k h a n , vUdt qua t h a c h thiJtc, t a n d u n g t o t t h d i cd, v a n doi v 6 i sU t h a n h cong eua viec xay dUng nen quoc hoi de s6m dUa niiclc t a t h o a t k h o i t i n h t r a n g mot nU6c phong t o a n dan, ciing eo the t r a n chien t r a n h n h a n 10 11
d a n , t h e t r a n l o n g d a n bao ve v i i n g ch&c T o quo'c V i e t doi v 6 i can bo cac cap, cac n g a n h cua D a n g v a N h a nxldc N a m xa hoi chu nghia. v a t h e he t r e hoc s i n h , s i n h v i e n " . N g h i q u y e t so 02 cua Bo G i a o due quo'e p h o n g l a bo p h a n h i i u cd ei i a n e n g i a o C h i n h t r i n g a y 30-7-1987 da q u y e t d i n h dua noi dung due quo'c d a n , m o n hoc c h i n h k h o a t r o n g eac n h a t r i i d n g , diJdng l o i q u a n s i i cua D a n g vao n o i d u n g c h i i d n g t r i n h Ictp dao t a o , eac bac hoc d a i hoc, cao dSng, t r u n g hoc hoc t a p c h i n h t h i i e cua cac t r i i d n g dao tao, bo t u e c a n bo chuyen nghiep, day nghe, t r u n g hoc phd thong; cac cua D a n g v a N h a nU6e, dUa n o i d u n g giao due quo'c p h o n g t r i i d n g c h i n h t r i , h a n h c h i n h va doan the n h a m giao vao ehiJdng t r i n h c h i n h k h o a eiia cac t r U d n g t r u n g hoc v a due, dao t a o con ngiidi mdi, phat trien toan dien, eo d a i hoe. S a u k h i c6 C h i t h i so 6 2 - C T / T W cua Bo C h i n h t r i p h a m c h a t v a n a n g \\ic t o t , c6 t r i t h i i c v a k y n a n g quan n g a y 1 2 - 2 - 2 0 0 1 ( n a y bo s u n g , c h i n h s i i a l a i l a C h i t h i so n h a t d i n h de h o a n t h a n h n h i e m v u ; g i i i p hoc sinh, 1 2 - C T / T W n g a y 3-5-2007 ve Tang ciCcfng siX lanh dao cua s i n h v i e n , c a n bo, c o n g chCfc c t i a D a n g , N h a nxldc, cac Dang doi vdi cong tdc gido due quo'c phong, an ninh trong l\ic l i f d n g c h u y e u t h a m g i a x a y d U n g n e n quo'c p h o n g tinh hinh mdi), Chinh phu da ra Nghi dinh so' t o a n d a n , a n n i n h n h a n d a n n h i i d a n q u a n , t\i ve, d\l h i , 15/2001/ND-CP (nay chinh svia lai la Nghi dinh so d o n g v i e n v a t h a n h n i e n c6 d i i cac d i e u k i e n c a n t h i e t de 1 1 6 / 2 0 0 7 / N D - C P n g a y 10-7-2007 ve Gido due quo'c phong - s^n s a n g g i a n h a p l i i c l U d n g v i i t r a n g k h i c6 y e u cku an ninh), xac d i n h r 5 doi t U d n g , n o i d u n g , t h d i g i a n , each t o n g d o n g v i e n c h u a n h i cho c h i e n t r a n h bao ve T o quo'c. t h i i e t o ehiic v a p h u d n g p h a p giao due quo'c p h o n g ; m o i d o i G i a o due quo'c p h o n g l a m o t t r o n g n h u f n g n h i e m v u q u a n t U d n g CO y e u c^u, n o i d u n g v a p h i i d n g p h a p r i e n g . D o n g t r o n g ei i a c h i e n lUde x a y dvfng eon n g U d i m d i x a h o i c h u t h d i , n g h i d i n h eiia C h i n h p h u c i i n g xac d i n h cu t h e t r a e h n g h i a ci V i e t N a m h i e n n a y . n h i e m cua cac bo, cd q u a n n g a n g bo, cd q u a n trUe t h u o c N h a n thiie ro t a m q u a n t r o n g va y n g h i a t h i e t t h i i c C h i n h p h u v a eac t i n h , t h a n h p h o trUc t h u o c T r u n g l i d n g cua giao due quo'c p h o n g , n g a y 2 8 - 4 - 1 9 8 1 , Ban Bi thii d o i v d i c o n g tac giao due quo'c p h o n g ; c i i n g nh\i n h i i n g d i e u T r u n g Udng D a n g t a da r a C h i t h i so 1 0 7 - C T / T W ve Tang k i e n bao d a m cho c o n g tac giao due quo'e p h o n g ' diide t r i e n cUctng cong tdc giao due quo'c phong nhan dan, chudn hi k h a i , thUc h i e n d o n g bo, thong nhat trong toan quo'c. cho the he tre sdn sang Idm nhiem vu bao ve To quo'c. N g h i q u y e t T r u n g Udng 3 k h o a V I I da e h i r o : " P h a i t a n g cUdng 1. Bo Tong tham mifu - Cue D a n quan t\l ve: Cac van ban ve c o n g tac giao due quo'c p h o n g cho t o a n d a n , trUcfc b e t l a cong tdc gido due quo'c phong - an ninh, Nxb. Q u a n doi n h a n dan, H a Noi, 2008, tr.8-11. 12 13
Quan diem "giao due quoc phong - an n i n h la bo phan cua che to ehtic, quan l y . thUc h i e n cac n h i e m v v i quoc nen giao due quoe dan" khong chi the hien d nhan thiic ma phong, an n i n h t h i e u dong bo, ehua t h o n g n h a t . chUa da trci t h a n h hoat dong cu the trong ddi song thuc tien xa phoi chat che giiia cac cap. cac n g a n h , ehat lutdng giao hoi. Do la bade phat trien quan trong trong t u duy ly l u a n due quoc phong, an n i n h n h i n c h u n g eon t h a p . t h a m cua Dang ta ve giao due quoc phong trUcfc siJ van dong, chi CO ndi t h i e u n h i i n g quy che. quy d i n h , che t a i eu the phat t r i e n cua t i n h h i n h mdi. ve t r a c h n h i e m quan l y giao v i e n , giang v i e n , noi d u n g ThUc h i e n c h u t r i i d n g , dUdng l o i cua D a n g , c h i n h chifdng t r i n h , giao t r i n h . t a i l i e u day hoc va bao dam sach, phap l u a t cua N h a nxidc ve t a n g cifdng cong tac ngan sach cho giao due quoc phong. Do vay, ca ly l u a n giao due quoc phong, cac bo, ban, n g a n h d T r u n g Udng va thUe t i l n dang dat ra n h i i n g v a n de e^n p h a i doi va dia p h i i d n g , cap uy, c h i n h quyen cac cap, cac hoc mdi toan dien cong tac giao due quoc phong cho can bo, v i e n , n h a t r i i d n g da n g h i e m tuc t r i e n k h a i thUe h i e n hoe s i n h , s i n h v i e n , dap i l n g yeu cAu xay d i i n g , eiing ed' cae ehi t h i , n g h i quyet neu t r e n va da d a t difde k e t qua nen quoc phong toan dan, the' t r a n chien t r a n h n h a n bade dau r a t q u a n t r o n g , gop p h a n t a n g cUdng va cung dan, bao ve v i i n g chae To quoc V i e t N a m xa hoi chu c6' t i e m \\lc q u a n s\i, quoc phong cua dat nUdc. T