Hoạt động thương mại của các vương quốc cổ Thái Lan

HOAT DONG THUONG MAI<br /> CUA CAC VUONG QUOC CO THAI LAN<br /> NGUYEN VAN KIM*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> N am d phia Tay Nam ciia ban dao<br /> Ddng Nam A. viiOng qud'c Thai<br /> Vdi muc tieu cd' gang phac diing nhiing<br /> net cd ban ve quan he giao thUdhg ciia<br /> Thai Lan thdi cd trung dai, bai viet mudn<br /> Lan viia gan vdi luc dja chau A viia hda<br /> nhap vdi mdi triidng kinh te bien Thai hudng den mot cai nhin tdng the de tit dd<br /> Binh Diidng va An Do Diidng. Tii nhung tha'y dUdc vi tri kinh te cua Thai Lan, cac<br /> the ky dau sau Cdng nguyen, mot sd'qud'c md'i lien he khu viic. qud'c te cung nhu tien<br /> gia hinh thanh tren lanh thd Thai Lan de ma hoat ddng giao thUdng truyen<br /> hien nay da cd md'i lien he sdm vdi khu vUc thdng tao ra cho sii phat trien cua kinh te<br /> Ddng A, Tay Nam A cung nhieu trung tam Thai dac biet la ngoai thuong cua nudc<br /> kinh te, van hda xa xdi khac. Vi tri dia ly nay trong nhiing the ky sau. Ve cd ban,<br /> gida hai dgi dUdng, sii ket ndi cua bien vdi bai viet difng lai d cudi the ky XV tdc la<br /> luc dia cung cdc dong thien di, cdc mdi khi nen kinh te Thai van chu yeu boat<br /> dong trong khudn khd cua He thdng<br /> quan he rong md, da dgng, da chieu... dd<br /> thiidng mai ndi A (The intra-Asian trad-<br /> tgo nen bdn tinh ndng dgng, khong ngdng<br /> ing system), chUa dii nhap, chiu tac dong<br /> bien ddi ud khd ndng thich dng cao cua<br /> va phai ddi choi vdi nhiing thach thiic<br /> con ngUdi, xd hgi, udn hod Thdi.<br /> kinh te, xa hoi cua cac tap doan thUdng<br /> Hoa nhap vdi sU phat trien chung cua mai phUdng Tay.<br /> cac vUdng qud'c co hinh thanh tren quan Tii nhieu the ky TCN, do nhiing ban<br /> dao Inddnexia. Malaixia cung nhu Ddng che ve kha nang di bien nen chu nhan cua<br /> Nam A ban dao, cac tdc ngUdi chu yeu ndi cac vUdng qud'c cd chUa the td chiic cac<br /> ngdn ngii tien Khmer va Mdn thuoc ngii doan thuyen ldn, thiic hien nhiing chuyen<br /> he Nam A (Austroasiatic languages), da hai trinh xa. NhUng, do nam d vi tri ban<br /> lap nen vUdng qud'c cua minh. Cd the ke dao nen Thai Lan da sdm trd thanh diem<br /> den Dvaravati (TK VI-XII). Lavo (VII- den cua nhieu doan thuyen budn qud'c te.<br /> 1388), Sukhothay (1238-1438), Lanna Cac cang bien d day viia la ndi cung cap<br /> (1269-1774)... Nhin chung, cac viidng dich vu hang hai viia la dia diem trung<br /> qud'c dd deu sdm cd tam nhin hudng bien chuyen hang hoa giiia cac trung tam<br /> va truyen thd'ng khai thac bien. nguyen lieu, tieu thu san pham cua he<br /> <br /> * PGS.TS Nguypii Van Kiin, Tnidng Dai hoc KJioa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, DHQG HN<br />  iMifhicn cuu Dong iWini A 7,2()(i9<br /> <br /> <br /> thdng hai thUdng Ddng N a m A - Nam A. Nam An. T r u n g Can Ddng ciing nhu Dia<br /> Nhin n h a n sii tiep giao kinh te theo hudng Trung Hai. d U Thong, mot ddng tien La<br /> Bac - Nam chung ta thay. tii thdi Han Ma thudc thdi cam quyen cua hoang de<br /> (203TCN-220) dac biet la tu thdi Luong Victorius ciing da dUdc p h a t hien. Qua<br /> (502-557) cac doan t h u y e n buon Trung giam dinh, hien vat quy cd nien dai 258-<br /> Hoa ciing ngay mot xua't hien thiidng 270 SCN. Den k h o a n g the ky VII. mot sd<br /> xuyen d vinh Xiem {Siam gulf) cung nhieu ddng tien Ba Tu ciing dugc tim thay d<br /> thi tru'dng Ddng Nam A'". Thong qua cdc huyen Yarang tinh P a t t a n i . Bang chiing<br /> mdi quan he, giao lUu kinh te, vdn hod da khao cd hoc da