Làng xã thời Trần

V'<br /> LANG XA THOI TRAM<br /> VtJ DUY M£N*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> L ang xa - ddn vi cd sd nen tang kinh<br /> te - xa hpi - vdn hda thdi Trfin da<br /> tQng dupe nghien cQu tnic tiep hofic gian<br /> 1. To chvic h a n h c h i n h lang xa<br /> Theo sach An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung<br /> TrUng (ddi Thanh) trong dd dfin Nam Viet<br /> tiep dudi nhieu gdc dp vfi vfin de lien quan<br /> ngog.i ky cho biet: KhUu Hda, ThQ sii nhfi<br /> khac nhau, chang han nhU: Lang xd trong<br /> DUdng bfit dfiu dem trong ngofii chau vfi<br /> cuoc khdng chie'n chd'ng qudn xdm iQdc<br /> huyen (b Giao Chau) chia ra: huyen gdm cd<br /> Mdng - Nguyin eiia Phung Vfin CUdng. My<br /> hUdng ldn, hUdng nho, xa ldn, xa nho.<br /> thudt lang xd thdi Trdn eua Chu Quang ChQ<br /> trong Ndng thdn Viet Nam trong lich sQ, Xfi nho tQ 10 den 30 hp.<br /> 1977, tap I; Chi' do qudn chu quy tdc ddi Xa ldn tQ 40 ddn 60 hp.<br /> Trdn cua Nguyin Hdng Phong, Tap chf<br /> Nghiin citu Lich sii, sd 4-1986; hoae Chi'do HUdng nho tQ 70 den 150 hp.<br /> ddt cdng lang xd, trong Chi' do rudng ddt d HUdng ldn tQ 160 den 540 hp.<br /> Viet Nam, tfip I ciia TrUdng HQu Quynh<br /> nfim 1982. Thdi dp - diin trang thdi Trdn Khoang nien hieu Trinh Nguyen (785-<br /> (thi'ky XIU- XIV) cua Nguyin Thi PhUdng 804) Dd hp Ifi Tripu XUdng bai bo vipe chia<br /> Chi, xufi't ban nam 2002... Nhin chung, hUdng nho hUdng Idn, chi gpi chung Ifi<br /> nhQng cdng trinh tren da dUa ra each nhin hUdng.<br /> nhdn khac nhau va eung cfip thdng tin hQu Den giQa nien hipu Hfim Thdng (860-<br /> fch giiip hieu biet nhieu hdn mat nay hay 870) Cao Bien chia dfit Ifim 159 hQdng<br /> mfit khac ve Ifing xfi thdi Trfin. thupc.<br /> GiQa nien hieu Khai Binh (907- 910)<br /> Tren cd sd dd cung nhQng tfii lieu thu<br /> Tiet dp xQ Khuc Hao gifinh dUdc quyen tQ<br /> dupc bfii viet nhfim gidi thieu khai quat<br /> ehu da ddi hUdng Ifim giap, cung vdi sdgiap<br /> Ifing xa Viet Nam thdi Tran ve cd cfiu td<br /> ed tQ trUde tfit ca la 314 giap.<br /> chQc hanh chfnh tnic thupc (bp may xa<br /> quan va vai trd nhiem vu cua xa quan); Khuc Hao chia dfit ra cac lp, phii, chau<br /> cung mpt sd chfnh sach cua nha nUde Trfin vfi xa cl cac xQ; dfit ra chanh Ipnh tnidng vfi<br /> vd vai trd eua Trfin Thu Dp ddi vdi lang xa. Ta lenh trUdng. Moi gifip dfit ra mpt Quan<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> • TS. Vipn SQ hpc<br /> L ^ g xa thdri Tran 37<br /> <br /> giap va mpt Phd tri giap d l giQ vipe danh Ddn vi xa thudng bao gdm mdt sd thdn<br /> thue. (Ifing); trang hofic fip hdp thanh. Xa la ddn<br /> vi hdnh chfnh cfip ed sd trong he thdng cd<br /> Che dp giap dUde duy tri cho den thdi Ly<br /> quan hanh chfnh thdi Ly - Trfin. Cho den<br /> - Trfin. v a o nam 1292, nhfi Trfin cho ddi<br /> nay tU lieu ghi chdp ve bp may hdnh clifnh<br /> giap Ifim hUdng. TQ day giap hfiu nhU hofin<br /> cfip xa thdi Ly - Trfin ma chung ta ed dUde<br /> tofin dUde thay the Ifi hUdng.