Phạm Đình Trọng với sự tồn vong của triều đình Lê-Trịnh giữa thế kỷ thứ XVIII

PiiAM eiivsi Tiioi\G \6i siJ T 6 ] \ V O I \ G CUA<br /> /v"<br /> ^'<br /> TRIEU DirVII LE-TRII\II GIIJA TIDE KY TIHJ XVIII<br /> <br /> VAN TAO'<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ndng dan d nhieu nUdc phUdng Ddng. Day<br /> D anh nhan Pham Dinh Trgng dUdc<br /> Khdm dinh Viet sd thong giam<br /> CUcfng muc - vie't tat la C M (Qud'c sU quan<br /> la thdi ky che do phong kien da lam vao<br /> khung hoang. Kinh te hang hda va giao<br /> trieu Nguyen bien soan, tap II, Nxb. Giao thdng, thudng mai dang phat trien. Chii<br /> due, 1998, tr. 544-545) ghi rd: Pham Dinh nghia tu ban, tien de eua each mang tU san<br /> Trgng ngUdi xa Khinh Dao, huyen Giap dang phat sinh.<br /> Sdn (sau thuge huyen Kinh Mdn, Hai Rieng d Dai Viet, xa hdi phong kien dan<br /> Dudng) dd Tie'n si khoa Ky Mui (1739) nam suy tan, khdi nghia ndng dan ndi len la mgt<br /> Vinh Huu, trieu Le Y Tdng. Ong xua't than tat yeu lich sd. Tuy chUa manh dUdc de'n<br /> va nhap the d xa hdi Dai Viet vao giUa the' mUc lat dd dUde ngai vang phong kien, lap<br /> ky XVIII, khi mau thuan giiia ndng dan va nen xa hgi mdi theo hUdng dan chu tU san,<br /> phong kien phat trien len mdt dinh cao, thi cCing la mdt each "phan dng" bang vii<br /> bieu hien thanh mdt eao trao ndng dan khi bude trieu dinh phong kien phai cai<br /> khdi nghia ma tieu bieu la cude khdi nghla each, cai td de cdu van sU diet vong. Ddi<br /> Nguyen Hiiu Ciu. Chinh liic nay sii ton sdng ndng dan tam thdi dUde cai thien<br /> vong cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh trUdc cao trdo Mat khac, vi ehUa di tdi dUde each mang tU<br /> khdi nghla nong ddn lgi dugc bdo ddm san dan chu ma van cd ye'u cau quan ly da't<br /> bdng tdi ndng ciia danh tiidng Phgm Dinh nUdc, giii gin cho ky dudc ddc lap dan tdc<br /> Trgng. De danh gia dung sU that ve Pham trUdc cac ke thu xam ludc Ddng, Tay dang<br /> Dinh Trgng can hieu biet sau ve dd'i thu nhdm ngd, nen lich sd ddi hdi phai cd mdt<br /> khdng dgi trdi chung cua dng la Nguyen nha nude dan tdc du manh de chd'ng ngoai<br /> Hiiu Cau - ngudi danh thang nhieu tUdng xam. Vi vay ma trieu dinh Le-Trinh tdn tai<br /> tai eua Le - Trinh ma chi thua cd Pham cdn la can thiet, cdn la hdp ly va cin cd<br /> Dinh Trgng. Hai nhan vat lich sd nay xua't ngUdi bad ve. Cd nha trie't hge tam cd the<br /> hien trong eugc giao tranh giiia ndng dan gidi da ndi "Cai gi tdn tai la hdp ly", tdc den<br /> va phong kien cd the coi la dien hinh cua khi nd khdng tdn tai nd mdi la bat hdp ly.