Metabolic function

Currently, there are no studies providing data on normal thyroid anatomy images on ultrasound to document thyroid imaging for doctors in the country in general and in the Mekong River Delta in particular. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the size of a normal adult human thyroid gland by ultrasound and contribute to providing reference data for the training of clinicians, especially determining the dose of drugs to treat some thyroid diseases related to the size of the gland.

7p vinara 11-01-2025 1 1   Download

- Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. - Some polysaccharides serve as storage material, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells. - Other polysaccharides serve as building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism. - The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and by the positions of its glycosidic linkages.

118p zingzing09 21-10-2012 55 9   Download

Quantifying the multiple processes which control and modulate the extent of oral bioavailability for drug candidates is critical to accurate projection of human pharmacokinetics (PK). Understanding how gut wall metabolism and hepatic elimination factor into first-pass clearance of drugs has improved enormously. Typically, the cytochrome P450s, uridine 5′- diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases, are the main enzyme classes responsible for drug metabolism. Knowledge of the isoforms functionally expressed within organs of first-pass clearance, their anatomical topology (e.

16p caothientrangnguyen 09-05-2020 21 1   Download

A severe challenge to the idea that mitochondrial DNA mutations play a major role in the aging process in mammals is that clear loss-of-function mutations accumulate only to very low levels (under 1% of total) in almost any tissue, even by very old age. Their accumulation is punctate: some cells become nearly devoid of wild-type mitochondrial DNA and exhibit no activity for the partly mitochondrially encoded enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. Such cells accumulate in number with aging, suggesting that they survive indefinitely, which is itself paradoxical....

7p research12 01-06-2013 29 3   Download

Antizyme is a polyamine-induced cellular protein that binds to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and targets it to rapid ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 26S proteasome. However, the metabolic fate of antizyme is not clear. We have tested the stability of antizyme in mammalian cells. In contrast with previous studies demonstrating stability in vitro in a reticulocyte lysate-based degradation system, in cells antizyme is rapidly degraded and this degradation is inhibited by specific proteasome inhibitors. ...

7p research12 01-06-2013 43 3   Download

Insulin is the principal regulatory hormone involved in the tight regulation of fuel metabolism. In response to blood glucose levels, it is secreted by the b cells of the pancreas and exerts its effects by binding to cell surface receptors that are present on virtually all cell types and tissues. In humans, perturbations in insulin function and/or secretion lead to diabetes mellitus, a severe disorder primarily characterized by an inability to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it is estimated that 90–95% of diabetic patients exhibit resistance to insulin action....

10p research12 01-06-2013 35 4   Download

Human tissues such as liver, small intestine, spleen and kidney contain a cytosolic b-glucosidase (CBG) that hydrolyses variousb-D-glycosides, but whose physiological function is not known. Here, we describe the ®rst hetero-logous expression of human CBG, a system that facili-tated a detailed assessment of the enzyme speci®city towards dietary glycosides.

10p research12 29-04-2013 48 3   Download

Heterodisul®de reductase (Hdr) is a unique disul®de reduc-tase that plays a key role in the energy metabolism of methanogenic archaea. The genome of the sulfate-reducing archaeonArchaeoglobus fulgidusencodes several proteins of unknown function with high sequence similarity to the catalytic subunit of Hdr. Here we report on the puri®cation of a multisubunit membrane-bound enzyme complex from A.

10p research12 23-04-2013 46 2   Download

Acomputational approach is used to analyse temporal gene expression in the context of metabolic regulation. It is based on the assumption that cells developed optimal adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. Time-dependent enzyme profiles are calculatedwhichoptimize the function of a metabolic pathway under the constraint of limited total enzymeamount.For linearmodel pathways it is shown thatwave-like enzyme profiles are optimal for a rapid substrate turnover.

8p tumor12 22-04-2013 49 3   Download

Anumber of cellular systems cooperate in redox regulation, providing metabolic responses according to changes in the oxidation (or reduction)of the redox active components of a cell. Key systems of central metabolism, such as the 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes, are important participants in redox regulation, because their function is controlled by the NADH/NAD + ratio and the complex-bound dihydro-lipoate/lipoate ratio.

