Mỹ là thị trường xuất khẩu lớn nhất của Việt Nam

QUOCTt 4 ^<br /> <br /> <br /> MY LA THI TRlftfNG<br /> xuat khau Ifin nhat cua Viet Nam<br /> • MAI THUY DUNG<br /> <br /> <br /> rong nhieu thang qua,<br /> <br /> T mac du bi dnh hfldng<br /> bdi khung hodng tai<br /> chinh - tidn te the gidi. My vdn<br /> la thi trfldng XK hang hoa ldn<br /> va tidm nang nhat cua cac DN<br /> Viet Nam. Tinh rieng 5 thang<br /> ddu 2010, tdng kim ngach<br /> thfldng mai 2 chidu dat 7,75 ty<br /> USD, trdng dd Viet Nam XK<br /> 6,09 ty USD, ca nam 2010 XK<br /> cua Viet Nam sang My len tdi<br /> 12,4 ty USD. Nhidu mat hang<br /> trdng nhdm hang XK chii life<br /> cua Viet Nam vdo My trong 5<br /> thdng ddu nam 2010 nhfl del nay, Viet Nam la 1 trong 6 ihi dam phan thfl 2 da dien ra<br /> may. gidy dep, thuy sdn, dd gd. trfldng ma My xem la cd trien thang 6/2010. Khi TPP dfldc<br /> dien tfl vd linh kien... ddu dat vpng nhdt dd'i vdi My trdng tfldng hoan tat se tao thuan ldi de cac<br /> mflc tang tfl 28,25% - 37,25%. lai, cung vdi cac thi trfldng Tning DN My de'n thi trfldng Viet Nam<br /> Nhfl vay. My vdn la thi trfldng Qudc, An Dp, Braxin... Thdi gian hdn. Hiep dinh TPP gdm cac<br /> XK hang hoa ldn nhat cua Viet gdn day, cdc DN My ngay cang qudc gia: My. Lie, Niu Dilan,<br /> Nam, chiem khoang 20% tdng quan tam hdn de'n thi trfldng Chile, Peru Xlngapo, Brunay va<br /> kim ngach XK cua cd nfldc, xep Viet Nam, bdi hp tim thay nhidu Viet Nam. dang trong qud trinh<br /> tren cac thi trfldng XK ldn khae tidm nang cd the khai thdc. Mdt dam phdn, tap trung thao gd<br /> nhfl ASEAN chie'm 17% thi bieu hien rd net la viec Chinh nhflng trd ngai vd thfldng mai<br /> phdn, EU 16%, Nhat Bdn 11%, phu My dang tap trung vao Hiep dich vu, thfldng mai dien tfl va<br /> Trung Qud'c 9,5%... dinh dd'i tac kinh te chien Ifldc cdng nghe xanh.<br /> Nam 2009. kim ngach thfldng xuyen Thai Binh Dfldng (TPP). My hien la thi trfldng hang<br /> mai 2 ehidu dat tren 15 ty USD, Vdi mdt cd ehe hdp tac khu \afc, ddu the gidi. thu hut cac DN tfl<br /> dfla My trd thanh thi tnfdng XK TPP ed tac dpng nhanh chdng nhidu qudc gia khdc nhau, vi<br /> ldn nhat cua Viet Nam va la mdt den thfldng mai va ddu tfl gifla the, viec XK hang hod vdo thi<br /> trong nhflng nfldc ddu tfl ldn cdc nfldc cd lien quan, giflp gidm trfldng nay gap nhidu trd ngai la<br /> nhat tai Viet Nam vdi tdng vd'n thieu cde trd ngai, khien cho cac didu hien nhien. Dd'i vdi nhdm<br /> FDI la 9,8 ty USD. Nhu cdu NK DN XK hang hod vao thi trfldng hang trdi cay. My la thi Infdng<br /> cua thi trfldng My rat ldn va da cua nhau de dang hdn. Thang NK ldn thfl 2 the gidi, trung binh<br /> dang, trong dd cd nhieu mat 3/2010, Viet Nam da chinh thflc mdi nam NK khoang 12 trieu tan<br /> hang thudc nhdm cdc mat hang tham gia vdng dam phdn ddu trdi cay tfldi cdc Idai. chu<br /> the manh cua Viet Nam. Hien tien cua Hiep dinh TPP, vdng yeu la cam. nhd. tao.