cung cap nhieu thdng tin<br /> dgng do, cdc cong dong cii ddn cd khong gia tri ve boat dong cua tuyen giao thudng<br /> chi CO dUdc cdc thUdng phdm qudc te, tiep nay tii' thdi tien va sd sit. Theo q u a n diem<br /> nhdn ky thudt che tdc sdn phdm thii cong cua nha khao co, chuyen gia ve Ddng Nam<br /> md con tich luy dUdc tri thdc, kinh nghiem A ngudi Anh Ian C. Glover thi: "Khi chiing<br /> budn bdn. Ben cgnh do, hg cung co nhdng ta ndi. dudi gdc do lich sit, nhiing md'i lien<br /> nhgn thdc sdm, tiidng do'i ddy du vc gid tri he giiia An Do va Ddng N a m A, dieu dau<br /> ciia tdng nguon thiidng phdm cung tiem tien phai ngh! den la van de An Do hoa<br /> ndng, sdc mgnh kinh te ciia nhieu qudc {hidianization). q u a t r i n h phiic hdp.<br /> gia trong khu viic. m a n h me nay cd the dUdc khdi dau tit dau<br /> Cdng nguyen da t r u y e n tai biet bao gia tri<br /> Cac bang chiing khao cd hoc cho thay,<br /> van hoa den phUdng Ddng thdng qua vung<br /> khoang 3.000 nam triidc, nhieu cong ddng<br /> vinh Bengal"*'^'.<br /> cU dan sinh sd'ng tren lanh thd Thai Lan<br /> hien nay da cd mdi lien he vdi An Do va Mac dii nhieu hoc gia tin r a n g giiia An<br /> cac qud'c gia hai dao de n h a p ve chuoi hat. Do va Dia T r u n g Hai da sdm cd quan he<br /> Nhiing di viit jjhat hien dudc d hang giao thuong nhUng p h a i k h o a n g tif the ky<br /> Bucng Baeb huyen K h i n a l Nikhom, tinh III trd di thi n h u n g md'i giao lUu dd mdi<br /> Surat Thani cho tha'y rd dieu dd. Ve sau. ngay cang trd nen dam net. Cac p h a t hien<br /> trong cac di chi d Non Nok Tha. Ban Na khao cd hoc trong 4 t h a p ky qua ciing cho<br /> Di. Ban Khok thuoc tinh Khon Kaen va tha'y cd rat nhieu chudi hat, dd ddng, con<br /> Ban Chiang... deu cung cap nhiing bang da'u, tien, hide nga voi, gd'm ciing nhieu<br /> chiing tin cay ve mdi lien he sdm vdi the loai hien vat khac da dUdc dua den Ddng<br /> gidi ben ngoai. Nhiing hien vat che tac Nam A tit An Do dac biet la vung Ddng<br /> bang ddng phat hien d Ban Chiang khong N a m An. Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi niia,<br /> chi cho thay moi quan he sdm vdi cac chinh cac thd t h u cdng. thUdng n h a n An<br /> t r u n g t a m van boa thudc Ddng Nam A luc Do. Tay Nam A vUa la ngUdi che tac cac<br /> dia ma cdn the hien sU gan gui trong giao san p h a m t h u cdng viia ddng vai trd<br /> tiep van hoa, trao ddi ky t h u a t vdi cac chuyen giao cac san p h a m van hda cua<br /> cdng ddng cU dan viing hai dao. Nhieu van minh Dia T r u n g Hai, Ba Tu den Ddng<br /> chudi hat thuy tinh cd nien dai 2.300- A. Tuy nhien, cung phai tha'y rSng, mac<br /> 1.800 nam BP phat hien tai cac di chi dd du md'i quan he, giao t h u d n g qud'c te da<br /> chdng td chii n h a n cua mot nen ky t h u a t sdm p h a t trien va p h a t trien da dang<br /> sdm da cd mdi lion he mat thiet vdi vung n h u n g d mot sd khu vuc tUdng ddi biet<br /> Ni^iiyen Vdn Kim - Hogt doiii^ fhiro'tii^ mgi cua cdc vUaiig qudc co Thdi Lan...<br /> <br /> <br /> lap, nOi cd cac " t h a n h dia" cua The che n h a truyen giao An ludn gan vdi nhiing<br /> ndng nghiep {Agricultural polity) hay lam huyen thoai ve sii giau cd cua vung dat<br /> nghiep {Siluiculturol n a y ' " . Theo each hieu cua ngudi An va<br /> polity), thi nhiing<br /> tac ddng k h u viic, qud'c te dUdng nhU dien nhieu qud'c gia khac d Tay A, Ba Tu... thi<br /> ra r a t c h a m chap. Theo dd, mot sd khu xif Suvarabhumi hay Suvarnavipa (Dao<br /> vUc n h u vung nui phia Bac Viet Nam, vang) ddng nghia vdi nhiing xif sd chifa<br /> Lao, Ddng - Bac