Nguyên lý thiết kế cấu tạo các công trình kiến trúc 11

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Phân loại kiến trúc công trình công cộng. Phân loại theo quy mô (tầng cao, diện tích, cấp độ, tiện nghi, cấp loại, số lượng, số đơn vị quy ước). Phân loại theo đặc điểm sử dụng. Phân loại theo tính chất kỹ thuật đặc thù.

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Nội dung Text: Nguyên lý thiết kế cấu tạo các công trình kiến trúc 11

khdu, hogc sail c ca cac c611g t riilh dgc b iet va kidn t ruc cao c ip. a. 11- Tham so" kich t h~&dhm : ddu co b6ng c 1.1- Ti6't dien : Kich thUdc cua dAm cb quan h e mot thi6't vdi n hip cua ddm. D6i chon t vdi ddrn c hinh t n cb thd chon SO b6 t he0 : a: nhi&u dAin ti (11 l a chi& cao c ua ddm, b la chi6u r 6ng cua d6m, 1 la n hip cua d6m). dbng t D6i vdi ddrn p hu, tuy t r ~ d n g dp cu th6 ma cb thk chon t idt die11 t he0 cb 5x10, h 6- 5 x15,5x2015x25 va 6 x 1 2 , 7 ~ 1 4 , 7 ~ 2 0 , 8 ~ 1 6 . D 1.2- Chi6u dai : pl1q t huoc vao k ich t h ~ d g8 xe cb s 5n b t hi trU'dllg. Chi6u d i i cua c d6u co dBln p hq t hudng d ~ d chon trong khoang 3,5111 dG'il4,2m. c cot n61 21- Bo"tri d6in : ddrn vi 2.1- Nhip dam : a- T r u h g h ap phbng co chi& rong 4 m, s8n c hi can b b tri mot he thong ddm dat the0 chi& ngan nhfit c ua phbng vdi khoang c ich giCia c i c dam 4 0 - 60cm t h u h g 18 aj 50cm. khi ~ U b - T r u h g h ap phbng co chi& rong 4m, s in duqc b o tri t he0 2 he thong dam gom a2 dam chinh v8 dam phu. Trong do dam chinh dat the0 p humg ngan nhat c ua phong, ttjo vai khoang c ich gitia c i c dam chinh la 3,30m - 4 m. phu, c; 2.2- Yeu cau : Khi bo tri dAm s8n can quan tam de"n c i c yCu cau : 6- l a- B io dam c hong m 6i mot v8 m uc vdi bien p hip x u 19 thich d ing. b1 1 b- P humg l it v in mat sin song song vdi hudng chiC'u s ing nham loai tru hien tuqng - 3cm 1 gqn song kh6ng d ep b mat s8n khi v in l i t c o ng6t sinh cong vCnh. I b\ c- T r u h g h ap s8n nh8 c$n chira mot 1 hay mot k hoing tr6ng d8nh c h8 c ho cau 8 , hai v ic thang, 6 ng dAn khoi 12, subi hoac 18 bgp, 6 ng th6ng h ai hoac ong t hoit d o phe" t hii ... thi chn b 6 tri c i c dam b vi tri n iy th8nh mot h e th6ng v h g c hac c o ke"t h qp vdi viec phbng c hong c hiy c ho s in. (H4-3; H4-4). 31- Lien ket dam san : I Tujl the0 loai v8 vi tri m i dAm s in c o th6 g i c ICn d am, hay g i c 1Cn cot hoac dam g i c 1Cn t u h g . I 3.1- Dam gac Ien cot :