<br /> <br /> THUUNG MAI So 10/2011 1 2 3<br />  QUdCTE<br /> <br /> tdng kim ngach XK thuy sdn cua<br /> Viet Nam vao My. nhflng 3<br /> thdng ddu 2010, kim ngach XK<br /> gidm, dac biet mat hang gao XK<br /> cd kim ngach gidm tdi 78% so<br /> vdi cung ky 2009. Cd tra dang<br /> bi ap thue chdng bdn pha gia d<br /> thi trfldng My, ddng thdi cdn bi<br /> phia My kiem tra chat che ve<br /> VSATTP toan dien tfl khau nudi.<br /> che bie'n de'n tieu thu. Mdt sd<br /> mat hdng cd kim ngach XK tang<br /> trong thdi gian gdn day nhflng<br /> cdn d mflc thap nhfl cd ngfl Dai<br /> Dfldng vd che chi dat kim ngach<br /> XK Id 70 trieu va 5 trieu USD<br /> nam 2009.<br /> XK hang may mac cua Viet<br /> Thuy san - m$t hang XKcokim ngach ldn sang thi trudng My<br /> Nam vdo My thdi gian qua tang<br /> n h a n h vd cd trien vpng thuan<br /> Q^ chudi... Kha. nang tfl sdn XK ehe 3 loai qua ndy. Xoai va<br /> xuat chiem khodng 70% nhu cdu ldi. Cac ddn hang XK vao My<br /> vu sfla co the dfldc XK sang My<br /> tieu thu, phdn cdn lai dfla vdo kha dn dinh, co sd Ifldng ldn va<br /> tfl nam 2012. De chuan bi eho<br /> NK. Day la thi tnfdng rat tiem ddi hdn. Mpt trong nhflng<br /> viec nay, Viet Nam dang eung<br /> nang, nhflng trdi cay Viet Nam nguyen n h a n Id do gdn day<br /> cap thdng tin eho phia My de<br /> XK vao My phdi vfldt qua nhieu phan tich nguy cd danh sdch Trung Qudc day gid san pham<br /> rdo cdn vd tieu chuan chat dieh hai tren 2 loai qud tren. det may XK cua hp len cao.<br /> Ifldng, VSATTP, phdi canh tranh khien eho nhidu nhd NK My<br /> Ddi vdi nhdm hang ndng sdn<br /> vdi s a n pham gid re de'n tfl chuyen sang dat mua tfl cac thi<br /> ndi chung, tfl chd Viet Nam gdn trfldng khae, trong dd cd Viet<br /> nhidu nfldc nhfl Trung Quo'c,<br /> nhfl xudt sieu sang My nhd ldi Nam. Mat hdng dd gd cung cd<br /> Thai Lan... Thi trfldng My dat<br /> the cua mpt nfldc cd the manh trien vpng XK td't bdi ede nha NK<br /> tieu chuan rat khdt khe dd'i vdi<br /> vd nong nghiep, nhflng nay My thfldng dat hdng vdi sd Ifldng<br /> sdn pham hoa qud NK, bdt budc<br /> phdi xuf ly chieu xa dd'i vdi qud khodng each nay dang bi thu ldn vd thdi gian thflc hien keo<br /> nhiet ddi khien cho chi phi tang hep ddn va ndng sdn cua My dai sang ca nam 2011. Nhin<br /> cao va cd the dnh hfldng de'n dang "chdy" vao Viet Nam ngay chung, sdn pham dd gd cua Viet<br /> chat Ifldng sdn pham. Viec duy cang nhieu hdn. Theo Bp Ndng Nam phu hdp vdi thi hieu cua<br /> tri chat Ifldng qud ehd quang thdi nghiep My (USDA), chi rieng 3 ngfldi tieu dung My, dac biet,<br /> gian van ehuyen dai cung Id mpt thdng ddu 2010. Idn ddu tien neu nguyen lieu dfldc NK tfl My<br /> khd khan. Tuy nhien, cd thuan Viet Nam da n h a p sieu ndng vd che bie'n d Viet Nam rdi XK<br /> ldi la Viet Nam cd the san xudt sdn tfl My tdi gdn 78 trieu USD trd Iai My thi cdng thuan ldi-<br /> qud quanh nam, cdc loai qud ke tfl 5 nam qua. Cd mpt thflc te Theo ddnh gid cua phia My, cac<br /> nhiet ddi cd sfle hap ddn dd'i vdi la, thi tnfdng My ngdy cang co DN san xuat va XK cua Viet Nam<br /> ngfldi tieu dung My. De'n nay, nhidu qui dinh mdi ddi hdi nha khd nhanh nhay trong viec chidu<br /> Viet Nam da XK dflde qua thanh XK nfldc ngodi phdi tuan theo. theo y thich cua nhd NK My, sdn<br /> long sang My. sdp tdi la nhan, Nhidu mat hdng XK cua Viet sang chinh sfla mau ma theo<br /> vdi, chdm chdm. Viet Nam dang Nam vao My dang bi chflng lai, yeu cdu cua khdeh hang.<br /> chudn bi dieu kien eho vung sdn<br /> thdm chi cdn bi sut giam. Vi du, Nhin chung, hang hod cua<br /> xua't vd ddng gdi theo tieu chuan<br /> tdm su thfldng chie'm tdi 50% Viet Nam XK vao My phai vfldt<br /> 2 4 1 THUUHG MAI So 10/2011<br />  QUOCTi 4 ^<br /> <br /> qua nhieu rao cdn. Trdi thanh mpt thdi gian ngdn thi can than trflng bay hang hoa d hdi chd.<br /> long XK vao dfldc My phai trai trpng vdi nguy cd bi kien chdng neu DN chuan bi khdng chuyen<br /> qua met qui trinh kiem tra. ban phd gia. nghiep, thi chdng nhflng phdi<br /> gidm sat theo cac tieu chuan My la mdt thi trfldng tidm chi phi ton kem md cd the<br /> ngat ngheo. Phia Viet Nam dang nang, nhflng de lam an dfldc vdi khdng gay dfldc an tfldng ddi vdi<br /> dd nghi My cap giay phep cho thi trfldng ndy, DN phdi quan khaeh hang va rat khd khdc<br /> eae loai ndng sdn khdc nhfl vai, phuc hau qud sau dd. Vi the, DN<br /> tam nhidu mat nhfl qui dinh vd<br /> nhan, chdm chdm dfldc XK vdo cdn tim hieu ky tnfdc khi quyet<br /> chdng ban pha gid, che dp han<br /> My. Cac DN khi lam an vdi thi dinh cd trflng bay d hpi chd hay<br /> ngach, quydn sd hflu tri tue.<br /> trfldng My cdn phdi Iflu y rdng, khdng va neu ed thi chpn hpi<br /> chflng nhan xudt xfl... Viee trflng<br /> thi trfldng ndy ludn dfla ra chd nad chd phu hdp.<br /> bay hang mau va quang cao tai<br /> nhflng yeu cdu khdt khe budc<br /> hdi chd la bien phap xuc tien Nhin chung, cac hpi chd<br /> cae nha XK nfldc ngodi phai<br /> thfldng mai phd bie'n nhat ma chuyen nganh d My dfldc td<br /> tuan thu nhfl Luat Lacey (ddi vdi<br /> cdc DN khdng the bd qua. Hdi chflc thfldng ky mdi nam 1 hdac<br /> sdn pham dd gd), Luat Ndng<br /> chd chuyen nganh la ndi tap 2 ldn. Cdc hdi chd chuyen<br /> trai 2008 (dd'i vdi ndng - hdi<br /> trung nhdt de cae DN khdd sat nganh Idn va cd uy tin cd the<br /> sdn), nen cac DN phai thfldng<br /> nhu edu va sfle canh tranh cua dfldc ke den la: Hdi chd qud'c te<br /> xuyen cap nhat. Nang Iflc thflc<br /> thi trfldng, ddng thdi, tim kiem hang may mac (Magic Show) la<br /> te ciia DN khi XK vad My cung<br /> dd'i tac kinh doanh. Thdng qua hdi chd ldn nhat d My ve dd<br /> la mpt van dd. Cdc nha NK My<br /> cac hdi chd chuyen nganh. DN may mac va phu kien, dfldc td<br /> thfldng dat hang vdi sd Ifldng<br /> edm nhan dfldc thi Irfldng cdn chflc mdi nam 2 ldn vao khoang<br /> rat ldn (vi du hang dd gd va dd<br /> gi, dd'i thu canh tranh la ai, khd thang 2 va 8, sdn