u y nghia t r o n g t i n h h i n h m d i . n h i e n , trUdc sii v a n dong, bie'n doi m a u le eua t i n h De hoan t h a n h chiie trach, nhiem vu va diing viJng h i n h the gidi, k h u v\lc va t r o n g nxidc, n h a t la tii k h i t r e n v i t r i ciia m i n h , mdi ngiidi dan Viet N a m phai hieu ro V i e t N a m gia nhap W T O den nay, yeu cau n h i e m v u ban chat, am mUu, t h u doan t h a m doc eua cac the lUc t h i i xay dUng va cung c6' nen quoc phong t o a n dan g i n chat dich; cac quyen Idi va nghia v u eua cong dan, eo t r i thiic vdi xay dUng the t r a n chien t r a n h n h a n d a n , the t r a n khoa hoe chinh t r i - quan sii can thiet de chu dong, tieh an n i n h n h a n d a n , bao ve To quoc t r o n g t i n h h i n h m d i ciJc t h a m gia cac hoat dong quoc phong, an n i n h nh^m bao CO n h i e u diem khac trUde day can dUde n g h i e n cilu, g i a i ve t h a n h qua each mang, bao ve que hUdng, dat nudc. quyet cho p h u hdp. The n h i i n g , mot so' to chiie cd sd Dieu nay phan Idn p h u thuoc vao viec ddi mdi, nang cao dang va mot bo p h a n can bo, dang v i e n ciaa Dang nhan chat lUdng giao due quoc phong, an n i n h , nhat la ddi mdi thiie k h o n g day dia ve t h d i cuoc, ve s\i b i e n doi ciia t i n h noi dung, ehUdng t r i n h , h i n h thiic, phiidng phap giao due h i n h , da g i a n ddn hoac coi t h i i d n g eae nguy cd, m a t va cong tac quan ly giao due quoc phong, an n i n h trong canh giac, t h i e u q u a n t a m den cong tac quoc phong, t i n h h i n h hien nay. giao due quoc phong, an n i n h t r o n g t i n h h i n h m d i . Cd Can bo, cong chiic cua Dang, Nha nifdc va the he hoc 14 15
phong toan dan gin vdi xay diing the tran an ninh nhan sinh, sinh vien hien nay. phan Idn sinh ra, 16n len va dan, bao ve To quoc dang dat ra nhieu van de mdi ddi trUdng thanh trong thoi binh, diTdc Dang, Nha nu6c va cac hoi phai doi mdi noi dung, chUdng t r i n h va phUdng phap gia dinh danh nhiJng dieu kien tot nhat ve vat chat va giao due quoc phong n h i m trang bi cho can bo, hoc sinh, tinh than, giup ho an hoc, tien bo va traong thanh. Ho c6 sinh vien nhiing kien thOtc ly luan cd ban cua chii nghia trinh do hoc van. kien thiic, siic khoe tot. Song, do chUa Mac - Lenin, tU tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve chien tranh, trai nghiem qua chien tranh va thac t i l n quan sii nen quan doi va t\i duy mdi ciia Dang ve chien lUdc bao ve thieu von song, sU hieu biet ve chien tranh, ve quan doi, To quoc, giup can bo, hoc sinh, sinh vien nhan thiic lich sii truyen thong quoc phong, bao ve To quoc cua dan dung nhiing dien bien ciia tinh hinh, xac dinh dung ke toe cung nhu hieu biet ve am mUu, thu doan cho'ng pha thu, am mxixi, thu doan va bien phap ma chung ap dung each mang Viet Nam cua cac the \\lc thu dich va nghia vu chong pha each mang Viet Nam la viec lam rat quan thieng heng cua cong dan do'i vdi sii nghiep bao ve To quoc trong va can thiet. Viet Nam xa hoi chu nghia; do do, tang cUdng giao due La nha giao trong quan doi, nhieu nam tham gia quoc phong la mot bien phap tot de giup ho xoa di nhflng giang day, nghien ciiu de tai va bien soan giao trinh giao khoang trong do dieu kien lich s\l Uo ra. Doi mdi giao due due quoc phong cho cac do'i tUdng, chiing tdi cd dieu kien quoc phong gop phan ngan chan. day lui nhiJng tac dong, tiep xuc, lam viec vdi cac cd quan, ban, nganh, ddn vi cd sd anh hudng tieu cUc cua cO che kinh te thi trUdng va kh^c cd lien quan den linh viic nay va cac do'i tUdng hoc vien, phue nhiJng bat cap, han che ma lijta tuoi nay de m^c hieu diidc nhu cau cua ngUdi hoc va nhiing viec nen lam; phai. Dong thdi, trang bi nhfing hanh trang can thiet trong gidi han cho phep va kha nang cd the, vdi mong cho can bo, hoc sinh, sinh vien vQng t i n lap than, lap muon gdp ph^n nhd be, thiet thiic vao sii nghiep xay dUng nghiep, vao ddi khong lung tiing, ngd ngang trade sU va cung cd' nen qud'c phong toan dan g i n vdi xay dUng bien dong phiic tap cua cuoc song, thuc hien tot nghia viing chic the tran chien tranh nhan dan va cung la sii t r i vu va trach nhiem cong dan. Nhd do ma cd y thiic tot an do'i vdi cac anh hung, liet si, nhiing ngUdi da giao due, hdn ve xay dUng va bao ve To quoc, s i n sang tham gia dao tao, diu dit, giup dd chung toi tien bo, trUdng thanh. cac lUc lUdng vii trang, phuc vu chien dau va chien dau Viec de tam, danh thdi gian, cong siic nghien ciiu, bien bao ve To quoc k h i cd chien tranh xay ra. soan va cho ra mkt ban doc cuo'n sach chuyen khao: Tu Hien nay, cuoc dau tranh t\i tiidng - ly luan, cho'ng duy ly luan cua Dang ta ve doi mdi giao due quoc cac quan diem sai trai, phan dong, bao ve diidng lo'i doi phong trong tinh hinh hien nay lam tai lieu phuc vu mdi, xay dxlng nen.quoc-phdTi§"^o^ dan, the tran quoc
cong tac nghien ciiu, giang day mon giao due quoc phong cua can bo, giang vien, giao vien, boc sinh, sinh vien va n h i i n g ngUdi quan tarn l i n h vUc nay, phan nao do da tbay Idi cbung t o i noi len dieu do. Chuang 1 T TlT Q U A N N I E M L I C H SlT D E N TlT D U Y MCll V E CHIEN Ll/dC QUOC PHONG CUA NU'OiC V I E T N A M T R O N G T H d l K Y M 6 I I- DUNG NirOC D I D O I V6l GlC Nl/dC - TlT Tl/dNG C H I DAG XAY Dl/NG N E N Q U O C P H O N G , BAG V E T O Q U O C C U A D A N TOC V A D A N G C O N G S A N V I E T N A M Quoc pbong la cong viec gii3 na6c cua mot quoc gia, gom tong the hoat dong doi noi va doi ngoai ve quan sii, c h i n h t r i , k i n h te, van hoa, khoa hoc... cua N h a nu6c va nhan dan de phong t h i i dat niidc, tao nen siic m a n h toan dien; t r o n g do, siic m a n h quan sii la dac trUng, nbSm glut viJng hoa b i n h , day l u i , ngan chan cac boat dong gay chien cua ke t h u va s&n sang danh t h i n g chien t r a n h xam liidc du6i moi h i n h thiic. Quoc phong khong chi ket hdp chat che vdi an n i n h de bao ve dat nUdc, bao ve che do, ma con p h a i ket hdp chat che vdi k i n h te de bao ve va xay dUng dat nu:6c. To chiic quoc phong ciia N h a nUdc p h u thuoc trUc tiep vao che do c h i n h t r i - xa hoi, t r u y e n thong dan toe va hoan canh cu the cua moi nifdc. , », 18 19