a- mrn guc 18n cfit g6 :a p dyng kidu cach li6n k 6t g ida d am v a c ot t he0 k 6t cAu k hung gd - T uy n hi&ncAn luU y 2 t ru'dng h dp .,au : a l- DL]:: dtin d 6 :Vdi ddrn ddn g iin, k hi c6 y eu cdu c hju t i i l dn t hi h bell t ren dAu c ot, t ai ch6 ndi hai nhjp dAm, cAn d$t t hem d bn dir ( la doan g6 ng5n c 6 t i& d ien gAn b &ngdAm) dude lient& v ao dAu c ot v a b 8t bii loll v ao dAm. C hi&ud ai c iia d bn d h dude k' c hon b 5ng 0 ,3 1 + 20cm (1 l a n hjp c 6a dAm h ay b udc c ot). a2- Da^m l i&nt yc :d6 b i o d am sq lien t uc t ren didm gdi t qa d d du c ot k hi ddrn c6 n hi&un hjp, t hi bo" t r i n hjp d6m co m bt t hlia s6 d $t t r&ndAu c ot dd n6i x en k6 vdi n hjp ddrn treo - K hi d ung d6m lien t yc g h6p d6i t hi c6 t h6 b 8t b u lon dd d h n 6111 dAu c ot, d bng t hdi bao d am c ot du'dc lien t uc q ua san. (H4 - 5 ; H4 - 6 ) b- DAm gac trGn cot gach hoec cot bGt6ng c6t thep : ~6 d am b i o c ot c hju l qc t6t1dAm g ac 161-1 ai c ot va kl1611g n 6n g ac dAin 1a"nsiiu v ao v d du c ot, s6 l ain g iim t i6t d ien c hiu n kn c ua c ot. De t ruy6n 11Jc d &ut r&nd8u c ot, dudi vai c ot n 6n d ung c ac ta"m dein b 6t6ng va C ~ L tI ao li611 k 6t 6 1 din11 g6i t qa. C h6 t igp g iap g ida 1 d i m v a vai c ot cAn l ot gigy d6u ho@cc hi d 6 cl16ng dm va c h6ng d$p dAu dAin. 3.2- Dgm gac lGn tu'hng : a- V i t rigac d6.m : a l - Trong ho@c r&n 6u tildng :k hi t udng tAng dudi d6y h dn t udng tAng t r6n ho$c t d k hi t udng d u k ha n &ngc hju lvc t hi dA111 co th6 gac t nfc t igp vao t udng. az- Ngorii trldng :Ddu ddin gac 1611 p hdn 1 r a ciia bo p hgn g i&ngtu'dng hogc ca"u 1116 t ~ vo tu'trng b gng d hmg8 d uqc neo & vao t u h g C 6 c ki6u n i y chi' 6 p d yng c ho dAm ai p hu, c6c dAm c hinh v an n &ndling h inh t hdc ghc t r6n vai c ot. b- Y6u c&u : b l- D6 b i o dAin ddu dhm k116ng bi m yc t hi cAn p hai q ukt h ac va c hlia k he h d 2 11 1' - 3 cm v a 16 t ao thoang c ho p h8n dAu dAm Gin vAo t ~fdng. bv2- Dd li6n k 6t t6t giila dAm vao t udng, c an b d t r i t h i p ileo gid i n6 ddu ddrn thd h ai v io t udng. b3- C hi& siiu chBn dAm vAo t udng duqc x i c dl1111 t heo di6u k ien c hiu 11611c ua k h6i xiiy. S d b 6 c6 t hd chon k hoing ( 0,6 - 0 ,B) 11 n h m g k h6ng n h6 bdr, 15cm (h la c hieu cao dAin). (H4 - 7 ). 3.3- D6m phy gAc 16n d6m cbinh ; Dam chin11 c6 t h6 b 5ng g8, b hng b6tdng c6t t hep ho$c b 5ng tl115p. TGy bB rQng ciia t i& d ien dA111 c hinh 1nA c6 3 c ach giai quye"t a- G a c xi6n he^:i p d ung c ho t ruang h ap ddin chin11 cb b & r dhe n ho va bAne e6
ho$c c6 thk gac t he0 kidu n6i lien d6u c6 kh6u b dt 112 p h6n. khBn chc b- Gdc n6i d&u :a p dung cho t rdang hgp d6m c hinh b ang bet6ng cdt t hkp c6 bd Dd tranf r ang ldn h m 2 1611 bd cao c 6a d6m p hu (b/2 h '). I lam the0 c- Gdc pha3ng m @t:a p dung cho cac tru'lmg h gp m at t ren h osc m$t dddi c 6a d6m cac kiiu c hinh v i d6m p hu b c hng mot do cao, d6m p hu k h6ng gac t rqc tidp len dam c hinh n li c6 thd gac t he0 2 cach : cl- G