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Tap ch´ Tin hoc v` Diˆu khiˆn hoc, T.24, S.1 (2008), 42–49<br />
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ˆ INH DU. LIEU DOI VO.I CAC TRUY VAN DINH LU.O.NG<br />
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NGUYEN KIM ANH<br />
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Khoa Cˆng nghˆ thˆng tin - Tru.o.ng Dai hoc B´ch khoa H` nˆi<br />
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Abstract. We extend the relational model of data to consider classes as attribute values, thereby<br />
to allow eary and convernient the representation of quantified queries. Facts regarding object classes<br />
can be stored and manipulated in the same way as facts regarding object instances. Our model is<br />
upwards compatible with the standard relational model.<br />
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T´m t˘t. Ch´ ng tˆi mo. rˆng mˆ h` d˜. liˆu quan hˆ dˆ cho ph´p c´c l´.p nhu. c´c gi´ tri thuˆc<br />
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C´c su. kiˆn xem x´t c´c l´.p dˆi tu.o.ng c´ thˆ du.o.c lu.u tr˜. v` thao t´c giˆng nhu. c´c su. kiˆn xem<br />
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x´t c´c thˆ hiˆn dˆi tu.o.ng. Mˆ h` cua ch´ ng tˆi l` tu.o.ng th´ v´.i mˆ h` quan hˆ chuˆ n.<br />
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1. GIO I THIEU<br />
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Ph´p chia l` mˆt ph´p to´n cua dai sˆ quan hˆ thu.c hiˆn mˆt thao t´c kiˆ m tra ch´.a<br />
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.`.ng v´.i viˆc thu.c hiˆn c´c thao t´c kiˆ m tra ch´.a tˆp nhiˆu-nhiˆu. Ph´p to´n<br />
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.o.ng tu. nhu. ph´p kˆt nˆi ch´.a tˆp dˆi v´.i c´c co. so. d˜. liˆu quan hˆ (CSDL)<br />
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c´c hˆ quan tri CSDL (DBMS), m˘c d` c´c ph´p to´n n`y giai quyˆt nhiˆu vˆ n dˆ u.ng dung<br />
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.c tiˆn. Nhu. ch´ng ta d˜ biˆt, c´c truy vˆ n dinh lu.o.ng, t´.c<br />
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.i lu.o.ng t`. hay han chˆ sˆ dˆu d`i hoi phai thu.c hiˆn mˆt ph´p chia c`ng<br />
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.i mˆt ph´p kˆt tˆp n`o d´. Nh˜.ng ngu.`.i su. dung b` thu.`.ng hay khˆng chuyˆn nghiˆp<br />
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.`.ng rˆ t kh´ kh˘n v` vˆ t va khi phai biˆ u diˆn c´c truy vˆ n dinh lu.o.ng. Ch´ng tˆi cho<br />
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r˘ ng, c´c u.ng dung quan tˆm dˆn lu.o.ng t`. s˜ ng`y c`ng t˘ng lˆn trong mˆt tu.o.ng lai khˆng<br />
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xa. B`i b´o n`y dˆ cˆp dˆn viˆc mo. rˆng mˆ h` d˜. liˆu quan hˆ cho ph´p c´c l´.p nhu. c´c<br />
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. phˆn cˆ p du.o.c xem nhu. mˆt k˜ thuˆt cˆ u tr´c d˜. liˆu rˆ t phˆ biˆn. C´c cˆ u tr´c<br />
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. phˆn cˆ p c˜ng d˜ du.o.c dˆ nghi trong ng˜. canh thiˆt kˆ CSDL nhu. mˆt k˜ thuˆt<br />
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’u diˆn tri th´.c thˆ gi´.i thu.c. Trong b`i b´o n`y, ch´ng tˆi cˆ g˘ng du.a kh´i niˆm phˆn<br />
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cˆ p l´.p v`o mˆ h` quan hˆ thˆng qua viˆc cho ph´p c´c l´.p du.o.c su. dung nhu. c´c gi´ tri<br />
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.a v`o kh´i niˆm kh˘ng dinh ˆm<br />
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thuˆc t´ trong mˆt quan hˆ. D˘c biˆt, ch´ng tˆi c˜ng du a<br />
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dˆ cho ph´p c´c ngoai lˆ du.o.c xay ra. Hai ph´p to´n m´.i du.o.c yˆu cˆu l`: ph´p nh´m dˆ<br />
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ˆ INH DU. LIEU DOI VO.I CAC TRUY VAN DINH LU.O.NG<br />
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MOT MO H`<br />
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gˆp nhiˆu bˆ cua quan hˆ v`o mˆt v`i bˆ do.n v` ph´p mo. nh´m dˆ thu du.o.c mˆt thˆ hiˆn<br />