N e n quoc p h o n g ma c h u n g ta d a n g xay d U n g la nen quoc p h o n g : G i a o due quoc p h o n g v a b o i d U d n g k i e n thUc quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n . " c u a dan, do d a n , v i d a n , " t h e o quoc p h o n g cho m o i ngUdi d a n V i e t N a m ; b a n h a n h cac p h U d n g h u d n g t o a n d a n , t o a n d i e n , doc l a p , t u c h u , t\i v a n b a n q u y p h a m p h a p l u a t , cac c h i n h sach ve x a y d U n g lUc, t u cUdng v a n g a y c a n g h i e n dai, ket h d p c h a t che n e n quoc p h o n g , m d r o n g q u a n he h d p tac, d o i n g o a i ve k i n h te vdi quoc p h o n g va a n n i n h , dutdi sU l a n h dao c u a q u a n sU, quoc p h o n g , k e t h d p c h a t che c o n g t a c quoc D a n g , sU q u a n l y , d i e u h a n h c u a N h a nUdc, do n h a n d a n p h o n g d cac cap, cac n g a n h , k e t h d p k i n h t e v6i quoc lao d o n g l a m c h u , n h ^ m glut vuing h o a b i n h , o n d i n h c u a p h o n g , k e t h d p quoc p h o n g v d i a n n i n h , do'i n g o a i , tao d a t n u 6 c , s ^ n s a n g d a n h b a i m o i h a n h d o n g x a m lUdc v a n e n sCfc m a n h t o n g h d p ; c h u ^ n b i k e h o a c h d o n g v i e n , bao l o a n l a t do c i i a cac t h e l i i c thCi d i c h , bao ve v i J n g chAc c h u d o n g do'i p h o v d i cac t i n h huo'ng q u a n sU, k e ca c h i e n doc l a p , c h u q u y e n , t h o n g n h a t t o a n v e n l a n h t h o c u a To t r a n h x a y r a . X a y d U n g n e n quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n d nUdc quoc V i e t N a m x a h o i c h u n g h i a . t a t r o n g g i a i d o a n m d i l a : t o a n d i e n , tvfng budc h i e n d a i , X a y d i i n g n e n quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n l a q u a n d i e m cd dUa v a o lUc l U d n g c i i a t o a n d a n , d a m bao cho d a t nUdc b a n , n h a t q u a n c u a D a n g , N h a n a d c t a t r o n g c h i dao viec h o a b i n h , o n d i n h de p h a t t r i e n ve m o i m a t , d o n g t h d i x a y d u n g n e n quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n , g ^ n v d i x a y dUng, p h o n g , cho'ng v a r a n de c6 h i e u q u a m o i a m m U u , t h u c u n g co' t h e t r a n c h i e n t r a n h n h a n d a n , bao ve v U n g chSc d o a n x a m lUdc c u a k e t h u . T o quoc V i e t N a m x a h o i c h u n g h i a d nUdc t a , l a t r a c h n h i e m c u a t o a n D a n g , t o a n d a n , t o a n q u a n v a c u a ca he 1. Q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n t\i d u y ly l u a n ve q u o c t h o n g c h i n h t r i , t r o n g do Q u a n d o i n h a n d a n v a C o n g a n p h o n g c u a d a n toe V i e t N a m v a D a n g t a n h a n d a n l a lUc l U d n g n o n g cot. T r a i q u a h a n g n g a n n a m d U n g nUdc v a g i i i nU6c, t U X a y d u n g n e n quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n l a sU c h u a n h i d u y l y l u a n ve q u a n sU, quoc p h o n g c u a d a n toe t a t U n g cac d i e u k i e n de p h o n g t h u , bao ve To quoc, l a q u y l u a t budc h i n h t h a n h v a p h a t t r i e n ; n h d do, o n g c h a t a d a t o n t a i v a p h a t t r i e n c u a d a n toe V i e t N a m . X a y dUng c h i e n t h i n g k e t h i i h u n g bao, bao ve doc l a p , c h u q u y e n , quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n bao g o m : x a y d U n g y c h i , q u y e t t a m t h o n g n h a t T o quoc; q u a do, due k e t dUdc n h i e u b a i hoc v a d U d n g l o i bao ve To quoc; x a y d U n g t i e m l u c c h i n h t r i - k i n h n g h i e m q u y g i a ve c h a m lo siic d a n , x a y d U n g n e n x a h o i , x a y d U n g lUc l U d n g quoc p h o n g , x a y d U n g t h e t r a n quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n , bao ve T o quoc, t r u y e n l a i cho quoc p h o n g ( l a y p h U d n g , x a c h i e n dKu, k h u vUc phong m u o n ddi sau. vfn r t h u , h a u p h U d n g , c o n g t r i n h quoc p h o n g , k h u k i n h te' - Qua trinh pkdt trien tiC duy ve quan sU, quoc phong quoc p h o n g l a m cd s6...). B i e n p h a p c h i n h c u a x a y d U n g cua dan toe Viet Nam la qua trinh xay dUng va phong 20 ' -ft
thu quoc gia qua cdc trieu dq,i phong kien Viet Nam, diia nha - l a n g - n\idc va toan dan t h a m gia d a n h giac giut tren nen tang site manh tong hap todn dan tham gia nU6c, bao ve que hiidng. ddnh giac, todn dan giS niidc, bdo ve To quoc md ndng Sii p h a t t r i e n t u duy ly l u a n ve quoc phong ciia dan cot Id si2c manh quan sU, site manh cua cdc lUc liCdng vu toe ta dda chac t r e n nen t a n g ly l u a n - thiJe t i d n va la trang kit hcfp vdi site manh cua cdc hogt dgng nhil dot ket qua due ket k i n h nghiem cua cac cuoc chien t r a n h noi, dot ngogi, kinh te, chinh tri vd van hod..., ddt diidi sU giiJ nxidc, bao ve To quoc v i dai. Sau moi cuoc chien chi dgo, diiu hdnh vd quan ly cua Nhd niidc nhdm bdo ve t r a n h , t h a n g Idi hay c6 lue t a m t h d i t h a t bai, eiing n h i i hod binh, ngdn ngiCa vd day liii chie'n tranh, sdn sang k h i dan toe c6 ba6c chuyen m i n h ttf giai doan no sang dap tan mqi dm miCu xdm lUdc cua ke thii ngay til khi con giai doan k i a , t r i e u dai nay sang t r i e u dai khac... vk trong triing niCdc, bdo ve