ac t ren vai d6m : ndu la d6m g6 t hi vai du'gc lien kdt vao d6m b ang bulon hogc s5t vai b6. Ndu la d6m b6t6ng c6t t hkp thi c6 tidt die11 c hd T h osc c113 L , chB t l~$p. c2- D6m p hu s6 ddgc t reo vao d6m c hinh b6i dai b i n g t hkp. I Khi (H4 - 8) s5p xdp \ 3 .4- Y&u &ukG thuat gac d&m: ; c I 3.1- a- Khi d6m c hinh lam bhng g6 t hi kh6ng ddgc k h6u b dt vi s6 lain giAm k ha nBng sail d,it s chju l qc c
V an s i n l i t s au m ot t hdi gian t hu'dng co h ien tu'dng h b h oac cong v enh, gAy k ho khBil c ho s d d ung va kern i n j q uan, bui b$m si5 rdi x u6ng tAng d ~ bn6u k h6ng c6 t rill. i D B t ranh v llan chi5 t inh t rallg nAy t hi khi l at v an s an p hii lain 1116ng. Mong c6 thd A lam t heo kidu m ang t rhn, m ang vudng v8i gAn bAng t re hay b 5ng g6 chBm 6 giii'a t heo c ac kidu c ach g hep n h u s au : 2.1- D6i c gnh, m $ng h &m1d6i ga don ho3c k6p h ay c 6t b ec 2.2- Mong g hep k hbp gi; h6m. 2.3- MOng 116m c h6t l adi ga vdi b&ddy l uai ga b 5ng 113 b &ddy van. (H4-10). 31- C a c h l at van san : Khi co yBu cAu my q uan cao c ho mgt s an t hi nBn k 6t h dp mau s i c c ca gb vdi c ach s sp x6p v an lat san. T h6ng t hadng c6 2 c ach lat van sail : 3.1- Van lat t h i n g g6c vdi ddm p hu, s ong s ong vbi c hidu a nh s ang c llinh va van san d,?t s o le n hau b vj t r i n6i v hn. Cach Iat nAy t hdng d ung, t i& ki$nl vii d6 tili cdng. 3.2- V an l at t he0 k i&uc hii nhAn h ay vdy r ua, ki6u cach co p h i n C ALI k y, thi c 6ng c6 phAn p hdc t ap t dn kein n hidu c6ilg. C ach lat nhy c hi nBn dilng 6 n h h g sail c6 yBu cAu in? quail cao n lld d p hbng k hach ti6p tAn, n ha n ghi mat v.v ... 41- Van o p chjln tu'ung :Nhgm i nuc d ich giup lau c hui d6 d ang k hi chAn t &ng b j bAn. V an 6p chiin t u'ang c6 b &r ang t li 1 5 - 20cin v8i m ot can11 du-qcb ao vat vii b 5t d inh v it vho g ach g6 c hbn s zn 6 c h i n t udng. 6 g6c cb d 6ng t hem ilgp g6 v i c h2a 16 t hbng hdi d6 t ao thoang klli s ail c6 t rdn. (H4-12). 1V.- Cgu tqo m&ttr&nsan g 6 : TrAn g6 c.6 h ai logi : t ran v an g hep v i trAn t rat. 11- Tr$n v an gh&p:Mijt trAn ddqc g11C.p b 5ng c i c v an gd d ong d inh vao da d ubi c ca dAm sAn. Cac t&in v an g hQpco t h6 d$t s at vrio n hau hoac ghep c hat vdi n hau b gng i n6ng h6in l ~rhi a n hu 16t v6n sari. V jil g11i.p t rdn t huedngc6 kich thu-bc dAy 1 ,5cm,r ong g 1 2cm h osc 18n h dn, dai tuy theo cach b 6 t r i dAin s i n . 21- Tr6i1trat :Dude cgu t ao b 5ng chc t hailh l ati d ong d inh vao d hmsan (llogc ddm t rdn). M st du'bi t rat v 3a v8i r dm h osc t hgch cao ... TrAn t rat c6n d t d c lam b 5ng c ac m e trAn ( da t r a t s 5n vOa va dd kh8) dein di5n gac lCn c ac n ep gb dong ;ao b6n c anh v i dhy dAin s ail, m at t rdn h oan chin11 dufdc t rat sau c i~ng. ich thufbc cGa than11 l ati t h&ng K dudc ~11011heo c b : dai l in, dAy 0 ,5 - l cin, r 6ng 3 - 4cm vh d ong c ach n l ~ a ud 1 - 21n. t t V.- C &c loai san g6 di6n hinh :