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. liˆu thu du.o.c l` tu.o.ng th´ v´.i mˆ h` quan hˆ chuˆ n.<br />
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dˆy du cua quan hˆ. Mˆ h` d˜ e<br />
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C´c CSDL dang tˆ n tai c´ thˆ tiˆp tuc du.o.c su. dung theo mˆ h` cua ch´ng tˆi v` y ngh˜<br />
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.`.ng khˆng hˆ thay dˆ i.<br />
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.u thˆ c´ thˆ dat du.o.c nh`. viˆc khai th´c su. phˆn cˆ p trong biˆ u diˆn d˜. liˆu [1].<br />
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’ lu.u tr˜. chı mˆt bˆ do.n v´.i tˆn cua l´.p dˆ thay thˆ cho nhiˆu bˆ v´.i c´c<br />
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th`nh viˆn cˆ u th`nh nˆn l´.p d´. Mˆ h` d˜. liˆu du.o.c tr` b`y trong b`i b´o n`y c´ thˆ<br />
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xem nhu. mˆt giao diˆn cung cˆ p c´c thao t´c bˆc cao so v´.i mˆ h` quan hˆ chuˆ n v´.i su.<br />
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lu.o.ng su. dung c´c ph´p to´n dai sˆ cua mˆ h` d˜. liˆu mo. rˆng. Cuˆi c`ng, phˆn 5 du.a ra<br />
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ˆ INH DU. LIEU MO. RONG<br />
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2. MO H`<br />
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Tru.´.c tiˆn, ch´ng tˆi nh˘c lai ng˘n gon mˆt sˆ kh´i niˆm co. ban. Cho mˆt tˆp c´c<br />
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tr´c phˆn cˆ p dˆi v´.i c´c miˆn con hay c´c l´.p dˆi tu.o.ng n`y. Mˆt l´.p, theo ch´ng tˆi, l`<br />
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.n gian l`<br />
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mˆt tˆp C sao cho C ⊆ D(D l` miˆn cua thuˆc t´<br />
o a<br />
a `<br />
e<br />
o ınh). Ch´ng tˆi s˜ viˆt ∀C hay do<br />
u<br />
o e e<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
. gi´ tri cua thuˆc t´ n`y trong mˆt bˆ, diˆu n`y c´ ngh˜ l` quan hˆ phai ch´.a moi<br />
’<br />
C nhu a . ’<br />
o ınh a<br />
o o `<br />
e a o<br />
ıa a<br />
e<br />
u<br />
.<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.ng v´.i mˆi gi´ tri x m` x ∈ C v´.i c´c gi´ tri trˆn c´c thuˆc t´ kh´c vˆn gi˜. nguyˆn.<br />
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bˆ u<br />
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Cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p dˆi v´.i mˆt miˆn D l` mˆt cˆ u tr´c cˆy v´.i gˆc cua cˆy ch´ l` miˆn D<br />
a<br />
u<br />
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e<br />
a o a<br />
u a o o ’ a<br />
ınh a `<br />
e<br />
.<br />
. ´<br />
. mˆt l´.p tˆ ng qu´t ho.n dˆn c´c l´.p d˘c biˆt ho.n cua n´. C´c gi´ tri thuˆc<br />
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v` c´c canh di t` o o o<br />
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o<br />
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D l` c´c l´.p chı c´ duy nhˆ t mˆt dˆi tu.o.ng v` du.o.c d˘t o. c´c n´t l´ cua cˆy.<br />
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Bˆ t kˆ mˆt cˆ g˘ng n`o dˆi v´.i viˆc tˆ ng qu´t h´a tri th´.c thˆ gi´.i thu.c tˆ t s˜ thˆ y cˆn<br />
a e’ o o a<br />
a o o e o<br />
a o<br />
u<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. a e a `<br />
.a v`o c´c ngoai lˆ. Mˆ h` d˜. liˆu cua ch´ng tˆi c˜ng cho ph´p mˆt dang ngoai lˆ thˆng<br />
’<br />
du a a<br />
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u<br />
o u<br />
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.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
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.<br />
.p mˆi bˆ v´.i mˆt gi´ tri chˆn l´. Mˆt bˆ du.o.c goi l` bˆ du.o.ng hay kh˘ng<br />
˜ .<br />
’<br />
´<br />
qua viˆc kˆt ho<br />
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a o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.o.ng nˆu gi´ tri chˆn l´ cua bˆ l` ‘true’ (d´ng), ngu.o.c lai, bˆ v´.i gi´ tri chˆn l´ ‘false’<br />
