Lecture Glencoe world history

The first humanlike creatures appeared in Africa four million years ago. Early humans left no written records. Without such records, archaeologists and anthropologists have had to rely on fossils, artifacts, and skeletal remains to develop theories about their lives. Researchers have concluded that the earliest humans lived as hunters and gatherers and focused on basic needs. Only millions of years later did they develop the skills and tools necessary to engage in agriculture and to build the first civilizations.

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Chapter 2 describes the rise of civilizations in a region stretching from the Persian Gulf to Egypt and from Asia Minor to central Asia. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Civilization begins in Mesopotamia, Egyptian civilization, new centers of Civilization, the rise of new empires.

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Early Greek civilization consisted of many small, independent city-states. Trade led to Greek colonies, and Greek civilization gradually spread throughout the Mediterranean world. This chapter includes contents: Early civilizations in Greece, the Greek City-States, classical Greece, the culture of Classical Greece, Alexander and the Hellenistic Era.

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In India, small kingdoms gave way to a series of empires that unified the region and took advantage of India's position along major trade routes. Similarly, ancient Chinese dynasties unified the large population and expanded the Chinese empire. This chapter includes contents: Early civilizations in India, new empires in India, early Chinese civilizations, rise and fall of Chinese empires.

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Ancient Rome ruled the Mediterranean and developed a system of law and justice that is still recognized today. Increasing internal instability eventually transformed the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Weakened by internal unrest and plagued by invaders, Rome collapsed in 410 A.D.

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The religion of Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and gave birth to an Arab empire and a rich civilization. This chapter includes contents: The rise of Islam, the Arab empire and its Successors, Islamic civilization, the culture of Islam.

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The years from 400 to 1500 in Asia were marked by periods of invasions and civil wars, interspersed with periods of unification, expanding trade, and economic prosperity. The topics discussed in this chapter are: China reunified, the Mongols and China, early Japan and Korea, India after the Guptas, civilization in southeast Asia.

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In Africa, as in other parts of the world, civilization emerged in areas where farming was mastered. Some African civilizations later became wealthy by trading ivory, gold, iron, salt, and other goods. Migration and the spread of Islam were also important in the development of African societies.

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In the High Middle Ages, Europe saw explosive urban growth, a revival of trade, and an emboldened Catholic Church. Yet catastrophic setbacks followed in the form of plague, economic collapse, and war. Christianity remained a focus of European life, but centuries of confrontation with the monarchies left the Church weakened.

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A new European civilization emerged in which monarchs competed for supremacy with the nobility and the Roman Catholic Church. The Byzantine Empire became the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church and developed its own unique civilization.

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The diverse geography of the Americas resulted in the emergence of many varied and highly advanced civilizations. The following will be discussed in this chapter: The peoples of North America, early civilizations in Mesoamerica, early civilizations in South America.

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The Italian Renaissance introduced Europe to a secular viewpoint and led to artistic and intellectual accomplishments. Intellectual change led to Christian humanism and, finally, the Reformation-a break with the Catholic Church. As the Reformation spread across Europe, different forms of Protestantism emerged.

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The explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries led to expanded European power and a sharp increase in trade. Colonization, a dramatic growth in the slave trade, and the spread of Christianity were among the consequences of European expansion.

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Struggles between Catholicism and Protestantism were at the root of a century of war and upheaval in Europe. Nations responded to the instability by giving absolute power to their monarchs. Art, literature, and political thought reflected the anxiety and uncertainty of the era.

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The Ottomans built a large empire in western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe. The Safavids came to power in Persia and Central Asia, while the Moguls unified India. The following will be discussed in this chapter: The Ottoman Empire, the rule of the Safavids, the grandeur of the Moguls.

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The Ming emperors restored China to greatness. They were succeeded by the Qing dynasty, which ruled until 1911. Japanese unification began in the sixteenth century. Although Korea attempted to remain isolated, it fell under Chinese rule. Europeans struggled to control the profitable spice trade in Southeast Asia.

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The Scientific Revolution expanded knowledge of the universe and the human body. It also gave rise to an intellectual movement-the enlightenment. The topics discussed in this chapter are: The scientific revolution, the enlightenment, the impact of enlightenment, the american revolution.

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The Industrial Revolution and a wave of liberal nationalist revolutions transformed Europe during the nineteenth century. A weakened old order gave way, and a number of unified European states emerged. This chapter includes contents: The Industrial Revolution, national unification and nationalism, reaction and revolution, Romanticism and Realism.

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The Second Industrial Revolution transformed the Western industrialized societies. Cities grew, mass forms of culture and politics emerged, and the revolutionary ideas of Marx, Darwin, Freud, and others left an enduring mark. Chapter overviews: The growth of Industrial Prosperity, The Emergence of Mass Society, the national state and democracy, toward the modern consciousness.

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Social divisions, poverty, and economic crisis led to the French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte took power in a coup d'etat and tried to overthrow Europe's old order. After his costly military campaigns, he was defeated and exiled.

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