Quy trình công nghệ chế biến các loại nấm

KHOA HOC VA DOT SONG<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> QUY TRiNH CONG NGHE CHE BIEN CAC LOAI N A M<br /> Ban tin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe xin gidi * Lira chgn. phan loai: Nam hai xong can phai<br /> thieu den bgn dgc quy trinh cdng nghe chi biin cat bd sach phan gdc. tach cac cay nam khdi cum<br /> cdc logi ndm do Trung tdm Cdng nghe sinh hgc (neu la cay nam mgc thanh cum). Tiiy thudc vao<br /> Thuc vat, Vien Di truyen Ndng nghiep thuc timg ddi tugng cu the ed the rira hoac khdng rira<br /> hien. Quy trinh da duac chuyen giao cho Trung khi hai xong. Nam sd khdng can rira, mdc nhT neu<br /> tam Chuyen giao cdng nghe vd Kiem dinh, Kiim rira sach thi cang tdt, nam ram chi rira nhiing cay<br /> nghiem, Sd Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe tinh Thira nam bi ban; linh chi bat budc phai rira sach. Khi<br /> Thien Hue vd dd duac tap hudn cho 5 xa thugc hai xong can loai bd nhiing nam sau, nd. Tiiy theo<br /> huyen Phii Vang. yeu cau cua thi trudng tieu thu san pham ma nam<br /> I. DAC DIEM CHUNG cd the dugc cat to hay nhd hoac de nguyen cay<br /> Cac loai nam an va nam dugc lieu giau chat nam. Thdng thudng nam sd cd the xe thanh 2-3<br /> dam (protein chiem tdi 25-40% chat khd), cae manh ddi vdi nhirng canh nam ldn (dudng kinh<br /> acide amin, vitamin, chat khoang va cac chat cd 4em trd len); linh chi cd the thai lat mdng hoac de<br /> boat tinh sinh hgc. Trung binh 1kg nam tuoi cd nguyen, mdc nhT de nguyen cay.<br /> 0,8-0,9kg nudc, nam rat nhanh ehdng bi cae loai * Nam mudi (danh cho nam rom): Nam rom<br /> vi khuan, nam mdc phan hiiy.Vi vay, ke tir khi hai sau khi thu hai lam sach va phan thanh timg loai.<br /> den qua trinh bao quan, so che, tieu thu phai thuc Thir nhat la luge nam trong nudc sdi, viia luge<br /> hien theo mdt quy trinh nghiem ngat. Mdi loai vira an chim nam trong nudc, thdi gian dun sdi trd<br /> nam cd mau sac, hinh dang, cau tao khac nhau lai cang nhanh cang tdt. Tiiy theo nam nhd hoac<br /> nen khi phoi, say phai dam bao nguyen tac ehung to, luge nam tir 5-7 phut (tiiy theo kich thudc<br /> la: nam giii dugc miii (huong vi) dac trung, mau nam) d nhiet do lOO^C, tinh lir lue bat dau sdi trd<br /> sac lu nhien, do am trong nam tir 10-12%o, tuyet lai va yeu cau nam phai chin. Thir hai la lam lanh,<br /> ddi khdng ed nam mdc, vi khuan va cac chat ddc sau khi luge nam dii thdi gian lien hanh vdt nam<br /> Id trong nam. Nam da phoi, say khd phii hgp vdi ra lam lanh bang each thay nude nhieu lan hoac<br /> thi hieu ciia khach hang (ngudi tieu dimg). Sau cho chay lien tue dudi vdi nude. Bieu hien nam<br /> khi da phoi, say nam khd phai dugc bao quan tdt chan chin: nam chim trong nude lanh, lam lanh<br /> de nam khdng bi hu hdng do vi khuan, nam mdc, cho tdi khi nhiet dp ciia nam va nudc bang nhau<br /> dpng vat, cdn trung... gay hai. Thdi gian bao thi tien hanh vdt ra de mudi nam.