160 Nghien cdu xac dinh thanh phan cac nguyen to vi Iugng tronp dau md d Vift Nam<br />
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NGHIEN CUtJ XAC DINH THANH PHAN<br />
CAC NGUYEN TO VI LUONG TRONG DAU M O 6 VIET NAM<br />
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Le Khanh Phdn, Le Van Binh, Le Hai An<br />
Dai hpc Md - Dja chdt<br />
Dinh Thj Lien<br />
Vien Cdng nghexa hiem<br />
Nguyen Quang Mien<br />
Vien Khdo cd hoc Viet Nam<br />
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TOM TAT<br />
Kit qud phdn tieh thdnh phdn cdc nguyen td vi lugng mpt sd mdu ddu ciia Viet Nam<br />
bdng ky thuat hgt nhdn cd thi giup viec xdc dinh ngudn gdc ddu md, nghien cim ky thuat<br />
vd cdng nghi chi biin ddu md vd cdc sdn phdm tir ddu md. Cdn sir dung cd hiiu qud ede<br />
phuang phdp vd thiit bi phdn tieh hgt nhdn hien dgi hien cd a Viet Nam phuc vu cho<br />
Ngdnh Ddu khi - mpt ngdnh kinh ti miii nhgn ciia ddt nude.<br />
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Sir C A N T H I E T X A C D I N H T H A N H P H A N C A C N G U Y E N TO VI H / O N G<br />
TRONG D A U M 6<br />
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Trong thanh phan ciia dau md da tim thay hau bet eae nguyen td trong bang tuan<br />
hoan Mendeleep vdi vi ham lugmg rat khae nhau. Ngoai cac nguyen td tao nen<br />
hydrocarbua la thanh phan co ban eua dau md cd ham lugmg cao, eae nguyen td khae cd<br />
mat trong dau dudi dang vi lugng n.lO"^ -^ n.lO'^^mc.g/g. Viec phan tich va xac djnh su cd<br />
mat va ham lugmg ciia cac nguyen td vi lugmg trong dau md la can thiet, dac biet la ddi vdi<br />
cac nguyen td dge hai va nguge lai la cac nguyen td quy hiem. Ket qua phan tich dugc su-<br />
dung rdng rai trudc het la trong ky thuat va edng nghe che bien dau md va eae san pham<br />
tir dau md, tiep den la nghien cim, lien ket de xac djnh ngudn gdc cua dau md, mdt van de<br />
cho den nay van cdn nhieu tranh cai. Trong tuong lai chic chin se tim ra ky thuat, cdng<br />
nghe de thu hdi eae nguyen td quy hiem de phye vy cho cudc sdng.<br />
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PHUONG P H A P P H A N TICH<br />
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Cd nhieu cae phuang phap xac djnh thanh phan va ham lugmg cua cac nguyen td hoa<br />
hgc trong cac hgp chat va trong hdn hgp cae hgp chat: ddi vdi cae nguyen td cd ham<br />
lugng cao ed the sir dyng phuong phap boa hgc; cac nguyen td vi lugng thudng duge xac<br />
djnh bang cac phuong phap quang phd. Cac nha nghien ciiu vat ly hat nhan Nga, Ba Lan<br />
va Viet Nam da de xuat va ap dyng phuang phap phan tich bang kich boat hat nhan va<br />
phuong phap huynh quang tia X dl xac djnh thanh phan va ham lugng ciia cae nguyen to<br />
vi lugng trong dau md. Day la eae phuong phap dem lai hieu qua eao, cd thi xac djnh<br />
dugc cac nguyen td cd mat trong diu md vdi ham lugng n. 10' -H n. lO'Vg-<br />
ruyin tap bao cap Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dau khf Vift Nam: Cff hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 1^<br />
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1. Phuong phap kich hoat<br />
Phan tich kich boat la ky thuat phan tich diing phan iing hat nhan phat sinh giira<br />
lotron, hat mang dien, biic xa y va cac nguyen td chiia trong miu vat lam cho cac nguyen<br />
;d trd thanh cac nguyen to phdng xa (tiic la boat hoa mau vat), sau dd do dae trung phan ra<br />
:iia cac hat nhan phdng xa dd (chu ky ban ra, nang lugmg biic xa, cudng do biic xa,<br />