´<br />
dinh du<br />
e<br />
a . a y ’ o a<br />
u<br />
o o a . a y<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.o.c goi l` bˆ ˆm hay kh˘ng dinh ˆm. Tˆ t nhiˆn, c´c kh˘ng dinh ˆm u.ng v´.i c´c<br />
’<br />
’<br />
´<br />
(sai) s˜ du .<br />
e<br />
a<br />
a<br />
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o a<br />
. a oa<br />
.<br />
. a<br />
. a ´<br />
. kiˆn khˆng tˆ n tai trong CSDL. V´.i su. c´ m˘t cua c´c kh˘ng dinh ˆm, mˆt bˆ x v´.i c´c<br />
` .<br />
’<br />
’ a<br />
su e<br />
o<br />
o<br />
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o a<br />
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.<br />
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´<br />
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gi´ tri nguyˆn tˆ du.o.c ch´.a trong mˆt bˆ du.o.ng cua quan hˆ chı l` d´ng khi khˆng tˆ n tai<br />
a .<br />
e o<br />
u<br />
o o<br />
e ’ a u<br />
o<br />
o .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
<br />
44<br />
<br />
˜<br />
ˆ<br />
NGUYEN KIM ANH<br />
<br />
’<br />
’<br />
u<br />
ıa o<br />
a<br />
a e<br />
mˆt kh˘ng dinh ˆm ch´.a x. Ch´ng ta c´ thˆ du.a ra mˆt dinh ngh˜ tˆ ng qu´t cho kh´i niˆm<br />
o<br />
a<br />
u<br />
o e’<br />
o .<br />
. a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. liˆu mo. rˆng nhu. sau.<br />
’ o<br />
quan hˆ nh´m trong mˆ h` d˜ e<br />
e o<br />
o ınh u .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
˜<br />
Dinh ngh˜ 1. Cho mˆt tˆp c´c thuˆc t´ N = {A1, A2, ..., An}, mˆi thuˆc t´ Ai du.o.c<br />
ıa<br />
o a a<br />
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o<br />
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. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
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´<br />
´<br />
´t ho.p v´.i mˆt miˆn Di v` c´ thˆ c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p HDi v´.i i = 1..n. K´ hiˆu<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e<br />
a o e<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
o<br />
ı e<br />
kˆ .<br />
e<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
´t ca c´c n´t cua HDi dˆi v´.i c´c thuˆc t´ Ai c´ cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p, Di = Di<br />
´ o a<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’ a u ’<br />
Di l` tˆp tˆ<br />
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.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
dˆi v´.i c´c thuˆc t´ Ai khˆng c´ cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p, T F = { true , f alse } v` k´ hiˆu D∗<br />
o o a<br />
o ınh<br />
o<br />
o a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
a ı e<br />
.<br />
.<br />
+<br />
`<br />
l` t´ Dˆ-c´c cua c´c miˆn Di v` T F . Mˆt quan hˆ nh´m R x´c dinh trˆn tˆp thuˆc t´<br />
a ıch ` a ’ a<br />
e<br />
e<br />
a<br />
o<br />
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a .<br />
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.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
a o o ’<br />
e a o a<br />
{A1 , A2 , ..., An, T } l` mˆt tˆp con n`o d´ cua D ∗ v` mˆt bˆ cua quan hˆ l` mˆt ´nh xa t`.<br />
a o a<br />
a o ’<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. u<br />
. .<br />
∗ v´.i T ∈ N l` tˆn cua thuˆc t´<br />
’ sung dˆ lu.u tr˜. gi´ tri chˆn l´ cua bˆ.<br />
’<br />
´<br />
N ∪ T dˆn D o<br />
e<br />
a e ’<br />
o ınh bˆ<br />
o<br />
e<br />
u a . a y ’ o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´ ´<br />
’<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
ˆ ˆ<br />
´.<br />
ˆ INH DU. LIEU MO. RONG<br />
˜<br />
ˆ<br />
ˆ<br />
3. CAC PHEP TOAN DAI SO DOI VO I MO H`<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
`<br />
’<br />
Trong phˆn tru.´.c, ch´ng ta d˜ du.a ra kh´i niˆm quan hˆ nh´m, mˆt su. mo. rˆng cua kh´i<br />
a<br />
o<br />
u<br />
a<br />
a e<br />
e o<br />
o . ’ o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.`.ng ho.p tˆ t ca c´c thuˆc t´ cua mˆt quan hˆ nh´m dˆu<br />
`<br />
´<br />
e’<br />
e<br />
