Nghiên cứu về tầng lớp trung lưu: Từ kinh nghiệm Châu Á đến thực tiễn Việt Nam

t au UOl ngniep vu<br /> <br /> Xdhgihgc,s62(138),2017<br /> <br /> 81<br /> <br /> NGHIEN CUtJ VE TANG L O P TRUNG LUTJ: TlT KINH NGHIEM<br /> CHAU A DEN THI/C TIEN VIET NAM'<br /> TRINH DUY LUAN*<br /> <br /> Torn tat: Bdi viit md ddu vdi khdi ni^m xd h0i hgc vi tdng lap trung luu vd cdc yi<br /> td cdu thdnh bao gdm tdng Idp trung luu "ca" vd "mdi". S{r hinh thdnh nhiing tdng la<br /> trung luu mdi d chdu A vd khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd nhiing dgc diim rieng vd ddng nhit<br /> vai trd khdc nhau trong ddi sdng chinh tri, kinh ti xd hgi vd vdn hda a mdi qude gia.<br /> Vi$t Nam, qud trinh cdng nghi$p hda, hi$n dgi hda vd phdt triin kinh ti thi trudng d<br /> hudng XHCN da ldm hinh thdnh tdng Idp trung luu vdi ndng cdt la nhdm doanh nhdn<br /> nhiing chuyen gia trinh do chimin mdn cao vd gidi qudn ly. Diim ludn nhiing nghien c<br /> gdn day nhdm nhgn di$n vd "dinh hinh " tdng Idp trung luu d Vi$t Nam hiin nay, bdi<br /> chi ra mdt sd vdn phuang phdp ludn vd phuang phdp do ludng tdng Idp trung liru a Vi^<br /> Nam hien nay cdn dugc luu y trong nhiing nghien cuu tiip theo vi chu di nay.<br /> Tirkhda: tdng Idp trung luu, giai cdp trung luu, gia &ih trung luu, Ddng Nam A.<br /> 1. Khai niem<br /> Sy xudt hipn ciia tdng lap trung luu (TLTL) hay (cae) giai cdp trung luu (GCTL) dd<br /> dugc de cap tren sach bao khoa hpc xa hOi, xd hOi hpc tren the gidi tiong nhilu thap ky<br /> qua. Da co nhieu tranh ludn xung quanh ndi ham, phgm vi bao qudt cda khai niem nay.<br /> Ben cgnh do, cac van de nhu sy xuat hipn, nhdng ddc dilm vd vai tid kinh tl, xa hOi,<br /> chinh tri cua tang lap trung luu trong cdc xa hOi khdc nhau cimg da va dang dugctieptyc<br /> thao ludn trdn cac diln dan khoa hoc xd hOi. Vl mdt thuat ngii, dang luu y la tiong sach<br /> bdo khoa hpc xd hOi bdng tilng Anh, cum td "middle class" ("giai cdp trung luu") dugc<br /> su dung phd biln hon cym tu "middle stiatum" ("tang lop trung luu"). Trong khi d ViOt<br /> Nam, chling ta hdu nhu ehi diing cym td "tdng Idptiimgluu" md hilm khi gpi do la "giai<br /> cap tnmg luu"^.<br /> Hgi Xahgi hgc Vi4t Nam.<br /> ' Bii viet trong khuon k h i d l tii; Gia dinh trung luu a Vifl Nam v&i cdc qud trinh phdi triin kinh te - xd hgi<br /> - vdn hoa. Ma s i : KHXH-GD/16-19/12 thupc Chuong trinh NCKH cdp BO "Nghign clhi dinh gid ting thi<br /> vl gia dinh thdi kj* cdng nghif p h6a, hi^n dai hda dat midc, hOi nhSp quIc te". Vifn Hin tSm Khoa hpc xS<br /> hOi Vi?t Nam.<br /> ^ Vi the, tir diy v^ sau, cym ttr "giai cap trung luu" (GCTL) s5 duyc chung toi sii dyng khi n6i v^<br /> nghiSn cuu cua c i c tac gid nude ngoii, cdn cym td TLTL sS duyc sijr dyng khi n6i v l cdc nghiSn cihi ij<br /> Vi^t Nam.<br /> <br /> 82<br /> <br /> Nghien cHu vi tdng lop tnmg luu ..