Nghiên cứu lịch sử Đảng trong bối cảnh hội nhập quốc tế

KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> NGHICN Ciru UCH SIT DflNG<br /> TRONG BOI CRNH HOI NHRP QUOC TC'<br /> GS, NGND VC DlTONG NINH*<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Cd the ndi tdm tat, lich sii Vi?t Nam ed mdi lien h^ vdi the gidi ben ngoai,<br /> trong the ky XX da trai qua ba lan hpi ngoai mpt vai cupc phdi hpp tac ehieh<br /> nhap qudc te vdi nhimg md'c nien dgi: mang tinh ty phat vdi ngudi Lao va<br /> 1930,1950 va 1986. ngudi Campuchia. De'n dau the ky XX,<br /> Sau nhung nam thang tim dudng cuu cae nha yeu nudc da he md canh eiia nhin<br /> nudc, Nguyen Ai Qud'c - Ho Chi Minh ra the gidi, hoac mudn theo md hinh duy<br /> da neu len mot lugn de quan trpng: Vi^t tan kieii Nhgt Ban, hoac mudn theo che'<br /> Nam la mdt bd phan ciia the gidi, each dp dan quyen kieu Phap, nhung ehinh<br /> mang Viet Nam la mpt bp phan eiia each Phap va Nhgt Igi dan ap nhiing y tudng<br /> mgng the gidi. Chan ly tudng nhu gian cap tien dd. Trong tinh trang hau nhu be<br /> don dd dupe nit ra tu thuc tien quan sat tac, Nguyen Ai Qud'c rdi dat nudc ra di va<br /> cac trao luu each mang the' gidi, tu mudi nam sau da tim thay anh sang tii<br /> nhiing trai nghiem ban than trong qua Cach mang Thang Mudi Nga, tu hpc<br /> trinh tie'p xiic vdi cac dan tpc nam ehau thuyet Lenin va hudng each mgng Viet<br /> bdn bien, va ciing la kinh nghiem due ke't Nam di theo Quoc te' thii Ba. Dd la buac<br /> tu lieh sii da'u tranh cho'ng thyc dan xam khai dau cho su hoi nhdp cdch mqng Viet<br /> lupc. Cac phong trao chdng Phap cuoi Nam vdo trdo luu cdch mqng v6 sdn the'gi&i<br /> the ky XIX ndi len tinh than dau tranh ma su thdnh lap Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam<br /> kien cudng cua nhan dan Viet Nam da'u ndm 1930 la md'c ddnh dau tiin trinh hoi<br /> trong cdng cudc bao ve Td qud'c, song nhap Idn thit nhdi ciia cdch mqng Viit Nam.<br /> deu khdng dat dupc ke't qua. Ben canh Dang Cpng san Viet Nam da giucmg<br /> nhimg nguyen nhan dan deh that bgi cao ngpn cd giai phdng dan tdc, doan ke't<br /> nhu su khdng can siic giiia ta va dich, toan dan tie'n hanh cudc Tdng khdi nghia<br /> vi|c thieu mpt luc lupng lanh dgo cd gianh ehinh quyai vao Thang Tam nam<br /> nang luc va tinh tan mgn ciia cac cudc 1945, khai sinh nha nudc Viet Nam Dan<br /> ndi day... la tinh trgng hau nhu khep kin chii Cdng hda. Ngay tii ngay dau thanh<br /> trong timg dia phuong, lai cang khdng lap, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da giii thu<br /> keu gpi eac cudng qud'c hay cdng nhan<br /> " Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi nen ddc Igp ciia Vidt Nam va ket ngp<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH Sir D A N G - S6 5/2012<br /> KY NIEM 50 NAM...<br /> <br /> Vift Nam vdp Lifn hpp qud'c. Nhung vdo the giii XHCN vd trd thdnh thdnh viin<br /> khdng mpt chinh phii ndo, ke cd Nhd cua h^ thong XHCN. D?i hdi lan thii II aia<br /> nudc Xdviet, Ifn Hfhg iing hp cuOc Ddng ndm 1951 da khIng djnh budc hpi<br /> khdng chif'n chinh nghia, vd td't nhifn l?i nhf p quan trpng ndy.<br /> cdng khdng cd mdt sv vifn trp ndp". Chi Vifc hdi nhdp vdp hf thdng XHCN c6<br /> cd mpt kenh rd't nhd hvdng ra thf gidi y nghia rd't trpng d?i ddi vdi cupc khing<br /> qua cdc Phdng thdng tin ddt d Bdngcd'c, chifh chdng Phdp vd chdiig My ttong bcS<br /> Rdnggun, Niu Deli de ndi vdi Praha d cdnh phan hda hai cvc aia Trat tv the gidi<br /> chdu Au ttong mpt thdi gian ngin. Trudc sau The chifh II. Vift Nam da nhan dirpc<br /> dm muu tai xam lupc aia thvc dan Phdp sv ddng tinh ve chinh trj, sv img hp ve<br /> dupc su bp dd aia qudn Anh d phia kinh tf vd sv vifn ttp ve qudn sv, dii sire<br /> Nam va sv thda hif p cua Trung Hoa Dan chdng chpi nhiing thf Ivc hem ta nhieu<br /> qud'c d phia BIC, ehieh tranh da biing nd. lan. Trong bd't or hoan cdnh nao, Ddng va<br /> Nhdn dan Vift Nam phdi diing day nhan dan Vift Nam van coi su ung hp<br /> chien dd'u ttong the don dpc, nhung van qudc te^ ddc bift la sv vifn ttp oia cac<br /> diing viing, timg budc khIng dinh y chi<br /> nudc XHCN Id mpt ttong nhung nhan tff<br /> va su?c m^nh ciia minh, "5 nam chien<br /> CO bdn dem l?i thing Ipi cudi cimg ciia sy<br /> dd'u dau tien a'y giir mpt vi tti ddc bif t<br /> nghiep daii ttanh bdp vf ddc lap dan tpc<br /> ttong ciiien ttanh gidi phdng vd giii nudc<br /> vd thdng nha't dd't nude.