<br /> quan tdt nhat dam bao tir 12-24 thang nhung nam Ludc xong de rao nude, pha dung dieh nudc<br /> van giir dugc chat lugng phuc vu nhu cau tieu mudi bao hda (Hit nude eho khoang 0,4kg mudi),<br /> diing ndi dia va xuat khau. dung dich nudc mudi dat 22-23'^ Bome la dugc,<br /> n . QUY TRINH CONG NGHE cho tiep 10-15g axit Citric vao dung dich nudc<br /> * Hai nam tuoi: Nam phai hai dung do tudi, mudi sau dd eho nam vao (pH 3,5- 4). 1kg nam da<br /> khdng de nam phat tan bao tir, nam mdi thu hai, ludc cho vao 0,2 lit dung djch nudc mudi va axit<br /> khdng hai nam sau khi vira tudi nudc xong. Thdi da pha. tren ciing eho mdt lop mudi. Cho nam da<br /> gian ngimg ludi den khi hai it nhat phai dam bao ludc vao thiing nhua hoac tiii nilon khdng thiing,<br /> Iren 4 gid de nam khdng bi dap nat. Cac dung cu chum vai... Sau 15 ngay thi nam mdi dn dinh ve<br /> hai nam phai sach se ke ca dao. keo cat nam bang dp man va mau sac, neu cd hien lugng siii bgt, len<br /> inox. Trudng hgp nam bi ban do roi, vai, dinh dat, men thdi thi phai bd. nlu mudi lan bet thi phai bd<br /> cat thi phai rira sach, dl rao nudc. Tir liic thu hai sung mudi. Can chu y la ludn ludn de nam ngap<br /> den luc che bien khdng qua 24 gid. chim Irong dung dich nudc mudi va axil. Nam<br /> <br /> BAN TIN KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE THUA THIEN HUE, 4/2011<br />  KHOA HOC VA DOT SONG<br /> <br /> mudi thudng diing lam nguyen lieu de lam nam den dp am tuyet ddi (ham lugng nudc trong nam<br /> ddng hop, cd the bao quan hang nam. khd bang 0). nam rat de bi vun nat khi va dap. Khi<br /> * Nam say khd (danh cho nam sd, mdc nhT lay nam trong Id say ra nen de ra ngoai khoang<br /> va linh chi): Trudc het la each say nam. nam sd ed 5-10 phiit mdi cho nam vao trong bao (ban chat la<br /> the xe thanh 2-3 manh ddi vdi nhiing canh nam de cho nam hut am trd lai dam bao do am tir<br /> ldn (dudng kinh 4cm trd len); linh chi cd the thai 10-12 %)) nam se khdng bi vun nat.<br /> lat mdng hoac de nguyen, mdc nhT de nguyen eay. * Bao quan nam khd: Ddi vdi viec bao quan<br /> Neu thdi tiet khdng cd mua hoac ed nang, gid lau dai thi xep nam trong cac kho sach se, khd<br /> manh. Dem nam trai mdt Idp mdng tren eac vat rao, dudi nen cd the Idt 1 lop vdi cue de tranh hiit<br /> lieu thdng thoang (ludi, tre manh, tam phen am, ehdng mdc. Sir dung may hiit am trong kho,<br /> thoang...) true tiep tren nen san (be tdng, gach) ddt bdt luu huynh khoang 3 thang 1 lan de ehdng<br /> hoac de each mat dat 15 cm trd len cang tdt, thdi mdc, mdi, mgt, ddng vat gay hai. Thudng xuyen<br /> gian phoi nang, gid tu nhien khoang 15h trd lai. kiem tra cac bao dung nam khd, neu thay nam hiit<br /> Neu thdi tiet mua, dung quat gid manh thdi true am (sd tay vao nam khdng thay sdt soat) dem say<br /> tiep vao Idp nam tuoi