vQng chdc doc lap, chu quyen, nhiJtng viec eo lien quan den van m e n h cua quoc gia dan thong nhdt todn ven Idnh tho vd bdo ve vQng chdc scfn hd toe n h u q u a i de, Ian bien, k h a i hoang, md r o n g l a n h tho, xd tdc, chedo xd hoi. ong cha ta eiing deu thiie h i e n t o n g ket. Chinh tong ket Xay difng va cung c6' quoc phong, an n i n h l a cong Id dieu kien de ndng kinh nghiem lich svt len thdnh ly viec q u a n t r o n g cua cac quoc gia, dan toe, l i e n q u a n trUc luan; chinh sU nghiep quoc phong, bdo ve To quoc, dUng tiep den sU an nguy, m a t con cua dat midc. V i vay, stt niCdc vd gia nitdc dd ndng tam tiC duy ly luan cua dan t h a m gia, dong gop xay dUng cua t o a n dan la mot yeu tpc ta, hinh thdnh vd phdt trien tU duy ly luan ve qud'c cau mang t i n h ta't yeu k h a c h quan, l a m cho nen quoc phong, quan siC, bdo ve To quoc de dinh hUdng chinh tri, phong v i i n g m a n h , du srjtc ngan chan, day l u i va dap t a n quan siC, giup cha ong ta ddnh thdng moi he thu, du, moi cuoc chien t r a n h xam IvTdc, d a n h t h i n g moi ke t h u , chung CO quan hung, tiCdng manh, Idm miCu, nhieu ke, bao ve vutng ch^c To quoc. Tif duy ly l u a n ve quoc Idm tien, nhieu cua, dong quan, luon y vdo the manh phong, giao due quoc phong cua dan toe V i e t N a m p h a t cua nUdc Idn. C i i n g c h i n h tong k e t va t h o n g qua n h i e u t r i e n , the h i e n r a t ro b t\i tifclng: C h u a n b i d a n h giac t\i Ian tong ket lich sii xay dUng, eiing c6 quoc phong, dau t r o n g t h d i b i n h , lo giut nUdc ngay ivL k h i t h i n h viidng, t r a n h d a n g nu6c va g i i i nu6c da giup ong cha ta due ket, loai bo am m U u x a m lifdc cua ke t h i i t\i t r o n g t r i i n g k h a i quat t h a n h nhiJng quan n i e m , n h i i n g k h a i n i e m va nu6c. Do Cling la sdi c h i do x u y e n suo't chieu dai l i c h s^, p h a m trCi tU duy ly l u a n , ke ca chat loc, t h u n h a n cai la net dae sac ve t a m n h i n , n h a n q u a n c h i n h t r i skc ben t i e n bo, h a t n h a n t i n h t i i y ixi d i san ly l u a n , he t h o n g t i f cua dan toe ta, tao nen siie m a n h c h i n h t r i - t i n h t h a n duy ben ngoai, cac yeu to' "ngoai l a i " t h a n h t i i duy l y v i i n g c h S c , the d i i n g viJng c h a i de gSn ket cong dong l u a n quan sU, quoc phong V i e t N a m , n a n g k i n h n g h i e m 22
t h a n h ly l u a n dac s^c V i e t N a m , la quyen sci h i i u cua Qua thUc t i l n dau t r a n h de dUng nUdc va giut nu6c, dan toe V i e t N a m . ong cha ta da n h a n t h i i c sau sac quy l u a t cd ban cua T u duy ly l u a n quan sU, quoc phong cua dan toe ta cuoc chien t r a n h , bao ve tU do, doc lap la p h a i dUa vao the hien dac s&c, ro net trong cuoc dau t r a n h chohg H a n n h a n dan, p h a i xay dUng dUdc kho'i dai doan ket toan hoa, cho'ng thUc dan Phap, de quoc M y , gifi gin ban s^c dan, to chijfc n h a n dan t h a n h mot kho'i thong nhat van hoa, cot each, n h a n each, t i n h t h a n dan tgc Viet "muon ngUdi n h u mot" de chien dau va danh bai ke t h i i . N a m . Vcti muc t i e u H a n hoa, quan xam lUdc muo'n bien Cho nen, tii duy diXa udo dan, dodn ket todn dan, dodn Viet N a m t h a n h mot quan, huyen cua nguoi H a n , l a m ket noi bg giai cap thong tri de'tao ra site manh tong hap cho ngudi Viet bien t h a n h ngUdi H a n . Tuy nhien, muc chong quan xam liCdc, ciCu niCdc, ciCu nhd da trd thdnh t i e u H a n hoa la dong hoa khong d l gi t h a n h cong. NgUdc mot van de trung tam trong suy nghl cua mgi ngiCbi dan, l a i , no da gap STJ phan k h a n g quyet liet cua n h a n dan ta. mgi thdi dai, dac biet t r o n g suy n g h i ciia nhUng t r i tue Sau 1117 nam "B^c thuoc", khong v i H a n hoa ma ngUdi V I dai da tCfng t h a m gia chi dao chien t r a n h bao ve To Viet bien t h a n h ngUdi H a n , xa hoi V i e t N a m bien t h a n h quoc n h u L y ThUdng K i e t , T r ^ n Quoc T u a n , Le L d i , xa hoi H a n . N g u y i n T r a i , Quang T r u n g - Nguygn Hue, Ho Chi De bao ve nha cvia, ruong viidn, mo ma to tien, noi M i n h , V6 Nguyen Giap... giong ciia m i n h , nhufng ngiidi yeu uMdc Viet N a m , qua Vao t h d i L y - T r a n , quan niem ve dUng nudc va giii hang t r a m the he da gin giQ, ke thCfa va phat buy t u duy nUdc da c6 bu6c phat t r i e n k h i ong cha ta n h i n thay va von C O cua to t i e n m i n h . N h i i n g nguon von do chua nhieu. k h a n g d i n h dvLt khoat: nguon goc siic m a n h chien t h ^ n g Ong cha ta da phai t i m nguon khac de bo sung, lam von, moi ke t h u la ci ndi dan, cho nen khoan t h u sdc dan, nang n i u , gin gifl va lien tuc nang cap, hoan t h i e n no. Do cham dan, dit dan, bao ve dan la ke sach l a u ben, vUng chinh la he thong t\l duy do so cua quan xam ludc - t u duy chac cua sU nghiep dUng nUdc, giii nUdc. Quan niem ve y cua ngUdi H a n , ngiidi Phap, ngUdi M y , de l a m giau va dan, long dan, sCtc m a n h ci ndi dan, dan la coi nguon siic nang t a m cao t u duy ly luan quan sU, quoc phong cua dan manh chien t h ^ n g ke t h i i la dieu dang quan t a m doi vcti toe Viet N a m . N h d do, t u duy ly l u a n quan sU, quoc cac the he con chau ngay nay va m a i sau. Bcii v i , nam phong cua dan toe ta phat t r i e n va da t r a Idi dUdc cac vKn t h a n g qua d i , c6 nhieu dieu se l i i i vao qua khiJ, t h a m chi de cap biich do t h d i cuoc dat ra, nhUng doi hoi t h u d n g se b i lang quen, nhUng c6 nhUng dieu d i i t h d i the thay xuyen cua dat nudc la bao ve doc lap dan toe, chu quyen doi the nao, no v i n luon song dong va trcl t h a n h t r i e t ly dat nUpic, bao ve noi giong va To quoc V i e t N a m . n h a n sinh, chi dao n h a n thiic va h a n h dong cua moi 25