<br /> rfit it, ehinh sii ghi chdp rfi't sd lUdc, vi the<br /> Sudt trong thdi ky Ly den cudi the ky viec tim hieu ve td chQe bp may quan ly<br /> XIII- hUdng - giap, sau dd Ifi hUdng deu Ifing xa gfip khdng ft khd khdn.<br /> nfim trong hp thdng ddn vi hfinh chfnh tnic<br /> thupc huyen (vung ddng bfing), thupc chau Theo Dili Viet sQ ky todn thQ:<br /> (vung trung du, mien nui). Huypn, chdu "... thang 12 (nam 1242) chia nUde Ifim<br /> thupc lp. Nfim 1222, nhfi Ly chia ca nUdc 12 lp dfit chQc An phu hofic Trfin phii<br /> lam 24 Id. Sang thdi trfin, 20 nfim sau, nfim chanh phd 2 vien de cai tri. Cac xd, sach thi<br /> 1242 chia ca nude Ifim 12 lp, nhQng nfim dat chQe Dai, Tilu tU xa, tQ ngu phfim trd<br /> sau dd Ifi lp, phu. len la Dai tU xa, tQ lue phfim trd xud'ng Ifi<br /> Tilu tu xa, hoae ed ngUdi kiem 2, 3, 4 xa,<br /> HUdng - giap Ifi ddn vi cap dUdi chau,<br /> cung Xa chfnh (Xfi trUdng sau nfiy), Xfi sQ,<br /> huypn ddng thdi tren xa. Tdi lipu lich sQ<br /> x a giam, gpi la Xa quan.." (1).<br /> cho tha'y, thdi ky thupc Dudng mpt hUdng<br /> thUdng ldn hdn xa (hUdng nho gdm 2 den 3 Sau nay, sQ gia Phan Huy Chu khi khao<br /> xa, ldn 8 den 9 xa), tUdng dUdng vdi ddn vi ve quan chQc ddi Trfin eho biet them chQe<br /> tdng tQ thdi Mac ve sau ndy. NhQng tai lipu trach ciia Xa quan giQ viec Ifim hp tich,<br /> thdi Ly, Trfin eho thfiy ddn vi hQdng thQdng chQe vu cung xem Ifi quan trpng. Cac ddi<br /> chi gdm dia hat mpt xa. HUdng ldn cd t h i sau noi theo khdng ddi, trong ddi Quang<br /> gdm 2 xa - Trfin Khat Chan cl hUdng Cd Thai (Trfin Thudn Tdng 1388-1398), vao<br /> Mai (gdm hai xa Hodng Mai va TUdng Mai). thang 4 nam 1397 nhan vipe ddi ten mpt sd<br /> Trfin Qude Chan b hUdng Kiet Dae, mpt xa trfi'n b trong nUde mdi "bai bo chQe Dai Tilu<br /> thpc huypn Chf Linh, Hai DUdng, tham ehf tu xa, rieng chQc Dai toat Quan giap vfin<br /> hUdng nho gdm 1 lang (thdn). Che dp thdi d l nhQ cu" (2).<br /> Trfin hUdng fip la ndi ddng phu dp, dfit<br /> Trong Bia chiia HQng Phuc (3) cd bfii<br /> phan phong cua cfic vUdng hfiu; ed quyen<br /> minh vfi ldi tiia ve bia HUng Phue, thupc<br /> thu thue vd td chQe hUOng binh giup vua<br /> hUdng Yen Duyen (nay Ifi Ifing TrUdng Tan,<br /> khi dfit nude cd chien tranh. Trfin HUng<br /> xfi Quang Hung, huypn Quang XUdng, tinh<br /> Dao cl hUdng Van Kiep, Trfin Thii Dp cl<br /> Thanh Hda); bia diing vfio ngfiy tdt thang<br /> Qufic HUdng. Dudi hUdng, giap Ifi ddn vi xa<br /> 12 mua Ddng nfim Gidp Ty ddi vua Khai<br /> b ddng bfing, sdch hay dpng cl thUdng du,<br /> Thai (1324) (mdt 1) va bdi bia vi tQdng<br /> dQng dfiu Ifi Dpng chu, Tu trUdng