Thai Lan... da sdm hinh day tai nguyen quy. Chinh muc tieu kinh<br /> t h a n h nen nhiing t r u y e n thd'ng van hoate, hay ndi each khac la ngudn cua cai cua<br /> rieng biet. Hoat ddng kinh te d day mang dai da't phUdng Ddng, da thdi thiic nhieu<br /> tinh hudng noi k h a dien hinh''*'. Ngoai nha t h a m hiem, thUdng nhan... khdng<br /> nhiing khu viic dac thii dd, sii du n h a p vaquan thach thiic, hiem nguy tim den Ddng<br /> ca tiep n h a n , tiep bien van hoa d cac Nam A. Trong tac p h ^ m A r t h a s a s t r a viet<br /> vUdng qud'c cd Thai Lan ciing n h u cua vao the ky thit IV, ngUdi An da cd nhieu<br /> chung k h u viic Ddng N a m A la mot thiic t r a n g md ta ve xif J a v a het siic phong phii<br /> te khdng t h e p h u n h a n . ngudn tai nguyen. Theo dd, "Neu ai da<br /> den J a v a thi khdng the trd ve. NhUng neu<br /> Vao nhUng the ky trudc, sau Cdng<br /> nhu cd cd hoi trd ve thi anh ta cd the dem<br /> nguyen viec san xuat, sit dung dd ddng d<br /> theo mot so' lUdng cua cai dii de cho bay<br /> Thai Lan ciing gdp t h e m nhUng chdng cii<br /> the he trong gia dinh sinh sd'ng"'''*.<br /> dang tin cay ve md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi<br /> cac t r u n g t a m van hoa phia Bac ban dao Tudng t u n h u vay, ngUdi Trung Hoa<br /> Ddng Nam A vdi viing Hoa N a m (Trung qung da sdm quan t a m den cac qud'c gia<br /> Qud'c). Ciing vdi cac tuyen giao thUdng k h u vUc "Nam Dudng" {Nanyo hay<br /> dudng bo chay doc theo ban dao Ma Lai, Nanyang)^^''\ Den the ky VII, khi viet ve<br /> cU dan cd cdn cd nhieu mdi lien he bang Phil Nam, Liidng thU da md ta ve mot<br /> dUdng bien. Tii lau, cac n h a t h a m hiem, vUdng qudc d phUdng N a m goi la "TrUdng<br /> thUdng n h a n Tay N a m A da biet den xit canh uUdng qudc" (Nudc cua ngUdi cd dai,<br /> Suvarnabhumi tdc dai "Ddt udng". Viing chac ban la do tuc deo nhieu ldp vdng<br /> dat nay khdng chi la ndi cd ngudn cua cai bac?- TG): "Tuc d dd cung cd nha cita,<br /> phong phii ma cdn la khu vUc cd truyen quan Ao, an cdm gao. Tieng ndi ciia ngUdi<br /> thd'ng van hoa sdm dat den trinh do p h a t d day cd khac Phii Nam chiit it. Cd niii san<br /> trien kha cao. Cu d a n xd "Ddt vdng" la xua't vang. Nudc vang toat len tren da<br /> nhiing ngUdi t h a n h thao ky t h u a t ddng nhieu vd ke... Qud'c vUdng Phii Nam nhieu<br /> thuyen, che tac cac san p h a m thii cdng va lan sai sit dUa qud'c thU va thudng dUdc<br /> nghe t h u a t . dap lai bang each t a n g qudc vUdng P h u<br /> La mot nen van minh ddng thdi la Nam 50 tUdng ngUdi bSng vang rdng"''^'.<br /> t r u n g tam kinh te ldn. An Do da sdm cd N h u vay, "TrUdng canh vUdng qudc" la<br /> nhieu anh hUdng den cac qud'c gia khu mot qud'c gia giau cd, cd mdi quan he va<br /> vUc. Qua trinh "An Do hod" d Ddng Nam chiu sii t h a n thudc Phii N a m . Mac du<br /> A dien ra tif r a t .sdm. NhUiig cung phai khdng the khSng dinh mot each chac chan<br /> tha'y rc^ng, h a n h trinh tien ve phitdng n h u n g cd the doan dinh rang vUdng qud'c<br /> Ddng ctia cac thUdng n h a n . thd thu cdng, nay chinh la Suvarnabhumi hay chi it<br />  Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009<br /> <br /> <br /> cung cd md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi dia danh cac md'i giao luu kinh te va dd ciing la mdt<br /> huyen thoai dd. ThUc te lich sU cho tha'y, trong nhiing nguyen n h a n cd ban khien<br /> trong sud't nhieu the ky, tii T r u n g Qud'c, cho viing ha lUu sdng H a n g trd t h a n h<br /> An Do va Tay A... nhieu chuyen di den t r u n g t a m kinh te q u a n trgng cua An Do.