ngUdi. Do la n h i i n g viec lam v i dan v i nxidc, t h a m dUdm luat dau t r a n h de dxing nxidc va g i i i nxidc cua dan toe Viet dao ly n h a n s i n h v i con ngUdi, t a t ca v i hanh phuc cua Nam. Day la n h i i n g diem khac vdi lich sii quoc phong, con ngUdi. Hay xem l a i cuoc song, siJ nghiep va cong hien quan sU ciia n h i e u niidc t r e n the gidi. Co the k h a i quat cua cac bac v i n h a n t r o n g lich s i se thay ro n h a n d i n h mot so dac diem nen quoc phong cua dan toe Viet N a m • nay. H a n g Dao dai vUdng T r a n Quoc T u a n da giiip vua n h a sau: T r a n cam quan ba Ian danh thSng quan Nguyen. Thtfc Thii nhat, nen quoc phong cua dan tqc Viet Nam la V t i i n ckm quan danh giac, ciiu nxidc da giiip ong k h a n g nen quoc phong todn dan, toan dien, xdy dUng tren tinh d i n h chan ly: "Dan la go'c nxidc", "Chd t h u y e n la dan ma l a t t h u y e n ciing la dan"; n h a n dan la coi nguon cua site than doc lap, tU chu, tU lUc, tU ciidng, lay nho thang m a n h , la cd sd de d i i n g nutcfc, giuf nu6c. V i the, ong chu Idn, lay it dich nhieu. t r i i d n g k h o a n ihxi s\ic dan, l a m cho dan yen, dan no am, Dan toe ta l u o n p h a i dau t r a n h eho'ng ke t h u xam dan t i n yeu che do. D a n yen, dan no, dan t i n la "dieu goc" lade to 16n, h u n g bao de ton t a i va p h a t t r i e n . V i vay, de loai bo moi dieu t a i hoa, giQ cho nxidc yen b i n h , trUdng ong cha ta da l a m tot cong tac giao due quoc phong, da ton h a n h phuc. Do vay, cham lo gifl nxidc trxidc het p h a i chi cho n h a n dan h i e u r^ng, bao ve To quoc la bao ve lam sao cho yen long ngiidi, " p h a i lo cho dan, cham dan, nha ciia, r u o n g vadn, l a n g xom, que hadng, dat nade, d^t dan". bao ve cuoc song ciia c h i n h m i n h , bao ve mo ma to t i e n , Lich sxi dan toe ta chi ra rang, mot so' t r i e u dai phong noi giong, bao ve doc lap, t a do ciia moi ngadi. Nade m a t kien chUa t h a t sii quan t a m cham lo cho nhan dan, chiia t h i nha t a n , con m a t cha, vd m a t ehong, a n h m a t em, chu y den viec ciing c6' quoc phong, an n i n h hoac tien hanh n h a n dan m a t t a do, doe lap, t r d t h a n h no le, p h u thuoc cong tac quoc phong chUa phvi hdp, va t a t yeu viec l a m do nade ngoai. V i the, m o i ngadi dan deu y t h i i c ro t r a c h da tao dieu k i e n cho quan giac thiic hien muc tieu xam n h i e m cua m i n h k h i t h a m gia xay d a n g nen quoc phong, lUdc, day dan toe t a vao t h a m hoa b i giac ngoai bang xam liide, day xeo. bao ve To quoc. Do la b i mat, l a coi nguon cua sijte m a n h de chien d a u va chien t h i n g moi ke thia, g i a i phong dan Nghien eilu sxi p h a t t r i e n txi duy l y l u a n quan sxi, quoc phong cua dan toe V i e t N a m va so sanh vdi txi duy toe, xay d a n g cuoc song am no, t a do, h a n h phuc. T i n h ly l u a n quan sxi, quoc phong cua mot so dan toe khac mdi t h ^ n t a lac, t a cadng, lay siic t a t a giai phong cho ta, cam n h a n dUde net doe dao, sau s^c cua t a duy quan sxi, lay nho th&ng Idn, lafy it dieh n h i e u , bao ve To quoc txi quoc phong V i e t N a m , dieu do da p h a n a n h sau s^c quy xa, txi lue t h a n h b i n h , k h i chaa c6 b i e n dong... la mot 26 27
dac d i e m n o i b a t c u a t U d u y q u a n sU, quoc p h o n g V i e t ve v i i n g chSc n e n doc l a p , t U do eiia To quoc, k h o n g c a n N a m xUa v a n a y . t h i e p vao eong viec n o i bo cOia nif6e k h a c , k h o n g de doa h a y d i x a m lUdc niidc k h a c . Do vay, n e n quoc p h o n g t U bao Thii hai, nen quoc phbng cua dan tgc Viet Nam ve cua c h i i n g t a l a n e n quoc p h o n g m a n g t i n h c h a t c h i n h duac xdy dUng trong dieu kien nen kinh tenong nghiep, n g h i a s a u sac. sdn xuat nho, chiia phdt trien nhiing tinh than dodn 2. M o t s o b a i h o c k i n h n g h i e m v e x a y d t f n g va kit, y thiic tu bdo ve, si/ co ke't, gdn bo cgng dong ludn c u n g C O n e n q u o c p h o n g c u a d a n toe V i e t N a m . T i i dUiic de cao. dac d i e m d a u t r a n h cho'ng giac n g o a i x a m de t o n t a i , D a n toe V i e t N a m t h a t h i e t y e u hoa b i n h va k h a t p h a t t r i e n v a dac d i e m x a y d U n g n e n quoc p h o n g c u a m o t k h a o dUdc s o n g t r o n g h o a b i n h , doe l a p , t t f do. V i t h e , h o n i i 6 c n h o cho'ng l a i s\i de doa v a do h o eua n h i i n g n i i d c k h o n g m u o n c h i e n t r a n h , k h o n g bao g i d c a n t h i e p vao 16n h d n so v d i d a n toe V i e t N a m , co t h e k h a i q u a t m o t so' eong viec n o i bo eiia quoc g i a , d a n toe k h a e v a n e u b a t k i n h n g h i e m ve x a y d i f n g v a e i i n g co' n e n quoc p h o n g eua dac d i p h a i c a m v i i k h i e h i e n d a u de t\i bao ve m i n h t h i d a n toe t a . ho l u o n s ^ n s a n g c h i e n d a u , e h i e n d a u d e n h d i thd euoi - ThU nhat: D u n g niJ6c p h a i d i d o i v 6 i g i i i nxldc, xay e i i n g , t h a m c h i s i n s a n g h y s i n h t u o i x u a n , t i n h m a n g de d u n g p h a i gin l i e n v 6 i bao ve. D a y l a b a i hoe x u y e n s u o t g i i i g i n n e n h o a b i n h , doe l a p c u a d a n toe. Y t h i i e s a u s l e nhieu trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam, tr6 t h a n h quy luat d i e u do n e n k h o d a u , d o i r e t , ho d a vUdt q u a t a t ca. D o l a d a u t r a n h de t o n t a i v a p h a t t r i e n eua d a n toe t a . t a i s a n t i n h t h a n v6 c u n g q u y g i a c u a d a n toe t a , v a - ThU hai, d u a vao n h a n d a n , r a siie e h a m lo v a p h a t c h i n h d i e u do d a b u d^p l a i s\i t h i e u h u t do n e n k i n h te b u y siie m a n h t o a n d a n . "Lafy d a n l a m goc, d a n l a goc e h u a p h a t t r i e n v