thUdng<br /> cdng (hp Le) do hpi Vu thdn TrUdng Tdn<br /> giQ chQe Dpng chii. O nhQng ndi bien viin<br /> khfic lai ngfiy 8 thang 6 nfim Canh Than,<br /> Nhfi nUde Ly - Trfin cdn cho Ifip trai. DQng<br /> nien hipu Tu DQc thQ 13 (1859) (mat 2) cho<br /> dfiu la cac chii trai - la thii linh hoae eac<br /> biet:<br /> phy dao ngUdi dan tpc thilu sd cai quan<br /> vung dd. Hfi Khufit, Ha Bong Ifi chii trai ThUdng tudng Minh Tu (ngUdi ban thdn)<br /> Quy Hda (Tuyen Quang). thdi Trfin xUa la Le An, sinh eon la Dai<br /> 3S Rghlgn curu Ljch si!r. sg 4.2009<br /> <br /> Toat Le Bao TQ, Dai toat Le Bfing; da bo Xa quan ngofii vipe Ifip sd hd tich d Ifing<br /> tien cua xay diing chua Hung Phiic. Chua xa cdn cd nhi^m vu tii quan, tii vp - td chQe<br /> chUa xay xong thi Le Bfing mfit. Con cua nhan dan trong hUdng chien dfi'u ehdng<br /> dng bfi Ifi Dai toat Dai Lieu ban Le Manh gific nhu Le An cl hUdng Yen Duyen mfi bia<br /> ben eung anh Nguyen Dai toat ky ban Le da ghi. NgUdi cd tfi'm long trung cfin vfi tinh<br /> Nam t^, Dai toat ky ban Le Quang... Le thfin chien dfi'u ehdng gific Mdng - Nguyen<br /> Kha Loi cung vdi eon chau tiep tue xay qua cam nhU dng vfi nhan dan hUdng Yen<br /> diing ngdi chua vfi hofin thanh vao nfim Duyen da dUdc vua Trfin Thanh Tdn<br /> 1324. khuyen khich khen ngdi. Cac con chfiu cua<br /> dng ke tidp dUdc giQ chQc Dai toat Le bfio<br /> Trong bia cd chep sU kien khoang nien<br /> tii, Dai toat Dai lieu ban Le Manh, Dai toat<br /> hieu Thieu Bao (1278-1285): Canh quan<br /> ky ban Le Nam tii, Dai toat Le Quang. Dd<br /> cua Toa Dd tien xudng phfa Nam theo cd the coi Ifi dien le rieng cua trieu Trfin ddi<br /> dUdng biln, quan gific di tfit dUdng Co Khe vdi chQc Xfi quan. Che dp the tfip khdng ehi<br /> dfin vfio hUdng (Yen Duyen) Ong (Le edng) gifinh cho vUdng hfiu quy tpc mfi cdn md<br /> da doe sufi't mpi ngUdi trong hUdng ra rpng den chQe Xa quan b cac Ifing xa.<br /> phdng ngu cl ben Co But, danh nhau vdi Chfnh dieu dd cung dUdc Le Tfic ngQdi<br /> gific. Quan gific hi danh hfiu nhu khdng cdn dQdng thdi thQa nhfin. Chfnh sach dd da<br /> dUdng lui chay... Sau cd ke phan boi da d i n tao ra dUdc cd sd xa hpi dn dinh, vQng chfic,<br /> dUdng cho gific vfio triet pha thdn, gay tdn d l Ifim ke "sau r i , ben gdc" Ifim nen sQc<br /> hai ldn. manh tdng t h i cua trieu Trfin.<br /> Nhu vfiy tu Hpu tQ tfi'm bia tren eho bidt, Diin le Ifi thd, tfit nhien khong loai trQ<br /> ngofii chQc Xfi quan - Dai tU xa, Tilu tU xa, ngUdi ed edng vfin ed t h i dUde bd chQc Xa<br /> Xa chfnh, Xa sit, Xa giaitr cdn tdn tai chQc quan. TrUdng hdp Tilu tdt Trfin Lai dang<br /> Dai toat vfi Tieu toat (theo bia chua HUng cdm gao xfiu cho vua Trfin trong luc dang<br /> Phiic). Giao sU Phan Dai Doan eho rfing chay giac sang lp Hai Dong trong cudc<br /> Dai tofit, Tilu toat dan gian eon gpi la Dai khang chien Ifin thQ 2 (1284-1285); dUde<br /> loat, Tilu loat. ChQe Dai toat tQdng dUdng khen Ifi trung vfi ban cho tUdc ThUdng<br /> chQc Dai tU xa vd chQe Tilu toat la Tilu tU phfim, kiem chQc Tilu tU xa, xa HQu Trieu<br /> xa. Phai ehfing day Ifi each gpi khac ciia Mdn d Bach Dfing.