niˆm quan hˆ kinh diˆ n. Trong tru o<br />
e<br />
e<br />
a ’ a<br />
o ınh ’<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´ u<br />
´<br />
khˆng c´ cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p v` gi´ tri chˆn l´ cua moi bˆ trong quan hˆ dˆu l` ’true’ th` quan<br />
o<br />
o a<br />
a a a a . a y ’<br />
o<br />
e ` a<br />
e<br />
ı<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.i viˆc bˆ sung thˆm thuˆc t´ T nhˆn gi´ tri<br />
’<br />
e o<br />
e<br />
o ınh<br />
a<br />
a .<br />
hˆ nh´m n`y ch´ l` quan hˆ kinh diˆ n v´<br />
e o<br />
a<br />
ınh a<br />
e<br />
e’ o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i moi bˆ cua quan hˆ. Ch´ng tˆi goi quan hˆ nh´m n`y l` quan hˆ nh´m nguyˆn<br />
´<br />
’true’ dˆi v´<br />
o o<br />
e<br />
u<br />
o .<br />
e o<br />
a a<br />
e o<br />
e<br />
. o ’<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´ v` quan hˆ nh´m nguyˆn tˆ sau khi bo di thuˆc t´ T l` quan hˆ nguyˆn tˆ. Nhu. vˆy, c´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
a o<br />
tˆ a<br />
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a<br />
e<br />
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.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’ xem quan hˆ kinh diˆ n l` mˆt tru.`.ng ho.p d˘c biˆt cua quan hˆ nh´m tˆ ng qu´t. Trong<br />
’ a o<br />
’<br />
’<br />
thˆ<br />
e<br />
e<br />
e<br />
o<br />
a<br />
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e o<br />
o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
`<br />
´<br />
phˆn n`y, ch´ng tˆi s˜ du.a ra c´c ph´p to´n dai sˆ trˆn mˆ h` mo. rˆng n`y. Hai ph´p to´n<br />
a a<br />
u<br />
o e<br />
a<br />
e<br />
a<br />
o e<br />
o ınh ’ o<br />
a<br />
e<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i: ph´p nh´m v` ph´p mo. nh´m l` cˆn thiˆt dˆ dinh ngh˜ c´c ph´p to´n dai sˆ trˆn c´c<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
m´<br />
o<br />
e<br />
o<br />
a e<br />
o a `<br />
a<br />
e e’ .<br />
ıa a<br />
e<br />
a<br />
. o e a<br />
.o.ng du.o.ng v´.i mˆt quan hˆ nguyˆn<br />
˜<br />
’<br />
quan hˆ nh´m. Ch´ y r˘ ng, mˆi quan hˆ nh´m phai tu<br />
e o<br />
u´ `<br />
a<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e<br />
e<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i c´c cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p d˜ cho. C´ ngh˜ l`, c´ mˆt mˆ h` duy nhˆ t v´.i<br />
´<br />
´ ´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
tˆ duy nhˆ t dˆi v´ a a<br />
o<br />
a o o<br />
u<br />
a a a<br />
o<br />
ıa a o o o ınh<br />
a o<br />
.<br />
´ (c´c gi´ tri thuˆc miˆn gˆc cua thuˆc t´<br />
`<br />
´ ’<br />
’<br />
c´c gi´ tri nguyˆn tˆ a<br />
a<br />
a .<br />
e o<br />
a .<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
o ınh) thoa m˜n quan hˆ d˜ cho.<br />
a<br />
e a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’ o<br />
´t kˆ n´ du.o.c thu.c hiˆn<br />
e<br />
Mˆt ph´p to´n n`o d´ trˆn c´c quan hˆ nh´m s˜ c´ c`ng t´c dˆng bˆ e<br />
o<br />
e<br />
a a o e a<br />
e o<br />
e o u<br />
a o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
trˆn c´c quan hˆ nh´m hay trˆn c´c quan hˆ nguyˆn tˆ tu.o.ng du.o.ng. Theo ngh˜ n`y, ng˜.<br />
e a<br />
e o<br />
e a<br />
e<br />
e o<br />
ıa a<br />
u<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.`.ng ho.p v´.i c´c quan<br />
’<br />
’<br />
ngh˜ cua c´c ph´p to´n quan hˆ l` khˆng bi thay dˆ i ngay ca trong tru o<br />
ıa ’ a<br />
e<br />
a<br />
e a o<br />
o<br />
o a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
hˆ nh´m.<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
Dˆ tr` b`y c´c ph´p to´n trˆn c´c quan hˆ nh´m, tru.´.c tiˆn, ch´ng tˆi tr` b`y mˆt<br />
e’ ınh a a<br />
e<br />
a<br />
e a<br />
e o<br />
o<br />
e<br />
u<br />
o ınh a<br />
o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.n gian cho ph´p dich mˆt tˆp c´c gi´ tri trong mˆt D+ v´.i HD tu.o.ng u.ng<br />
’<br />
thuˆt to´n kh´ do<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
e .<br />
o a a<br />
a .<br />
o<br />
o<br />