v.v...), dimg de xac dinh chiing loai va ham Iugng cac nguyen td chiia trong miu vat. Do<br />
ihay phan tich kich boat ddi vdi ham lugmg kim loai trong cac mau dau cd the dat tdi<br />
i.lO-Vn.loVg-<br />
2. Phuong phap huynh quang dac trung X (hay cdn goi la phuong phap huynh<br />
quang tia X)<br />
Phuong phap huynh quang tia X dugc diing de xac djnh chiing loai va ham lugng<br />
nguyen td. Nguyen ly cdng tac ciia nd la Igi dung biirc xa ben ngoai kich thich mau vat can<br />
io, lam eho nguyen tir ciia nd phat ra biie xa X dac trtmg, do nang lugng cua biic xa X dac<br />
tnmg nay cd the xac dinh chung loai nguyen td trong mau vat. Can ciir suat lieu chieu cua<br />
biic xa X dac tnmg thi cd the xac dinh ham lugmg ciia cac nguyen td nay.<br />
Cd mdt sd bien the cua phuong phap huynh quang X nhu phuong phap huynh quang<br />
X diing ngudn ddng vi phdng xa, phuong phap phd Ronghen huynh quang nang lugng tan<br />
)ca diing dng Ranghen, v.v..<br />
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KET QUA vA THAO LUAN<br />
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1. Ket qua phan tich<br />
Tren Hinh I va Bang 1 dua ra kit qua phan tich ham lugng cac nguyen td vi lugmg<br />
trong mdt sd mau dau cua Viet Nam bang phuong phap huynh quang X diing ngudn ddng<br />
Vi '"^Cd. in II I -n" -jKi i"tn '••'•.••'"*.-<br />
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Miu mo Tatarija<br />
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« n «<br />
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Hinh 1: Ket qua phan tich tren<br />
tnay huynh quang tia-X: mau dau<br />
tho mo Rong; mau gieng khoan<br />
8045C tinh Tatarija (Nga); mau<br />
dau tho Bach Ho. Do pho bang<br />
detector Ge(Ii) nguon Cd-109.<br />
Thoi gian do 1800 giay<br />
162 Nghien cdu xac djnh thanh phan cac nguyen to vi lu-gTig trong dSu md ff Vift Nam<br />
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Bang 1: Ket qua phan tich ham luong cac nguyen to vi luong<br />
trong mau dau mo Bach Ho va Rong ciia Viet Nam<br />
Hdm lugng nguyen td (mcg/g)<br />
V Ni Co Cu Mn Fe Sc Zn Ge Pb Sr U<br />
Md Rdng<br />
- 9,55 5 0,5 1,5 25 + 13 ++ 3,18 0,15 0,15<br />
Md Bach<br />
Hd<br />
Mau 1 - 15 - 0,6 - 30 0,08 20 0,06 3,5 - -<br />
Mau 2 - 20 - 0,8 - 50 0,1 40 0,05 2,8 - -<br />
Mau 3 - 20 - 0,7 - 100 0,05 60 0,07 1,9 - -<br />
Mau 2 - 30 - 0,6 - 80 0,07 60 0,06 2,2 - -<br />
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2. Nhan djnh ve ket qua phan tich<br />
• Cac chuyen gia vl dja boa diu khi diu cd nhan djnh chung: Trong thanh phan<br />
cua diu md da tim thiy hiu hit cae nguyen td trong bang tuan hoan Mendeleep<br />
vdi vi ham lugng, rit khae nhau, tap trung trong smol va asfalt. Cae nguyen td ed<br />
ham lugmg cao hon ca la V va Ni, it hom nira la U [1, 3, 4, 8]. Ham lugng cao ciia<br />
V cd thi thiy trong diu nhilu luu huynh (din 0,04%)), cdn Ni cd ham lugmg cao<br />
trong diu nhilu nito (din 0,01%)). Urani thudng duge cac cau tir smol-asfalt hap<br />
thy tir nude via va cd ham lugng eao ban trong nude cac tich tu dau bj pha buy<br />
[4, 8]. Kit qua phan tich thi hien trong Bang I cho thay V trong miu dau ciia cac<br />
md Rdng va Bach Hd hau nhu vang mat, ehi cho dau vet la hoan toan phii hgp<br />
vdi nhan djnh tren vi dau cua cae md Rdng va Bach Hd it Itm huynh (Rdng:<br />
0,04%o; Baeh Ho: Mdng - 0,038%; Oligocen dudi - 0,048%); Oligocen tren -<br />
0,09%, Miocen dudi - 0,134%) [5].<br />
• Theo Chacmacchev ed the phan loai vat chat hiru co (tudng, ngudn gdc) can cii<br />