<br /> Ddng Nam A tim vang, hUdng lieu da dUdc Vd'n cd nhieu tiem n a n g ve ndng nghiep,<br /> thuc hien. t h u cdng nghiep cU dan viing sdng Me<br /> Trong khi mot so'tac pham van hoc An ciing da sdm p h a t trien kinh te thUdng<br /> mo ta Suvarnabhumi nhu la vung da't nghiep va hdi n h a p vdi m a n g ludi giao<br /> dem lai ngudn ldi thUdng mai ldn thi cac thUOng lien A.<br /> tac pham dd ciing ddng thdi nha'n m a n h Nhiing p h a t hien khao cd hgc da dem<br /> den ddi sd'ng tdn giao cua xd sd nay. Khi lai nhieu thdng tin xac thiic ve vai trd va<br /> den viing "Dd't vdng" ngudi ta ciing cd the hoat dgng cua thUdng mai cd Thai Lan<br /> quy y theo Phat. Cd it n h a t ba phai bo ciing nhu cac boat ddng da dang khac<br /> truyen giao la Gavampti, Sona va U t t a r a trong giao luu van hoa. Viec p h a t hien ra<br /> da ditdc n h a e den t r o n g tac p h a m cac con tau dam trong viing vinh Xiem<br /> S a s a n a v a m s a p p a d i p i k a . Trong do, hai thiic sii cd y nghia dd'i vdi nhieu nganh<br /> phai bo sau da duoc dich than hoang de khoa hoc. Thdng tin tu' cac con tau dam da<br /> Ashoka (273-236 TCN) giao su menh va dang dem lai nhiing n h a n thiic chuan<br /> hoang diidng Phat phap cho cif dan xif xac hdn ve ky t h u a t ddng tau, hoat ddng<br /> Suvarnabhumi ngay sau dai hoi Phat giao kinh to. sU p h a t trien cua cac nganh thu<br /> lan thu ba vao giiia the ky 111 TCN. Nhieu cdng, ddi sd'ng xa hdi, niem tin tdn giao<br /> nguon tif lieu cho thay bang chUng chac cung n h u t r u y e n thd'ng h u d n g bien,<br /> chan rang vao giua TNK thu' nhat, cit dan thudng mai tren bien cua nhieu ldp cU dan<br /> vung ha chau thd sdng Hang ciing da co cd''""'. Khao ciiu san p h a m thudng mai<br /> quan he vdi Ddng N a m A qua cac tuyen trong cac con tau dd deu t h a y cd nga voi,<br /> giao luu tren dat lien va tren bien. Vifdt da, chi, thiec, gd quy... Ngoai ra, cdn c6<br /> qua vinh Bengal, thUdng n h a n mien Ddng gd'm sif T r u n g Qud'c, Viet N a m , Thai Lan<br /> - Nam An da dung san p h a m dia phUdng (Sangkhalok) ciing nhieu loai vat dung<br /> de ddi lay muoi, vai, kim loai, gdm cua khac. Hien vat trong cac con t a u dam cho<br /> Ddng Nam A. Do nhiing "tac ddng cua thay nen thudng mai cd Thai Lan luon co<br /> quan he giao thiidng, nhu cau sit dung mdi lien he rdng ldn vdi cac viing cung cap<br /> tien bac cung t a n g len ciing vdi sii md nguyen lieu cung n h u thi trUdng khu vUc.<br /> rong anh hudng ciia P h a t giao, Ba La Mdn Trd lai vdi nhiing md'i giao thudng<br /> giao va dao J a i n a (Jainasm). Tif nhiing truyen thd'ng, cd the tha'y trong khoang<br /> md'i ldi thiidng mai, nhieu tuyen giao thdi gian tit the ky III-VII, thdi ky kien<br /> thuong dudng dai ciing da dUo'c thiet lap diing cua nhieu qudc gia cd Ddng Nam A,<br /> gida chau thd sdng H a n g vdi cU dan luu hau het cac vUOng qud'c deu cd md'i lien he<br /> vUc sdng Irrawady cung nhii cac viing niii mat thiet vdi cac t r u n g t a m kinh te khu<br /> cao Ddng Nam A. Nhu cau nguyen lieu viic, qud'c te. Ciing vdi nhiing trao ddi<br /> ciing n h u n g s;in pham dac thii Ddng Nam m a n g t i n h ngi viing, h o a t ddng giao<br /> A da thiic dav sU t a n g tru'dng mau chdng thUdng khu viic cdn diig'c thiic day bdi nhu<br /> Nguyen Vdn Kim - Hoat dgng diuang mgi cua cdc vuang qudc cdThdi Lan.<br /> <br /> <br /> cau tieu dung nhiing san pham xa xi hogt dgng giao thUdng ngi vdng, ngogi vi<br /> phUdng Dong cua cac de' che ddng thdi la do dd gop phdn het sdc quan trgng vdo sii<br /> cac t r u n g t a m kinh te ldn n h u Trung hUng thinh cua cdc vUdng quo'c Thdi Lan<br /> Qud'c, An Do. La Ma, Ba Tu... Vi tri dia ly cung nhu nhieu quo'c gia co Dong Nam A.