<br /> <br /> Trong Td diln Xd hdi hpc Oxford (Marshall, 1998: 648-649), tren nhilu phuong<br /> dipn, GCTL la thuat ngd ma gidi hpc thuat it hdi ldng nhdt khi sd dyng vdi vide co gdng<br /> dinh nghia nd tiong mdt cdu ngan gpn: dd Id radt giai cap ed ehung tinh trgng vide lam va<br /> thi trudng. Tren thuc tl, GCTL tiong cac xa hOi cdng nghiep hon mOt thi ky qua da dupe<br /> md ra rdt rdng, thdnh mpt tap hgp ngudi bao gdm tu giam ddc cac cdng ty cho din nhihig<br /> ngudi thu ky cua hg - dilu md kho co the coi la phu hgp.<br /> Trong lugn gidi thdng thudng thi tat ca cdc logi cdng nhdn cd trdng deu thupc<br /> GCTL, nhung v l mat xa hOi hoc, csdn phan chia giai cdp nay thanh cdc nhdm khac nhau<br /> theo tieu chi la hp chia se nhiing cdng vi$c, thf trudng vd vi the chung. Chdng hgn, John<br /> H. Goldthorpe tiong cdng tiinh "Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modem Britm"<br /> dd phdn biet mOt giai cdp dich vy gdm nhfing nhd qudn ly cao cap vd edc nhd chuyen<br /> mdn, vdi giai cdp dich vu tre hodc cap thdp hon, thi bao gdm nhiing nha chuyen mdn cq><br /> thdp hon nhu giao vien, eae nha quan ly va quan tri tre, nhdn vidn hdnh chinh, nhihig<br /> ngudi lam edng viee khdng phdi chan tay, nhu kd todn, thu ky; vd nhdng ngudi sd huu<br /> doanh nghipp nhd (nhu trudc ddy vin ggi Id tiiu tu sdn). Tuong dng thi giai cdp dich v\i<br /> dugc gpi la "GCTLtren" (upper-middle class), giai cdp dich vy tre dugc gpi Id "GCTL"<br /> (middle class), nhung nhdm cdn lgi gpi chung la "GCTL dudi" (lower-middle class).<br /> Chdng hgn, d Anh, "GCTL tren" bao gdm khodng 10% ddn sd, "GCTL" chilm khodng<br /> 20% va "GCTL thdp" ciing chiem khoang 20% nua. Tinh gOp lai, GCTL la giai cap Ion<br /> nhdt tiong cdu true xa hOi Anh (Goldthorpe, 1980).<br /> Tuy nhien, mdt so nha xd hOi hgc, ddc bipt la nhiing ngudi theo quan diem Macxit, khdng chap nhan viec coi tat ca edng nhan cd trdng deu thuOc GCTL, dya tidn co scr<br /> la tinh tigng vipc lam cua hp nhm chung la tuang duang (ho^c thOm chi cdn kem hon)<br /> so vdi nhfing thanh vidn cua giai cap cdng nhdn. Hg thich gpi nhdm nay Id giai cap<br /> cdng nhdn mdi. Dd la quan diem ma phdn Idn cdng nhdn cd trang khdng ddng tinh ciing<br /> nhu khdng cd du bdng chdng xa hdi hgc. Ciing nhu vdy, thuat ngfi "GCTL" gid day<br /> thudng dugc cac nha bao va cac nhd chinh tri su dung (tdt ban) thay cho cum td "so<br /> ddng/ qudn chdng trung luu" (middle mass), chi nhung ngudi cd thu nhap gan vdi thu<br /> nhgp trung binh.<br /> Nhfing sd lipu td cuOc nghidn cdu cd quy md qude gia d Anh cua Marshal Gordon<br /> va cOng sy (dugc cdng bd tiong Social Class in Modern Britain, 1984) cho thdy: ngudi<br /> dan cd :^ kiln khd phdn bipt vl thdnh phdn ciia GCTL. Chdng hgn, 35% ngudi dugc hdi<br /> eho rdng GCTL bao gdm nhfing nha ehuyen mdn; 11% thi chi nhdc din cae nhd qudn 1^;<br /> va 7% eoi GCTL la tdt ca eae cdng nhdn cd trang.