<br /> dan gian ve chQc phfim b Ifing xa thude<br /> NhQng tai lieu lich svi cho thfiy Xa quan<br /> hfing Xa quan. Le Tfic khi viet An Nam chi<br /> trieu Trfin gdm Xa chfnh, Xa sii, Xa giam;<br /> iQdc eung ghi "chQe quan lang ddi ddi kd<br /> hofic Dai toat, Tilu toat, Dai tU xa, Tilu tU<br /> tiep.<br /> xa (nhipm vu eiia tQng chQe danh chUa ro),<br /> Quan giap (cd thUdng, trung, ha, ba bfic, deu do nhfi nUdc bd nhipm, cong nhfin. Xa<br /> la'y cac quan Dai lieu, Lang tudng lam chQe quan thupc ngach bfic quan lai ciia nhfi<br /> a'y). nude cung dUde hudng che dp lUdng bong<br /> theo quy chd ban hfinh nfim 1244 (rfi't tide<br /> Dai toat Ifi chQa bidt mQc lUdng cy t h i ciia hp?).<br /> Chu do Vipe xdt di thfing giang quan lai thdi k^<br /> dfiu nha Trfin diin ra sau 15 nfim; sau dd<br /> Tieu toat" (4).<br /> khoang each dU(?c n i t ngfin dfin, theo dfi td<br /> Limg xa thdi Tran 39<br /> <br /> chQe bd may nhfi nUdc quy cii hdn cua nhfi quan nhan, tap lUu hofing nam, gifi yeu,<br /> Trfin. ChUa bidt dUde thdi han ciia Xa quan ngUdi tfin tfit bfit cu, ngUdi bien ten trong<br /> dfii ngfin Ifi bao lau? sd phu, ngUdi phieu tan... Ai cd quan tude<br /> ma con chau tap am mdi dUdc ra lam quan.<br /> Duy Xa quan, neu Ifi ngUdi do trieu dinh<br /> NgUdi giau khoe manh ma khdng cd quan<br /> cii ve theo nhfin xdt ciia Ngd Thi Si se rat<br /> tude thi xung quan, ddi ddi ldm Ifnh.<br /> han che. Hp chi Ifi ngUdi thiic hfinh thu<br /> thue rupng, thue than b lang xfi. Cac mfit Vao thang 2 nam 1238, vua Tran sai<br /> khae lien quan den ddi sdiig eua ddn Idng Thdng qude Thai sU Trfin Thu Dp duyet<br /> nhu tp bd phai, kien cfio, nhung nhiiu rat dinh so' dinh phu Thanh Hda. Ngofii ra<br /> khd giai quyet. Neu Xa quan cd ndng liic trieu dinh sai Phung Ta Chu di duyet cae<br /> mfi thanh Hem thi dan Ifing dUde nhd; Xd fip cd tieng b phu Nghe An. Chi rieng phii<br /> quan tham bi va tU ldi ve hua vdi bpn Thanh Hda ldm trUde va lam ky sd dinh. Cd<br /> eUdng hao thi dan mfic hpa. Xfi quan Ifi ke t h i do trieu trUde (trieu Ly) viec quan ly<br /> hen kdm, vd tfch sii thi bpn cUdng hfio b hai phu Thanh Hoa, Nghe An cdn sd lUdc<br /> Ifing xa efing dUde dip tha sQc due khodt, long leo. Nen trieu dinh Trfin phai chinh<br /> hfim hai dan Ifinh... Cd le vi the che dp Xa ddn lai vd lam sd dinh can thdn. TQ dfiy lfiy<br /> quan khong t h i tiep tue duy tri, den ddi lam bai hpc, kinh nghiem quan ly cac vung<br /> Quang Thai (da neu) da phai trQ bo che dp khac trong nUdc.