102 Xa hoi hoc the gioi<br />
<br />
xshgihgc, si2 (i38), 2017<br />
<br />
MQT SO KHO KHAN TRONG HOI NHAP XA HOI CUA NGU^I<br />
LAO DONG NirdC NGOAJ GOC NHAT TAI NH^T BAN'<br />
PHAN CAO NH^T ANH*<br />
<br />
Tom tat: Ngudi lao dgng nude ngodi gde Nhdt Id mgt bg phgn trong l^rc lugng lao<br />
ddng cua Nhdt Bdn hien nc^. vd sd lugng lao dgng ndy cd xu hudng gia idng. Nhung<br />
nhdm lao ddng ndy ggp nhieu khd khdn trong hgi nhgp xd hgi tgi Nhdt Bdn nhu vdn di<br />
ngdn nga, cdng vi^c... Bdi viit tim hiiu mgt sd khd khdn trong hdi nhgp xd hgi cua nguai<br />
lao ddng nude ngodi gdc Nhdt tgi Nhdt Bdn trong nhiing ndm qua, ddng thdi ggi md vdn<br />
di cho lao dgng Vi$t Nam sang thuc tap vd lao dgng a Nhdt Bdn.<br />
Tir khda: xd hOi Nhgt Ban, ngudi lao dpng gdc Nhdt, hdi nhdp xd hOi, vipc lam.<br />
<br />
1. Nhdm ngudi lao d^ng nude ngoai goc Nhgt<br />
Ngudi lao dOng nude ngoai gdc Nhgt Id nhfing ngudi Nhat Ban di tni ra nude ngoai<br />
smh sdng, cd quyIn cu tini vmh vien d nude dd (hogc Id con chau cua hp) nay quay tid lai<br />
lam vipc tgi Nhgt Ban. Sy xudt hipn ciia hp gan lien vdi qua trinh di cu cda ngum dSn<br />
Nhat Bdn dien ra td thi ky 19. Theo sd sdch, cuOe di eu dau tien dien ra vao nam 1868 khi<br />
153 ngudi Nhat Ban da vugt biln, cap bin ddo Hawai vd Chinh phu Minh Tri thdi do coi<br />
day la ehuyin di bdt hgp phap^. Nhung sd lieu thing kd cho thay Brazil la nude co sl<br />
lugng ngudi Nhgt di eu din ddng nhdt. Ndm 1908, nhdm ngudi Nhat dau tien di eu den<br />
Brazil gdm 781 ngudi (158 gia dinh va 10 ngudi nhap cu khac) da Idn con tau Kasato<br />
Maru rdi cang Kobe den edng Santos (Kuwahara, 2005). Nguydn nhan cda cdc cuOc di cu<br />
khi dd la do tinh tigng kinh t l bdt dn, nhilu ngudi Nhgt Bdn khdng thdy trien vpng tixmg<br />
cdng viOc kiem sdng d que nha va da quylt dinh tim kiem tuong lai d cac nude vung My<br />
La-tinh.<br />
Nhung cuOc di cu theo dgng nay tiep tyc dien ra mgnh me sau khi cuOe Chiln tianh<br />
till gidi thd II kit thdc. Thang 3 ndm 1973, con tau di cu culi cung mang ten "Nippon<br />
Maru" vdi 285 ngudi Nhdt tien boong da cap cang Santos eua Brazil. Nhu vgy, cd nghia<br />
• Vi?n Nghien cdu Dong Bdc A, Vi?n Han ldm Khoa hgc xd hgi Vi$t Nam.<br />
' Bii viet thi hi?n mOt phdn kit qui nghien cihi cila dl tii "Vin dl hgi nh§p x i hpi ciia ngudi lao dOng glc<br />
Nh§t t£ii Nh$t Bin vi kinh ngi^m cho Vi§t Nam", do QuJ Sumitomo tii \xq nim 2015.<br />
^ NguW glc Nh^t ( S ^ A ) , xem<br />
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%B3%BB%E4%BA%BA.<br />
<br />
Phan Cao Nhdt Anh<br />
<br />
103<br />
<br />
la cho tdi trudc cude khdng hoang ddu md dau tidn, nhilu ngudi Nhat da rdi ddt nude hp<br />
de di cu tdi cac vung ddt khac. Hipn nay, ngudi glc Nhat cd m$t d nhilu nude nhung tOp<br />
tinng chu ylu tgi cac nude Chdu MJ nhu Brazil, Hoa Ky, Mexico, Colombia, Peru,<br />
Bolivia va Argentina,....<br />
Nda sau nhfing nam 1980, sd ngudi Nhgt di cu va sinh sdng d Brazil, Peru vd mOt<br />
sd nude khac (hodc con chau cda hg) dd quay trd lgi Nhat Ban dl tim kilm viec lam gia<br />
tdng dang kl. Hidn tugng hdi cu nay ddnh ddu su hinh tiidnh each nhin nhan Nhdt Bdn la<br />