<br /> hifn dai oia Vift Nam"^. Thing Ipi cua<br /> Nhung sau chien thing ve vang dy, do<br /> each mang Trung Qud'c vd sv thdnh lap<br /> nhieu dieu kifn chu quan va khach quan,<br /> nha nudc Cpng hda Nhdn dan Trung<br /> nudc ta lai roi vao tinh ttang bj bao vay<br /> Hoa da gdp phan gidi tda linh ttang bi<br /> nghiem ttpng. Khd khdn chong chdt ttfn<br /> bao vdy dd, each mang Vift Nam cd dieu<br /> kifn nd'i lien vdi thS' gidi ben ngodi. cdc linh vvc kinh le, qudc phdng va ngoji<br /> Chuyen di dd'u ndm 1950 aia Chii tich giao. Trudc thdch thiic gay git dd, D?i hpi<br /> Ho Chi Minh dfh Bic Kinh vd Mdtxcova Dang lan thii VI (1986) de ra dudng Iffi<br /> dat dupc thing Ipi to Idn ve mat ngoai md cira, khic phvc sai lam aia thdi ky<br /> giao, Trung Qud'c vd Lifn Xd chinh thiic bao cap, gidi tda cdc vudng mlc ttong<br /> cdng nhdn Vift Nam Dan chu Cpng hda. quan hf qudc tf^ dua da't nudc hpi nhdp<br /> Tiep dd, cdc chinh phii ddn chii nhdn vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Vifc chain diit thoi<br /> ddn d Ddng Au ciing nhu Mdng Cd va ky chiai ttarJi l?nh cimg sv tan rd aia hf<br /> Trieu Tien lan lupt ddt quan hf ngo?i thdng XHCN d chdu Au ddt ra nhung<br /> giao vdi nudc ta. The Id tit ndm 1950, vdi van df mdi. Thvc hifn phucmg chdm da<br /> cudc hdi nhap lan thit hai, cdch mqng Viit phirong hda, da d^ng hda, quan hf i&<br /> Nam da phd dugc the hi bao viy, hoi nhdp ngoai Viet Nam dtrpc md rdng vdi cdc doi<br /> tdc khac nhau, trong cac Hnh vuc khac<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH SCr O A N G - S6 ilVS^.<br />  KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> nhau vd tten cdc tang nac khdc nhau. Nhd nhiing dv bdo cd y nghia thiet thvc cho<br /> vdy, tinh ttang bi bao vdy cha'm diit, nudc budc phdt trien sau ndy.<br /> ta lan lupt ddt quan hf vdi td't cd cac nudc Trudc nay, ttong cdc gido trinh ve<br /> Idn, tham gia cdc td chiic qud'c tf quan Lich sir Ddng, khi df cap dfn giai dojn<br /> ttpng, dan dan ndng cao vi the qud'c tf ndo ciing deu ddnh phan dd'u cho vifc<br /> oia minh. LSn hdi nhap thir ba bdt dau tie gidi thifu tinh hinh the,gidi aia giai<br /> ndm 1986 dd dua Viet Nam tham gia cdc hoqt doan dd. Ddy la vifc ldm can thift<br /> ddng ciia cdng dong thi'gidi, tra thdnh ngucrinhimg se Id khdng dii nfu mud'n tim<br /> ban, ddi tdc tin cdy vd thdnh viin co trdeh hifu sau xa cdi nguon ciia cdc su kifn,<br /> nhiim trin truong qudc ii'. cdc quyft dinh trong tifn trinh lanh djo<br /> Ba la'n hpi nhdp danh dd'u ba budc aia Ddng. Cimg vdi cdc nhdn td ttong<br /> chuyen cd tam chif'n lupc ciia cdch nudc, vifc nghign ciiu nhirng nhdn to<br /> mang Vift Nam, dva Vift Nam vupt ben ngodi se ldm sang td sv tinh toan<br /> qua khd khdn thdch thiic, md hudng di timg budc di the hifn tam nhin chifn<br /> len, dat dupc nhieu thdnh tiru ttong sv lupc vd nhiing quyft sach mem deo aia<br /> nghifp gidi phdng ddn tdc vd kifn thift Dang thich iing vdi tinh hinh thvc tign<br /> dd't nudc. nham dat dupc hieu qud td't nhd't ttong<br /> 2. Diein qua ddi net ve qud trinh hpi nhirng bdi cdnh cu the.<br /> nhdp ttong Uch sir each mang Viet Nam Ve mdt dd'i ngoai, hch sir hai cudc<br /> de thd'y rang ljch sir ra ddi vd da'u ttanh khang chien ciia nhdn dan ta dupc ddnh<br /> aia Ddng Cdng sdn g i n lien vdi nhiing ddii bdi ba bdn hifp dinh ky ke't vao cac<br /> hifn ddng cua tinh hinh thf gidi, vira ndm: 1946, 1954 vd 1973. Dd cd nhieu tdi<br /> chju dnh hudng ciia cac sv kifn qud'c tf lifu cua Ddng ddnh gia thdnh tvu, nhieu<br /> vd ttong mdt so trudng hpp lai cd khd cdng ttinh khoa hpc phdn tich ndi dung<br /> ndng tac dpng df'n nhirng diin bifh vd y nghia cua cac hifp dinh. Ddng thdi<br /> qud'c tf. Mdi quan he hai chieu dd cd liic cung xud't hifn khdng it y kifn ban thdo<br /> gdy khd khan, nhung cd liic l?i t^o ve kft qud va han chf cua mdt so dieu<br /> thudn Ipi cho tifn trinh cdch mjng. Do khodn ttong cac van kifn dd. Vd duong<br /> vdy, nghien ciiu Lich sir Ddng khdng chi nhien, cudc ttanh luan mang tinh hpc<br /> tip trung phdn tich ban than cdc sv kifn thudt ve nhirng vdh df dd thudng keo<br /> oia Dang md nfu ddt nd ttong bdi canh ddi, khd cd hdi kft.