a n h i i n g d i e u k i e n t h i e u t h o n k h a c ve n i i 6 c ; c h d t h u y e n l a d a n , l a t t h u y e n e i i n g l a d a n , eo n h a n v a t c h a t , g i u p o n g c h a t a d a n h t h & n g m o i ke t h u . d a n l a eo t a t ca". L i e h s i i d a n toe V i e t N a m c h i i n g m i n h r a n g : n h a n d a n l a coi n g u o n , c h u t h e s a n g t a o r a l i e h s\i Thi2 ba, nen quoc phbng Viet Nam Id nen quoc d a n toe V i e t N a m ; silc m a n h eiia n h a n d a n l a r a t t o 16n, phbng tu bdo ve mang tinh nhdn dan vd tinh chat CO y n g h i a q u y e t d i n h m o i t h a n g I d i eua svt n g h i e p dvfng chinh nghia sdu sac. niide v a g i i i niidc xiia va nay. Q u a n d i e m n h a t q u a n v a x u y e n suo't t r o n g x a y d U n g - ThU ba, l u o n q u a n t a m , e h a m lo x a y d U n g v a tao n e n quoc p h o n g t o a n d a n eua d a n toe t a l a x a y d i i n g m o t n e n siie m a n h c u a n e n quoc p h o n g tCf t h d i b i n h , l u e t h i n h n e n quoc p h o n g v i i n g m a n h , d u siie de t\i bao ve m i n h , bao v i f d n g ; t n j 6 c h e t l a q u a n t a m h u a n l u y e n , g i a o due y t h i i e 28
quoc phong, y thufc bao ve To quoc cho moi ngiidi dan 11- S I ; P H A T T R I E N TL" D U Y L Y L U A N VE QUOC P H O N G trifdc k h i chien sut xay r a , luon de cao y thiic canh giac, CUA D A N G CONG SAN V I E T N A M khong de dat nUdc bi dong, bat ngO, khong de xay ra chien t r a n h , t r a m t r a n t r a m t h a n g khong b i n g khong SU p h a t t r i e n t\i duy ly l u a n quan sU, quo'c phong danh ma thang. De thUc hien dieu do, giao due quoc cua D a n g ta the hien ro net t r o n g viee g i a i quyet h a i hoa cac yeu cau, nhiem v u dau t r a n h each mang t r o n g phong cho nhan dan la nhiem v u c6 y nghia dac biet moi dieu k i e n , hoan canh, cac g i a i doan, t h d i ky, eac quan trong, lam cho n h a n dan hieu ro am mUu, t h u doan t i n h huo'ng phufc tap da va dang xay r a , ca trade mki va va ban chat xam lUdc cua ke t h u , t\i do ho d l cao y thufc lau d a i . canh giac, y thiic t\i bao ve lang x6m, que hiidng, bao ve Triicic va t r o n g Cach mang T h a n g T a m , D a n g ta da To quoc, bao ve cuoc song cua c h i n h m i n h . nhay ben, sang suo't v a n d u n g cac t h d i cd, v a n hoi, i-, >, - Thii tU, doi m6i cd che, chinh sach quoc phong, an nhutng t h u a n Idi do cuoc Chien t r a n h The gidi Ian t h i i n i n h , dac biet la chinh sach dau tU xay diJng va phat hai dem l a i de phat dong n h a n dan t a k h d i nghia tvfng t r i e n t i e m hlc quoc phong cho p h u hdp. Ong cha ta luon phan, t i e n t d i Tong k h d i nghia v i i t r a n g t r o n g toan quo'c, quan t a m , cham lo phat t r i e n k i n h te, van hoa, xa hoi, coi g i a n h c h i n h quyen each mang ve tay n h a n dan, l a m nen do la nhiJng nhan to' c6 v a i tro quyet d i n h siic manh cua Cach mang T h a n g T a m lieh sii, t h i e t lap nen N h a nifdc nen quoc phong, bao ve To quoc. Trong do, cham lo xay V i e t N a m D a n chu Cong hoa - N h a nifdc cong nong dau dung va phat t r i e n t i e m hie c h i n h t r i - t i n h t h ^ n , coi t i e n c! Dong N a m chau A . Ngay sau do, D a n g l a n h dao trong phat huy n h a n to' con ngiidi c6 t a m quan t r o n g dac n h a n dan on d i n h t i n h h i n h , xay dUng dat nUdc, cham lo biet. Ong cha ta da de ra cac c h i n h sach tuyen chon quan cung c6' quo'c phong, an n i n h , t a n g eiidng siie m a n h quan lai, tiidng l i n h , doan ket dan toe, quan he vdi eac nUde sU, phong gian bao m a t , neu cao t i n h t h a n canh giac lang gieng..., c h i n h sach cung co N h a nudc va he thong each mang; xay dUng bo doi chu luc, bo doi dia phUdng, chinh t r i t ^ t r u n g Udng den cd sb, xay dvfng va phat t r i e n dan quan du k i c h va lUc l i i d n g tU ve, l a m cho t i e m luc van hoa, khoa hoc, quan sii. Tat ca cac c h i n h sach do da quan s i i , quoc phong cua nifdc ta ngay cang v i i n g m a n h , gop phan t a n g ciidng siic m a n h quo'c phong ciia dan toe nhd do, c h i i n g ta da bao ve t h a n h cong c h i n h quyen each Viet N a m va chinh nguon siic m a n h do da giiip dan toe ta mang non t r e va g i i i difdc t h a n h qua each mang, chuan chien t h i n g moi ke t h i i , d i i chiing h u n g bao, da m a n va bi t o t eac dieu k i e n de k h a n g chien vC(a k i e n quoe. xao quyet den miic nao. Cuoc k h a n g chien eho'ng thUe dan Phap c h i n n a m sau do 30
gianh t h i n g Idi la do chung ta da l a m tot cong tac quo'c ngan sach quo'c phong de xay dUng cac cong t r i n h phong phong, dac biet la giao due y thiic quoc phong, an n i n h t h u t r e n cac hvfdng va dia ban chien Itfdc t r o n g yeu. O cho n h a n dan. mien N a m , quan va dan ta da anh d i i n g dau t r a n h s r u T r o n g k h a n g chien cho'ng thac dan Phap xam lifdc, t u cho'ng quan xam lUdc, cong tac xay dxing k h u can cii duy ly l u a n quan sU, quo'c phong ciia Dang ta phat t r i e n each mang, lang k h a n g chien, xay dvfng lUc liidng, md them mot bu:6c. Net dac sSc cua t u duy ly l u a n quan sU, rong the t r a n , t a n g cUdng siic m a n h t o n g hdp cho each quo'c phong cua Dang ta t r o n g thdi k y nay the hien ro mang dUdc quan t a m dac biet. D a n g ta da de ra diidng t r o n g Chi t h i toan quoc k h a n g chien va chii trUdng: neu 16'i xay dUng l\ic lifdng via t r a n g n h a n dan theo hiidng cao t i n h t h a n doc lap, t u chu, tvi \\lc, til cUdng, quyet t a m c h i n h quy, h i e n d a i , chu dong xay dUng the t r a n chien danh t h a n g giac Phap xam lUdc, danh chic, tien chSc, t r a n h n h a n dan, lay xa, phifdng chien dau l a m nong c6't; chac t h i n g m6i danh. Ducti s\i l a n h dao