NHUNG LOI iCH CUA NHA MINH TRONG H |T H O N G TRIEU C O N G<br />
(QUR TRirdNG HOP DM VifT WJ M^TS^NWdfC D6NG NRM d KH6C)<br />
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NGUYEN THJ KIEU TRANG'<br />
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Quan h% sftch phong, tridu cdng Ift<br />
mdt hinh thQe dfte bi^t cua quan h§<br />
Nghi&n cQu quan hd sftch phong, tridu<br />
cdng giQa nha Minh vdi Dai Vi$t va nhidu<br />
bang giao giQa Trung Qudc vft cac nUdc nude Ddng Nam A khae nhu Chftmpa,<br />
lang gidng thdi phong kidn. Trong dd, cae Ayuthaya, Malacca, Java, chiing tdi th^y<br />
vUdng tridu Trung Qude vdi Uu thd vd kinh nh^n xdt trSn khdng phQ hpp. Cd thi, ddi<br />
td, chfnh tri, quan sU, van hda, tU eho minh vdi mdt sd nude b xa thi luc ddu nha Minh<br />
1ft "Thien tridu, ThUdng qudc", cd quydn phai tftng quft hau hinh, chju ton k6m hdn<br />
phong tude cho vua cftc nude nhd. NgUde lai, dd mua chupe, loi kdo hp thidt Iftp quan h§.<br />
de dUde phong vUdng, di thidt Iftp va duy tri Tuy v^y, quan h% cua nhft Minh vdi cac<br />
quan h§ vdi Trung Qude, vua eae nQdc nfty nude nay chi tdn tai trong mot thdi gian<br />
phai edu phong vft phai thQe thi cac nghia ngftn. Trong khi dd, quan h$ sftch phong,<br />
vu vdi "thien trieu", ma nghia vu quan trong tridu cdng giQa nhft Minh vdi Dai Vi§t va<br />
nha't la phai trieu cdng theo dinh ki. Sach cftc nude Iftng gidng gdn gui cua Trung<br />
phong, trieu cdng ddn ddn trd thanh md Qudc b Ddng Nam A dupe duy t n rft^t lau<br />
thQe chu ydu trong quan hg giQa Trung dfti. Vft'n dd b dky ehi c6 thd Ift Ipi fch. Ro<br />
Qudc vdi cae nQdc Iftng gidng trong sudt thdi rang la ndu Ipi fch tdng thd cua "thien<br />
phong kidn. Mo thQe nay xudt hipn tQ thdi tridu" mft nho hdn ldi ieh cua "ehU hdu" thi<br />
Tay Hftn, khdng ngUng dQpe md rpng thftnh quan h$ nfty khdng the tdn tai trong nhidu<br />
he thdng va tdi thdi Minh (1368-1644) thi thd ki dupe. Tren quan didm dd, bfti vidt<br />
dat tdi dinh diem cua sU phat tridn. H§ mong mud'n phftn tfch ro hdn nhQng Ipi ich<br />
thdng trieu cdng nfty dUpe xfty dQng, duy trJ chfnh trj, kinh td ed ban cua nhft Minh<br />
va phat trien dUa tren nhidu ed sd, nhUng cd trong h§ thdng tridu cd'ng (qua trUdng hdp<br />
sd co't loi 1ft ldi ich. Tuy nhign, khi danh gift Dai Vi$t va mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A khac)<br />
vd tUdng quan Ipi fch, nhidu hpe gia nhU dd ly giai vi sao nhft Minh dac bi§t quan<br />
J.KFairbank, S.Y.Teng, Chiang T'ing Fu, tftm tdi vi^c xfty dUng, duy t n vft phat tridn<br />
Cat Kiem HQng... ddu eho rftng phfa dupe h% thd'ng tridu cdng nay.<br />
ldi la cae nUde trieu cdng chQ khdng phai<br />
Nftm 1368, nha Minh dUdc thftnh lap<br />
Trung Qudc.<br />
sau khi dftnh bai trieu Nguyen bing mdt<br />
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• ThS. Khoa Lich sQ • TrUdng Dai hoc Su ph^m Hft N$i<br />
RhOTig loi ieh ciia nha gfinh...<br />
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cudc khdi nghia ndng dan ldn. Ngay sau J.K.Fairbank va S.Y.Teng trong cdng<br />
khi len ngoi hoftng dd, Minh Thai To Chu trinh "On The Ch'ing Tributary System"<br />
Nguy§n ChUdng (1368-1398) da sdm quan (Vd hg tho'ng tridu cdng cua nha Thanh)<br />