<br /> qud'c tf cu the thi se hieu sdu xa ngudn Thvc ra, cdc lap luan deu cd co sd<br /> goc cua va'n de, se gidi thich dupc nha't dinh, hoac dua vdo y mudn chit<br /> nhiing nhdn to dan dfn cdc quyft djnh quan, hodc cdn a i vdo cdc nhdn to khdch<br /> ciia Ddng ttong timg tinh hud'ng vd qua quan. Vdh de se sdng td hon khi cac sv<br /> dd nit ra nhiing kinh nghifm, df xua't kifn dupc xem xet ttong bdi canh qudc te'<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH SCf B A N G - S 6 5/2012<br /> KV NIEM 50 NAM...<br /> <br /> <br /> cua nd, trong moi hrong quan Ivc lupng khi Hifp udc Triing Khdnh giiia Phdp va<br /> giiia cdc chu the trf n binh dif n thf gidiTrung Hoa da ky ngdy 28-2 thi Hifp<br /> vd trpng the Hfn cdng hodc hoa hodn dinh So bp chinh Id sdch lupc tranh ciing<br /> giira cdc nudc Idn cd drJi hudng chi phdi mdt luc phdi dd'i phd vdi nhieu ke thii -<br /> dfn todn eye. nguy CO dupc dv bdo tir trudc ngdy Tdng<br /> Bdn Hiip dinh Sa b^ ngdy 6-3-1946 Id khdi nghia. Dd ciing Id cdch phdn hda ke<br /> kf't qud ciia cupc ddm phdn trvc tif'p thii, chpn dung dd'i thii la thvc dan Phdp<br /> giira Vift Nam vd Phdp tai Ha Npi. Nd ngoan cd' rip tdm trd l?i Ddng Duong.<br /> khdng chi Id cdu chuyfn ciia hai ben md Cac cupc ddm phdn tifp theo t?i Dd Lat,<br /> lien quan dfn nhifu thf Ivc, ttvc tif'p la Phdngtenobld cho tdi T?m udc 14-9 la<br /> ba dinh aia tam gidc quan hf giiia Vift nhung cd ging ngdn chjn chifh ttanh,<br /> Nam - Phdp - Trung Hoa Ddn qud'c. dong thdi Id thdi gian can thift de chuah<br /> Ddng sau Phdp vd Trung Hoa la Anh vd bi chif'n da'u. Song cudi ciing, cdi gi phii<br /> My; Vift Nam roi vdo thf cd lap, khdng den da dfn. Cupc khdng chif'n chong<br /> nhdn dupc sv cdng nhan oia bd't cir nudc thvc dan Phap himg nd vdo dem 19-12-<br /> ndo. Thdi dp im lang cua Lien Xd ciing 1946 tten pham vi ca nudc.<br /> mac nhien tao dieu kien thudn Ipi cho ke Cupc ttanh luan sdi ndi ve nhung dieu<br /> hoqich oia Phdp ttd lai Ddng Duong. khodn ttong Hiip dinh Gianeva ndm 1954<br /> Nhin ttfn binh difn qud'c tf mdi cd the ciing keo ddi ttong nhieu nam^ Nhin tir<br /> gidi thich thdi dp hirng hd aia Lien Xd nhiing thing Ipi aia qudn ddn ta ttong<br /> ddi vdi sv ra ddi ciia Nhd nudc Vift Nam cupc khdng chif'n, nhd't Id vdi chien<br /> do Ddng Cdng sdn ldnh dao. thang lly limg Difn Bien Phii thi phai<br /> Trong bdi cdnh qudc tf day rdy khd chdng vifc quy dinh gidi tuyen tam thoi<br /> khan nhu vdy, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da d VT tuyfn 17 va thdi h?n ti&i tdi tong<br /> ldnh d?o Ddng di nudc cd "hda de tien", tuyen cir 2 ndm la khdng tuong xiing,<br /> cd phan nhdn nhupng de chudn bi cho kf khdc vdi de xud't hpp ly ban dau la VT<br /> sdch ldu ddi. Ngay sau khi Hifp dinh tuyen 16 vdi thdi han 6 thdng. Nhimg<br /> dupc cdng bd^ cdc ddng phdi ddi ldp hdi bdn khodn dd Id cd co sd. Song, neii nhin<br /> dd (Vift Qud'c, Viet Cdch, Dai Vift...) md nhdn Hpi nghj Gionevo ttong bdi cdnh<br /> dpt cdng kieh du ddi, ddc bif t nham vao qud'c tf' nira dau nhirng ndm 50 thi cd the<br /> dieu khoan de 15 ngdn qudn Phdp vao tha'y nhiing khia c?rih khac.<br /> mifn BIC Viet Nam thay thf 200 ngan Trat tv the gidi hai cvc da xuat hifn tit<br /> qudn Trung Hoa Ddn qud'c. _Se khd gidi sau cupc Thf chif'n II, song phdi d & ndm<br /> thich nfu chi nhin vdo tinh hinh trong 1950 mdi thvc sv ndi len rd net d khu vifc<br /> nudc dang sue sdi Idng cam thii thuc ddn<br /> Ddng A. Sv thanh lap Cdng hda Nhan<br /> Phdp. Nhung xet moi quan hf qud'c t f<br /> dan Trung Hoa da nang vj the qudc 1^<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T/liP CHi L|CH Sl> DANG - SO 5/2012<br />  KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ciia he thd'ng XHCN, xuat hi^n 2 chinh difn bang vii luc, chua ben nao cd the<br /> quyen ddi Igp d Bac Kinh va Dai B^e. gianh phan thang quye't dinh, tinh trang<br /> Tren ban dao Trieu Tien cung da hinh giang CO se keo dai nen hai phe deu tim<br /> thanh hai nha nude Dai Han DSn qud'c va giai phap thda hiep. Mdi phe Igi ed<br /> Cdng hda Dan chii Nhan dan Trieu Tien. nhung Iy do rieng de di vao hda hoan:<br /> Thang 6-1950 bung nd cupc chien tranh Phap thua dam lam Anh lo lang lan sdng<br /> giiia hai mien, ban dau mang tinh chat da'u tranh se Ian sang eac thudc dia eua<br /> mpt eude npi chien. Song, vifc do bp eua