<br /> Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhfing y kiln cho rdng cd mOt vai kilu loai GCTL khac nhau.<br /> Chdng hgn, GCTL dugc phan chia thdnh "GCTL mdi" (bao gdm cdc nha chuyen mon<br /> hudng luong, quan tii ky thudt, cdng nhan c l trdng lam quan ly - nhfing ngudi cd kj^ ndng<br /> vd kinh nghipm dac bipt); "GCTL cu" (bao gdm nhung ngudi sd huunhd vd nhfing ngudi<br /> tu kmh doanh); vd "GCTL ngoai bien" (marginal middle class), bao gdm nhfing cdng<br /> nhdn hudng luong ldm lao ddng thd so va cae cdng nhdn lam djch vy cd nhdn. Mdc dO tdi<br /> sdn xuat vj the cua cac nhdm nhd nay, muc dp c l kit xd hOi eiia hg nhu mpt giai cdp/ tang<br /> <br /> Trjnh Duy Ludn<br /> <br /> 83<br /> <br /> Idp, vd vide hg cd mOt vdn hda giai cdp rieng hay khdng - la khde nhau gida cac xd hdi<br /> (Erikson va Goldtiiorpe, 1992).<br /> 2. Sur xuat hipn cua (cac)'^ giai cap trung luu d Chau A va nhung dgc diem cua chung<br /> Cdc nha xa hpi hpc chdu A da cd nhiing nghidn cdu budc dau lam sdng td ve eai gpi<br /> Id GCTL d chau A, qua mOt sd quoc gia/ vung lanh tho dai dipn. Chi din gdn day mdi cd<br /> nhfing nghidn cdu so sdnh va toan dien dl hilu duge nhung ddc dilm ehung cung nhu sy<br /> da dang cua cdc GCTL chdu A td nhieu edch tilp cgn. Nhiing hien thyc cua chau A dugc<br /> xem nhu la mOt bdi cdnh khu vyc dde thu ma GCTL Idn len td do, va vi thi d day khdng<br /> the dp dyng cac kinh nghipm vd md hinh cua phuang Tdy mOt cdch gidn don.<br /> Nhin vdo cac GCTL td chilu cgnh v; thi dgt dugc (status attainment/ achieved<br /> status), mOt sd tdc gid da chu y den qua trinh cdng nghipp hda - nhu la nhan td da thdc day<br /> su CO dOng xa hOi vd bien ddi vi the trong cae eau tnic phan tang. Hg thdng nhat djnh<br /> nghia (cdc) GCTL la nhfing ngudi xudt hiOn do kit qud cua su co dOng xa hOi va chiem<br /> dugc vi the nhu vay (Tunin, 1967; Treiman, 1977). Ngoai ra hg cung luu y rdng hinh anh<br /> vl uy tin va vai tid cua GCTL gifia cac nude d chdu A Id rdt khdc nhau, va chung cung<br /> phan anh nhfing con dudng hiOn dai hda khdc nhau eiia cae nuoc nay.<br /> Vao dau nhiing ndm 2000, mdt series cdc nghien cuu tien ehu de "Sy xudt hidn eua<br /> GCTL d chau A va nhfing ddc dilm eua chiing" da dugc tiln hanh tgi 6 qude gia vd viing<br /> lanh thi gdm: Han Qude, Hing Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines va Thdi Lan. Cac<br /> nghien cdu dd phdn tich bdi cdnh vd nguon gdc xd hdi xuat than cua GCTL, chi ra nhiing<br /> ddc dilm cua (cdc) GCTL, vd tii day tim hilu vai trd xd hdi va chinh tri ma GCTL chilm<br /> gifi d moi qude gia / vung lanh thi dugc nghien cdu (Xem series cdc bai viet tren Tap chi<br /> The Developing Economies, XLI-2 (June 2003: 161-284), vdi cdc tdc gia duge tiich ddn<br /> dudi ddy).