tftm tdi viec khdi phue h% thd'ng tridu cd'ng cho rftng: eai de duy tri si^ ton tai lau dai<br />
cu tQng bi dQt doan d cud'i thdi Nguyen. cua h§ thdng tridu cd'ng nay ehfnh la sU kdt<br />
Cac hoang dd kd tidp, dac bigt la Minh hdp chat che giQa nhu edu kinh td vft cftc<br />
Thftnh To Chu Dg (1402-1424) da cd nhQng dpng ed chfnh tri cua ca hai phfa... Dudng<br />
quydt sach ldn d l md rong hS tho'ng nay. Do nhu la khdng thd d thdi didm dd de tao ra<br />
dae diem cua hoftn canh lich s i , D^i Vidt mdt thQ tdng quftt hdn: h§ thd'ng tridu cdng<br />
va eae nQdc Dong Nam A khfte da thu hiit 1ft efti khung (ed eft'u) ndi tft't ea cftc ldi fch,<br />
sU quan tam hang ddu cua eae hoang dd ca ca nhan va tridu dinh, kinh td va xa hpi,<br />
Minh. ddu tim dupe sil bidu dat ciia minh (6).<br />
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ViSc khdi phuc, phat trien quan h$ sach Trong luan ftn tidn si "Nghign cQu moi<br />
phong, tridu cd'ng eua nha Minh vdi Dai quan h$ giQa Minh tridu vft An Nam" (Dai<br />
Vi§t vft cftc nUdc Ddng Nam A khftc khdng hoc Ky Nam, Quang Ddng, 2005), khi bftn<br />
phai la xua't phftt tQ muc di'eh "chiSu phu luftn ve nhQng thieu sdt trong eac cdng<br />
dan coi ngoai" vi "long nhftn", dd cho "cftc trinh nghign cQu lich sQ quan he Trung -<br />
da't xa xdi cung ddu dupe an ninh" (1), eang Viet cua cac hoc gia Trung Qudc, Trdn Vftn<br />
khdng phai vi "thd theo long trdi de thUdng Nguyen da cd mdt nhan xdt ra't dang ehu y.<br />
dan" (2), hay d l cho "vftn hda (Trung Hoa) Tac gia luftn ftn vidt:<br />
phd cap trong bd'n coi" (3) qua dd ma "giao "Khi thao luan va'n de ckc nUde xung<br />
hda Man Di" nhU tuyen bd eua cftc hoftng quanh tridu cd'ng Trung Qudc, kha nhidu<br />
de Minh. Nhu cau xae lap vft phat trien hoc gia chQa the thodt khdi Id'i mdn tu duy<br />
quan he tong ehu • chQ hdu, nhu cdu duy cua nude ldn phong kidn, tuyen truydn thai<br />
tri cac nUdc xung quanh b tinh trang "vinh qua vd vai trd cua "dQe hda" va muc dich<br />
vien lam phien thupe" (4), phai cdu phong ciia "mp hda". ThUe ra, ldi fch la cd sd cac<br />
va tridu cong Trung Qud'c la xuft't phftt tU mdi quan he cua dft't nUde. Dinh luftt nfty<br />
ehfnh eae ldi fch eua Trung Qudc. Vdn di khdng chi thich Qng vdi thdi dai ngfty nay,<br />
nky da dUdc mpt sd hpe gia phan tich trong mft nd eung thieh hdp vdi ea thdi cd dai. TQ<br />
eae eong trinh nghien cQu cua minh. su thQe lieh sii cho thft'y, efti gpi 1ft nen<br />
ngoai giao ddc hda thi chi ed d thdi dau<br />
Ta Ngpc Lien trong tac ph^m "Quan h$ tridu Minh la tUdng ddi ro ret, muc dich<br />
giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qude the ky XV - cua nd la nh^m ed dupe sU thQa nhan cua<br />
ddu the ky XVT' vidt: "Phong vUdng dd giQ cftc nUdc xung quanh, nh^m thda mftn efti<br />
la'y quan h@ giQa "thi§n tridu" va "chu hu vinh "vua cua chung thign ha". Ke tQ<br />
phiSn" la mpt nhu edu thidt than vd ldi ich giQa ddi Minh trd ve sau, sU an toan eua<br />
chinh tri, kinh td cua Trung Qude. Trung tridu Minh trd thanh ydu td hang ddu khi<br />
Qudc khdng bao gid mud'n de quan h$ vdi xem xdt eae mdi quan h^ dd'i ngoai. Khi<br />
hoach dinh chfnh sftch ddi ngoai, didu mft<br />
eae nQdc xung quanh bj c^t dQt, ngay ca ddi<br />
si dai phu ddi Minh suy nghi trUdc tien 1ft<br />
vdi Vi§t Nam, mdt nUdc tudng nhU bj<br />