<br /> giai doan lich sU giiia the ky XVIII. Pham Dinh Trgng da ddng dUdc vai trd bao<br /> Nhin rgng ra trong lich sd the' gidi, the ve "tinh hdp ly" dd chd den cud'i the ky<br /> ky XVIII dUdc coi la the ky cua khdi nghla XVIII, khi khdi nghia ndng dan Tay Sdn<br /> <br /> <br /> • GS. Vien Sd hoc<br /> 20 Rghien cmi Lich si. so 11.2009<br /> <br /> hung manh nd'i len khien trieu dinh Le- Ne'u cai each tai chinh cua Trinh CUdng<br /> Trinh thUe sU hi cham ddt. da tam thdi cdu van dUde tinh the, thi de'n<br /> nam 1729 Trinh CUdng qua ddi, con ca la<br /> Thiic te lich sii da cho t h a y :<br /> Trinh Giang - ngUdi ma dai t h i n Nguyin<br /> Td the ky thd XVII, kinh te hang hoa va Cong Hang da nhan xet la "NgUdi u toi,<br /> giao thdng, thUdng mai qud'c gia va qud'c te' Udn hen" (CM, tr. 472), da tU dgng len no'i<br /> cua Dai Viet da phat trien hdn trUde, bieu ngoi va tU tien phong lam Dai nguyen soai,<br /> hien d sU phdn vinh eua Kinh ky, phd' thUdng su, Uy vUdng (CM, tr. 487). Trinh<br /> Hien... Day cUng la luc vua chua phong Giang trf dgng bd vua nay, lap vua khac,<br /> kien an chdi xa xi, tang cUdng bdn rut thue giet hai cdng than nhu Nguyen Cdng Hang<br /> ma eua nhan dan; tri thuy, thuy ldi hi bd (488) TrUdng NhUng (CM, tr. 496). Khdng<br /> tre, thien tai han, lut ldi lien tiep xay ra, chi la'n quyen mdi ngdy mgt qua, ma cdn<br /> ddi sd'ng ndng dan vd eung cUc khd'. Nha't la dam due chdi bdi, cung quan chua chien<br /> ke tu chua Trinh Giang trd di, xa hdi Dai xay dung ke tie'p. Dung chua He Thien, bit<br /> Viet lam vao khung hoang tram trgng. Mau dan cac huyen Giap Sdn, Thuy Dudng,<br /> thuan ndi tai cua xa hdi phong kien Le- Ddng Trieu, Kim Thanh va dan xd Thanh<br /> Trinh bdc Id tren nhieu mat: Hoa lam cdng viec nay. TCf dUdng, phu de d<br /> eae lang ngoai thich nhu Til Dudng va Mi<br /> Ve kinh te, td the ky XVI-XVII, kinh te<br /> Thii xay dUng cue ky nguy nga dep de. Bay<br /> hang hoa da mdt thdi phdn vinh nay lai bi<br /> tdi hau ha trong cung toa ra bd'n phUdng<br /> cd che td' chdc - xa hdi phong kien thdi<br /> bat la'y vat lieu, vi bgn nay de hiep ha khie,<br /> Trinh Giang lai kim ham. Ve chinh tri, cai<br /> nen ngUdi lam rudng, ngUdi di budn ma't<br /> manh thdi Le - Trinh la cd dUde saeh lUdc<br /> he't nghe nghiep. Nhan dan di dan den cho<br /> ngoai giao mem deo tranh dUdc nan ngoai<br /> khdng the chiu nd'i (CM, tr. 495). Vi vay,<br /> xam phUdng Bic, giii dUdc dgc lap dan tgc<br /> kinh te suy thoai, cua cai ngay mgt hao<br /> va toan ven lanh thd' (nhd ngoai giao ma<br /> mdn. Chda lai phai ban quan mua tUdc, ha<br /> gianh lai dUde khu md ddng Tu Long).<br /> lenh: "Quan va dan neu ai nop tien se dUdc<br /> NhUng ve ndi tri thi cd ehe song trung lanh<br /> thang chUe, hoae bd lam quan, cac quan<br /> dao Le-Trinh, cdng vdi sU suy thoai, ye'u<br /> vien trong trieu ban td luc pham trd xud'ng,<br /> kem cua vua Le va sU an chdi, truy lac, sa<br /> ai nop 600 quan tien se dUde thang chdc<br /> dga cua chua Trinh khien thue khoa nang<br /> mdt bac; nhan dan ai nop 2.800 quan dUdc<br /> ne, thien tai, dich benh xay ra nhUng<br /> bd' thu tri phu; nop 1.800 quan dUdc bd' thu<br /> khdng kh6'ng che' dUdc. Ddi sd'ng cile khd'<br /> tri huyen"). Trinh Giang dd an chdi trac<br /> cua ndng dan di ddi vdi sU chia re, be canh<br /> tang nen ngay cang td'i tam me muoi, xep<br /> trong hoang tgc va vUdng phu, khien cung<br /> dat cdng viec l i n Ion, sai lam" (CM, 499)<br /> dinh rdi loan, xa hdi lam vao khung hoang<br /> sau mie ehdng benh tam than bat dinh,<br /> toan dien. Khdi nghia ndng dan nd'i len<br /> hoang hd't khdng thUdng... (CM, tr. 508).