<br /> Qud tiinh hipn dai hda va tdng trudng kinh t l d chau A cho thdy nhfing dgc dilm rdt<br /> khac so vdi nhfing qude gia phuong Tdy - noi hipn dai hda didn ra tudn ty, trong vai thi<br /> ky. 6 chau A, hien dgi hda bdt ddu muOn hon nhung lgi dien ra tix)ng khoang thdi gian<br /> ngdn hon dudi hinh thdc "cdng nghiOp hda nit ngdn". Hon niia, trii hai qude gia Nhat Ban<br /> va Thai Lan, thi cac nude dugc nghien cdu diu da tdng la thuOc dia cua cac cudng quoc<br /> phuang Tay. Chi dO thupc dja dd cd nhihig tdc dOng nhdt dinh din hien dai hoa, nhung<br /> qua tiinh ndy chi tiiyc sy hipn huu td sau Chiln tranh Thi gidi idn tiid 2, khi phdn Idn cdc<br /> qude gia - dan tgc mdi gidnh dugc dOc Igp tin rdng tdng trudng kmh te cd the la ly do<br /> sdng cdn cua hg, dd bdt ddu tiln hdnh hipn dgi hoa. Vdi nhfing cd gdng nhdm dgt tdi myc<br /> tieu tdng trudng, hg thudng xdc Igp ben tiong bien gidi cua minh cdi ggi la nhung che do<br /> theo chu nghia phdt trien dOc tai (Tamura, 2003).<br /> Do qua trinh cdng nghipp hda nit ngdn, cdc ddng di cu ndng tiidn - do thi d chdu A<br /> tdng manh, kit qud la GCTL do tiii ddu tien Id sy "kit ndi/ hda tidn cua rdt nhilu nguon<br /> * Cym tir GCTL vii cdc GCTL c6 nghTa khdc nhau. Khi sii dyng n6 d s6 ft, li dl nhic din GCTL trong xa<br /> hOi phuong TSy, c6n d thi si nhieu (cdc GCTL) 14 dl chi phiic hpp cic giai cap xa hgi khic nhau, dang xudt<br /> hifnfifcic quIc gia ehiu A hi$n nay.<br /> <br /> 84<br /> <br /> Nghien cuu ve lang lap tnmg Iteu ..<br /> <br /> g6c xa h6i khac nhau". Hon nOa, mot the he dac biet nh&ig cu dan do thi roi que huong<br /> ra do tiii lap nghiep, nhung vhi di bo me 6 lai, van con bdo luu manh mg nhihig gid tri<br /> nong thon cua minh. Co thS con qua sdm de khdng djnh ho se gia nhap mgt giai cap - g6c<br /> d6 thi th6ng qua "hon nhan npi bp giai cap", nhung trSn thuc te thi hiSn nay ho khong c6n<br /> luu giu: ca y thiic giai cdp l§n van hoa giai cap cua rieng minh nQa.<br /> GCTL chau A hien nay khdng c6 nhung ddc diem nhu GCTL a chau Au tni6c day,<br /> v6n du(?c phan bi^t vdi cdc giai tdng khdc bdi vdn hoa va y thiic (Giddens, 1973), ciing<br /> khdng gidng vdi "quan chung trung luu mdi" d Nhgt Ban, von khong cd bat ky vj the hay<br /> bieu tnmg dac bi^t nao cua rieng hg (Murakami, 1984). Vi the, GCTL chau A chi cd thi<br /> dugc phac hoa, it nhat vao thdi gian nay, nhu la mgt tdng lap trung gian giiia TLTL dual<br /> vd TLTL trin. GCTL chdu A chia se nhiing ddc diSm chung d mdt mijrc dg dang ke, song<br /> hinh hai thuc tg cila GCTL d mdi nude 1^ rdt khdc khi so vdi GCTL ciia mdt nude khac,<br /> tiiy thugc vao nhieu nhan td. Cac nhdn td nay bao gdm nhfing tiSn de eua hi^n dai h6a,<br /> qud trinh tang trudrig kinh tg (dac bi^t, tdc do phat triln va each thiic ma cdc dong di cu<br /> ndng thdn - dd thi diln ra), cdc chuong trinh chfnh sach ma chinh phu theo dudi, va<br /> nhOng didu ki$n mdi trudng. Vi v^y khi chi ra sir xuat hien vd cdc d ^ didm ciia hg, ta sg<br /> d6ng thdi thay dugc ca su da dang ciia cac GCTL d chdu A.