an toan vft Ipi fch cua tridu Minh. Trong<br />
Trung Qud'c c6t ehftt nhft't trong ha thd'ng<br />
phdn ldn cae tinh hudng, "dQc hda" ludn<br />
cac nude thdn phue" (5).<br />
Rghian cihi Ljch siSr. atf 10.2012<br />
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mudn nhudng vi trf cho Ipi fch dd dQng d vj nhft Nguygn, l$p nUdc D^i Minh nh^m vftn<br />
trf thQ ydu. Thd nhUng efte nhft nghign cQu ddng, Ifii kdo efte nUde thidt Iftp quan h0 vft<br />
nude ta hi^n nay thudng xem nhp didm tridu cdng nhft Minh. Dfty c6 16 Ift thdng bao<br />
nay. Hp thudng ddn ginn liidu rang mljt sd quan trpng nhft't ciia nhft Minh v6i cftc nUdc<br />
chfnh sach Uu dai ciia Trung Qude thdi ed Iftng gidng, nhfl't 16 cftc nUde b Ddng Nam A.<br />
d^i 1ft "dUc hda" (7). Chidu dy eua Minh Thai Td Chu Nguygn<br />
Cd 16 dfty la mdt trong ft nhQng L; tCr vl 11 do "lifiin nfiOi"<br />
3 1 - 2/1373 D i m OHK NfianR Sun v(l[ d;a phuung<br />
4 19/5/1376 UAPhu San vfll d|a phirong<br />
5 1 - 2/1380 7 7<br />
6 24/6/1381 La Bd Tiudng Ctfng sin vii ii'\» phiiong nhimg nh^ Minh khOng nhan vl<br />
mAu thu3n bi£n gi(h<br />
7 9/7/1382 Ta Su NjiOn C6ne IS ngufri bi haaa<br />
8 10/7/1383 U DO NehTa Ctfnc 25 nEirJri bi hoan<br />
9 23/2/1384 7 50 lans vine, 300 lang bac, 30 itfm quyftn. 9 mam vinE<br />
10 5/6/1384 U T f l n g T n e i . B O i Khanh Cdng voi<br />
11 16/1/1387 D6 Anh Bflt D d u ^ g n n n i b ^ g vkig,bacg6m33[hiic(^g 19ngudJb]hoan<br />
12 13/6/1387 Dd Nhai Dan Cau, trSu, mi'l, chuO'i lifiu (giflng cay trdng)<br />
13 22/9/1387 Nfiuv^n TTifii Xunfi. Trin Thiic Hoinh Cdng voi, chin udng ruCTu bang v ^ g<br />
14 22/4/1388 Lft Nhan ThtfnE 7<br />
15 8/12/1389 NfiuySn D6nK Thiic San vat dia phuong vi 66 udng rtrou hdng ving, bac<br />
16 17/5/1390 7 7 (Sii d o ^ mdi l6i Quang TSy ihi phai quay v^ vi khOng<br />
Iheo diing Ifi cdng)<br />
17 12/2/1393 Nsuv^n TOne Luong Cdng ngtfa vi san vM dia phirong<br />
18 14/6/1394 Nguyfin Quan Cdng san vai d|a phuong nhimg nhh Minh khuSc t£t vi cd<br />
viftc "soin doal, gifi'l vua" nam 1388<br />
19 8/6/1395 Lfi Tdng Trifii, Biii Khanh Cdng voi<br />
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20 19/3/1396 D i o Tohn Kim, Nguyin ftig Long San vat dia phuong<br />
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(Ngudn: Minh Thifc life. Quan h( Trung Qudc-Vifl Nam th/kp XtV-X/II {Hd B^ch TTiio djch vi chd thfch), Tflp 1. N)(b. Hi<br />
Ndi. 2010, tr. 125, 126, 142, 143, 145, 153, 157,160,161, 163,165,167,168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176. 179, 183)<br />
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"hda than" vdi Hung No b^ng each tftng eho chdp khft ti mi trong eae thU tich cd Trung<br />
eac Thien Vu (vua Hung Nd) nhflng le vat Qudc vft Viet Nam cho thft'y trieu Minh thu<br />
rft't hftu hinh, thftm ehf phai ga "eong ehua" dupe nhQng ldi ich vftt chft't dang kd trong<br />
eho vua Hung Nd dd ddi lai viee hp khdng quan hS sach phong, tridu cd'ng vdi Dai Vigt<br />
ta'n cdng, cUdp pha Trung Qude. Hay vao va eae nUdc khftc. Theo eae ghi chgp trong<br />
diu t h d k y XV, Minh Thanh To Chu Dg da Minh thitc luc, ehi trong thdi ki tri vi eua<br />
nhidu ldn phfti Trinh Hda edm ddu mot Chu Nguyen ChUdng (1368-1398) da ed tdi<br />