<br /> thanh mgt cao trao ma tieu bieu la khdi<br /> Chinh sU bao ngUde, thue khda nang ne"<br /> nghla cua quan He - Nguyin Hiiu Cau. Dd<br /> (CM, 509) Dan tinh cUc kho. Khdi nghia<br /> nhu met su phdn dng bang vii lue vdi trieu<br /> nd'i len d nhieu ndi.<br /> dinh Le - Trinh. Tuy ehUa lat dc dUde thi<br /> cung la eanh bao ve sU diet vong cua nd<br /> Su phdn Ung bdng vd liic ay da tac dgng<br /> ne'u khdng cai to', cai each.<br /> manh me tdi cung dinh. VUdng trieu do<br /> Pham Binh Trong voi sir fdn vong... 21<br /> <br /> <br /> Trinh Thai phi la Vu Thi ddng d i u phai cai quan, chiem cd Dd Sdn, Van Ddn. Ong lai<br /> td, dUa Trinh Doanh la em Trinh Giang len ed sU ho trd cua cac eugc khdi nghia ndng<br /> thay de trU hoan nan trong eung phu. Nhd dan nd'i len k h i p ndi. Mat Ddng cd Hoang<br /> VEly ma tam thdi cdu van dudc trieu dinh Cdng Chat, mat Tay cd Nguyin Danh<br /> Le-Trinh. PhUdng, mat Nam cd Le Duy Mat...<br /> Nguyin Danh PhUdng nd'i day d Sdn Tay.<br /> Trinh Doanh la ngUdi sang sud't, qua<br /> Hg Mac ve danh chiem Thai Nguyen, vay<br /> quyet, cd tai van vd "dUa ra 15 dieu cd tinh<br /> Cao Bing. Hoang Cdng Cha't nd'i day b<br /> cai each" (CM, tr. 513-514), lai thi hanh<br /> Khoai Chau. So vdi Hoang Cdng Cha't,<br /> chinh saeh khoan hdng gdm 4 dieu nen quy<br /> Nguyin Danh PhUdng, Le Duy Mat ngUdi<br /> tu dugc q u i n tuan, tam thdi d'n dinh dUde<br /> nao ciing n i m vai ba van quan, thi HUu<br /> trieu chinh. Dac biet ve van hca-xa hdi,<br /> Ciu Id Met hiet hdn cd. Hiiu Cau la ngUdi<br /> trieu dinh Le-Trinh da cd' gang phat huy<br /> manh khoe, nhanh nhen, chien dau hang,<br /> truyen thd'ng khoa cd, dao tao nhan tai qua<br /> tri mUu quyen bie'n tram dUdng, nhieu lin<br /> khoa bang, nang cao Uu the van hoa, van<br /> bi ma'y vdng vay, chi mdt minh mdt ngUa<br /> minh cua dan tdc, tranh dUde nan ngoai<br /> vUdt vay xdng ra, rdi mdt vai hdm sau lai cd<br /> xam. Cd the ndi chUa bao gid cac danh<br /> quan chung hang van. Bdi vi dng tdng<br /> nhan van hoa cd tam cd lai xua't hien nhieu<br /> danh cUdp khe thdc cua chinh quyen dia<br /> nhu dudi thdi Le-Trinh. Va chinh hg da<br /> phUdng, la'y eua nha giau chia eho dan<br /> duy tri dao quan t h i n gdp p h i n cdu van<br /> ngheo, nen khi keu ggi dng nghla thi "nha't<br /> vUdng trieu Le-Trinh cham di tdi chd diet<br /> hd bach dng". Khi ra tran, mdt minh cUdi<br /> vong.