minh. My tang cudng vien trp khdng<br /> My va eae Ddng minh mang danh nghia hifu quci da tinh deh chuyfn the chan<br /> Lien hpp qud'c hd trp Han Qud'c va sy Phap; Lien Xd dang trai qua cupc tranh<br /> tham chien ciia Chi nguyfn quan Trung chap quyen lye sau cai che't ciia Stalin;<br /> Qud'c ling hp Trieu Tien da bie'n ban diio Trung Qud'c viia tuyen bo thanh lap nha<br /> nay thanh noi dp sung tryc tie'p dau tien nudc Cpng hda Nhan dan da phai lao<br /> giira quan dpi thupe hai phe TBCN va vao hai eupe chie'n d Trieu Tien va Vift<br /> XHCN. O Viet Nam cd diem khae, eupe Nam, rat can thdi gian hda binh de kieh<br /> khang chie'n chdng thue dan Phap mang thie't dat nudc. Trong bdi canh do, tu<br /> tinh chat mdt cudc da'u tranh giai phdng tudng hda hoan bao trum gidi lanh dgo<br /> dan tdc, giai quye't mau thuan dan tpc ciia ca hai phe, va do vay, vifc ngiing<br /> giua nhan dan Viet Nam vdi de qud'c ban d Trieu Tien vdi su phan chia hai<br /> Phap. Tli nam 1950, My tang cudng vien mien dupc coi nhu hinh mau de giai<br /> trp eho Phap va Trung Qud'c tie'n hanh quye't van de Ddng Duong.<br /> vien trp cho Viet Nam nen chien tranh Cudc hpp giiia cac nudc Idn dau nam<br /> Viet Nam ciing phan anh mau thuln giiia 1954 d Beelin di de'n quye't dinh trif u tap<br /> hai phe trong trat ty the gidi. Nhung neii Hdi nghi Gionevo ban ve van de ngung<br /> ban dao Trieu Tien la bai ehieh trudng bin d Trieu Tien va d Ddng Duong. Hdi<br /> true dien giiia My va Trung Qud'c, thi d nghi ve Trieu Tien khdng dat dupc hifp<br /> Viet Nam, ngoai mdt so cd' van eua mdi dinh hda binh giiia hai mien nhung<br /> ben, luc lupng tac chie'n van la quan dan ehieh tranh cung khdng tai dien. Cho<br /> Viet Nam vdi dpi quan vien chinh Phap deh nay, ve mat phap ly qud'c te^ ban dao<br /> va quan dpi quoc gia ciia Bao Dgi nay van d trong tinh trgng "ngiing ban".<br /> Sau ba nam ehieh tranh khd'c liet giua Sy dd vd ciia Hdi nghi Gionevo ve Trieu<br /> hai mien Nam - Bac Trieu Tien khdng Tien lam cho cac ben lo nggi mdt ke't qua<br /> phan thang bgi, hai ben ky Hiep dinh tuong tu se xay ra khi ban deh van de<br /> ngimg ban Ban Mdn Diem, trd ve diem Ddng Duong, va trong sud't tien trinh hdi<br /> xua't phat ban dau la Vi tuyen 38. Dieu nghi, eupe dam phan giiia cac nudc Idn<br /> nay eho thay trong eupe ddi dau true bi chi phd'i bdi ndi am anh nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH Sl> D A N G - S 6 5/2012<br /> KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> Viet Nam la te lupng khdng chifh chinh Campuchia, Lao, Vift Nam, cdc nudc<br /> ttong cupc ddi dau vdi thvc ddn Phdp vd tham gia Hpi nghi cam kft tdn ttpng chii<br /> can thiep My ttfn chifh trudng E)dng quyfn, ddc Ifp, thd'ng nha't vd todn v ^<br /> Duong, nhung t?i Hpi nghj Gionevo, Vift ldnh thd aia moi nudc"*. Dd chinh Id cdn<br /> Nam la dodn dai bieu "dupc mdi" bdi cii phdp ly de nhan dan ta tif'p tuc cupc<br /> Lien Xd. Nfu phia ben kia cd dai bif'u aia daii ttanh chdng sv xam Ivpc ciia My<br /> ba chinh phii Qud'c gia Vift Nam, Vuong trfn chifn ttudng ding rJiu ttfn ban<br /> qud'c Lao, Vuong qud'c Campuchia do ddm phdn Pari sau ndy.<br /> Phdp dvng Ifn, thi phia bfn ndy khdng Cudc ddm phdn Pari (1968-1973) diin ra<br /> cd dai bieu Ivc lupng khdng chien ciia trong mOt bd'i cdnh khdc. Cupc Tdng tien<br /> hai nudc ban, mac dau Trudng dodn cdng Mdu Thdn ndm 1968 bupc Tdng<br /> Pham Vdn Ddng Ifn tifng ddi hdi quyfn thdng My Gidnxcm phdi tuyen bd ngimg,<br /> cdng bang dd. Ngodi cdc phien hpp bin phd mifn Bic, de nghi thucmg lupng<br /> chinh thirc, cdc cupc thuong lupng thvc<br /> khdng kfm theo dieu kifn "cd di cd l?i"<br /> chd't chi xoay quanh giiia cac nudc Idn ~<br /> nhu bd'y ldu van ddi hdi. Cupc dam phdn<br /> Anh, Phap vd Trung Qud'c, Lien Xd.<br /> tifn hdnh tay ddi giiia ta vd Hoa Ky keo<br /> Nhiing thda thudn tai Lieu Chau giiia<br /> dai hon 5 ndm, khdng cd sv tham dv aia<br /> Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vdi Thu tudng<br /> mdt nudc ndo khdc. Viet Nam ttanh thii<br /> Trung Qudc Chu An Lai khdng dupc<br /> tham khdo y kifn cdc ddng minh XHCN,<br /> thvc thi ttift de. Trong hodn cdnh nhu<br /> song tir kinh nghifm Gionevo, dd giii<br /> vdy, nhirng mong mud'n cua ta khd cd<br /> viing the chii dpng ttong sudt tien trinh<br /> the dat dupc hodn toan.