<br /> trgng yeu, nhu cdu tieu dung sdn phdm xa De cd phuOng tien di bien an toan, hieu<br /> xi cua thi trUdng qudc tecung sdc hdp ddn qua kinh te cao, cU dan Ddng Nam A da<br /> cua cdc nguon tdi nguyen Dong Nam A Id sU dung nhieu ky t h u a t ddng thuyen.<br /> nhdng nguyen nhdn chinh yeu ddn den Nhin chung, thuyen Ddng Nam A cd trgng<br /> viec md rong he thd'ng thUdng mgi Dong tai khdng t h a t ldn nhu'ng ludn the bicn<br /> Nam A vd bien khu uiic ndy thdnh mgt kha nang thich ifng cao vdi mdi trUdng<br /> trung tdm kinh te co vai tro quan trgng bien khu viic. Cu dan cd da dimg go tech.<br /> trong he thdng thUdng mgi the gidi. Trong gd sao cd trU lUdng phong phu trong nhieu<br /> dieu kien phUdng tien di bien cdn nhieu canh rifng m u a nhiet ddi de ddng thuyen.<br /> thd sd, cac t h u y e n budn cua Ba Tu. An Do, Den the'ky XV-XVI, trifdc ngUdng cUa ciia<br /> Trung Qudc da t u a n theo che do gid miia sii giao luu, tiep xiic va dung do Ddng -<br /> va cac dai bd bien de den budn ban vdi Tay dudng n h u d mdt sd'qud'c gia khu viic<br /> Ddng Nam A trong dd cd cac vUdng qud'c da dat dUdc budc tien vUdt trdi ve ky<br /> cd tren da't Thai. t h u a t hang hai. Trong cac boat ddng<br /> Ngudn hUdng lieu, lam, thd, hai san va thUdng mai, loai thuyen cd trgng tai ldn<br /> ca nd le... da dUdc m u a ban. trao ddi dgc {Jong) til 350 den 500 tan da dUgc sif<br /> theo cac tuyen giao thiidng nay. Cac cudc dung phd bien""'.<br /> dieu tra, khao sat, nghien citu khao cd hgc Trong lich sif, ngUdi ta van ndi ve "Con<br /> d M a n t a i , A n u r a d h a P u r a , Oc Eo, U dudng td lua" tren da't lien va tren bien.<br /> Thong, Biin Don T a p h e t va mdt so' di chi T h a m chi "Con dUdng tdlua tren bien" cdn<br /> khu vUc mien N a m Thai Lan da chiing dUdc ggi la "Con diidng bien vl dgi" (The<br /> minh cho q u a n diem dd'^''. Dieu dang chii Great sea road). Tuyen thUdng mai nay<br /> y la, trong cac hien v;U p h a t hien dUdc vao xuat phat tit cac cang ven bien mien Nam<br /> nhiing the ky dau SCN da cd nhUng che Trung Qud'c ndi ket vdi he thdng cang<br /> pham dac t h u cd ngudn gdc tii Dia T r u n g viing vinh Bac Bg, dai bien dao mien<br /> Hai, An Do, T r u n g Qud'c. Nhiing phat Trung vdi cac cang C h a m p a rdi tap trung<br /> hien dd, cung vdi so hien vat tim dUdc d ve viing vinh Xiem (hay cdn ggi la Bien<br /> Arikamedu va Bcgram thudc An Do cd Tay). Mat khac, tif khoang the ky thd IV-<br /> dai, da cung cap t h e m nhiing thdng tin V da dan hinh t h a n h he thd'ng thUdng<br /> khoa hgc xac thiic ve vi the kinh t e c u a cac cang t r a i dai tit v u n g ha luu Chao<br /> vifOng qudc cd d Thai Lan. P h a r a y a den ban dao Ma Lai. Tam diem<br /> Dgc theo cac tuyen t h u d n g mai truyen ket tu cua hai tuyen giao thUdng Bac -<br /> thd'ng d bd Ddng cua vinh Bengal, phia Nam, Ddng - Tay dd da gap nhau d vinh<br /> Tay - BAc vinh Xiem dac biet la khu vUc bien nay. NhUng tii khoang the ky VI trd<br /> CO Kra, cac n h a nghien cdu ciing da tim di, tuyen hai thUdng qud'c te dan md rdng<br /> dUdc mgt he thd'ng n h u n g dicm dd, ndi che xud'ng phia Nam vi the vai trd cua eo Kra<br /> tac, sua chda t h u y e n . Rd r a n g la. nhdng cat ngang qua ban dao Ma Lai ngay mdt<br /> 8 Nghien edit Dong Nam A 712009<br /> <br /> <br /> hi suy giam. Thudng thuyen khu viic, hoa dd den cac qud'c gia khu viic. Trong<br /> qud'c te bat dau t a p t r u n g ve eo bien khi dd, bg p h a n cU d a n phia Ddng lai la<br /> Malacca de tii' dd tien den vinh Bengal n h u n g ngUdi v a n chuyen h a n g hoa tit<br /> ciing nhieu thudng cang vung Tay A. Nhu' Ddng s a n g Tay b a n g ca dudng sdng,<br /> vay, q u a n he t h u d n g mai Ddng Nam A dUdng bg chay xuyen qua cac t h u n g liing.