mdt dilm din cua ngudi dan di cu. Xu hudng nay la kit qud ciia sy dien ra ddng tiidi gifia<br />
qua tiinh phat triln thdn ky cua ndn kinh tl Nhdt Ban sau chiln tianh va tang trudng kinh<br />
tl cham chap, lam phat cao d cac nude Mf La-tinh. Ke tfi dd, khai nipm ngudi lao dOng<br />
nude ngoai gdc Nhat dd dinh hinh tiong xd hOi Nhat Ban cho din hien nay (Kuwahara,<br />
2005:28).<br />
Ndm 1989, che do cu tni "Thudng tni dai hgn" mdi dugc thilt lap thdng qua dilu<br />
chinh Lugt Nh$p cu da tao didu kipn thuan Igi cho nhiing ngudi thudng trd ddi hgn Id<br />
ngudi gdc Nhgt, chi cd mOt vdi hgn chi ddi vdi cac hoat dOng cda hg tai Nhat Ban, Vi<br />
vay, sau khi ehl dO cu tru nay dugc thilt I^p, nhilu ngudi dd tdi Nhat Ban vdi muc dich<br />
lam vipc trong ngdnh san xuat che tao efia Nhgt Ban, noi dang thilu nhan cdng mOt cdch<br />
tiam trpng vao thdi diem do. Nhihig con so thong ke cho thdy sd ngudi nude ngoai glc<br />
Nhat cu tni tai Nhait Ban tang len nhanh chong: ndm 1991, s6 ngudi cd chi dO cu trd Id<br />
thudng tni dai han chi cd 54.359 ngudi; ndm 2006 ^ len din 268.836 ngudi; ndm 2007<br />
vd 2008, con s6 nay cd xu hudng giam xuong nhung khdng dang kl (258.498 ngudi vao<br />
ndm 2008), cho du day dugc coi la thdi dilm kinh te tuang doi khd khan ciia Nhgt Ban<br />
trong giai dogn ddu thd ky 21. Nam 1998, cd 5.853 ngudi Brazil va Peru gdc Nhat dinh cu<br />
vTnh viln, con sd ndy tang len 140.243 ngudi vao nam 2008. Tdi lidu thing ke cho thdy so<br />
ngudi dinh cu vTnh viln da tdng khodng 130.000 ngudi trong vdng 10 nam. Tren thyc tl,<br />
ban ddu nhung ngudi My La-tmh gdc Nh|lt tdi Nhgt Bdn vdi myc dich lam viOc trong mOt<br />
thdi gian ngdn, nhung hipn nay hg dang dinh cu d Nhdt tiong mpt khodng thdi gian ddi<br />
hon (The Ministry of Justice - Japan, 2009).<br />
Bdng 1. S v phan b l ngiriM lao d$ng g6c N h | t tren the gi61<br />
QuIc gia<br />
<br />
So lupng<br />
<br />
NhitBin<br />
<br />
250.000<br />
<br />
Mexico<br />
<br />
Philippines<br />
<br />
' 33.000<br />
<br />
Colombia<br />
<br />
Indonexia<br />
Australia<br />
Hawai<br />
My<br />
<br />
4.500<br />
36.000<br />
240.000<br />
1.300.000<br />
<br />
Qu6c gia<br />
<br />
Brazil<br />
Peru<br />
<br />
Sl \agng<br />
20.000<br />
1.800<br />
1.600.000<br />
100.000<br />
<br />
Bolivia<br />
<br />
11.500<br />
<br />
Argentina<br />
<br />
23.000<br />
<br />
98.900<br />
T o ^ the gidi<br />
Canada<br />
Nguon: htlp://www.jadesas.or.Jp/en/aboutnihkei/index.html.<br />
<br />
3.50O000<br />
<br />
NhOng thing ke cho thay s l ngudi Brazil gdc Nh^t gidm mgnh nhdt vao ndm 2007<br />
vatilp tyc trong xu hudng giam tii dd din ndm 2015. Sau dd, c6 dau hipu sd ngudi Brazil<br />
<br />
104<br />
<br />
Mot sd khd khdn trong hgi nhgp xa hgi...<br />
<br />
gdc Nhdt sang Nhgt Ban tim viOc bdt ddu gia tdng tid lai. Ndm 2016, idn ddu tidn sau 9<br />
nam so ngudi Brazil gdc Nhgt bdt ddu tdng tid Igi. Nguyen nhdn cd thi Id do khung hodng<br />
kinh t l d Brazil vd sy thilu hyt ngudn nhdn luc de phuc vy cho Olympic Tokyo tgi Nh^t<br />
Bdn. Theo cdng ty phdi cd lao dpng cua Sao Paulo, Brazil, td nda cudi ndm 2016 nhu cdu<br />