<br /> thdo ludn tir cac phien hpp cdng khai dai<br /> Tuy nhien, nhirng han chf tten khdng cdc phien hpp kin. Tir nhung cudc ban<br /> the phu nhdn nhiing thanh tun tai Hpi cai d Pari, cd hai ben deu lang nghe d&g<br /> nghi Gionevo. Nfu nam 1946, dai difn Sling ttfn chi&i trudng, thf giang co tren<br /> Cpng hda Phdp chi cdng nhan Vift Nam ttdn dia ddn dfn vifc keo ddi thucmg<br /> "la mdt qud'c gia tu do", 15 ngdn qudn lupng tai Hpi ngM.<br /> Phdp dupc vao mien Bac Vift Nam, thi Ndm 1972, cupc hda dam budc vao<br /> tai Gionevo, "Hpi nghi chiing nhdn giai doan chuain bi cho hdi kft vi ba ly do<br /> tuyen bd aia Chinh phu Phap se tdn sau ddy: Mdt, cupc Tdng tifn cdng Xuanr<br /> trpng dpc lap, chii quyen, thd'ng nhd't va He 1972 vd hdnh dpng ttd dua aia My<br /> toan ven lanh thd ala Campuchia, Lao ban phd ttd lai mien Bac da dua cugc<br /> va Viet Nam", "chiing nhdn tuyfn bo chif'n Ifn miic dp cdng thang khdc lift.<br /> cua Chinh phii Phap san sang rut quan<br /> Nhiing dpt chifh da'u gidnh gift timg<br /> dpi Phdp khdi Campuchia, Ldo vd Viet<br /> thudc da't ttfn Thanh co Qudng T4 cho<br /> Nam". Hon the niia, "trong quan hf vdi<br /> thdy cupc dp siic quyft lift ala hai ben<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi UCH Sir D A N G • s o 5/2012<br />  KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> tren todn chifn ttudng ciing chua thf ep ta nhupng bp, ddi sita dd'i ban Dv<br /> ngd ngii. Hai, do Id nam bau cir Tdng thdo thdng Mudi. Cupc oanh kieh thdng<br /> thd'ng d My, Nichxon mud'n tdi o i bang 12 bing B52 vdo Hd Npi vd cdc thdnh<br /> qudn chii bai "hda binh d Vift Nam", phd khac cung nhdm myc dich gdy siic<br /> linh My se ttd ve gia dirJi hp. Cd hai ben ep ddi vdi ta, ddng thdi td rd cho Sdi Gdn<br /> deu mud'n tranh thii thdi co nay df kft bift sv iing hp ciia My. Nhung cupc<br /> thiic ddm phdn, vd qua dd, Nichxon se chd'ng ttd anh diing cua qudn ddn mien<br /> nam chic phan thing cir. Ba, trong quan BIC budc dd'i phuong phdi ttd l?i bdn<br /> hf qud'c tf cd su dich chuyfn quan ttpng dam phdn. Hifp dinh Pari dupc ky kft<br /> bdi chuyfn di cua Tdng thd'ng My df'n thdng 1-1973 vdi npi dung co bdn aia<br /> BIC Kinh hdi thdng Hai vd dfn Mdtxcova bdn Dv thdo thdng Mudi. Ddn ra cdc sv<br /> hoi thang Nam. Sau dd, Thu tudng kifn tren de thd'y ring sv chuyen dich<br /> Tnmg Qud'c va Chii tich Hpi ddng Bp oia ba dinh tam giac trong quan hf My -<br /> trudng Lien Xd lan lupt sang Hd Npi de Trung - Xd nam 1972 la mdt trong<br /> bdy td sv cam ket van tiep tuc img hd nhirng nhdn to quan trpng ca'n tinh deh<br /> Viet Nam. Ddu sao do van la rJiirng tin trong nudc cd kft thuc dam phan. Vd<br /> hifu ba't Ipi ddi vdi cudc khdng chifn ciia vifc xem xet cdc su kien trong mdi quan<br /> nhdn ddn ta khi cdc ddng minh da bat hf qud'c tf cdng ldm sdng td cdc van de<br /> tay vdi ke thii vi nhiing Ipi ich rieng aia trong lich sir.<br /> hp. Nhirng vv viec sau nam 1975 da 3. Chifn thing miia Xudn nam 1975 da<br /> minh chiing nguy co dd neii ta khdng kft thiic thing Ipi cudc khdng chien<br /> sdm kft thiic chifn ttanh. Cho nen Vift chd'ng My xdm lupc, md ra thdi ky kifn<br /> Nam thiic day "dam phdn di vdo thvc thift dd't nudc trong dieu kifn hda binh<br /> chat" vdi ban Dv thdo thdng Mudi nam va thd'ng nha't. Anh hudng qud'c tf oia<br /> 1972 dupc cd hai ben chd'p nhdn, de ra Vift Nam dugc md rdng, thdng 9-1977<br /> Uch trinh ky kf't rd rdng. Ta gdc lai vifc gia nhdp Lien hpp qud'c, thift lap quan<br /> ddnh dd Nguyen Vdn Thifu va Chinh hf ngoai giao vdi cdc nudc ASEAN vd<br /> quyen Sai Gdn, Hoa Ky phai cdng nhdn nhieu nudc tten thf gidi. Nhung chi vdi<br /> ddc lap chu quyen vd todn ven ldnh thd ndm sau, bau khdng khi chinh tri trong<br /> cua Vift Nam, se riit quan khdi nudc ta khu vvc bien ddi theo chieu hudng bdi<br /> ttong thdi han 60 ngay, vdn giii gidi ipi cho Vift Nam, bien gidi phia Tdy<br /> hiy&i qudn sv tam thdi VT tuyfn 17 Nam vd phia BIC bi de dpa, cdc the luc<br /> nhung thira nhdn d mien Nam ton tai hai bSn ngodi gdy siic ep, tifn hdnh bao vdy,<br /> chinh phil, hai quan dpi vd ba luc lupng cdtn van. Viet Nam lai roi vdo tinh thf bi<br /> chinh tti. Thay rd nguy co bi My bd roi, cd lap nghiem trpng. Cho dfn nay, giai<br /> Thieu phdn dd'i dir dpi. My la'y cd dd df doan lich sir 1976 1986 chua dupc<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHl LICH SCF B A N G - S 6 5/2012<br /> KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> nghien ciru mpt each day dii, nhieu cdu bi cd ldp va ttmg budc hpi nhap qud'c te.