<br /> ngUa, elm sieu dao, di lai nhu bay, quan si<br /> Pham Dinh Trgng la mdt dien hinh khdng ai la khong sd hai chay dat, de'n<br /> "van v6 song toan" ciing xua't hien trong nhieu tUdng eua Le-Trinh ciing phai tranh<br /> tinh hinh dd. Ong la ngUdi ed tai can tri uy phong cua Ciu...<br /> mUu, sau khi thi dd tie'n si, len tham dU<br /> Trcng eugc chien keo dai giUa Pham<br /> vao cd mUu viec binh, cam quan tdng thd'ng<br /> Dinh Trgng va Nguyen HUu Ciu hai ngUdi<br /> lanh quan cac dao, di de'n dau, dep dUde rd'i<br /> deu trd' he't tai nang (1). NhUng eu6'i cung<br /> loan d day. Nhd ed cdng danh dep nen tU<br /> phin thing da thudc ve trieu dinh Le-<br /> chdc hieu thao (chanh tha't pham) thang<br /> Trinh ma edng lao xuat sac da dUde ghi ve<br /> len chdc thi lang (chanh tam pham), rdi<br /> Pham Dinh Trgng. Nam Tan Mui (1751),<br /> lam ThUdng thu Bg Binh, Hai quan c6ng,<br /> thang Gieng, mua xuan, Pham Dinh Trgng<br /> sung lam Doc xua't xU Nghe An<br /> bat dUde Hiiu Cau d Nghe An, dude thang<br /> Cdn dd'i thu cua dng la quan He - chdc Ta Thi lang Bg Cdng (CM, tr. 551).<br /> Nguyen Hiiu Ciu, tdng la dd dang cua Trinh Doanh tang dng 4 chii "Van v6 toan<br /> Nguyin Cd, nay tu tap chiem cU Dd Sdn. tai", ban cho bien ngach khac chii "Ddng<br /> Trinh Bang dd'c lanh thuy quan tie'n danh, hUu cdng thin" (NgUdi cdng than dUde cung<br /> nhung hi Nguyin HQu Cau gia vd chay nude cung hudng phuc lanh), phong cho<br /> trd'n roi ldi dung thuy trieu va gid manh thai ap vai nghin hd... SI phu khdng ai la<br /> tap kich b i t dude Trinh Bang giet che't. khdng tudng men nghi phong, thai do (CM,<br /> Thanh the HUu Cau lly Idng, tU xUng la tr. 624) cua dng. Ong mat sdm chi tho 40<br /> Dong dgo tdng quoc bdo ddn dgi tUdng tud'i. Bi kich ve cai che't yeu cua dng ciing<br /> 22 Rghien cmi Lich sJr. sd 11.2009<br /> <br /> lai la he qua tieu cUc cua trieu dinh Le- Ngay nay ke't hdp quan diem dan tgc vdi<br /> Trinh khi di xud'ng, d i u dng dUde truy tang quan diem giai cap chu nghia duy vat lich<br /> ham Thai bao. sd, sd hge van can tdn vinh hai nhan vat<br /> lich sd cung thdi diem nay: Nguyen Hiiu<br /> Cdu dai dien cho lUc lUdng ndng dan doi<br /> Nhin ehung lai, xa hgi Dai Viet thdi Le<br /> lap vdi phong kie'n mang tinh cha't phan<br /> Trinh giiia the' ky XVIII tuy lam vao khung<br /> dng xa hgi do'i vdi chu trUdng va chinh saeh<br /> hoang t r i m trgng nhUng chUa den do cham<br /> cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh, buge trieu dinh<br /> ddt dUde che dg phong kien, vi chUa cd lUc<br /> neu mudn tdn tai, phai tien hanh cai each,<br /> lUdng san xuat mdi, dai dien che phUdng<br /> cai td, duy tri sdc sd'ng cua dan, tiep tuc<br /> thUe san xua't tu ban ehu nghla ra ddi.