tim viOc bdt ddu gia tang bdi thyc te la nhieu ngudi mat viec do khdng hoang. Tgi Nh§t<br />
Ban, lam thdm theo gid cd thu nhap cao gdp 6-7 idn so vdi Brazil. Trong khi do ddn sl<br />
Nhdt Bdn dang giam vd gia hda, tinh trgng thilu hyt nguon nhdn lyc ngay cdng ti^<br />
tigng, nhu cdu cdn lao dOng gia tdng. Ngoai nhung thanh phd nhu Gunma, Shizuoka,<br />
Aichi vdn da tiep nhdn nhieu lao dOng gde Nhat, nhu cdu tuyIn dyng d Ishikawa,<br />
Shimane efing gia tdng^. Hien nay, cac khu vyc san xuat thyc phdm, dd dipn td, d td dang<br />
cdn nhdn cdng, luong theo gid gia tang de cung dap dng cau. Trudc thyc tl nay, sl lao<br />
dpng nude ngodi gdc Nhat cd the se gia tdng trong nhiing ndm tdi day.<br />
2. Van de hpi nhap xa hpi<br />
2.1. Khd khan ve ngon ngii<br />
Dieu quan tigng ddi vdi mdt ngudi khi sinh song va lam viOc tgi mdt dat nude khdc<br />
la phdi hilu dugc ngdn ngfi cua dat nude do. Hg cdng hilu vd sd dyng tit ngdn ngfi bdn<br />
xd, CO hOi kiem tim viec lam eua hg cdng rOng md. Tgi ddt nude mdt trdi mgc, ngudi lao<br />
dOng gdc Nhgt gap tid ngai do tilng Nh^t rdt khd.<br />
Hinh 1. Nang lyc h^i tho^i cfia ngirM lao d^ng g6c Nh|t<br />
Chfio hoi wi _<br />
numbm,<br />
<br />
TnoHMttong<br />
ni«ci6ii|<br />
<br />
_KlKiiig noi tlit^c<br />
V ^ ^ "<br />
.C611.itr.oi4l<br />
<br />
V^^^-""<br />
\ ^ ^ ^ A<br />
<br />
niu>iig clii d^ii<br />
47H<br />
<br />
omUedJein<br />
"''''<br />
<br />
J^^^^^^<br />
<br />
Nguon: Vien Chinli sach va Ddo tgo Lao dong Nhgt Bdn, 2010.<br />
Ket qua dieu tra nSng l\rc ngdn ngii cua nguM lao dOng g6c Nh|lt cho thdy nguW<br />
lao dong nuae ngoai goc Nhat co kha nang giao ti^p dcm gian hang ngay, nhimg vl<br />
nang luc viit va dpc hiSu, t^ le nguoi co du kha nang dS sii dung van con it. Hon thi,<br />
ty 1? nguM hoan toto khflng su dyng duoc tieng Nhjt vin con k h i 16n (Hinh 1, 2, 3).<br />
Tai Nhat Ban hiSn nay, kha n3ng tiing Nh|it cua lao dong nguoi nu6c ngoai se quyet<br />
dinh c5ng vi^c, chi do dai ngO hay thjm chi la tiin lucmg ciia hp. Ngu5i co kha ning<br />
giao tiip bSng tiing Nh$t thuan thuc c6 the tham gia vao cong vi?c tiip khdch ttvc<br />
tiep, nhung voi nguoi khong co kha n5ng niy, cong vi$c ciia ho chi gioi han boi cSc<br />
"Japan attracting job - seeking Brazilians again" http://www.nippon.com/ja/behind/110081/.<br />
<br />
Phan Cao Nhgt Anh<br />
<br />
105<br />
<br />
hogt ddng chdn tay. Nhilu lao dgng mdi sang Nhdt, chua thgo tieng thudng lam trong<br />
cac xudng ddng gdi com hOp, phdi ldm vao ban ddm rdt vdt vd. Nhiing lao dpng cd<br />
trinh dO tilng Nhat cao han cd the xin ldm trong sieu thi, hodc cac nha hang. Ngodi ra,<br />
cd nhung hinh thdc cdng vipc cdn yeu cdu cd kha ndng dpc hieu vd vilt ngoai kha<br />
ndng giao tilp. Khdng khd de nhdn ra ranh gidi phdn chia, mac du chi mang tinh<br />
tuong ddi, trong cOng ddng lao dOng ngudi nude ngodi dugc quy dinh bdi trinh dp<br />
ngdn ngfi tilng Nhat.<br />
Hinh 2. Nfing lyc d^c hidu cila ngirdi lao d$ng goc Nhat<br />
Khonabieidoc^<br />
, 0 . . ^<br />
<br />
mm<br />
'"•m<br />
^ ^ ^<br />
<br />
Doc diroc ^ ^ ^ H<br />