´<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’<br />
’<br />
cua mˆt thuˆc t´ A n`o d´ th`nh c´c l´.p tˆ ng qu´t ho.n trong HD v` cho ph´p c´ ngoai<br />
o<br />
o ınh<br />
a o a<br />
a o o<br />
a<br />
a<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i c´c loai cˆu truy vˆ n dinh lu.o.ng kh´c nhau, ch´ng ta c´ thˆ su. dung c´c thuˆt to´n<br />
’ ’ .<br />
´ .<br />
a<br />
a<br />
u<br />
o e<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
lˆ. V´ a<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
. a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i c´c tiˆu ch´ nh´m kh´c nhau. O. dˆy, ch´ng tˆi chı quan tˆm dˆn c´c truy<br />
’ a<br />
´ a<br />
’<br />
dich kh´c nhau v´ a e<br />
a<br />
o<br />
ı o<br />
a<br />
u<br />
o<br />
a<br />
e<br />
.<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
vˆ n v´.i lu.o.ng t`. ∀ v` bo.i vˆy, tiˆu ch´ nh´m cua ch´ng tˆi l` nh´m tˆ t ca c´c n´t du.o.ng<br />
a o<br />
u<br />
a ’ a<br />
e<br />
ı o<br />
u<br />
o a o<br />
a ’ a u<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
’<br />
c´ c`ng cha lai khi sˆ c´c ngoai lˆ hay c´c n´t ˆm cua ch´ng l` nho ho.n. Trong thu.c tˆ, v´.i<br />
o u<br />
o a<br />
a u a<br />
u<br />
a<br />
.<br />
. e<br />
.<br />
. e o<br />
. phˆn nh´m c´c dˆi tu.o.ng ho.p l´, sˆ c´c ngoai lˆ thu.`.ng l` kh´ nho hay thu.c chˆ t l`<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
mˆt su a<br />
o .<br />
o<br />
a o<br />
o<br />
a a<br />
a a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. y o a<br />
. e<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’.<br />
khˆng d´ng kˆ<br />
o<br />
a<br />
e<br />
´<br />
`<br />
´<br />
Cho mˆt thuˆc t´ A du.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i miˆn D c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p HD v` S ⊂ D+<br />
o<br />
o ınh<br />
e<br />
o o a<br />
a a<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. e . o<br />
. ´ u<br />
.i D+ - k´ hiˆu tˆp tˆ t ca c´c n´t cua HD .<br />
v´<br />
o<br />
ı e a a ’ a u ’<br />
. . ´<br />
’<br />
Thuˆt to´n 1. T´ c´c l´.p tˆ ng qu´t cua S ⊂ D+ v` c´c ngoai lˆ.<br />
a<br />
a<br />
ınh a o o<br />
a ’<br />
a a<br />
. e<br />
.<br />
.<br />
<br />
´<br />
´<br />
ˆ<br />
ˆ INH DU. LIEU DOI VO.I CAC TRUY VAN DINH LU.O.NG<br />
˜<br />
ˆ<br />
ˆ<br />
´<br />
´<br />
ˆ<br />
MOT MO H`<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
<br />
45<br />
<br />
`<br />
´<br />
´<br />
V`o: Thuˆc t´ A, miˆn D, cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p HD v` S ⊂ D+ .<br />
a<br />
o ınh<br />
e<br />
a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.p (S) v` N gL(S).<br />
Ra: T´ L´<br />
ınh o<br />
a<br />
C´ch t´<br />
a<br />
ınh:<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
o o<br />
• T` n´t cha chung nho nhˆ t cua S dˆi v´.i HD v` k´ hiˆu n´t n`y l` Rt.<br />
ım u<br />
a ’<br />
a ı e u a a<br />
.<br />
´ a<br />
’ a HD v´.i n´t gˆc l` Rt v` c´c n´t l´ l` c´c n´t ho˘c thuˆc S ho˘c l` c´c<br />
• K´ hiˆu cˆy con cu<br />
ı e a<br />
o u o<br />
a a u a a a u<br />
a<br />
o<br />
a a a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’ a u<br />
n´t anh em cua c´c n´t trong S l` T.<br />
u<br />
a<br />
´<br />
a<br />
a a u a<br />
o<br />
a<br />
• D´nh dˆ u c´c n´t l´ thuˆc S l` +<br />
.<br />
´<br />
• D´nh dˆ u c´c n´t l´ khˆng thuˆc S l` −<br />
a<br />
a a u a o<br />
o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
+<br />
˜<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
’<br />
o o<br />
o u<br />
ı e a<br />
o .<br />
a<br />
a ı e<br />
a<br />
• Dˆi v´.i mˆi n´t trong N cua T , k´ hiˆu cˆy con cua T gˆc tai N l` TN v` k´ hiˆu SN l`<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.o.c d´nh dˆ u +, S − l` tˆp c´c n´t l´ du.o.c d´nh dˆ u - dˆi v´.i T . T´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
tˆp c´c n´t l´ du .<br />
a a u a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
a<br />
o o N<br />
ınh<br />
.<br />
. a u a<br />
.<br />
N a a<br />
+<br />
−<br />