7p tumor12 20-04-2013 40 4   Download

Aerobic metabolism of phenylalanine in most bacteria proceeds via oxidation to phenylacetate. Surprisingly, the further metabolism of phenylacetate has not been elucida-ted, even in well studied bacteria such as Escherichia coli. The only committed step is the conversion of phenylacetate into phenylacetyl-CoA. The paaoperon ofE. coliencodes 14 polypeptides involved in the catabolismof phenylacetate. We have found thatE.

8p fptmusic 16-04-2013 38 2   Download

Ferredoxin (flavodoxin)-NADP(H) reductases (FNR) are ubiquitous flavoenzymes that deliver NADPH or low potential one-electron donors (ferredoxin, flavodoxin) to redox-based metabolisms in plastids, mitochondria and bacteria. The plant-type reductase is also the basic prototype for one of the major families of flavin-containing electron transferases that display common functional and structural properties.

16p fptmusic 16-04-2013 41 2   Download

Oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and its homologs have been shown to regulate lipid metabolism and vesicular transport. However, the exact molecular function of individual OSBP homologs remains uncharacterized. Here we demonstrate that the yeast OSBP homolog, Osh6p, bound phos-phatidic acid and phosphoinositides via its N-terminal half containing the conserved OSBP-related domain (ORD). Using a green fluorescent protein fusion chimera, Osh6p was found to localize to the cytosol and patch-like or punctate structures in the vicinity of the plasma membrane....

13p fptmusic 12-04-2013 52 3   Download

One of the most drastic post-translational modification of proteins in eu-karyotic cells is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, catalysed by a family enzymes termed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). In the human genome, 18 different genes have been identified that all encode PARP family members.

14p fptmusic 11-04-2013 53 2   Download

An overview of the results of our association studies on candi-date genes for human longevity performed in Italian centenarians will be presented. Many genes gave negative results but others showed a positive or negative association with human longevity. Among the last ones a particular attention will be paid to the genes involved in inflammation (IL-6, IL-10, TGFbeta, TLR-4,PPARgamma2), Insulin/IGF-1 signalling pathway and lipid metabolism (Apolipoproteins, CEPT).

72p fptmusic 11-04-2013 39 4   Download

New technologies enable acquisition of large data-sets containing genomic, proteomic and metabolic information that describe the state of a cell. These data-sets call for systematic methods enabling relevant information about the inner workings of the cell to be extracted. One important issue at hand is the understanding of the functional interactions between genes, proteins and metabolites.

11p awards 06-04-2013 30 2   Download

Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase (MCE) is an enzyme involved in the pro-pionyl-CoA metabolism that is responsible for the degradation of branched amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids. This pathway typically functions in the reversible conversion of propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. The Caenor-habditis elegansgenome contains a single gene encoding MCE (mce-1) cor-responding to a 15 kDa protein.

13p awards 06-04-2013 39 3   Download

Transketolase from baker’s yeast is a thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzyme in sugar metabolism that reconstitutes with various analogues of the coenzyme. The methylated analogues (4¢-methylamino-thiamin diphos-phate and N1¢-methylated thiamin diphosphate) of the native cofactor were used to investigate the function of the aminopyrimidine moiety of the coen-zyme in transketolase catalysis.

17p awards 06-04-2013 39 4   Download

Glycoprotein (GP) V is noncovalently linked to GPIba, GPIbband GPIX within the platelet GPIb–V–IX complex, a receptor for von Willebrand factor and thrombin. Two functions have been ascribed to GPV, namely, the modula-tionof thrombin- andcollagen-dependent platelet responses. The biosynthesis of this molecule was investigated in pulse– chase metabolic labelling experiments performed in CHO cell lines transfected with GPV, alone or in the presence of GPIb–IX.

0p awards 05-04-2013 32 3   Download

Cellular functions are ultimately linked to metabolic fluxes brought about by thousands of chemical reactions and transport processes. The synthesisof theunderlying enzymes and membrane transporters causes the cell a certain
effort of energyandexternal resources.Considering that those cells should have had a selection advantage during natural evo-lution that enabled them to fulfil vital functions (such as growth, defence against toxic compounds, repair of DNA alterations, etc.)

18p dell39 03-04-2013 34 5   Download