cua Dang, he dong t h d i d i y m a n h nghien ciiu khoa hoc, nghe t h u a t tho'ng chinh t r i , cac doan the dUdc cung c6' viing chSc, quan s\i, phat t r i e n dutdng 16'i chien t r a n h n h a n dan. t i n h t h a n va y chi danh t h i n g giac Phap xam lUdc cua Day la nhiifng yeu to' r a t quan t r o n g de quan va dan ta quan va dan ta ngay cang dUdc nang cao; diidng 16'i chien danh t h i n g chien t r a n h pha hoai b i n g k h o n g quan va t r a n h n h a n dan, quoc phong toan dan tCfng bu6c h i n h h a i quan ciia dich, bao ve m i e n B i c xa h o i chu nghia, t h a n h va phat t r i e n , trci t h a n h cd sd ly l u a n soi diidng, chi vien cho m i e n N a m , dau t r a n h g i a n h doc lap, tho'ng chi 16'i cho viec xay diing the t r a n long dan, t i e n h a n h n h a t nii6c nha. chien t r a n h n h a n dan t r e n k h i p moi mien dat nxidc. Can Sau cuoc k h a n g chien ch6'ng M y , cdu nxidc va t r o n g cii k h a n g chien ci nhieu lang, xa phat t r i e n va ngay cang nhiJng nam 1980 cua the ky XX, nhan dan ta phai dau dildc md rong. Luc lUdng v u t r a n g ngay cang viJng manh, t r a n h cho'ng l a i s\i pha hoai doc lap chu quyen, xam t i e m liic quo'c phong, an n i n h cua ta ngay cang t i e n bo, pham l a n h tho cua cac the' \\ic t h u dich, t u duy cua Dang phat t r i e n . ta ve quoc phong, bao v§ T6' quo'c c6 sU phat t r i e n mcti, Sau k h i cuoc k h a n g chien cho'ng thtfc dan Phap the hien ci cac noi dung sau day: t h a n g Idi, D a n g l a n h dao n h a n dan m i e n B i c k h o i phuc Xay dung va cung c6 nin quoc phong toan dan, bao k i n h te, cung c6' quo'c phong, t a n g ciidng siic m a n h quan ve vUng chdc doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat toan ven s\i, l a m cd sd v i i n g c h i c de dau t r a n h giai phong m i e n lanh tho Viet Nam. D a i h o i d a i b i e u toan qu6'c I a n t h i i N a m , thuc h i e n muc t i e u tho'ng n h a t To quo'c. N h a nii6c I V ciia D a n g chi ro: "Bao ve sU nghiep each m a n g xa ta ban h a n h L u a t N g h i a v u quan sii va da danh 30% hoi chu n g h i a , bao ve doc l a p , c h u quyen va toan ven 32 33
l a n h tho, v u n g t r d i , v u n g bien, bien gidi va h a i dao cua con phUdng thiic dau t r a n h p h i via t r a n g chiia de cap ro To quoc'". net va cu the. Dai hoi Dang Ian t h i i I V xac d i n h : phai fi Si2c manh vd lUc iMng quoc phbng Id siCc mqnh tdng "bao dam cho dat nifdc luon luon san sang, du siic dap hap, Id lUc luang todn dan vd cd he thong chinh tri. D a i t a n moi cuoc t i e n cong cua bon gay chien, bon xam liidc hoi Dang toan quoc Ian thii V I xac d i n h : "Phat huy siic va nhiJng hanh dong chong doi cua bon phan each m a n h tong hdp cua dat nU6c va xa hoi, quyet danh thSng mang"\n D a i hoi Dang l l n thvi V, Dang ta xac d i n h : cuoc chien t r a n h pha hoai nhieu mat, dong thdi c6 ke nxidc ta viia qua chien t r a n h bien gidi phia B&c (2-1979), hoach san sang doi pho t h a n g Idi v6i moi t i n h huo'ng do chung ta phai ra siic xay dvtng dat nufdc, lam cho dat ke t h u gay ra"^; D a i hoi diia ra k h a u hieu: "Toan dan xay nUdc luon c6 d u sutc danh t h a n g moi cuoc chien t r a n h diing dat nUcfc va bao ve To quoc", "Toan quan bao ve To xam ludc cua dich va lam t h a t bai chien t r a n h pha hoai quoc va xay diJng dat nvfdc". nhieu mat cua chung. D a i hoi Dang l ^ n t h i l V, Ian dau D a i hoi Dang toan quoc Ian thijt V I I v i n tiep tuc tien xac d i n h h a i nhiem v u chien lUdc: k h i n g d i n h : "Bao ve vuing chdc doc lap, chu quyen va "Mot Id, xay diCng thdnh cong chu nghia xd hoi; l a n h tho toan ven cua To quoc, ngan chan va lam tha't Hai Id, san sang chien dau, bao ve viJtng chdc To quoc bai moi am mUu, h a n h dong pha hoai va xam lUdc cua Viet Nam xd hoi chu nghia"^. ke t h u " l Coi trong xay diCng lilc liCdng vu trang nhdn dan; Xay dt/ng nen quoc phbng todn dan ddp ling yeu can dSng thdi xdc dinh rb: liXc lUbng vu trang nhdn dan la dan tranh hdo ve To quoc; xdc dinh ro hai nhiem vu chien nbng cot cua sU nghiep cung co quoc phbng, hdo ve To liXac cua each mang Viet Nam. quoc. D a i hoi Dang Ian t h i i I V xac d i n h : "Chung ta phai Luc nay, t\i duy ciia Dang ve phiJdng thiic bao ve To xay diing \\ic lUdng v u t r a n g n h a n dan h i i n g manh, co \\lc quoc C O luc nhdn manh phUdng thitc dan tranh vu trang; lUdng thifdng t n i c manh, liic l\Jdng hau b i rong r a i va dUdc h u a n luyen tot, co quan doi n h a n dan chinh quy, hien dai gom cac quan chung, b i n h chiing c^n t h i e t , co bo 1. D a n g C o n g s a n V i e t N a m : Van kien Dang Toan tap, Nxb. C h i n h t r i quoc gia, H a Noi, 2004, t.37, tr.587. 2. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang Toan tap, Sdd, t.47, 1. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang Todn tap, Sdd, t.37, tr.371. tr.586. 3. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang Todn tap, Sdd, t.51, 2. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang Todn tap, Sdd, t.43, tr.lll. tr.53. 34 35