<br /> phat trien kinh te, van hda xa hgi, tie'p tuc<br /> Khdi nghia ndng dan d i u sau rgng de'n dau<br /> ciing ehUa thoat khdi dUde he tU tudng bao ve dUde dgc lap dan tgc. Phgm Dinh<br /> phdng kien ma quy md lai mdi chi bd hep d Trgng dai dien cho lUc lUdng phong kie'n<br /> vung ddng b i n g Bac Bg, chua cd t i m vdc dang cdn tdn tai, cd tai "van vd kiem toan"<br /> toan qud'c nhu khdi nghla Tay Sdn sau nay. nhu sd da ghi, gdp phan dac lUc vao sU tdn<br /> Cho nen thang ldi cua trieu dinh phong vong cua Dai Viet trong lich su dan tdc va<br /> kien Le-Trinh trudc khdi nghla ndng dan la tren trUdng qud'c te' khi chUa ed lUc lUdng<br /> quyet dinh khach quan cua lich sd, ma san xuat mdi, dai dien eho phUdng thdc san<br /> ngUdi gdp phan quye't dinh vao t h i n g ldi dd xua't mdi - phUdng thilc san xua't tU ban<br /> la Pham Dinh Trgng. chu nghla len thay the.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Tham khao tu lieu ve qua trinh giao chien thay 5 dao quan, ed 10 dai tudng, 64 liet hieu, binh<br /> gifla hai ddi thu: Pham Dinh Trong va Nguyin linh hdn 12.700 ngUdi truy dud'i bit (CM, tr. 576).<br /> Hflu Ciu mdi tha'y rd dUdc tai nang cua ca hai TrUdng Khudng cung Hoang Ngu Phiic danh nhau<br /> ngudi ma lich sU eung ghi la "kiet hiet". vdi Hflu Ciu bi bai tran. Quan 6 bon dao khong<br /> phai danh ma tu vd. The diia Hflu Cau lai Idn len.<br /> Hii bat diu nd'i len, Nguyen Hflu Cau dem<br /> Dai phong hoa dat d eae dinh nui bao tin nguy cip<br /> quan cUdp huyen Thanh Ha vay ham Hoang Cdng<br /> ve den sdng Nhi.<br /> Ky hang tuin. Hoang Ngu Phuc dem quan de'n cflu<br /> vien (CM, tr. 567-568). Nguyin Hflu Ciu ehuyen Trinh Doanh qud traeh TrUdng Khudng, trieu<br /> ra Do Sdn. ve bd' dung Dinh Van Giai lam Thd'ng lanh thUdng<br /> Hoang Ngu Phuc vay ham Hflu Ciu d Do Sdn, tudng quan, kiem dd'c xua't quan 4 dao, cUng boi<br /> Hflu Ciu danh lai giet che't U tudng la Trinh Ba tung Ngd Dinh Oanh dem quan di danh. The lUc<br /> Kliam tai tran, pha vay di gap len Kinh Bic danh Hflu Ciu Iflng lly khien ndng dan h ndi khae cung<br /> chiem dude tran thanh, tung liia dot doanh trai nlian dd nd'i day... lam nao ddng ca nhan dan b bac<br /> Dinh Cam. Dd'c dong Vu PhUdng De bd an tin sdng Cai.<br /> ehay, kinh thanh nhd'n nhao kinh sd. De'n thang 7 Trinh Doanh sai hieu ly Nguyin The Khai vao<br /> mua thu Hoang Ngu Phue va TrUdng Kliudng mdi trai Nguyen Hflu Ciu du bao triet bo quan linh di.<br /> thu phuc lai dUdc thanh Kinh Bic (CM, tr. 573- Hflu Ciu khdng nhan menh lenh lai thdng vdi giae<br /> 574). Hflu Ciu bd ehay. Trieu dinh phai dUa ra ca ten la Lan 16n lut den Duyen Ha danh up Sdn<br /> Pham Binh Trong vdri sir ton vong. 23<br /> <br /> <br /> Nam nhUng khdng t h i n g lai hdp sUc vdi giae cd lai dflng danh C i u vdi. TrUdc kia, Hflu C i u nhieu<br /> tien quan sat den Son Nam. Tran tUdng thay Hflu l i n bi Dinh Trong danh bai ben dao ma me Dinh<br /> C i u vo'n sd Dinh Trong nen sai Dinh Trong di Trong quang xud'ng sdng. Dinh Trgng khdc Idc to'<br /> danh. Hflu C i u hi Dinh Trong danh bai d C i m cao vdi Trinh Doanh the quye't chi giet Hflu C i u .