<br /> Nghien ciiu tnrdmg hgp cua Han Qude, Arita Shin (2003) cho thiy GCTL d day di<br /> Idn len trong bdi canh cua cac ddng di cu lao dgng o ^t tir ndng thdn ra dd thj cimg vdi<br /> qud trinh cong nghiep hoa rid ngdn, vdi s\f phdt tridn rdt nhanh cua giao due. Tat ci<br /> nhihig dieu kien nay dd thuc day qua trinh co dgng xa hgi, dugc dac trung rdt rd bdi s\l<br /> lien kdt xa hgi nhiing con ngudi c6 ngudn gdc xd hgi rdt khdc nhau. NhOng s(t lien kdt nay<br /> tao ra mgt cdu triic phdn tdng khdc thudng bdi nhiing kenh quan trgng dd di ddng di len,<br /> bao gdm khdng chi sif di dgng tir GCTL cu thdnh GCTL mdi, ma con tir cdng nhan va<br /> ndng ddn trd thanh GCTL cu (dudi hmh thiic co dgng bdn trong thi h$ hojc giiia cac th6<br /> h g . Hon nta, vi$c it cd nhiing rao cdn ddi vdi di ddng di Idn dudng nhu ciing phdn nao<br /> gidi thich vi sao GCTL Hdn Qude khd cd thd nudi dudng mgt vSn hda rieng ciia hg.<br /> Hdng Kong, Singapore vd Malaysia thi rat khdc vdi Han Qude. Dd hidu ve GCTL<br /> ciia eac nude hay vimg Idnh thd nay cdn phdi tinh ddn nhiJng tidn dd cho edng cuOc hi?n<br /> dji hda ciia hg, bao gom ndn dgc l^p va nhiing hidn ddi chinh tr) di kem, ciing nhu ddc<br /> diem cua hg nhu nhimg nha nude - ddn tdc hay nhOng thdnh phd thugc dia cu.<br /> Theo Tai-Lok Lui (2003), su xudt hien cua GCTL mdi trong lich sii cua Hong Kong<br /> tir mdt thanh phd thuOc dia ddn khi trd vd vdi Trung Qude, da la mgt tien dd khidn GCTL<br /> Hdng Kdng cd phan mien cudng khi phdi ed nhihig hanh dgng chinh trj d^a trdn sdng Men<br /> ridng ciia minh. O Hdng Kdng khdng cd ndn ndng nghi$p ndn GCTL mdi thudng xudt hi?n<br /> tir nhiing ngudi nhdp cu nhanh chdng thanh dat vd di Idn. NhOng ngudi thugc GTCL moi<br /> cua Hong Kdng dugc phac hpa nhu la nhOng ngudi khat khao theo duoi edc lgi ich kinh tl<br /> vd thd o vdi chinh tri ddn mOc hg phdi vi|n den chidn luge thdo chay khdi Hdng Kdng.<br /> d Singapore, theo Keiko Tamura (2003), s\r thd a vi chinh trj cila GCTL dien ra<br /> trong mgt nhd nude - dd thj, khdng cd ndng nghiep, gin gidng nhu H6ng Kdng. 0<br /> <br /> Trinh Duy Ludn 85<br /> Singapore, hp thdng ehinh tri do chinh phu ndm gifi vd thyc thi cae chinh sach nhdm nudi<br /> dudng mOt GCTL tinh hoa. Dilu ndy dugc xem nhu Id nguyen nhan chinh tgo ra sy xa<br /> Idnh ve chinh tri cua GCTL. De hieu la, dl bdo ddm cho sy tin tgi va dn dinh chinh tri cda<br /> mOt qude gia - dd thi nhd nhu Singapore, chi dO chinh tr; dudi su lanh dgo cda Dang<br /> Hdnh dOng Nhan ddn datichcue theo dull nhfing chinh sdch phat triln ngudn nhdn lye va<br /> chinh sdch gido dye nham nudi duong mOt GCTL mdi vdi rdt nhilu uu dai. Dugc mOt<br /> chinh phu manh h§ trg nhu vgy, GCTL Singapore din nay van hit sue ung hO chinh phu<br /> tiong vice duy tri tang trudng kinh tl nhanh va bao dam edc phdc lgi vdt chdt, tuy nhien,<br /> hp Cling rat hoai nghi ve trien vpng ddn chu hda dat nude.