<br /> ludn la mgt ddng chay da tuyen. Su t h a m Mgt so' t u y e n trao ddi dd cho den nay van<br /> gia cua cac thUdng n h a n Tay N a m A cung con tdn tai. Diia tren cac ngudn tit lieu<br /> gdp p h a n lam cho tuyen hai thudng Ddng lich sif va p h a t hien khao cd hgc, nha<br /> - Tay qua cac eo bien Malacca, Sunda n g h i e n ciiu ngudi T h a i Tharapong<br /> them nhdn nhip. Srisuchat da phac diing lai cac tuyen<br /> thudng mai t r u y e n thdng hinh t h a n h tren<br /> Ciing vdi sii hinh t h a n h ciia he thong<br /> dat Thai trUdc t h e ' k y XVI. Gia t h u y e t dUa<br /> cang bien, cac cang sdng cung ngay cang<br /> ra gdm 10 tuyen chinh:<br /> tr'd nen cd vai trd q u a n trgng trong viec<br /> ndi ket ba khdng gian kinh te: Bien - 1. ThUdng n h a n cd the tit viing bien<br /> Chau thd - Rifng niii. Vdi Thai Lan, tieu Andaman (thugc vjnh Mataban,<br /> bieu cho md'i lien ket nay la t r u n g t a m Myanmar) theo cac tuyen sdng Salaween,<br /> thudng nghiep Satuk tren sdng Mun d Mei sau dd vUgt qua deo Mae Sod thugc<br /> mien Ddng Bac. Theo quan diem ciia tinh Tak rdi van chuyen h a n g den mien<br /> nhieu nha nghien ciiu, t r u n g t a m thiidng Bac Thai Lan. Nhiing p h a t hien khao cd<br /> nghiep nay dugc hinh t h a n h la do su hgc cho thay cd nhieu loai h a n g hoa, trong<br /> thinh dat ciia viing san xuat gd'm xua't dd cd gd'm sif T r u n g Qud'c, Mien Dien,<br /> khau Buriam gan dd. Trong thdi gian nay, Lanna va S u k h o t h a y da la nhiing mat<br /> d Thai Lan da xua't hien niiieu t r u n g tam hang trao ddi q u a n trgng.<br /> gd'm ndi tieng n h u : P a - 0 , B u r i a m , 2. T u y e n thii hai c u n g tii bien<br /> Sukhothay, Sisatchanalai... hay cac viing<br /> A n d a m a n trong viing cang Maulemean<br /> chuyen che tac thuy linh: Sathing Phra,<br /> vinh M a t a b a n . Theo dd, t h u y e n budn cd<br /> Songkbla, Wat Rang (Nakhon Si<br /> the di vao sdng Sami, h a n g hoa dUdc chd<br /> T h a m m a r a t ) , Wat Vieng (Suratthani), va<br /> den viing Chedi S a m Ong (Ba ngdi chua),<br /> Prasat Muang Singha thugc tinh<br /> rdi lai dUdc tiep tuc chuyen den cac sdng<br /> Kanchanaburi.<br /> Kwae Noi va K w a e Yai thudc tinh<br /> Dua tren nhiing i)hat hien khao cd hgc K a n c h a n a b u r i . Tii day, thUdng n h a n cd<br /> cung nhu cac bang chiing khoa hgc khac, the toa den vung ddng b a n g t r u n g tam<br /> cd the tha'y d Thai Lan da sdm hinh t h a n h T h a i , dem h a n g de'n cac t i n h nhU<br /> md'i lien he kinh te, giao luu van hoa giCta Supanburi, R a t c h a b u r i , N a k h o n Pathom.<br /> nhiing ngudi ban dia sd'ng d mien Ddng Nhieu k h a nang, tii tuyen thudng mai<br /> vdi mien Tay ban dao. Chinh bd phan cU nay, h a n g boa ciing da dUdc dUa den vinh<br /> dan phia Tay, da't ban bd cua vUdng qud'c Xiem, Campuchia, Viet N a m va mien<br /> Dvaravati, do cd the giao hda vdi An Do Nam T r u n g Qud'c. Tren tuyen giao thUdng<br /> Diidng da tiep n h a n nhieu ngudn hang dd. nhieu hien vat n h a p ngoai da ditdc<br /> hda, gia tri van boa An va rdi chinh hg lai phat hien d Phong Tuk, Ban Don Taphet<br /> truven tai nhiing llianh luu kinh le, van ihudc tinh K a n c h a n a b u r i va di tich Don<br /> Nguyen \'dn Knii - Hogt dgng thuang mai ciia cdc vKo'iig qudc cdThdi Lan...