.o.c goi l` n´t tˆt, ngu.o.c lai du.o.c goi l` n´t<br />
´<br />
x = |SN | v` y = |SN |. Mˆt n´t N c´ x > y du .<br />
a<br />
o u<br />
o<br />
.<br />
. a u o<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
. a u<br />
`<br />
tˆ i.<br />
o<br />
+<br />
−<br />
’ .<br />
• D˘t N := Rt. Goi thu tuc Chon (N, TN , SN , SN )<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
+<br />
−<br />
’ .<br />
• Thu tuc chon n´t Chon (N, TN , SN , SN ):<br />
. u<br />
.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
´<br />
´<br />
a<br />
ı o<br />
1) Nˆu N l` n´t l´ v` du.o.c d´nh dˆ u + th` L´.p(SN ) = N, N gL(SN ) = ∅<br />
e<br />
a u a a<br />
. a<br />
’<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
2) Nˆu N l` n´t tˆt c´ m con tru.c tiˆp l` N1, N2, ...., Nm v` khˆng mˆ t t´ tˆ ng qu´t,<br />
e<br />
a u o o<br />
e a<br />
a o<br />
a ınh o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
. N , N , ...., N l` c´c n´t tˆ i v` N , N , ...., N l` c´c n´t tˆt.<br />
` a k+1 2<br />
´<br />
’ ’<br />
gia su 1 2<br />
u o<br />
u o<br />
k a a<br />
m a a<br />
k<br />
k<br />
.i x = |S + | v` y = |S − | th` L´.p(S + ) = N, N gL(S +) =<br />
´<br />
ı o<br />
Nˆu 1+ 1 yi < m−k+ 1 xi v´ i<br />
e<br />
o<br />
Ni a i<br />
Ni<br />
N<br />
N<br />
−<br />
´t th´c.<br />
SN v` kˆ<br />
a e<br />
u<br />
+<br />
−<br />
+<br />
Ngu.o.c lai, thu.c hiˆn Chon (Ni, TN i, SN i, SN i) v´.i i = 1..m v` d˘t L´.p(SN ) = ∪m<br />
e<br />
o<br />
a a o<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
1<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
L´.p(SN i), N gL(SN ) = ∪m N gL(SN i).<br />
o<br />
1<br />
+<br />
−<br />
`<br />
´<br />
´<br />
e<br />
3) Nˆu N l` n´t tˆ i c´ m con tru.c tiˆp l` N1 , N2, ...., Nm, thu.c hiˆn Chon(Ni, TN i, SN i, SN i)<br />
e<br />
a u o o<br />
. e a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
v´.i i = 1..m v` d˘t L´.p(SN ) = ∪m L´.p(SN i), N gL(SN ) = ∪m N gL(SN i).<br />
o<br />
a a o<br />
o<br />
.<br />
1<br />
1<br />
+<br />
+<br />
• D˘t L´.p(S) = L´.p(SRt) v` N gL(S) = N gL(SRt)<br />
a o<br />
o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
`<br />
´<br />
`<br />
´<br />
Mˆnh dˆ 1. Cho mˆt thuˆc t´ A du.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i miˆn D c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p<br />
e<br />
e<br />
o<br />
o ınh<br />
e .<br />
o<br />
e<br />
o o a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. ´<br />
.<br />
+ . K´ hiˆu DTu.o.ng (S) l` tˆp tˆ t ca c´c dˆ i tu.o.ng thuˆc c´c l´.p trong S th`<br />
´<br />
a a a ’ a o<br />
o a o<br />
ı<br />
HD v` S ⊂ D<br />
a<br />
ı e<br />
.<br />
. ´<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.o.ng (S) = DTu.o.ng (L´.p(S)) \ DTu.o.ng (NgL(S)).<br />
DTu .<br />
o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.ng minh. Dˆ thˆ y, do cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p H , tˆp tˆ t ca c´c dˆi tu.o.ng thuˆc mˆt l´.p<br />
˜ a<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
Ch´<br />
u<br />
e ´<br />
a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
a a ’ a o<br />
o<br />
o o<br />
D<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.p cua tˆp tˆ t ca c´c dˆi tu.o.ng thuˆc c´c l´.p con cua n´. Bo.i vˆy, ch´ng ta c´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’ a a ’ a o<br />
’<br />
’ a<br />
ch´ l` ho<br />
ınh a .<br />
o a o<br />
o<br />
u<br />
o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.o.ng (L´.p(S )) = DTu.o.ng (S ) ∪DTu.o.ng (N gL(S)). Ho.n n˜.a, DTu.o.ng (S) v` DTu.o.ng<br />
DTu .<br />
o<br />
u<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’<br />
(N gL(S)) l` r`.i nhau. Do vˆy, ta c´ diˆu phai ch´.ng minh.<br />
a o<br />
a<br />
o `<br />
e<br />
u<br />
.<br />
. nh´m: Cho quan hˆ nh´m R(X, Y, T ) v´.i c´c thuˆc t´ A ∈ Y du.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i<br />
´<br />
’<br />
Ph´p mo<br />
e<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
o a<br />
o ınh<br />
o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. e .<br />