Cdu t ao s an g6 c6 nhi6u kidu loai, m6i kidu c6 k hac nhau v&dgc t inh, n h m g v& dai c ~ m cg thd p h8n loai t he0 v$t lieu h osc t he0 ki6u cach cdu t ao : 6 11- Phan loai the0 vat lieu : - Loai s ail du'gc c6u t ao b5ng g6. - Loai sail c6 k6t c5u hdil 11dp g6m gb va t hbp hogc g6 va b &t8ngc6t lieu n he. 21- Phalz loai theo ki6u cach cgu tao : - S an g6 dm1 giAn : b6 t hyc h ien n h m g c6 th6 b j r ung, k hbng c ach A va kbm ve m s inh khi sG d ~ ~ nag ,dung t rong nlla t am t hdi hogc re t i&n. p - S an g6 p hdc t ap : Loai s i n gb co kha n ang c ach Sin t 6t va 11 quan cao. Ap dung 19 t rong n ha cao cgp hogc p hong 6c dgc b iet. (H4-14 ; H4-15) 3 3.- C ~ tU san sgt thep. ao 1.- DCjc dism : S an thbp thudng dupc t huc h ien t rong cac n h i c6 k 6t ci'u k hung sudn bang thep, ap dung ph6 bi6n t rong ki6n t nic cbng nghiep va kign t nic d l n dung dac biet. 1.- Dac bi6m : C- ( b i n 40- - Dien tich san co kha n ang phu rong h on n hung t rong lupng san thep v6n n he 1.3- bang san g6. Chi& cao xly dung cua san thep van nhb hcrn s an b6t6ng cb't thep. t uy truh - S an thPp kho chay, tuy nhiCn co the" bl cong va sdc chiu bi suy giHm duiri t ac dQng cua n hiet 66 cao. - S an co the" sil dung duqc ngay sau khi x ffv d ~ g . - a2 k giua a - L & r ap d6, t hi cdng n hanh, m6i li6n ~ cgu k ien ch&cva $n dinh h on s an b- E g8. c uon v o 1.4- -CCn bHo t ri chb'ng ri s et bhng s an hoac bao che bhng b6tbng cho cac b phijn k 6t Q u-£ c5'u s 6t thbp cua san. 66 rong. - Gia t hanh clia s an thbp cao hon va t6n nhigu t hep hon so v&i s an b6tbng cb't thep. b -£ d hm phl 21 K&t c&uchj luc : u
dai 2.1- Bo p hgn c hiu l qc c hinh cua san la dAm d q c d ung b hng t hbp hinh I, U vdi cb: j thcrung d iing 1 00 - 3 00inm, va d ot c icll k hoing t d 0,40m d Qn 21n tuy t he0 kidu chch va vGt l ieu t ram c h&ng iaa c ac d6m. Chidu dai dAm n en c hon t rong gidi h a n 4 - 7 m. C hi& cao h c 6a ddm c6 t h6 c hon s o b vdi h - 0 ,03L. Q ( L l a n hip c ha dAm). 2.2- Bo p hon p hu l qc t rong k 6t c6u c ua san con c6 t hhp gfing va b ulon chBng giQ g iaa c ac dB111 b 5ng t hkp t ron hogc vubilg cd 1 0, 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 8v i d ~ u d qt cacll k h o h g c m ve t d 0 ,50 - 1,00111. (H4-16). 11.