<br /> hdi chua dupc gidi ddp, nhieu kinh Dfh nay, hon mpt phan tu thfky da qua<br /> nghifm chua dupc diic ket ttong khi vdi nhieu thdnh h ^ tten cac mdt kitJi te,<br /> nhiing bdi hpc cua giai dpan ndy cd y chinh tri, ngo^i giao, vin hda xd hfi...<br /> nghia rd't cd'p bdch va thift thvc ddi vdi Dd cd sv ddnh gid chinh thiic' cung nhu<br /> vifc xir ly cdc mdi quan hf qud'c tf cua nhieu cdng trinh nghifn ciiu ve thdi ky<br /> hdm nay vd mai sau. ddi mdi va hdi nhap qud'c tf. Nfu dat<br /> Nghien ciiu lich sir ddn tpc cung nhu vifc nghifn aiu Lich sir Ddng ttong bc«<br /> Lich sir Ddng ttong giai do?n nay, nhd't cdnh qud'c tf oia thap nifn 80 thi cd the<br /> thiet phdi gin bd chdt che vdi tinh hinh nhdn m?nh mSt thdnh cdng cua Ddng trong<br /> the gidi de gidi thich nhiing bie'n dpng sif nim bit dung xu thi'vd thai ca tren thi<br /> tudng nhu ngluch ly. Van la thdi ky gidi detii'n hdnh cdng cudc ddi mdi.<br /> chifn tranh l^nh, the gidi vdn nam trong Nhin lai nhiing sv kifn tir giira thap<br /> khudn khd trat tv hai cvc, bdn mdu ky 80 dfn giiia thfp ky 90 cd the thdy hai<br /> thuan CO ban ciia thdi ky qua dp vdn khd ndng dien bifn ciia tinh hinh doi<br /> cdn dd, vdy md vi sao cdc nudc dd timg ngo?i Vift Nam. Mpt Id khd ndng xdii:<br /> la ddng minh trong thdi khdng chifn l^i Nfu khdng cd dudng Idi ddi ngoai doi<br /> cdng thing trong quan hf sau chifn mdi hinh thdnh giira hai ky Dai hpi VI va<br /> tranh, tham chi da xdy ra cdc cupc chifn VII (1991), Vift Nam khdng cd gi thay<br /> ttanh bien gidi, vl sao hp lai ung hp chf dd'i ttong chinh sdch ddi npi va doi<br /> dp dif t chiing Khome Dd tdn bao nhd't ngo?i, thi khi Lien Xd vd chf dp XHCN<br /> hch sir rpi lai Idn tifng vu khdng "Vift Ddng Au tan rd, Vift Nam cdng bi roi<br /> Nam xam lupc Campuchia"? Cdn nhieu vdo thf cd lap nghifm ttpng hon rai<br /> cdu hdi "vi sao" can dupc ddt ra khi di nhieu vd khdng the tinh hft hau qua dfi<br /> sau phan tich cac tinh hud'ng ddn dfn vdi van mfnh aia da't nudc. Nhung lich<br /> tinh trang hi bao vdy cd lap da'y hiem sir da chuyfn bifn theo khd nang thii hai,<br /> nguy. Rd rang la nfu khdng ddt vifc<br /> md ra thdi ky dd'i mdi ttong chinh sach<br /> nghien ciiu Lich sir Ddng vao bdi cdnh<br /> ddi npi va ddi ngoai. Vdi sv ddnh gia<br /> qud'c tf day bifn dpng cua thdi gian dd<br /> dung din ve xu thf phdt trif'n cua the<br /> thi khd thd'y dupc nhirng thdnh cdng<br /> gidi, xdc dinh nhifm vu "giii viing moi<br /> cung nhu nhiing han chf trudc nhiing<br /> trudng hda binh, on dinh df phdt triSi<br /> thir thdch quyft lift, va do vay, khd rut<br /> kinh tf - xa hpi Id Ipi ich cao nhat ciia To<br /> ra dupc nhiing kinh nghifm bd ich,<br /> qud'c"'. Dang de ra dudng Idi hdi nhdp<br /> thift thvc.<br /> qud'c tf theo phuong cham da phirong<br /> Dai hpi Ddng lan VI da md ra thdi ky hda vd da dang hda. Xdc dinh vdh de<br /> doi mdi, dua da't nudc ra khdi tinh tt^ng Campuchia ldm khdu dot pha, Vift Nam<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH SCr D A N G - S6 5;2(l«<br />  KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> tuyen bd riit toan bp quan d^i khdi da't he ngoqi giao vai hdu hei cdc nuac vd tham gi<br /> nudc nay vao thang 9-1989 sau mudi to chitc khu vuc Dong Nam A.<br /> nam giiip Bgn hdi sinh da't nudc, xda bd Lich sii da tCmg x^y ra trong qua khii,<br /> tan du ciia ehe dp di^t chiing, thie't lap khdng the khac dupc. Nhung ngudi<br /> nha nude Cpng hda Nhan dan, xay dyng nghien aiu ljch sii phiii dgt ra eae gia thie't<br /> lue lupng vii trang vung mgnh va gdp de tu dd nhin nhgn cae kha nang dien bien<br /> phan vao thanh cdng ciia Hpi nghi Pari ciia tinh hinh, nghia la can dgt ra ehii<br /> ve van de Campuchia (10-1991). Qua "neii". Neu vao nhung nam eudi 80, Vi|t<br /> nhimg su kien dd, dan dan Vi?t Nam da Nam khdng djnh ra dudng ldi ddi mdi,<br /> lam "tan bang" trong quan he vdi cAc khdng giai tda cac mdi quan h | phiic tgp<br /> nude Ddng Nam A, binh thudng hda trong khu vyc, khdng budc dau md ra cac<br /> quan he vdi Trung Qud'c (11-1991), thie't mdi quan he