<br /> Xfi quan do nhfi nUde ap dfit. Xa trUdng sau<br /> Viec ldm sd hp khfiu b eac lp khae trong<br /> dd thay the Xa quan do dan bfiu, nhfi nUdc<br /> nUdc mai den nam 1242 mdi tien hanh.<br /> cdng nhfin; bfit dfiu thinh hfinh tQ thdi Le<br /> Trong dd quy dinh con trai ldn gpi Id Dai<br /> Thai Td (1428-1433).<br /> hofing nam, nho gpi Ifi Tieu hoang nam, 60<br /> Thong qua dpi ngu Xa quan the tdp de tudi gpi la lao, gia Ifim gpi la long lao.<br /> nhfi nUde quan ly cae Ifing xa; ddng thdi Viec lam hp khfiu sau dd vfin dUdc duy<br /> ban hfinh mpt sd chfnh sach quan trpng tri. Khoang 5 den 6 ndm nhfi nUde lai td<br /> nhfim tfing cUdng quan ly, thu phue Ifing xa chQc kiem tra hp khfiu. Viec Ifip sd hp khfiu<br /> trong sU nghipp xay dUng vfi bao vp vUdng dl nhfi nUde nfim dUde so' nhan dinh nhfim<br /> trieu Trfin. quan ly vd thu thud, tuyen Ifnh; nhfim duy<br /> 2. M9t so c h i n h s a c h c u a n h a nxidc tri bp may nhfi nUdc trieu Trfin. Diia vdo dd<br /> doi vdi Ifing x a nha Tran da thiic thi thanh cdng chfnh<br /> sach "Ngu binh U ndng" - mpt qudc sach<br /> LSp so d i n h dUa den binh cUdng, nUde manh vUdt qua<br /> Sau khi nhfi Trfin thiet lap dUde hai thd thaeh ac liet danh thfing de qudc Mdng<br /> nfim vfio thang 10- 1227 theo che dp nhfi Ly - Nguyen hung manh nhat the gidi luc bfiy<br /> dfi tien hfinh xdt dinh sd dinh b phii Thanh gid, bao tdn dUdc non sdng dfit Viet.<br /> Hda. Nhu vay, thdng qua vipe lap sd hp khau<br /> Hfing nfim vfio dfiu mua Xuan trieu dinh nha Tran da quan ly dUde nhan dinh vd kip<br /> sai Xa quan khai bao nhan khfiu gpi Ifi ddn thdi dua ra chi'nh sach hdp ly ddi vdi cae<br /> sd', Ifip thfinh sd dinh. Sau dd cQ theo sd mfi hang ngUdi trong xa hpi, nhfim tranh thii<br /> dinh. Trong dd ke khai rd cac hang tdn sQc dan. Tuy nhien, dl giQ eho cupe sdng<br /> thfit, quan vfin, quan vo, quan tuy tung, cua nhan dan dUde yen dn, nhfi Trfin da<br /> 40 Rghi6n cijru Lich sit. s6 4.2009<br /> <br /> thiie thi nhieu bien phap vfi ehinh sach tfch Quy dinh nfiy them mdt Ifin nQa md<br /> ciic. Sdm dinh lufit lenh dieu le trong nUdc dudng cho nhan dan cd the mua rupng cdng<br /> vao thang 2 nam 1226 vfi ban hfinh nhQng Ifim rupng tU. Quy dinh khdng han chd vipe<br /> quy dinh lien quan den rupng dfi't. mua ban rupng cdng, khien hao cUdng vfi<br /> dia chii vfi nhan dan cac Ifing xa efing c6<br /> Mot so c h i n h s a c h q u y d i n h lien<br /> quan den ruong dat. dip d l mua them rupng dfi't cdng, mcl rdng<br /> rupng dfi't tu.<br /> Mua Xuan, thang Gieng nfim Dinh Dau<br /> Mpt khi rupng dfi't dUdc md rdng, quy md<br /> (1237) nhfi vua xudng chieu quy dinh:<br /> san xufi't tfing len, tfi't tfing cUdng them kha<br /> "Phfim Ifim chuc thU, vfin khe neu Ifi gifiy<br /> nfing kinh te ciia n h a n dan cac Ifing xa.