- Chi t i& cgu tao : dung 11- G ac d gt d sm san : 1.1- B 6 t r i d ill1 : t ren m gt b ang c6 lien quail dQn t r/ s 6 n hip c ua cRil p hong. ThGng t lltfbng t rong cSlc n ha d i n d ung, ciic x a doc, tcrdng doc duuc d ung lam g6i tu.a. DBin d quc d gt n gang n ka c ach ddu t rong klloang 1 ,5 - 2,Eim. d n hiing n hjp Idn, so d b dam s an th~tiS11g a h ai he dAm dttuc b 6 t r i vu6ng g6c v$i n hau gbm'ci, dAin chill11 va dBm p llu. l 1.2- T rong t rtfung h up dAin t hbp g ac lei1 tcrung t hi cBn d am b ao s lien k Qt t& g ida ! t s ail va t tfbng bling c ach b 6 t r i va ca"u t ao c ac bO p h$u 1111ti la : a- S it c hang gii3 timg c ap m ot gii3a 2 d i m vB giSa d am hien v6i t u h g . b- Cau t ao s5t n eo dbu d am trong than t u h g v5 d au dam d uqc d5t trCn t am kC b ang thCp b in de" t ang d ien tich g oi t ua trCn t udng. c- C i c ddu d am ir vi t ri d oc theo ca'c c anh bien c 6a s i n c &nd ~rqc ikng l ai bang thep k b i n 40-50mm v6i bo phGn nem d6 c ang diCu c hinh. n nhe 1.3- T r u h g h op t ren m at b ing k ien t ruc c i a shn thCp c an bo tri c ac t u h g n gan thi tuj, t r u h g h q m i g ia c o dam trong ket cau c hju l uc c i a s i n tai vi t ri c 6 t u h g . c dang a- K hi t ~ h dg b o t ri d oc t he0 d dm : uqc a , - D hng m ot thep hinh I de" c hju t u h g m 6ng. a 2 - GhCp ddm khi t u h g d ay 2 0cm. m san b- K hi t u h g d uqc b 6 t ri t hing g oc v6i h e d am s i n thi a p dung g iii p hip x2y gach cuon vbm giCta hai ddm de" chiu t u h g . 1.4- Dam phu dat tren dam chinh : fjn k6't u - D Y .uir^n kk :i p d ung c ho t rudng h q d am chinh 12 m ot thCp hinh nen c inh khong ct dii rong. t thep. b - Dgt r76: ddu :iip d ung khi dam c hinh d uqc g htp d 6i d o 6 6 d ien tich g oi t ua c ha d am phu duqc b6o d6m d 6. (H4-17, H4-18).
21- Ghep n oi dam : 2.1- Ghep dam : csu 41- a- Bang thep hinh : th6ng thubng khi c 6 yCu cau g htp dAm thi c 6 thk g htp 2 ho$c 3 Kidu 1t t htp hinh bang bulon. (H4- 19). d6i n h? b p b- Bang thep ban : trudng hap cdn c 6 ci3 dam 16m, ta c 6 the dhng thCp hinh chO V c hinh. Cdu d e lien kkt c ac thCp bhn lai thanh dam the0 tikt dien thiet kk. ,(H4-20). x~ung. 2.2- Lien ket dam phu vao dam chinh : K 1 4.1- d in. Tujl the0 moi truirng h ap ma chon ki&u lien ket c ho phu hqp vdi n h h g yCu cau ki6n trlic cua s in. Cau tao lien kgt thudng duuc dung gihi phap t htp hinh c h3 V v&bulon. a- G htp noi d m gihn nhat 118 dat dam phu Ien canh tren c ua dam chinh. Trong trudng hap nhy, chi& c ao xiiy d g g c6a s in 1611 vh tao ra s u h l o b phia d uai cua trdn san (H4-2 1). b- D lm phu dat b c ung m ot cao trinh v6i c anh trCn c ba d am chinh thi c hi& c ao xiiy d ung cua shn sE d uuc giAm bbt, n hung k6t c h IiliCn ket ghCp noi c 6 phan phirc t ap h an. c- Dam phu dat b cung mot cao trinh vdi canh dudi c ua dam chinh, nhb the ma tao ra duuc tran p hing. BAn s E I im viCc tdt h m vi duuc ke tren ch 4 c anh nhung cau