.o.c kˆt<br />
`<br />
´<br />
´<br />
mˆt miˆn D v` c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p HD v` c´c thuˆc t´ thuˆc X khˆng du .<br />
o<br />
e<br />
a o o a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
a a<br />
o ınh<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e<br />
.<br />
. ´<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.p v´.i mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p n`o. X ho˘c Y c´ thˆ b˘ ng ∅ nhu.ng XY = ∅.<br />
’ `<br />
´<br />
ho o o a<br />
u<br />
a a a<br />
a<br />
o e a<br />
.<br />
. ´<br />
.<br />
. Y = {A , A , ..., A }, v[Y ] = (C , C , ..., C ) v` mˆt bˆ nguyˆn tˆ t[Y ] =<br />
´<br />
’ ’<br />
Gia su<br />
a o o<br />
e o<br />
1<br />
2<br />
k<br />
1<br />
2<br />
k<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i c ∈ D - miˆn cua A . Ch´ng ta viˆt t[Y ] ∈ v[Y ] nˆu v´.i i = 1..k th`<br />
`<br />
´<br />
´ o<br />
’<br />
(c1 , c2 , ..., ck) v´ i<br />
o<br />
e<br />
u<br />
e<br />
e<br />
ı<br />
i<br />
i<br />
´ o<br />
’. nh´m dˆi v´.i quan hˆ nh´m R, k´ hiˆu l` Mo.Nh´m(R) du.o.c dinh ngh˜<br />
’ o<br />
ci ∈ Ci . Ph´p mo<br />
e<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
ı e a<br />
ıa<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
nhu. sau:<br />
’ o<br />
Mo.Nh´m(R) = {t[XY ]/∃v ∈ R(t[X] = v[X] ∧ t[Y ] = y ∧ y ∈ v[Y ] ∧ v[T ] = ‘true ∧ ∃v ∈<br />
<br />
46<br />
<br />
˜<br />
ˆ<br />
NGUYEN KIM ANH<br />
<br />
R (v [X] = v[X] ∧ v [T ] = ‘f alse ∧ y ∈ v [Y ]))}.<br />
´<br />
´<br />
’<br />
’ . e<br />
’ a o<br />
Ch´ ´: Ph´p mo. nh´m tra lai kˆt qua l` mˆt quan hˆ nguyˆn tˆ thˆng thu.`.ng, quan hˆ chı<br />
uy<br />
e<br />
o<br />
e<br />
e o o<br />
o<br />
e ’<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.a c´c gi´ tri nguyˆn tˆ v` khˆng ch´.a thuˆc t´ T lu.u gi´ tri chˆn l´ cua bˆ. Ho.n n˜.a,<br />
´<br />
ch´ a<br />
u<br />
a .<br />
e o a o<br />
u<br />
o ınh<br />
a . a y ’ o<br />
u<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.Nh´m dam bao mˆi quan hˆ nh´m l` tu.o.ng du.o.ng v´.i mˆt quan hˆ nguyˆn tˆ<br />
˜<br />
´<br />
’<br />
’<br />
’<br />
ph´p to´n Mo o<br />
e<br />
a<br />
o<br />
e o a<br />
o o<br />
e<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.i c´c cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p d˜ cho.<br />
´ ´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
duy nhˆ t dˆi v´ a a<br />
a o o<br />
u<br />
a a a<br />
Ph´p nh´m: Cho mˆt quan hˆ nh´m R x´c dinh trˆn tˆp thuˆc t´ U v´.i mˆt thuˆc t´<br />
e<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
a .<br />
e a<br />
o ınh<br />
o<br />
o<br />
o ınh<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
`<br />
´<br />
´<br />
e .<br />
o o<br />
e<br />
a o o a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
ı e<br />
A ∈ U n`o d´ du.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i mˆt miˆn D v` c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p HD . K´ hiˆu R+<br />
a o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’<br />
’<br />
l` tˆp c´c bˆ du.o.ng cua R v` R l` tˆp c´c bˆ ˆm cua R. Ph´p nh´m quan hˆ nh´m R theo<br />
a a a o<br />
a<br />
a a a oa<br />
e<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
ıa<br />
thuˆc t´ A, k´ hiˆu l` Nh´mA (R) du.o.c dinh ngh˜ nhu. sau:<br />
o ınh<br />
ı e a<br />
o<br />
. .<br />
.<br />
.<br />
Nh´mA (R+ ) = {t/(v ∈ R+ (t[U \T A] = v[U \T A] ∧ ((t[A] = {C/∃C ∈ L´.p (S)} ∧ t[T ] =<br />
o<br />
o<br />
.i c´c v ∈ R+ thoa<br />
’<br />
‘true ) ∨ (t[A] = {C/∃C ∈ N gL(S)} ∧ t[T ] = ‘f alse )) ∧ S = ∪v[A] v´ a<br />
o<br />
t[U \A] = v[U \A])}.<br />
Nh´mA (R) = Nh´mA (R+ ) ∪ R− .<br />
o<br />
o<br />
<br />
´ ´<br />
`<br />
´<br />
Ch´ ´: Trong qu´ tr` nh´m, ch´ng ta luˆn cˆ g˘ng nh´m nhiˆu nhˆ t c´ thˆ c´c l´.p con<br />
uy<br />
a ınh o<br />
u<br />
o o a<br />
o<br />
e<br />
a o e’ a o<br />
.o.ng th`nh mˆt l´.p tˆ ng qu´t ho.n v´.i viˆc chˆ p<br />
’<br />
´ e<br />
´<br />
’ a o<br />
xuˆ t hiˆn trong thuˆc t´ A cua c´c bˆ du<br />
a<br />