vdi ben ngoai, thi sau su kien<br /> lap quan h | vdi Lien minh chau Au (EU), Lien Xd tan ra - noi ma ta ludn coi la "hdn<br /> xac lap Id trinh 4 hude trong quan h^ vdi da tang", sd'phgn nudc nha se ra sao? De'n<br /> Hoa Ky va ehinh thiic tuyen bo "Viet khi dd, ta se di "lam bgn" trong the cd dpc,<br /> Nam mud'n la bgn vdi tat ca cac nudc yell kem va chac chan se chiu nhieu siic ep<br /> trong cdng ddng the' gidi phan dau vi nang ne. Nhung ta da vupt qua dupc<br /> hda binh, doe lap va phat trien" tai Dgi nguy CO do. Nhiing cdng viec sau nam<br /> hpi vn, diln ra vao thang 6-1991. Ta't ca 1991 chinh la su tiep ndi nhiing tien de da<br /> nhiing sy viec dd deu dupc thuc hien dupc chuan bi td't trong thdi gian trudc.<br /> truac ngdy 31-12-1991 - thai diem kei thdc Cho nen Viet Nam viing budc di vao the<br /> che do XoviH. Cho nen, trudc su bie'n gidi vdi eac mdi quan he da phuong va da<br /> ddng trpng dai cd ph&i bat ngd tren dang. Qua tien trinh dien bie'n eiia eac sy<br /> phgm vi the gidi, nudc Viet Nam XHCN kien, cd the thay noi len van de nam virng<br /> gap nhieu thach thiic he't siie hiem nguy thai ca trong dieu kiin ngdt ngheo de thodt<br /> de'n van menh ciia che dp nhung van khoi hi'tac. Va Dang da thanh cdng trong<br /> viing vang va tie'p tuc md dan nhiing bude tiioat hiem day cam go dd, tiep tuc<br /> canh eiia di vao hpi nhap the'gidi, de deh phat huy thanh qua va nang cao vi the<br /> ttiang 7-1995 dgt dupe mpt vu miia bpi qud'c te'ciia Vi$t Nam.<br /> thu trong quan he ngoai giao: ngay 11<br /> 4. Gan ke't vifc nghien ciiu lieh sii hon<br /> thie't lap quan he vdi Hoa Ky, ngay 17 ky<br /> 80 nam ciia Dang trong bdi canh hdi<br /> Hiep dinh khung vdi EU, ngay 28 gia<br /> nhap qud'c te^ chiing ta cd th§' riit ra<br /> nhap td ehiie ASEAN.<br /> nhiing dieu gi cd y nghia thie't thyc?<br /> The'la, trong muai ndm dau ciia thcri ky doi Mgt, nhiing phat kie'n dia ly cudi the<br /> mdi, Viet Nam ddphd duac thi'bi bao vay cam ky XV, nha't la su phat trien kinh te'ciia<br /> CNTB tu niia sau the' ky XIX va kem<br /> van, gidi toa tinh trang bi co lap, thiei lap quan<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH SCr O A N G - S6 5/2012<br /> K'i' NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> theo dd Id sv banh trudng cua chii thd'y, khi cd nhiing nhdn dinh ddng ddn ve<br /> nghia thvc ddn khifn cho mpi diin bifn bdi cdnh qud'c it thi viec dit bdo tinh hlnh si<br /> trong tirng nudc, rtrng khu vvc deu gdn gdn vdi thuc tiin vd vifc hoach dinh dudng<br /> lien vdi boi cdnh chung cua thf gidi. ldi, chu truong si chinh xdc Ngupc l?i, khi<br /> Nha't Id trong thdi d?i phdt trif'n manh khdng thd'y hft nhiing chuyfn dpng bai<br /> me cua khoa hpc cdng nghf, ttong thdi thudng ttpng nhirng tinh hudrig phirc tap<br /> dai todn cau hda ngdy nay thi trdi dd't cua thf gidi, vifc dinh ra chinh sdch si<br /> hau nhu thu nhd l?i, mdi lien hf giiia mang h'nh chu quan, dan tdi nhirng hdu-<br /> cdc sv kifn qud'c gia vd qud'c tf cdng qud tai h?i vd dd't nudc ldm vdo tinh tt?ng<br /> gdn giii hon, thit chdt hon vd cd tdc cvc ky khd khdn. Tinh h'mh mudi ndm<br /> dpng qua lai mft thift hon. Cho nfn sau chifh thing df qud'c My la nhv vay,<br /> viec nghiin citu lich sit mdi qud'c gia khdng rd't cdn dupc nghiSn ciiu mpt each todn<br /> the tdch rdi lich sit cua khu vuc ndi riing difn ttong bdi cdnh qud'c tf day bioi<br /> vd lich sit thi' gidi ndi chung. Dd Id mdt dpng mdi nit ra nhiing bdi hpc kinh<br /> thvc tf khdch quan md vifc nghifn ciru nghifm cd y nghTa thift thvc cho hom<br /> Lich sir Dang ciing khdng nam ngodi nay vd mai sau.<br /> quy ludt khdch quan dd. Ba, hau hft cdc nudc deu thvc hifn<br /> Hai, nghien ciiu cac van kifn ciia Ddng d?o ludt ve vifc gidi mdt cdc tdi lifu luu<br /> cho thd'y mdi khi cd mdt nghi quyft quan tru sau 30 ndm tinh tir khi ra ddi vdn<br /> ttpng, cdc nhd ldnh dao ludn ddt van de ban, trong mpt so tnrdng hpp ddc bift,<br /> ttong tinh hinh qud'c tf oia giai doan dd thdi han cd the keo dai tdi 50 nam. Kho<br /> vd mpi tinh todn de hoach dinh dudng luu trii Lifn Xd ciing da md cira sau khi<br /> ldi, chii trucmg deu can a i vdo tinh hinh nhd nudc Xdvift tan ra. Nhd vay, cdc tai<br /> dd. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vd Trung uong lifu lien quan df'n cdch mang Vift Nam<br /> Ddng, ttong dieu kifn khd khdn aia cdn hau nhu dd dupc cdng bd'. Nhieu hgc<br /> a i dia Vift Bdc hdi tien khdi nghia, da gid nudc ngodi da tan dyng co hpi nay<br /> nhin nhdn chinh xdc ve nhirng dien bifn de khai thdc tdi lifu, nghien ciiu doi<br /> aia cudc chifn ttanh thf gidi, nim bit sach aia cdc ben cd lifn quan vd dua ra<br /> dupc thdi dp cua cac cudng qudc vd do nhieu y kifn khac nhau. Lich sis hifn d?i<br /> dd, tinh todn diing nhirng khd ndng se Vift Nam, bao gom cd Lich sir Dan^<br /> xdy ra, df xud't nhiing quyft sach diing ve dupc rJiin nhan tir nhieu phia vdi nhieu<br /> thdi CO tdng khdi nghia gianh chinh<br /> y kifn khdc nhau, cd khi ttai chifu nhau,<br /> quyen vd du bdo dung nhiing tinh hudrig<br /> t?o nfn each ddnh gid da dang tir nhifu<br /> khd khdn de chudin bi ddi sdch thich hpp<br /> gdc dp, thf hifn nhieu quan diem lam<br /> ttong ndm dau oia Nhd nudc Vift Nam<br /> cho vdh de sang td hon vd each vift lich<br /> Dan chii Cpng hda. KitJi nghifm cho<br /> sir cd dieu kifn chdn thvc hem.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 44 TAP CHl LICH SCr D A N G - S6 5/2012<br />  KY NIEM 50 NAM..<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> U nirdc ta, cae nha nghien ciiu Lieh sii can d3t cae su ki|n vao bdi canh qud'c te^<br /> Dang g^p nhieu khd khan trong viec tie'p khai thac cac ngudn tai li|u tren the gidi,<br /> cgn eae ngudn tai li$u luu trii d nudc ngoai tie'p c|in cae ludng y kie'n ciia ngudi nude<br /> cung nhu trong nude. Trong cae edng trinh ngoai. Song se chich hu&ng ne'u khong tiep<br /> nghien ciiu edn hiem tai lifu gd'c ma cdn day dii cdc nguon tdi lieu trong nuac, niu<br /> ttiudng sii dyng cae tai l i ^ logi 2, logi 3, khong ddt cdc su ki^n trong bdt cdnh thitc ti'<br /> phai trich Igi tii eae tac pham da edng bd^ cua Viet Nam vd trong tdm thitc cua con<br /> nhat la tii eac bai viet eiia tac gia nude ngucri Viet Nam. Cho nen, xem xet eae van<br /> ngoai. Ve di^u nay, can hdo dong rkng ngay de lich sii trong bdi e^nh hpi nhap qud'c<br /> trong Hnh vuc nghiin dm Ikh sit hien dqi Viit te) tie'p nhgn eae nguon tai lieu va y kie'n<br /> Nam, cdc hgc gid Viet Nam vSn dOng tru6c tir ben ngoai, dong thdi khai thac eae<br /> nguy ca lac hdu so vdi tinh hinh nghien eiiu ngudn tai li$u ben trong, ndi l§n ehinh<br /> ve Viet Nam ciia the'gidi. Do vay viec khde ki&\ phan anh su thuc lich sii phu hpp<br /> phye diem yeii nay la ra't can thiet de tie'p vdi thuc tien Viet Nam la nhiing nhan to<br /> can hon niia luan dian oia cac hpc gia the eo ban de dua viee nghien ciiu Lieh sii<br /> gidi, de tiiu thap nhieu hon eae ngudn tai Dang ngay cang dgt nhiing ttianh tyu<br /> li?u ben ngoai va do dd cd cai nhin rpng mdi, xiing dang vdi tam vde ma Dang va<br /> hon, bao quat hon ve tinh hinh tiiegidi qua nhan dan Viet Nam da gianh dupe trong<br /> mdi thdi ky gan li&i vdi nhiing su kien qua trinh daii tranh vi ddc lap dan tdc,<br /> trpng dai ciia Dang, eiia dat nude. thdng nhat dat nudc, bao ve toan ven<br /> Cac nha nghien ciiu Lich sii Dang d lanh thd va xay dyng CNXH.<br /> nude ta cd loi the rat Idn ve sy hieu biet<br /> hoan canh ciia dat nude, truyen thdng 1. Tham khao Nguyen Trpng Hau: Hoat<br /> ciia dan tdc va tinh each eon ngudi Vi?t dong ddi ngoai cua nu&c Viet Nam Ddn chu<br /> Nam. Trong khdng it trudng hpp, hpc Cong hoa thai ky 1945-1950, CTQG, H, 2004,<br /> gia nude ngoai dua ra nhiing Igp luan tr. 127 -147<br /> tudng nhu cd ly ve tu duy Idgic, nhung 2. V6 Nguyen Giap: Chien da'u trong vdng<br /> Igi khdng phan tich dupc ban chat ciia vdy, QDND - Thanh nien, H,1995, tr. 432<br /> van de, khdng ndi len dupe sac thai 3. Bp Ngoai giao: Hiep dinh Gianeva - 50<br /> rieng biet ciia Viet Nam. Do dd ciing ndm nhin lai, CTQG, H, 2008<br /> khdng hiem nhiing y ki§'n l|ch lac, 4. Dan theo Nguyen Dinh Bin: Ngoai giao<br /> khdng phan anh diing thyc te khach Viet Nam 1945-2000, CTQG, H, 2002, h. 159<br /> quan, e&i cd eae y kie'n phan bi^n eua 5. Tham khao Bdo cdo tong kii mot sd'vdh de<br /> cac nha su hpc nudc nha. ly luan - thuc tiin qua 20 nam ddi mdi (1986-<br /> Viec nghien eiiu Lieh sii Dang ndi- 2006J,CTQG, H, 2005<br /> rieng va lich sii Vi$t Nam ndi chimg rSt 6. Sdd, tr. 94.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAP CHi LICH S(y D A N G - S 6 5/2012 45<br />