Glycolysis

Early metabolic steps, including glycolysis and the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, yield a two-carbon fragment called an acetyl group, which is linked to a large cofactor known as coenzyme A (or CoA). It is during the citric acid cycle that acetyl-CoA is oxidized to the waste product, carbon dioxide, along with the reduction of the cofactors NAD+ and ubiquinone

94p zingzing09 21-10-2012 58 9   Download

Bài giảng "Hóa Sinh đại cương: Chương 1.2 - Trường ĐH Nguyễn Tất Thành" trình bày các nội dung trọng tâm về: Thoái hóa glucose; Con đường đường phân (Glycolysis); Đường phân ở cơ - Chu trình Cori; Con đường hexose monophosphate (Pentose phosphate);... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài giảng tại đây.

27p phuongyen205 27-12-2022 30 5   Download

Bài giảng Nguyên lý hoá sinh: Bài 8 cung cấp cho người đọc những kiến thức như: Năng lượng sinh ra trong glycolysis là 2 ATP; Các quá trình lên men; Quá trình lên men cồn; Glycolysis bổ sung các chất trung gian cho các quá trình sinh tổng hợp;... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

223p bapnep06 27-02-2023 13 2   Download

Bài giảng Sinh học đại cương - Chương 5: Hô hấp tế bào, cung cấp những kiến thức như Quá trình đường phân (glycolysis); chu trình krebs; chuỗi vận chuyển điện tử hô hấp; sự tổng hợp ATP; ý nghĩa của hô hấp. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

25p khanhchi2520 03-05-2024 11 4   Download

Bài giảng Chương 6 "Hô hấp" cung cấp kiến thức cơ bản về Ty thể (mitochondria), cơ chế hô hấp, chu trình pentose phosphate, đường phân (Glycolysis), hô hấp yếm khí (lên men), chu trình Krebs (Chu trình Acid Citric),...

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Chapter 22 "Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates" Metabolism and Cell Structure, ATP and Energy, Digestion of Carbohydrates, Glycolysis Oxidation of Glucose, Utilization of Glucose

70p kimtuoi2410 22-09-2015 56 3   Download

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism. Invite you to consult for additional documents for the academic needs and research.

22p kimtuoi2410 22-09-2015 59 2   Download

Overview1.Biosynthesis of terpenes2.Biosynthesis of phenols3.Metabolism of fatty acids4.Metabolism of glucose (glycolysis)5.Anabolic pathways of fatty acidsand carbohydrates.Biosynthesis of acyclic terpenoids.Condensation of isoprene units. Formation of acyclic terpenes.Formation of monoterpenes(examples)

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Glycolysis from [6-3 H]glucose and gluconeogenesis from [U-14 C]glycerol were examined in isolated hepatocytes from fasted rats. A 5 mMbolus of glycerol inhibited phosphory-lationof 40 mMglucoseby50%andglycolysis bymore than 60%, and caused cellular ATP depletion and glycerol 3-phosphate accumulation. Gluconeogenesis from 5 mM glycerol was una€ected by the presence of 40 mMglucose.

6p research12 01-06-2013 44 6   Download

We used parameter scanning to emulate changes to the limitingrate for steps inafittedmodel of glucose-derepressed yeast glycolysis. Three flux-control regimes were observed, two of which were under the dominant control of hexose transport, in accordance with various experimental studies andothermodel predictions.

11p research12 23-04-2013 43 2   Download

Erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasitePlasmodium fal-ciparumrely on glycolysis for their energy supply and it is unclear whether they obtain energy via mitochondrial res-piration albeit enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle appear to be expressed in these parasite stages. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) is either an integral part of the mitochondrial TCA cycle or is involved in providing NADPH for reductive reactions in the cell.

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Phylogenetic evidence is presented that primitively amito-chondriate eukaryotes containing the nucleus, cytoskele-ton, and endomembrane system may have never existed. Instead, the primary host for the mitochondrial progeni-tor may have been a chimeric prokaryote, created by fusion between an archaebacterium and a eubacterium, in which eubacterial energy metabolism (glycolysis and fermentation) was retained.

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Methylglyoxal is the most important intracellular glycation agent, formed nonenzymatically from triose phosphates during glycolysis in eukaryotic cells. Methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-products are involved in neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and familial amy-loidotic polyneurophathy) and in the clinical complications of diabetes.

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Diacylglycerol (DAG) andproteinkinase C(PKC) isoforms have been implicated in insulin signalling in muscle and fat cells.We evaluated the involvement ofDAGandPKCin the action of insulin in adult rat hepatocytes culturedwith dexa-methasone, but in the absence of serum, for 48 h. Our results show that although insulin stimulated glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, it had no effect on DAG mass or molecular species composition.

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In Lactococcus lactisthe enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are uniquely encoded in the las operon. We used metabolic control analysis to study the role of this organization. Earlier studies have shown that, at wild-type levels, LDH has no control over glycolysis and growth rate, but high negative control over formate production (C Jformate LDH ¼
1:3).

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The synthesis of ATP in the human parasiteEntamoeba histolyticais car-ried out solely by the glycolytic pathway. Little kinetic and structural infor-mation is available for most of the pathway enzymes.

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Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase catalyzes the reversible aldose-ketose isomerization of D-glucose-6-phosphate to D-fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in the recycling of hexose-6-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway. The unicellular protozoans,Trypan-osoma brucei, T. cruziandLeishmaniaspp., of the order Kinetoplastida are important human parasites responsible for African sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease and leish-maniases, respectively. In these parasites, glycolysis is an important (and in some cases the only) metabolic pathway for ATP supply....

8p dell39 03-04-2013 37 3   Download

Pharmacological activation or overexpression of glucokinase in hepatocytes stimulates glucose phosphorylation, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis. We used an inhibitor of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) hydrolysis, namely the chlorogenic derivative, 1-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-cyclopropylmethoxy]-3, 4-di-hydroxy-5-(3-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl-3-phenyl-acryloyloxy)-cyclohexane-

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Control analysis of the glycolytic flux was carried out in two fast-growth tumor cell types of human and rodent origin (HeLa and AS-30D, respect-ively). Determination of the maximal velocity (Vmax) of the 10 glycolytic enzymes from hexokinase to lactate dehydrogenase revealed that hexokin-ase (153–306 times) and phosphfructokinase-1 (PFK-1) (22–56 times) had higher over-expression in rat AS-30D hepatoma cells than in normal freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.

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In early studies on energy metabolism of tumor cells, it was proposed that the enhanced glycolysis was induced by a decreased oxidative phosphoryla-tion. Since then it has been indiscriminately applied to all types of tumor cells that the ATP supply is mainly or only provided by glycolysis, without an appropriate experimental evaluation.

26p galaxyss3 21-03-2013 45 4   Download