<br /> <br /> <br /> R a k a n g thudc tinh S u p h a n b u r i . S u r a t t h a n i va viing hang P h a n n a r a tinh<br /> 3. Tif bien A n d a m a n , thifdng n h a n cd Nakhon Si T h a m m a r a t .<br /> the VUdt qua vung b a n dao hep nha't dd la 7. Tif bien A n d a m a n den vimg Bac cua<br /> eo Kra thudc tinh Ranong di ngUdc sdng tinh Trang, thUdng nhan cd the vUdt qua<br /> Kra Buri den kenh Chan, sau dd vUdt qua dai da't lien den Nakhon Si T h a m m a r a t . Di<br /> vung ddi thugc tinh C h u m p h o n rdi dgc chi khao cd hgc dgc theo tuyen nay cd Khao<br /> theo sdng C h u m p h o n den vinh Xiem va Sai thudc tinh Trang. Sdng Ta Rua c6 the<br /> cac cang mien Dong ban dao. Trong cac di dUa hg den vimg bd bien phia Ddng. Nhieu<br /> chi dUdc p h a t hien, dia diem Khao Sam hien vat da dUdc phat hien d khu viic nay<br /> Kaeo thugc tinh C h u m p h o n cd vai trd dd la di chi Ta Rua va Muang Phra Vieng<br /> quan trgng. thudc tinh Nakhon Sri T h a m m a r a t .<br /> 4. Tit bien A n d a m a n , thuyen budn di 8. Cac doan thUdng mai cd the di tit<br /> qua dao P h r a Thong vao k e n h Nang Yon. bien A n d a m a n den song Sungai Muda sau<br /> Tif day, hg vUdt qua viing doi Khuan dd den viing bien gidi Thai Lan -<br /> Chalie thudc viing Chon Mining, sau dd Malaixia, theo he thd'ng sudi den viing<br /> den sdng Saeng. Tiep dd thUdng n h a n den Pattani. Cac di chi lien quan den tuyen<br /> sdng P h u m d u a n g , sdng Ta Pi rdi vao vinh thuong mai nay da dUdc p h a t hien cd<br /> Bandon tinh S u r a t t h a n i . Dgc theo tuyen Sungai Mas, Bujang, Kedah...<br /> nay cd r a t nhieu di chi n h u P h u k h a o 9. Dgc theo tuyen bien gidi va cac day<br /> Thong, Khao Kok, Chong Khrong, Khuan nui giiia Thai Lan - Campuchia la tuyen<br /> Thong, T h a P h a k N a m Rob, Khao van chuyen gdm tU cac Id san xuat tinh<br /> Srivichai va K h u a n P h u n Phin thugc tinh Buriam ciing nhieu ngudn lam san khac.<br /> S u r a t Thani. Dac trUng cua tuyen thUdng mai nay la<br /> 5. Tif bien A n d a m a n , qua dao Ko Kho thiidng n h a n ph.ai vUdt qua nhieu day nui<br /> Khao thudng n h a n cd the thiic hien tuyen cao nhu Bok, Ta Thao, Phra Plai, Chom...<br /> hai trinh dgc sdng Ta Kua Pa, vUdt qua de den dUdc vung ddng bang Campuchia.<br /> deo Sok rdi den sdng P h u m d u a n g . Tif day, Til dd, hang boa lai tiep tuc dUa den Viet<br /> di dgc sdng Ta Pi hg cd the dem hang den Nam va Ddng Nam A. Nhieu kha nang,<br /> viing Tay Bac tifc la den viing vinh Ban khdng it t r u n g t a m kinh te - van boa<br /> Don. Cac di chi khao cd hgc thugc he trong khu vUc da theo tuyen thuong mai<br /> thd'ng sdng nay cd Ko Kho Khao, Khuan nay giao luu vdi vung Ddng Bac Thai.<br /> Phra Nua, Khao P h r a Narai va Tha Han 10. Thudng n h a n cd the di theo lUu viic<br /> thudc tinh P h a n g n a . Mekong den cac dia phUdng mien Bac<br /> 6. Tif bien A n d a m a n den mien Nam Thai Lan nbu Leoi, Nong Kai, Nakhon<br /> tinh P h a n g n a vudt qua cac tuyen dudng Pbnom, M u k d a h a n , Ubon Rachathani. Co<br /> bd den tinh Krabi, di vao kenh Sin Pun nhieu nen van hda, t r u n g tam van minh<br /> den sdng Ta Pi rdi lien den vinh Ban Don da binh t h a n h dgc theo tuyen thUdng mai<br /> thudc tinh S u r a t t h a n i . Di chi khao cd hgc nay nhu Pakse (Lao), Angkor<br /> CO y nghia nha't la K h u a n Luk Pat thugc (Campuchia), hay trUdc dd la dc Eo (Phii<br /> tinh Krabi, viing Vieng Sa thugc tinh Nam) thudc chau thd Mekong (Viet Nam).