<br /> Trong mpt quoc gia da sac tOe nhu Malaysia, net ndi bat cda GCTL Malaysia xudt<br /> phdt td nhung sang kien manh me cua ehinh phdtiongvipc nudi dudng mOt nhdm sdc tOc<br /> ddc biOt, nhdm ngudi Malay. Trong khi da dang hda cdc chinh sach kinh tl cda mhih,<br /> chinh phd Malaysia coi GCTL ngudi Malay nhu la nhihig dai didn chd ylu cda phat trien<br /> kinh tl, cho du dinh nghia vl cdc GCTL va nOi dung eiia cac chinh sach nudi dudng<br /> chdng diu thay ddi theo thdi gian. Do GCTL Malaysia ludn nhgn dugc sy ho trg chu ylu<br /> ciia chinh phu, nen cd le \i the cho din 1999, hg vdn mang tinh bdo thu vl chinh tri<br /> (Torii, 2003).<br /> Vuang qude Thdi Lan, vdi khu vyc ndng nghiOp rOng Idn, di cu ndng thdn - dd thi<br /> mang tinh tuan hoan, ngudi di eu td ndng thdn van khd dinh cu d dd thi va thudng phai<br /> quay ve nai xuat cu. GCTL Thai Lan da xuat hipn trong mdi trudng kinh te xa hOi nhu vgy,<br /> noi ma eo sy tap trung nhieu ca hOi (nhu cd dugc hpc vdn/ gido due) cho sy di dgng di Idn<br /> /thang tiln d cac thanh phd, ddc biet la d thu dd Bangkok. Hg thudng cd nguon gdc td cdc<br /> tdng lop xa hOi thdp d dd thi. Ddng thdi, mSu; du ddtiaiqua su ket ndi cae nhdm cd nguIn<br /> gdc xd hpi khac nhau, GCTL Thai Lan vl ca bdn van cdn kha ddng nhdt theo nghia la tap<br /> hgp nhung ngudi cd hoc vdn (Funatsu vd Kagoya, 2003).<br /> Tgi Philippines, qua trinh hien dgi hda ddt nude Igi diln ra kha chdm chgp, bdi ty<br /> Ip tdng trudng cua khu vuc kinh tl hipn dgi khdng du mgnh de cd the tuyen chgn dugc<br /> nhieu lao dgng hon. Dilu nay dd anh hudng din d|c diem eua GCTL Philippines vd<br /> nhihig vai trd chinh tri cua nd, vdi sd lugng tuong doi nhd cung vdi mdc dp cl kit xd<br /> hOi cdn thdp. Mdc du ho dang d mOt vj tri cd thi thdch thdc nen chinh tii truyin thing<br /> qua vipc dua ra nhftng md hinh mdi trong tham gia chinh tri, song mdc dp cd kit xd hOi<br /> tiidp dd khiln hg thudng phai tham gia vdo nhfing trd choi lien kit hay to chdc Igi, md<br /> kit qud thudng la sy thdt bai va khdng gdy dyng dugc cho minh nhung dnh hudng chinh<br /> trj dd manh (Kimura, 2003).<br /> Nhin chung, GCTL cda chdu A ra ddi trong qua trinh cdng nghiOp hda va hiOn<br /> dai hda thdng qua su ca dOng xa hOi di Idn trong ca cdu phdn tdng xa hpi vd c6<br /> ngudn gdc xd hOi rdt da dang. Nhfing khdc bipt gifia cdc nude ve cac tidn de cho phdt<br /> triln va cdc chinh sach phat triln, vl ca cdu xd hpi trudc do, dang co nhiing anh<br /> hudng sdu rOng din ddc diem cua GCTL, thgm chi dnh hudng cd din thai dO chinh<br /> tri cua hg. GCTL chdu A dang chilm gifi nhfing vai trd nhdt dinh trong quan hp vdi<br /> nha nude, ddc bipt trong tdng trudng kinh tl, thdc day dan chu hda x3 hOi, tham gia<br /> <br />