Huasana ^ ^ ^ ^ H<br />
<br />
f<br />
""<br />
<br />
dllWcbiO<br />
38'.<br />
<br />
k<br />
<br />
)<br />
<br />
Ds^c J HOC mpi<br />
chui chd Hail<br />
19S<br />
Nguon:<br />
<br />
ta^^-<br />
<br />
__Codk^ dgc duoc<br />
cha Han<br />
16%<br />
<br />
Vi^n Chinh sdch vd Dao 190 Lao dgng Nhdt Bdn, 2010.<br />
Htnh 3. N£ng l\rc viet cua ngirori lao d^ng goc Nh^t<br />
<br />
Nguon:<br />
<br />
Vien Chinh sdch vd Ddo tgo Lao dgng Nhdi Bdn, 2010.<br />
<br />
2.2. Cong vifc khong on dinh<br />
Dilu tra nhom ngudi lao dOng gdc Nhat cho thdy hon 80% da tiing tiai qua giai<br />
doan thdt nghiep. Thdi gian thdt nghipp ddi ngdn khac nhau nhung trung bmh khodng 5<br />
thdng. Sd ngudi thdt nghipp trong khoang 2 thdng len din han 50%. Tham chi cd nhfing<br />
ngudi thdi gian khdng Idm vipc Idn den 2 nam.<br />
<br />
106<br />
<br />
Mdtsd khd khan trong hgi nhdp xa hgi...<br />
<br />
Tim hilu vl ly do thdt nghiep, 27,5% noi rdng muln tim cdng vipc khac tdt hon;<br />
12,5% la do cdng ty dilu ehinh nhdn sy; 40% ndi nghi viOc Id do nhfing ly do khdc,<br />
nhung thyc tl han mdt nda la do td choi gia hgn hgp dong.<br />
Uinh 4. L^ do tir bo cong vif c trir6v 6.6<br />
<br />
ffith^a C&igty BuOciiliai'naliluali lAwntim ^S ket Oiftnsoc \ ^ v i ^<br />
hjpddag pbasaa n g k ^ ^ CM(9 coagvi(cboa.cUm ngva<br />
Blia,fi<br />
dodils<br />
duflb<br />
<br />
bltoa<br />
<br />
^boa<br />
<br />
soc coo<br />
cat<br />
<br />
Aia<br />
<br />
Kbac<br />
<br />
b9c,snc<br />
kboc<br />
<br />
nbinsv<br />
Ngudn: Vien Chinh sdch vd Ddo tgo Lao ddng Nhgt Bdn, 2010.<br />
Hinh 5. Nguon tii chinh trong thdi gian thkt Qghi^p<br />
45,8<br />
^^^H<br />
<br />
50<br />
45<br />
40<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
70<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
<br />
•<br />
1•<br />
33,3<br />
<br />
^^^1<br />
^^^1<br />
^^^1<br />
^^^H<br />
<br />
12,5<br />
H^^H<br />
<br />
^1<br />
<br />
Trg cap that<br />
n^iep<br />
<br />
0<br />
Baotrgrx<br />
hgi<br />
<br />
Thu nh$p cua<br />
gia dinh<br />
<br />
TiSn tiit<br />
ki?m<br />
<br />
83<br />
4,2<br />
<br />
0<br />
<br />
Vay ban b^. Tic cSc to<br />
agiroi quen chiic trcr giiip<br />
<br />
^1<br />
KMc<br />
<br />
Nguon: Vi?n Chinh sdch vdDdo tgo Lao dgng Nhdt Bdn, 2010.<br />
Ngodi ra, nhfing so sdnh vl sy khac bipt gifia mdc luong giuB lao dOng glc Nhgt vd<br />
lao dpng Nhat sd tgi cung phan anh tinh tiang cda ngudi lao dgng nude ngodi d Nhgt Bdn.<br />
Don gia hgp dong theo gid cua nam cong nhdn Nhdt Ban cao han cua nam edng nhan<br />
nude ngodi glc Nhat khodng 400-500 yen Nh^t vd gia lao dOng theo gid cua nam cdng<br />
nhdn Nhdt cung cao hon cua nam cdng nhdn nude ngoai goe Nhgt khodng 50-100 ydn<br />
Nhat. Cdn dan gia hgp ddng theo gid cua nfi cong nhan Nh$t Ban cao hon cua nft cdng<br />
nhdn nude ngodi gdc Nhsit khoang 100-300 yen Nhat. Vd luomg lam vipc theo gid ciia nfl<br />
cong nhan Nhat Ban cung cao hon cda nhfing nfi cdng nhan nude ngodi khoang 50 yen<br />
Nhat. Sy khdc bipt gifia cdng nhan Nhat Ban va cdng nhan nude ngoai goc Nhat khong he<br />
<br />
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