thdi gian khoang 4-6h. lai. can kiem tra do am trong nam, neu dudi 12%<br /> Trudng hgp mat dien, trdi mua thi xep nam vao thi phai say nam lai ngay. Ddi vdi viec ddng gdi<br /> khay, dua vao Id say phai say ngay, khi nam da se nhd thi tuy theo yeu cau cua khach hang de ddng<br /> khd tien hanh ddn khay ket hgp vdi viec dao deu. tiii nam khd theo trgng lugng khac nhau, khi ddng<br /> Nhiet do say nam khoang 2-3h dau tir 40-45°C, gdi nhd phai that kin. Khi sir dung khdng het phai<br /> 2-3h sau d nhiet do 45-50°C, thdi gian tiep theo d budc that kin mieng tiii nilon.<br /> nhiet do 50-55°C den khi nam da gan khd tang Quy trinh sir dung (an) nam khd tuong tu<br /> nhiet do tdi da len 55-60°C (vai tieng dau can phai nhu an nam tuoi. Trudc khi an phai ngam nam<br /> bat cira thdng gid d tde do tdi da sau dd giam dan trong nudc ndng (nhiet do tren 60°C) thdi gian tir<br /> tde do khi nam da gan khd). Thdi gian tir liic hai 60 phiit trd len, rira sach trong nudc lanh sau dd<br /> tuoi den khi phoi, say khd dam bao tdi da 24h (trir mdi dimg de che bien.<br /> mdc nhT, linh ehi tdi da 72h). Khi say nam trong Ddi vdi nam sd ban tuoi, sau khi hai vao, cat<br /> Id say phai xep nam khd d tang dudi, tang tren chan, loai bd nhiing nam bi nat, gia, nam bi sau,<br /> cimg dung nam cd do am cao nhat tranh trudng thdi. Xep nam vao bao, xep quay gdc vao trong,<br /> hgp nam da khd (de tang dudi) se hiit am trd lai, tan nam ra ngoai, ddng nhan. Ddi vdi sd tim dua<br /> trong qua trinh say phai tien hanh dao khay tranh vao may hiit chan khdng hut bet khdng khi va han<br /> d dudi bi chay. Khdng de nhiet do trong Id say mieng bao, bao quan d nhiet do (10-15''C), each<br /> qua cao (>50°C) trong 6h dau. Khi say nam cdn nay cd the bao quan nam dugc 7 ngay. Ddi vdi sd<br /> do am eao can phai md het cd cira thdng gid phia trang dua vao bao quan d nhiet do 10-15"C<br /> dinh Id. Nam dat do khd va chat lugng tdt bieu (khdng hut chan khdng).<br /> hien: be tai nam gidn tan, miii thom, vi nggt, mau Ddi vdi nam rom thi hai nam dimg do tudi,<br /> vang sang (gan nhu mau eay nam trudc khi phoi, hai khi nam ehua nirt bao (chieu dai >cbilu rdng),<br /> say). Chii y: Ddi vdi nam linh chi cho phep eudng cat chan, loai bd nhirng nam hdng, sirt seo, rach<br /> dinh mu khoang 3 cm, qua va mii nam dugc cho vd bao. Rai mdng ra nen, eho quat gid de lam<br /> vao gian rieng de say. giam dp am ciia nam. sau dd cho vao tiii ludi<br /> Nam da say khd cho vao tiii nilon (2 lan tiii). (khoang 0,5kg). eho vao sgt nhua va van chuyen<br /> Bude chat timg lop tiii (ke ca bao diia la 3 lan ra thi trudng (vdi dieu kien van chuyin xa). Nam<br /> bude mieng tui), qua trinh thao tac nhe nhang rom khdng dugc bao quan trong tii lanh.<br /> tranh de nam vun nat. Trudng hgp nam say dat PV<br /> <br /> BAN TIN KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUA THIEN HUE, 4/r>011<br />