pham trflng<br /> ndi that), khien cho nhieu khi<br /> nang cua hp de'n dau, ddng thdi bay dflde chia thanh 4 khu vflc<br /> DN phdi tfl chdi vi khong dii sfle<br /> chinh la dd nam. dd nfl. dd tr^<br /> cung cap. Vi the, cac DN cdn cung la ndi de kiem nghiem<br /> em vd dd thdi trang. Hdi chd<br /> phdi sdn sang hdp tdc de cung phdn flng cua thi trfldng ddi vdi<br /> qud'c te ve giay dep (WSA Show)<br /> nhau dap flng ddn hang khi cdn sdn pham cua DN. Tuy nhien.<br /> la hdi chd ldn nhdt d My ve eae<br /> thie't. Cdc mat hang cd kim phi trflng bay hang hod d thi<br /> mat hang giay dep, tui, cap, dd<br /> ngach XK tang "qud ndng" trdng trfldng My rat cao. Mat khdc.<br /> dflng hanh ly... td chflc mdi<br /> nam 2 ldn vao thang 2 va 8, thu<br /> hut hang ngan Cty ndi tie'ng the<br /> gidi. Hdi chd qua tang New Ydrk<br /> (NYIGF), chuyen trflng bay qua<br /> tang, hang thu cdng my nghe,<br /> dd trang tri ndi that, dfldc td<br /> chflc vao thdng 2 va 8 hang<br /> nam. Hdi chd qud'c te vd thiiy<br /> san tai Boston (IBSS), Id hdi<br /> chd ldn nhat ve thiiy sdn ddng<br /> lanh va ehe bie'n va thiet bj<br /> ngdnh thuy sdn dfldc td chflc<br /> hang nam vao thdng 3. Hpi chd<br /> qud'c te dd gd va dd gia dung<br /> ngoai trdi (ICFAM), dfldc td chflc<br /> hdng nam vao thdng 9 tai<br /> Chicago, thu hut khoang 350<br /> Cty. Hdi chd thflc phdm<br /> (FMI Chicago Show) dfldc ty-<br /> Che bien san pham go'XK<br /> THUUNG MAI So 10/2011 1 2 5<br /> QUOCTE<br /> <br /> td chflc vao thdng 5 tai thi p h d n vifdt chi tieu phai bi la dd'i vdi nhu'ng ddn hdng ldn).<br /> Chicago, thu hut khodng 1.000 dfla vao kho de chd tdi xuat di He thdng phdp luat d My phijfc<br /> Cty, chuyen trflng bay cac mat cdc nifdc thfl 3 khdc, hoac phdi tap va t h a m chi la khd hieu.<br /> hang ddng lanh va che bien, chd den khi cd b a n ngach mdi. khien cho DN nfldc ngoai khd<br /> rau qud vd cdc thiet bi che bie'n Han ngach Traiff rate co phdn k h a n trong ndm bdt va van<br /> thflc pham. "dd chiu" hdn, thee dd, neu dung, gap nhieu rui ro trong<br /> Kinh doanh d thi trfldng My, hang hod NK vfldt chi tieu thi kinh deanh. De hd trd cho kinh<br /> cac DN cdn dac biet quan tam vdn dfldc NK, nhflng phdi chiu deanh. tdt n h a t DN nen chpn<br /> tdi che dp h a n ngach. Chinh thue suat cao hdn cho p h a n thue luat sfl sd tai de hp tfl van<br /> phu My rat coi trpng viec dp vifdt qua se vdi thue sudt trong cho hoat ddng kinh doanh ciia<br /> dung h a n ngach nhdm kiem h a n ngach. DN. Chi phi thue luat sfl kha<br /> sodt so Ifldng hdng hoa t h a m Nhidu DN da Idm an tai My cao, nhflng vdn phdi lam bdi<br /> n h a p vdo thi trfldng trong nfldc, trong nhflng n a m qua da nit ra nhd dd DN trdnh dfldc nhidu nil<br /> bdo ve cdc DN trong nfldc. Cd 2 mpt so n h a n dinh, do Id: Nhin ro, ma nji re thfldng gap nhat<br /> loai h a n ngach thfldng dfldc dp chung, diem ye'u cua DN Viet la bi quyt tien hang, bi chiem<br /> dung, dd Id: Han ngach Ab- Nam la nang lflc cung flng hang doat quydn sd hflu tri tue. bi<br /> ssolute tinh theo so Ifldng cho hod, tie'p thi XK, lien ket trong kien... Dac biet, khi DN bi kien,<br /> phep NK hang nam. Neu hang sdn xudt vd XK, khdng ddp flng chi phi de theo kien rat eao, DN<br /> hoa NK qua chi tieu cho phep. dfldc thdi h a n giao hang (nhat khd thee dfldc •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> rdng. Sec Id mpt thi tnfdng nhd, n h a n thflc cua hp vd thi trfldng<br /> SEC: THI TRIfilNe... sfle tieu thu khdng cao, nhflng Viet Nam cdn han che, hp chifa<br /> thflc chat, sfle tieu thu cua thi thay dfldc sfle hap ddn eiia thi<br /> (Tiep theo trang 22) tnfdng Viet Nam, nen nhieu cd<br /> tnfdng nay khdng hd nhd. Bdng<br /> chflng la hang ty USD hang may hpi Idm an cdn bi bd qua. Ve<br /> ndi hoat dpng hdp tdc gifla cdc phia cdc DN Viet Nam, cdn xay<br /> mac, giay dep, dd chdi tre em<br /> DN de ke't nd'i hoat dpng kinh dflng chien Ifldc kinh doanh dai<br /> vd hang tieu dung cd xuat xfl<br /> deanh, khdc phuc bdt nhflng h a n vdi cdc ddi tdc Sec, phai<br /> Trung Qud'c, Thdi Lan... vdi chat<br /> han che do khodng each dia ly<br /> Ifldng trung binh vdn dfldc tieu thfldng xuyen coi trpng viec nang<br /> xa xdi.<br /> thu ddu tren thi tnfdng Sec. cao chat Ifldng sdn pham, cai<br /> Nhin lai quan he hdp tdc tien mdu ma va bao bi ddng goi.<br /> Dieu ddng chfl y la he tho'ng<br /> song phfldng, nhidu the m a n h xay dflng thfldng hieu hang hoa.<br /> hoa ke tren hdu he't Iai do<br /> cua cd hai b e n cdn chfla dfldc da dang hod mat hang XK. dac<br /> thfldng n h a n Viet Nam lam a n<br /> khai thdc. Nhidu mat hang XK biet coi trpng chfl tin trong kinh<br /> sinh sdng d Sec thflc hien. Sau<br /> the manh cua Viet Nam cdn deanh de ldm an lau ddi. Thdi<br /> khi Sec hdi n h a p sau rpng hdn<br /> chfla cd mat d thi trfldng Sec. gian qua, cd nhidu mat hdng XK<br /> mpt sd nganh cdng nghiep the vdo khu vflc, quan he giao<br /> cua Viet Nam nhfl gao, che, rau<br /> manh cua Sec de'n nay chfla cd thfldng dfldc md rdng, dfldng<br /> qud... chfla dfldc thi trfldng Sec<br /> dfl an ddu tfl ndo tai Viet Nam. bien gidi qud'c gia vdi cdc nfldc<br /> fla chudng vi chat Ifldng khong<br /> Treng thdi gian tdi, hai ben se EU khdng cdn ngan cdch, thi<br /> ddng deu tham ehi ngay trong<br /> cd nhflng bien phdp cu the de hang hod cua Viet Nam XK vdo met Id hdng, bao bi ddng gdi<br /> khdc phuc han che nay. Cac DN Sec khdng chi b a n cho khdeh khdng tien dung lai kem hap<br /> cua hai nfldc cung cdn cd sfl hang Sec, ma con de'n vdi ngfldi ddn, gid cd hdng hod lai cao hdn<br /> thay ddi trong cdch nhin ddi vdi tieu dung d nhieu nfldc Idng so vdi nhflng san pham cung loai<br /> thi trfldng cua mdi ben. Lau nay, gidng nhfl Dflc, Ao... eua nhieu nfldc khdc dang tieu<br /> cdc DN Viet Nam van quan niem Dd'i vdi cdc DN Sec, de'n nay thu tren thi tnfdng •<br /> 2 6 1 THUUHG MAI So 10/2011<br />