<br /> Giang lai ban vdi do dang rang: "Ta mdi bi thua, Doanh rat khen chi khi Dinh Trong. Khi Phi Sang<br /> tin thdng trdn dUa vi, tat nhieu a kinh sU khong dem clii du den, Dinh Trong ndi:<br /> phdng bi, ta dem quan ddnh up, the ndo cUng<br /> "Nguai Idm tudng d ngoai chien trUdng, co khi<br /> thdng dugc" ben dem quan b a n dem di ga'p den<br /> khong chiu menh lenh cua vua. Toi vdi HUu Cdu<br /> ben Bo De thi trdi da sang. Trinh Doanh tU lam<br /> cung khong doi trdi chung, toi dd tiing noi d trUdc<br /> tudng chd'ng cU d ben sdng phia Nam. P h a m Dinh<br /> chua thuong. A^ay ong tu nhdn menh lenh di chieu<br /> Trong dUde tin, dem he't quan linh dud'i theo, lai<br /> hdng, toi tu nhdn menh lenh di giet gidc, ne'u gap<br /> danh t h i n g dUdc, Hflu C i u bo trd'n.<br /> duac the CO the ddnh duac giae, thi toi cdng khong<br /> TU sau khi t h u a t r a n d Bo De, Hflu C i u hdp lue vi cd ong de'n chieu hdng md ngdn ngai'" ( C M . tr.<br /> vdi Heang Cdng Chat danh pha eae huyen T h i n 588-589). Phi Sang den quan doanh Hflu Ciu, bay<br /> Khe, T h a n h Q u a n (Thai Binh). Dinh Van Giai ra td du chi eiia ehUa Trinh lai dem cau ndi eiia Dinh<br /> quan eiing bi Hflu C i u danh bai bi Trinh Doanh Trong bao cho Hflu C i u biet. C i u ehuyen ehUa ndi<br /> qud traeh, lai cif Ngu Phuc, Dam Xuan Vue, dflt ldi thi Dinh Trong ap de'n danh up, Hflu C i u<br /> Nguyen Danh Le vay danh Hflu C i u d doanh trai dai bai phai chay trd'n.<br /> Thi C i u . Nguyin Hflu C i u thua, qua sdng de ehay Sau tran giao chien d cac sdng Ma Nao va<br /> len Xudng Giang. Ngu Phuc va Pham Dinh Trong Hudng Nhi, Hflu C i u bi t h u a chay vao T h a n h Hda,<br /> danh pha dUdc N g u y i n Hflu Cau d t h a n h Xudng roi vao Nghe An nUdng nhd Nguyin Dien. Dien<br /> Giang. Hflu c i u ehay ra Yen Quang. Ong sai dd giup cho binh linh, lUdng thUc... Dinh Trong dem<br /> dang ten la Huu dem nhieu vang bac dut lot cho dai binh dud'i, quan evia Hflu C i u tan vd. C i u chay<br /> ngudi quyen t h i n la Dd The Giai va ndi giam la ra bien gap gid bao, an trd'n trong nui Hoang Mai,<br /> Nguyin PhUdng Dinh xin d i u hang. Trinh Doanh Nghe An, bi P h a m Dinh Si, thudc tUdng cua Dinh<br /> y cho, ban hieu la N i n h Ddng tudng quan va phong Trong bat dUdc, ddng cui giai ve quan thU Trinh<br /> tude Hudng nghia hau, cdn tudng hieu ciia C i u Doanh (CM, tr. 608-609). Lue dd Danh PhUdng<br /> deu dUdc t h a n g lam quan, lai ban thudng ra't hau eung vfla bi bat. Trinh Doanh md tiec Idn d quan<br /> roi ha lenh trieu ve kinh si(, NhUng thUe ra Hflu thU Xuan Hi de khao tudng si, sai Hflu C i u thd'i<br /> C i u khdng cd y d i u hang, thudng la'y cd la bi Dinh sao, Danh PhUdng rdt rUdu, t a m quan vui mUng...<br /> Trong ngan ddn de to' cao ve trieu. Trinh Doanh (CM, tr. 610). Hflu C i u lap mUu vUdt nguc, bi Id,<br /> sai thiem tri Nguyen Phi Sang dem lenh den phii lien hi dem giet ca cung vdi Danh PhUdng ( C M , tr.<br /> du va trieu ve, mat khac du bao Dinh Trong hoan 611).<br />