<br /> td ve rupng dat hoae vay mUdn thi ngUdi<br /> lam chQng in tay cl ba ddng trUdc, ngUdi Viec mua ban rupng dfi't thUdng diin ra<br /> ban in tay cl bdn ddng sau" (5). Sau ndy vfio dudi hai hinh thQc hofic mua dQt hay ban<br /> thang 3 nfim 1292 quy dinh bd sung them: doan. NhUng vfio thdi diem nhQng nfim<br /> "... pham vfin tu ban doan hay cfim dp mfi't mua ddi kdm nhU nfim Canh Dfin<br /> rupng dfi't phai lam hai ban gidng nhau, (1290) vfi nfim Tan Mao (1291) nhieu ngUdi<br /> moi ben cfim mpt ban" (6). phai ban con lam nd ty eho ngUdi khae. Gia<br /> mpt ngudi 1 quan tien, tham chi phai cfim<br /> Cac quy dinh dd tao cd sd phap ly tin cd rupng dfit d l cQu ddi. Sau nhQng tinh<br /> efiy, bao vp quyen ldi eiia ngUdi Ifim chuc hudng cfip bach dd neu vi§c mua ban rupng<br /> thu, dfic bipt ddi vdi vfin khe (ben mua ban) da't vfi no ty theo dinh lp se dfiy nhieu gia<br /> rupng da't hofic vay mUdn, deu phai tdn dinh vfio hofin canh efing khd khfin hdn vi<br /> trpng quy dinh mang tinh phap che dd. da cfim ed het rupng dfit khdng cdn ke sinh<br /> Dieu nay cung chQng to trUde dd tinh hinh nhai. Bdi vay, trieu dinh da ban chieu<br /> mua ban rupng dat da dien ra tU do md nhfim giai quyet tinh the cho dan vfio nfim<br /> nha nUde chUa kiem soat dUdc. Trong qua 1299, eho phdp "phfim ban rupng dfit vfi<br /> trinh mua bdn rupng dfi't khdng tranh khoi mua ngUdi Ifim nd deu dUdc chupc lai, ndu<br /> sii riii ro ddi vdi ngUdi mua, ke ban. Viec d l qua nfim nay thi khdng cho chupc nQa"<br /> dUa vfio quy dinh se dam bao quyen ldi cho (8).<br /> ca hai phfa. Vi lam vdn khe dung nhU quy<br /> Quy dinh nfiy nhfim ndi long sQc dan,<br /> dinh tren mdi hdp phap. Neu cd xay ra<br /> tao dieu kipn d l ngUdi dan co gfing khdi<br /> tranh chfip, kipn cao thi quan xii kipn mdi phuc lai cupe sdng binh thUdng sau nan ddi<br /> cd cdn cQ phap ly de phan xii; bao vp dQdc kinh hofing.<br /> quyen ldi hdp phdp cua ngUdi bi hai. Chfnh<br /> quy dinh mang tfnh phap che cho viec mua Trieu Trfin dfic bipt quan tam ddn ch^<br /> ban rupng dat da tao cd sd phap che cho dp sd hQu rupng dfi't, nhQng quy dinh trSn<br /> viec mua bfin rupng dfit; md dUdng cho che deu nhfim bao vp quyen Idi ciia ngUdi sd<br /> dp rupng da't tU ddi Trfin phat trien. HQu rupng dfi't. Thang 10 nfim Canh Thfin<br /> (1320), trieu dinh tiep tyc ban chi^u:<br /> Vdo thang 6 nfim Giap Dfin (1254) cho "phfim tranh nhau rupng dfit, kham x6t ra<br /> phdp "bfin rupng cdng moi mpt dien Ifi 5 khdng phai Ifi ciia minh mfi co tranh b^y<br /> quan tien (dUdng thdi gpi mfiu la dien) cho thi phai phan tpa, tinh so tien ve gia rupng<br /> nhan dan mua ldm eiia tU" (7). dfi't fiy, bfit phai bdi lai gfi'p doi. Ndu Ifim<br /> Lttig xa thdi T r ^ 41<br /> <br /> vfin khd gia mao thi chfit mdt ngdn tay ben xfim iQdc Mdng - Nguyen Ifin thQ nhfi't<br /> trai" (9). (1258). Chi xin neu ra d day ddng gdp eiia<br /> Trfin Thii Dp ddi vdi vipe xay dUng Ifing xa<br /> Quy dinh tren neu dUdc thUc hipn<br /> cd sd. Lfing xfi Ifi nen tang cua xa hpi qufin<br /> nghiem minh chfic chfin dfi gdp phfin ngfin<br /> chu. Lang xa cd vQng chfic thi nUdc - vUdng<br /> chfin t$ kiem tinh rupng dfit cua dia ehu,<br /> trieu mdi cd the tdn tai lau dfii.