ham dpi ldn, mang theo nhidu vang, bac, td 20 sQ doan Dai Viet sang tridu cong nhft<br />
lua, gft^m, sa, vai vde va nhidu hang hda gift Minh. Bang thdng ke 2 cho bie't tan suft't<br />
tri khfte ban thudng cho cftc qude vUdng d cdng vft sdlUdng cdng ph^m cu thd.<br />
rtgiiieii cuu HIKM au. .<br />
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Minh thiic luc khdng thdng kg "san v$t Cdn theo "Ljch tridu hidn chQdng lo^i<br />
dia phUdng" ma D^i Vi^t thUdng xuydn ehf, vao nfim Gia Tinh thQ 21 nhft Minh<br />
cd'ng cho nhft Minh lft gl, nhUng ehdc chftn (1542), tdc nam Quang Hda thQ 2 nha Mac,<br />
dfiy la nhQng san v§t rft't ed gift trj vft quf M^c Dflng Dung sai sQ sang tidn cdng nhft<br />
hig'm d Trung Qudc nhU trdm hUdng, ngft Minh. Cdng phdm gdm: "lU hQdng vft binh<br />
voi, sQng tg giftc... hoa b&ng vflng 4 bd (n^ng 100 lang), rOa<br />
Khi nhfin d6 cdng nhft Minh cQng ludn vftng mdt eon (nfing 90 lang), hac bac vft dfti<br />
c6 vftt phdm tang lai. Qua t^ng cua nhft bac mfii thQ mdt efti (nftng 50 lang), binh hoa<br />
Minh thudng lft: lua, gft'm, y phuc, vai bd, vft lu hUdng b^ng bae 2 bd (n§ng 150 lang),<br />
vai nhung, doan vft sa, tidn gift'y, b^c ndn... mftm b^c 12 chide-(nfing 641 lang), trdm<br />
tQc hdu hdt 16 cftc san phft'm thu cdng eua hUdng 60 can, tdc hUdng 148 cfln" (25).<br />
Trung Qude. Thdng kg tQ Minh thde luc Nhin sang quan hd tridu cdng Minh -<br />
cho tha'y dudi thdi Chu NguySn ChUdng, Ayuthaya eung thSiy cdng phdm cua<br />
nha Minh dfi tfing l^i eho phfa Dai Vi^t: lua Ayuthaya rft't phong phu vft cd sd lupng ldn.<br />
(12 ldn), tidn gifi'y (9 ldn), b^c n6n (3 lin)... VI du, vfto nftm Hdng Vu thU 20 (1387),<br />
Bang 2 eho thfi'y cdng phdm cua Dai Vidt trong sd dd cdng cua Ayuthaya cho nhft<br />
kha phong phd va ed gift trj eao. Chfnh Chu Minh cd tdi 10.000 cftn hd tieu, 10.000 can<br />
Nguyen ChQdng khi tidp sQ gia Dai Vi^t td m^c. Vi^c nfty khidn Chu Nguyen<br />
vfto nam 1389 cung ndi "d6 cdng phdn ChUdng rft't hfti long. Vi thd, tuy ludn ndi<br />
nhidu quft xa xi" (23). Cd le Chu Nguyen "cdng vftt khdng vu nhidu, ehi cdn long<br />
ChUdng mud'n ndi tdi cdng phdm eua 3 ldn thftnh ma thdi", nhUng Chu Nguyen<br />
Cd'ng trUdc dd cua Dai Vidt, trong dd, nftm ChQdng da cii ngay mpt sQ doftn sang<br />
1384 cdng 9 mftm (b^ng) vang, thang 1 nam Ayuthaya dd cam dn (26). Khdng bidt c6<br />
1387 cdng dd uo'ng rUpu bang vang, bgic gdm phai vi su tri fin nfty eua Chu Nguygn<br />
33 thQ, thang 9 nftm 1387 lai cdng chgn ChUdng hay khdng mft 3 nam sau, nfim<br />
udng rUpu bftng vftng. So sftnh vdi eong 1390, Ayuthaya lai cd'ng hd tieu, td mpc,<br />
phdm cua Dai Vidt thi qua tang lai eiia tridu giftng hUdng vdi khdi lUpng Ign tdi 170.000<br />
Mmh ft, nhidu ldn tridu Minh chu ydu chi cftn (27).<br />
diing tidn gia'y de ban thudng. Cdng phftm ciia Champa cung khdng<br />
cac thu tjch ed cua Vigt Nam eung eung nhd. Vf dv, vfto nftm Hdng Vu thQ 16 (1383)<br />
ca'p mpt sd tu ligu vd sd* lUpng vft gift trj qudc VUdng Chftmpa cQ ngUdi sang tridu<br />
cd'ng phdm eua Dai Vidt cho nhft Minh. Theo Minh dftng bieu vft cd'ng 200 chide nga voi,<br />
"Dai Vipt s i ki toftn thU" thi sau khi binh 800 cftn dftn hUdng, 400 cftn Mdt dQdc (mdt<br />
dinh dupe thien h^ (nftm 1427), Lg L
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