<br /> 10 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Nhin chung, cac di tich nay cd cung nien Mot so' nha nghien cifu cho rang do chinh<br /> dai vdi di tich k h u viic mien N a m Thai'^^'. la san pham cua ngUdi Viet va "Ma Lai".<br /> Xem Martin Stuart-Fox: A Short History<br /> N h u vay, den khoang the ky XV, tren of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute,<br /> cac vung da't cd cua vUdng quo'c Thai Lan Trade and Influence, Sdd, p.23.<br /> hien nay da hinh t h a n h 10 tuyen giao 7. Luang thU: Tit lieu Trung Quo'c viet ve Viet<br /> thuong chinh yeu. Mac dii can phai khao Nam va cac qudc gia Dong Nam A; Tit lieu<br /> cifu, bd sung t h e m cac tuyen giao thudng Khoa Lich sif, sdLS-TL 0058, tr.50.<br /> triic tiep tif Nam An den Thai Lan, Ddng 8. Theo nha nghien cifu Thai Lan Erbprem<br /> Nam A qua vinh Bengal nhUng cac tuyen Vatcharangkul thi tii nam 1974 d vimg bien<br /> giao thUdng ndi t r e n la nhiing bg p h a n Thai Lan da co 52 thuyen dSm<br /> quan trgng ciia cac md'i q u a n he vung, lien {Shipwrecks) ditdc phat hien. Phan ldn cac<br /> thuyen do c6 trgng tai titdng do'i ldn va deu<br /> vung ddng thdi c h u a n bi nen t a n g thiet<br /> CO nien dai the ky XVI-XVIl. Trong so' cac<br /> yeu cho sii p h a t trien cua he thd'ng thUdng thuyen dim co 11 thuyen da dUOc khao ciiu<br /> mai Thai Lan nhieu the ky sau./. ky cang. Xem Underwater Archaeological<br /> Evidence from Shipwrecks of Siam; in FY<br /> 2007 Report of Sakai-Asia Cultural<br /> Partnership Conference Collaborative<br /> Research Project, International Division,<br /> CHU T H I C H<br /> Sakai city, March 2008, p.71.<br /> 9. Ian C.Glover: Beads and Bronzes:<br /> 1. Martin Stuart-Fox: A Short History of Archaeological Indicator of Trade between<br /> China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Thailand and Early Buddhist Civilization<br /> Trade and Influence, Allen & Unwin, of Northern India; in Karl Reinhold<br /> 2003, p.23-42. Haellquist (Ed.): Asian Trade Routes:<br /> 2. lan C. Glover: The Southern Silk Road: Continental and Maritime, Scandinavian<br /> Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade Institute of Asian Studies, 1991, p . l l 7 -<br /> Between India and Southeast Asia, The SUk 141.<br /> Roads - Highways of Culture and<br /> 10. Pierre-Yves Manguin: The Vanishing<br /> Commerce, UNESCO Pubhshing, 2000,<br /> Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in<br /> p.57.<br /> Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth<br /> 3. Sakurai Yumio: Thd phdc diing cdu true lich Centuries), in Anthony Reid: Southeast<br /> sdcila khu vUc Dong Nam A {Thong qua mdi Asia in the Early Modern Era, Cornell<br /> quan hegiUa bien vd luc dia). Tap chi Nghien University Press, 1993, p. 198.<br /> cifu Dong Nam A, sd 4-1996, tr.37-55.<br /> 11. Tharapong Srisuchat: Geological and<br /> 4. George Coedes: The Indianized States of Archaeological Expeditions in Thailand<br /> Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii related to the Maritime Silk Route; in<br /> Press, Honolulu, 1964, p. 19-21. Ancient Trades and Cultural Contacts in<br /> 5. Din theo lan C. Glover: TJie Southern Silk Southeast Asia, The Office of the National<br /> Road: Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade Culture Commission, Bangkok Thailand,<br /> Between India and Southeast Asia, p.59. 1996, p.133-235.<br /> 6. Theo mot so' nguon sif lieu, tit thoi Chu<br /> nhieu san pham xa xi nhif nga voi, sifng<br /> te, mai rua, nggc, long chim tri... da ditdc<br /> difa tii phia Nam den kinh do Trung Quo'c.<br />