doi c h u liJc, bo doi dia phifdng, c6 Itfc lUdng dan quan t u t a t ca cac l i n h vUc doi v6i nhiem v u xay dUng nen quoc ve h u n g h a u ' " . phong toan dan t r o n g dieu k i e n mdi. Su" phdt trien tU duy ly luan cua Dang ta ve quoc , Muc tieu cua nen quoc phong todn dan d nxSdc ta phong tic sau Dai hoi Dang todn quoc Idn thii VI cua Dang khong chi nham bao ve doc lap chu quyen, thong n h a t den nay. Tvf duy cua Dang ve quoc phong trong thdi k y doi toan ven l a n h tho... ma con p h a i gin chat vdi bao ve mdi dat niidc the hien t r e n t a t ca cac noi dung cd ban cau v i i n g chac che do xa hoi chii nghia, bao ve Dang, N h a t h a n h nen quoc phong toan dan, the t r ^ n chien t r a n h nxidc va n h a n dan; khong chi c6 doi ngoai ma con ca doi nhan dan nhU: muc tieu, nhiem v u , t i n h chat, yeu cau xay noi; quoc phong gin chat che vdi a n n i n h va doi ngoai dung; lUc lUdng va the t r a n cua nen quoc phong toan dan, cung n h u moi quan he giiia quoc phong v6i cac l i n h vUc • n h a m doi pho t h a n g ' Idi trudc cac cuoc chien t r a n h , ma khac cua ddi song xa hoi va chien lUdc quoc phong cua quan t r o n g la ngan chan va day l u i moi nguy cd chien nUdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet N a m . t r a n h , k h o n g de dat nudc b i dong, bft't ngd, xay r a chien Ve muc tieu, nhiem vu quoc phong. Tij( n a m 1986 den t r a n h dxldi moi h i n h thiic; xvL ly c6 hieu qua moi t i n h nay, Dang t a da chu dong, sang tao doi mdi tut duy ve huong l i e n quan den quoc phong, an n i n h quoc gia, bao nhiem v u quoc phong, tijf xay dUng quoc phong tap t r u n g , dam moi trUdng hoa h i n h , on d i n h cho phat t r i e n k i n h te, chu yeu cho n h i e m v u bao ve bien gidi, l a m nghia v u quoc thiic hien t h ^ n g Idi sU nghiep doi m d i , cong nghiep hoa, te sang xay d i i n g quoc phong nhkxn dap l i n g yeu cau bao hien dai hoa dat niidc. ve To quoc t r o n g boi canh mdi. Su chuyen hudng t\i duy Ve tinh chat, dac diem cua nen quoc phong todn dan. do la mot t a t yeu khach quan, p h u hdp vdi t i n h h i n h the T\i duy cua Dang ve quoc phong la r a t toan dien. D a n g gidi, k h u v\lc va dat nudc. T u duy ly l u a n cua Dang ve coi quoc phong la cong viec gia nxidc cua quoc gia, la sU n h i e m v u quoc phong da k h i c phuc dUdc i\i tudng "khoan nghiep ciia toan dan, gom tong the cac hoat dong ve: t r a n g " cho r^ng, cung co quoc phong, an n i n h la nhiem c h i n h t r i , k i n h te, quan sxi gin v d i a n n i n h , doi ngoai v u rieng ciaa quan doi va cong an; dong thdi l a m sau s^c (bao gom ca doi ngoai quan sU), v a n hoa, xa hoi (bao gom t i n h cha't n h a n dan ciia sii nghiep ciing c6' quoc phong, an ca tarn l y , tU tiidng, l o i song) nhim tao r a sxic m a n h tong n i n h , nang cao t r a c h nhiem cua t&'t ca cac lUc lifdng t r e n hdp, dap Tjfng yeu c^u bao ve To quoc ca thdi b i n h va thdi chien, ca doi noi va doi ngoai, ca dau t r a n h quan sU va 1. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang Todn tap, Sdd, t.37, dau t r a n h p h i quan sU. Quoc phong luon lay hoat dong tr.587. quan stt la dac trUng, liic lU(?ng v i i t r a n g n h a n dan, quan 36 37
doi nhan dan l a m nong co't; phoi hcJp chat che vdi cac \\ic s\i vxia t h a m gia t n i c tiep vao siJ phat t r i e n k i n h te - xa lifdng va cac boat dong do'i ngoai, vcti cac boat dong khac hoi mot each hieu qua. cua toan dan. Qua t r i n h thiic hien xay dUng nen quoc phong theo Phiidng cham xay difng nen quoc phong toan dan, phUdng cham: toan dan, toan dien, doc lap tit chii, tU liCc toan dien, doc lap tU chu, tiC liCc, tU ciCbng, tUng budc hien tU ciCbng, tiing bUdc hien dai da khac phuc diidc tU tUdng dai ngay cang dUdc nhan thCfc cu the, day du t r o n g qua dUa d i m , y l a i vao s\l giup dd, vien t r d cua cac nifdc xa t r i n h doi mcfi. Dang ta luon nhat quan phUdng cham xay hoi chu nghia, l a m cho nen quoc phong toan dan t r d nen dung nen quoc phong toan dan, g^n toan dan vdi toan nang dong hdn, vufng chac hdn. Xay dUng siic m a n h quoc dien, hien dai vdi t r u y e n thong t r e n t i n h t h a n doc lap t\i phong la k h a i thac cac t i e m nang, t i c h l u y cac t i e m luc, chu, tU l\ic tU cUdng, coi siic m a n h ben t r o n g la quyet thuc lUc ve quoc phong; ket hdp chat che va duy t r i cac d i n h , siic m a n h ben ngoai la r a t quan trong. "Diem mdi boat dong dau t r a n h ve quoc phong; lay boat dong dau t r o n g tU duy ve quoc phong cua Dang ta la da neu cao y t r a n h each mang de xay dUng quoc phong va ngifdc l a i , chi doc lap tU chu, t\i Ixic t i i cUdng, dxia vao siic m i n h la luon lay bao ve l a m cd sd de phat t r i e n k i n h te, xay dUng chinh de xay dUng nen quoc phong" \ dat nifdc. Trong qua t r i n h doi mdi t\i duy ve quoc phong. Dang Ve ket hap quoc phong, an ninh vdi kinh te va doi ta tiing hxldc phat t r i e n quan diem hien dai hoa nen quoc ngoai. Dang ta da sdm nhan ro nhflng v a n de mdi va cap phong toan dan p h u hdp vdi dieu kien k i n h te - xa hoi cua bach dat ra doi vdi nhiem v u quoc phong, bao ve To quoc dat nxldc va yeu c^u mdi cua s\ nghiep bao ve To quoc. trong boi canh mdi, nhat la sau k h i chung ta gia nhap Theo do, phat t r i e n cong nghiep quoc phong da va dang t r d WTO, CO quan he song phiidng, da phvidng vdi nhieu niidc t h a n h mot chu trUdng Idn trong xay dvfng va hien dai hoa t r e n the gidi. Theo do, sii ket hcfp quoc phong, an ninh vdi nen quoc phong toan dan. Do la mot nen cong nghiep quoc kinh te - xa hoi va doi ngoai difdc dat ra n h u mot menh phong doc lap, t i l chii, c6 tiem Ivfc manh, p h u hdp vdi s\l lenh cua cuoc song, the hien trUc tiep, cu the hdn. Day la phat t r i e n k i n h te; vxia dap ting n h u cau quoc phong, quan yeu ciu t a t yeu cua sU nghiep bao ve To quoc trong dieu k i e n toan cau hoa va hoi nhap k i n h te quoc te' va sU chong pha quyet het cua cac the lUc t h u dich, nhat la am mUu, 1. Dang Cong san Viet Nam, Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng, Ban t h u doan "dien bien hoa b i n h " , bao loan lat do ciia chung. Chi dao tong ket ly luan: Bao cdo tong ke't mot so'van de ly luan - Den Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc \in t h i i I X va dac biet H o i thiCc tiin qua 20 nam doi mdi (1986-2006), Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2005, tr. 100. ^S'V § nghi Ian t h i i t a m Ban Chap hanh T r u n g Udng khoa IX, 38 39