vao su cd mat va ham lugmg cua cac nguyen td vi lugmg: VCHC loai III ehiia it<br />
Ni va dac biet la V (V/Ni < I, V/Fe < I tuomg tu nhu trong porfirill). Trong dau<br />
sinh tir VCHC nay tdng ham lugmg trung binh Ni + V < lOOmc.g/g. Dau sinh tir<br />
VCHC loai I, II ehira nhieu Ni va it V, tdng ham lugng trung binh Ni + V ><br />
lOOmc.g/g (V/Ni > 1) [3]. Dau trong md Bach Hd sinh tir kerogen loai II pha it<br />
loai III phai chiia Ni cd lan V, nhung trong dau Baeh Hd khdng phat hien V. Tai<br />
sao? Hien tugng nay chi cd the giai thich nhu sau: nghien ciiu qua trinh tao da<br />
ngudi ta nhan thay dau cd su thay the nguyen tir Mg trong nhan porfirill bang<br />
nguyen tii Cu, sau dd la thay the Cu bang Ni va V. Nguyen tir Ni nam trong nhan<br />
eiia mdt cau tnic porfirill va chii yeu nam trong thanh phan ciia smol (Ni nhieu<br />
trong smol), cdn nguyen tir V ed hoa trj 5 phai lien ket ddng thdi vdi hai nhan<br />
porfirill [4] nen ehu yeu nam trong asfalt (V nhieu trong asfalt) [1]. Smol va dac<br />
biet la asfalt da bi loai bd co ban trong qua trinh tien boa nhiet va di chuyen eua<br />
diu md tir da sinh vao via chiia [2, 3]. Chinh vi vay, tai md Bach Hd, ham lugng<br />
amol va asfalt trong diu la nhd (mdng: 2,55%); Oligocen dudi: 3,21% Oligocen<br />
Tuyin tap bao eao Hgi nghi KHCN "30 nam D5u khi Vift Nam: Cff hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 163<br />
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tren; 6,18%), Miocen dudi: 13,99%) [5]) va duong nhien ham lugng Ni va V trong<br />
dau ciing nhd.<br />
• Theo Tikhdmirov B.Y. va Razumova E.R., cac nguyen td vi lugmg cd mat trong<br />
tat ca cac phan doan eiia dau md vdi ham lugmg tang dan theo nhiet do sdi. Cd<br />
the phan biet hai nhdm:<br />
- Cae nguyen td hau nhu chi cd trong smol va asfalt: V, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo, B, Ga, Sb,<br />
Hg, v.v...<br />
- Cae nguyen td thudng tap trung trong hydrocarbua nhe: Cu, As, Fe, Pb, I, Br,<br />
Au, v.v...<br />
Trong qua trinh tien boa nhiet dau loai bd dan thanh phan smol - asfalt, ddng thdi<br />
vdi nghTa loai bd bdt ham lugng cac nguyen td vi lugmg, dae biet la cac nguyen td tir<br />
nhdm 1. Khdng phy thude vao tudi ciia dau md, tuong quan ty le tuong ddi ve ham lugmg<br />
giiia cac nguyen td vi lugmg trong dau md va condensat trong eiing mdt khu vyc la gan<br />
nhu nhau, nguyen nhan cd the do eiing ngudn gdc. Song, ve gia trj tuyet ddi ham lugng<br />
eae nguyen td vi lugmg dao ddng trong khoang rat rdng, trong dau md ldn hom nhieu so<br />
vdi condensat, dac biet la cac nguyen td nhu: K, Na, Sr, Ni, V, Cs, Sc. Rieng ddi vdi Au<br />
thi eho hien tugng nguge lai - trong condensat nhieu hon trong dau. Chinh vi vay, ed the<br />
sir dyng dae diem nay de dy doan pha hydrocarbua [2]. Tikhdmirov B.Y. va Razumova<br />
E.R. da de suat bang gia trj ham lugmg eae nguyen td vi lugng, dua vao dd cd the phan<br />
biet trang thai pha eiia hydrocarbua sinh ra tir vat chat hiru co bang ket qua phan tich mau<br />
dau lay duge do thir via ngay tir gieng khoan tim kiem dau tien.<br />
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Bang 2: Bang gia trj ham luong cac nguyen to vi luong dung phan biet trang thai pha<br />
long cua hydrocarbua sinh ra tir vat chat hiru co-<br />
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(Theo Tikhdmirov B. Y. vd Razumova E.R., 1993)<br />
Hdm lugng nguyen td vi lugng (g/g)<br />
Nguyen td vi lirgng<br />
. Dau md Condensat<br />
Br lO-'alO-" 10"'a 10"^<br />
Na, K, Ni 10"^ a 10"' 10"^ a 10"^<br />
V 10"'a 10"^