<br /> quan lai, bao v§ quyen sd hQu rupng dfit tU<br /> ciia ngUdi dan trong cac Ifing xa; md dUdng Khi Trfin Thai Tdng len ngdi ehUa dfiy 2<br /> eho san xufit ndng nghiep phfit trien. Ket nfim (1227), bfi'y gid mpi quyen hfinh deu<br /> qua thuc td^ cho thfi'y chd dp rupng tU thdi thupc ve tay Trfin Thii Dp. Ong da cho xdt<br /> Trfin phat triln, hdp vdi xu the lich sit. dinh sd dinh phii Thanh Hda. Myc dfch dl<br /> Bilu hi$n vfio cudi thd ky XTV khi nhfi nfim dupe cfic hang quan dan ciia phii<br /> Trfin suy mat, quyen hfinh tfip trung trong Thanh Hda, nit kinh nghiem dl Ifim sd<br /> tay Hd Quy Ly dfi cai each han dien vfio dinh eac phii lp khae trong nUdc. Nfim dupe<br /> nfim 1397. Da cd nhilu nghien cQu ve sd dinh quan trpng nhU the nfio doi vdi nhfi<br /> chinh sach nfiy. Han didn chu yeu nhfim nUdc da phan tfch d tren. Lfip sd dinh, sd hp<br /> vfio gidi quy toe Trfin. Ddi vdi nhfin dfin eac khfiu sau dd, dUde coi nhU mpt qudc sach<br /> Ifing xa moi ngudi sd hQu khdng qufi 10 eua nha nUde Tran.<br /> mfiu... Hp Hd da gifinh lai rupng dfi't mpt<br /> Den thang 2 nfim 1238, dfch than Thdng<br /> each bfit chfnh; dd Ifi mpt trong nhQng thfit<br /> qude Thai sU Trfin Thu Dp duypt dinh sd<br /> sach Idn nhfit, sdm nhfit dfin den thfi't bai<br /> dinh d phu Thanh Hda. Cd the do Ifin trUde<br /> nhanh ehdng cua hp Hd trUde lich sii.<br /> (1227) Ifim sd dinh d dd ehUa dUpc ky (ehUa<br /> NhUng Cling phai thfi'y rfing nhQng dat yeu cfiu dfit ra) do dd Ifin nfiy chfnh<br /> chfnh sach quy djnh tfch cUc ciia trieu Trfin Trfin Thii Dp tnic tiep xdt dinh Ifim ky sd<br /> vi rudng dfi't vfi lien quan den rupng dfit dinh d phii Thanh Hda; rut ra bdi hoc thUe<br /> dfin tren da gdp phfin dang k l trong vi$e te khi lap sd dinh d cfic ndi khae se tidn<br /> thuc hipn kd sach chidn lUdc "Sfiu r i ben hfinh sau dd.<br /> gdc" tao ra mpt hdp liic "Vua tdi ddng long, Trong qufi trinh Trfin Thii Dp kinh ly<br /> ca nUde gdp sQc" da danh tan quan Mdng - xdt dinh hp khfiu (ed le d vung ngoai vi<br /> Nguyen ba Ifin xam lUpc Dai Vipt; tao nen Kinh dd Thfing Long) chfnh s^ cd chdp mpt<br /> hfio khf Dong A hiln hach den mudn ddi. sii kipn kha diin hinh. "Thii Dp tQng duypt<br /> NhQng chien thfing vang dpi dd bfit ngudn dinh sd hp khfiu, qudc mfiu (Linh TQ qudc<br /> tQ vi$c xay dUng ed sd xa hpi Trfin vQng mfiu - vd Trfin Thii Dp) xin eho rieng mpt<br /> m^nh, tQ eO sd cac Ifing xa, trong dd ghi ngQdi dUde Ifim Cdu dUdng (chQc dich trong<br /> nhfin phfin ddng gdp quan trpng eiia Thdng xa - xUa coi viec tufin phdng giQ gin trdt tU<br /> qudc Thai sU Trfin Thu Dp. tri an; thdi Nguyin sau nfiy chuyen lo vipe<br /> dfing cai te l i cua lfing xfi). Thii Dp gfit dfiu<br /> 3. Dong gop cua Tran Thii Do doi vfi bien Ifi'y hp ten que quan eua ngUdi fiy.