o ınh<br />
a<br />
o o o<br />
a<br />
o e<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’ e a a o<br />
´ ngoai lˆ khˆng d´ng kˆ nˆn tˆp c´c bˆ thuˆc Nh´mA (R+ ) v` R− l` r`.i nhau.<br />
nhˆn mˆt sˆ<br />
a<br />
o o<br />
a<br />
e<br />
o<br />
o<br />
a<br />
a o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. e o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
`<br />
`<br />
’<br />
’<br />
Mˆnh dˆ 2. Ph´p to´n Nh´m bao to`n nˆi dung thˆng tin cua quan hˆ nh´m ban dˆu.<br />
e<br />
e<br />
e<br />
a<br />
o<br />
a<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
´<br />
C´ ngh˜ l` v´.i mˆt quan hˆ nh´m R v` mˆt thuˆc t´ A c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p th`<br />
o<br />
ıa a o<br />
o<br />
e o<br />
a o<br />
o ınh<br />
o o a<br />
u<br />
a a<br />
ı<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.Nh´m(Nh´mA(R)) = Mo.Nh´m(R).<br />
’<br />
’ o<br />
Mo o<br />
o<br />
´<br />
’<br />
’ o<br />
Ch´.ng minh. Theo dinh ngh˜ cua c´c ph´p to´n Mo.Nh´m, Nh´m v` t´ d´ng d˘n cua<br />
u<br />
ıa ’ a<br />
e<br />
a<br />
o<br />
a ınh u<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.o.c kh˘ng dinh trong mˆnh dˆ 1, mˆi bˆ x v´.i c´c gi´ tri nguyˆn tˆ thuˆc<br />
˜ o<br />
’<br />
´<br />
`<br />
a<br />
a .<br />
e o<br />
o<br />
Thuˆt to´n 1 du .<br />
a<br />
a<br />
e<br />
e<br />
o .<br />
o a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
’.Nh´m(Nh´mA (R)) c˜ng thuˆc Mo.Nh´m(R) v` ngu.o.c lai.<br />
’ o<br />
Mo o<br />
o<br />
u<br />
o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
. .<br />
´<br />
’<br />
Hˆ qua 1. Cho R l` quan hˆ nh´m nguyˆn tˆ v` mˆt thuˆc t´ A c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn<br />
e<br />
a<br />
e o<br />
e o a o<br />
o ınh<br />
o o a<br />
u<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. ´<br />
.<br />
.i R th` Mo.Nh´m(Nh´mA(R)) = R’.<br />
´<br />
´ ´<br />
cˆ p. Goi R’ l` quan hˆ nguyˆn tˆ dˆi v´<br />
a<br />
a<br />
e<br />
e o o o<br />
ı ’ o<br />
o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
`<br />
e u e<br />
Hˆ qua 1 du.o.c suy ra tru.c tiˆp t`. Mˆnh dˆ 2.<br />
e ’<br />
e<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´ ´<br />
Ph´p kˆt nˆi tu. nhiˆn: Cho hai quan hˆ nh´m R(U ) v` S(V ) v´.i U ∩ V = Y Z v` Y =<br />
e e o .<br />
e<br />
e<br />
o<br />
a<br />
o<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i mˆt miˆn Di v` c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c<br />
´ .<br />
`<br />
´<br />
{A1 , A2 , ..., Ak}. C´c thuˆc t´ Ai ∈ Y du . e<br />
a<br />
o ınh<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e<br />
a o o a<br />
u<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
phˆn cˆ p HDi, i = 1..k. C´c thuˆc t´ thuˆc Z khˆng du.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn<br />
a a<br />
a<br />
o ınh<br />
o<br />
o<br />
e .<br />
o o a<br />
u<br />
a<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
.<br />
´<br />
´ ´<br />
cˆ p n`o. Z c´ thˆ b˘ ng ∅ v` k c´ thˆ b˘ ng 0. Ph´p kˆt nˆi tu. nhiˆn cua 2 quan hˆ nh´m R<br />
a a<br />
o e’ `<br />
a<br />
a<br />
o e’ `<br />
a<br />
e e o .<br />
e ’<br />
e o<br />
.<br />
.o.c dinh ngh˜ nhu. sau:<br />
v` S , k´ hiˆu l` R ∗ S du . .<br />
a<br />
ı e a<br />
ıa<br />
.<br />
R ∗ S = {t[U V ]/∃u ∈ R∃v ∈ S(t[U \Y T ] = u[U \Y T ] ∧ t[V \Y T ] = v[V \Y T ] ∧ (t[Ai ] =<br />
’ a<br />
u[Ai ] ∩ v[Ai], i = 1..k) ∧ t[T ] = u[T ] ∗ v[T ]}, o. dˆy ‘true ∗ ‘true = ‘true v` ‘true ∗ ‘f alse =<br />
a<br />
‘f alse ∗ ‘true = ‘f alse .<br />
´<br />
´<br />
Ph´p chiˆu: Cho quan hˆ nh´m R(X, Y, T ) v´.i c´c thuˆc t´ A ∈ Y du.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i mˆt<br />
e<br />
e<br />
e o<br />
o a<br />
o ınh<br />
o o<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. e .<br />
.<br />
.o.c kˆt ho.p v´.i<br />
`<br />
´<br />
´<br />
´<br />
miˆn D v` c´ mˆt cˆ u tr´c phˆn cˆ p HD v` c´c thuˆc t´ thuˆc X khˆng du . e .<br />
e<br />
a o o a<br />
u<br />
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