<br /> vdi Ikng xa Khi xdt duypt den xfi fi'y dng hoi ten fiy dau.<br /> Lich sii dfi ghi nhfin cdng lao ciia Trfin Ngudi fi'y mQng chay den. Thii dp ndi:<br /> NgUdi vi cd cdng chua xin cho dUpc Ifim<br /> Thii Dp md ra trieu Trfin vfi vipe xay dUng<br /> Cau dUdng, khdng vf nhU ngUdi Cfiu dUdng<br /> vUdng trieu Trfin vQng manh, cung vai trd<br /> khdc dUde, phai chfit mpt ngdn chfin dl<br /> eiia dng trong cupe khang chien ehdng quan<br /> 42 Rghito curu Ljch sit. s6 4.2009<br /> <br /> phan biet vdi ngUdi khae. NgUdi fiy keu van ludn dQng ra bao v§ quyen lOi ciia ngudi<br /> xin thdi (chQc Cau dUdng), hdi lau mdi tha dan, tQ chdi quydn Idi bfi't chinh cho rieng<br /> cho; tQ dfi'y khdng ai dam den nhfi thfim minh. Chinh vipe Ifim ciia Trfin Thii Dp da<br /> rieng nQa" (10). gdp phfin tao dUng dUdc niem tin gfin kdt<br /> Cau chuyen tren thi hipn tinh nghiem ngay trong hfing ngu quan lai, trong nhfin<br /> khfic, cdng tam ciia Trfin Thu Dp ngUdi Ifim dan vfi giQa dan vdi quan; tao nen sQc manh<br /> quan giQ trpng trfich luc bfi'y gid. Ong ludn vd dich ciia qudc gia Dai Vi^t thdi Trfin.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THtCH<br /> (1). Dai Viet sd ky todn thU (Toftn thu). Nxb. (4). Le Tfic. An Nam chi lUdc. Nxb. Thu|n<br /> Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hft Npi, 1972. Tftp II, tr 18. H6a. Trung tfim vftn h6a ngon ngQ Dong Tfiy, tr.<br /> (2). Dcxi Viet sd ky tiin biin. Nxb Khoa hpc xa 254.<br /> hOi, Hft Npi, 1997, tr 503.<br /> (5), (6). Todn thU, sdd, tr. 15, 75.<br /> (3). Xem PhCtng Vfin Cudng, Pham Vfin Kinh. Mot<br /> tdm bia ddi Trdn mdi diidc phdt hien. Tap chi Nghiin (7), (8). Todn thU, sdd, tr. 26, 87.<br /> cdu Lich sU, so 156 thang 5-6 nfim 1974, tr. 60- 69, 84. (9), (10). Todn thu, sdd, tr. 121, 36-37.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> QUAN HE THl/dNG MAI VIET NAM CHAU A ...<br /> (Tiep theo trang 31)<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (22), (23). Xem Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 605. (34). Din theo sO'li^u ciia Kham Voraphet, add,<br /> (24), (25). Xem Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 604. tr. 622.<br /> (26). C6 t h i chiing minh qua so lifu ciia Bang (35). Ministdre de I'lnformation, La mise en<br /> 91 trong Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 607. vcdeur de I'Indochine Francoise/ZNotes documentaires<br /> (27). Din theo Kham Voraphet, sdd, tr. 613. et 6tudes, N° 95, 26 Juillet 1945, p. 13.<br /> (28). Bien ban ghi cfic biic di^n gOli TheTng s