tao S an b6t chkn sE phirc tap. (H4-22). d2n d ung va 31- Cau tao cac kieu chen tram giOa dam san : n h ~kho h6a r Tujl the0 khohng chch gi3a chc dam shn, cap hang cbng trinh, yeu cau tao hinh kien thufdng bj i n truc vii chiCu c ao xay dung c ua s8n ma chon kkt tau chkn tram khoAng trong giOa cac N hii~lg c dam the0 c ac kidu cach vB v+t lieu nhu sau : I di h 11- 3.1- BCtbng cot liCu nhe (kieu co dien) 3.2- Vom gach t ht, vom gach rong, vbm v6 betong. (H4-23) dung khi kho6ng chch giOa chc dam khbng I 6m lam, trong Iuqng ban thrin cha s in C$UV& sin V$ 16x1 vB ton nhieu cbng lao dong. q t gf -V 3.3- G?ch rong hoac tam phang chen san. (H4-24, H4-25). - Thu$n Dd tranh hicn tuqng khac mau 6 tren nh8 tai vi tri ddm thCp, c 6 thd dung loai gach 21- Nhlfq, boc d6m dd trat vOa tran. Kieu chkn nay tang k h i nang cach Am, cach nhiet c ho shn, nliCn - SGa ch thuirng d uac d em hp dung c ho cong trinh nhh d . - Kha 11s 3.4- BAn betong cdt t htp l ap g htp hoac tohn khdi. (H4-26) - Tai tro Kkt c au chkn nay c 6 th8 d at b chnh dubi hoac b c anh tren cGa d am. Trong truZrng
h up t h d n h i t t a c6 trAn phhng d6 d ing t ao hinh ki6n t ruc, t nldng h dp t hd h ai t hi hoac l a dA111~6'~11li b ang m at ldp t rat t rsn ludi t hkp h osc d6 h d b sn dudi. 41- Cgu tao san thbp hien dai : Kidu lo@s i n dap d ng yeu tau p hu mot dien t ich rong, t rong l udng b i n thAn t u m g d6i n he i p d ung trong ki6n t ruc cbng nghiep h osc cbng trinh kid11 trGc cd quan hanh c biilh. Cgu tao dm1 g iin t hi cbng n hanh, vdi cgu kien l ip gh6p d ~ g c hd t ao s5n t ai cd c xdng. 4.1- ~ i d s i n d ung d6m th6p vdi k6t c6u c h&nt ram bhng t611 dgil song d st t ren u d an. 4.2- ~ i &s un diing tbn d@p inh va b6tbng 1Udi t h6p. Loai s an c6 k11i n 5ng cach i h i m , cach n hiet cao n hd viec a p dung v@t ieu phu hgp h ien dai vao m et phu s an va t r i n , l d8ng t hdi t en d ung dudc k hoing t r h g t rong chidu cao xAy d qng cua san dd che dgu cac d ~fdng11g t rang t higt bi dien, n d c va di6u hoa n hiet do. (H4-27, H4-28). 6 S an b etbng c6t t hkp l a logi sail d ~ o a p dung p h6 bidn trong xAy d qng l
11.- Ph&n oai : l nhien vdn v3n bi har I 11- Theo sd it6 ke"tc6u : 111.- Ca" S an b6t6ng c6t t hep duqc phiin the0 2 loai : La 102 1.1- San co sudn : C& dAm la s udn c6a s an dugc b 6 t r i t he0 1h osc 2 phu'dng dugc thqc t ren 11e dAm c6 b i n dugc dGc t oan kh6i vdi dAm host p anen lfip ghkp. ThuQc nh6m s an san. c6 s udn g6m cac loai : I - Theo - S an s udn t oan kh6i co b i n loai dAm. -S ~ - S an s udn t oan khd'i c6 b i n k6 b6n c anh. - Sat - S an s udn kidu 6 cd *.I- Sa - S an s udn 1Ap ghkp diing panen. 1.1- 1 - S hn s udn b an lAp ghkp. cac c anh. I 1.2- Sail khbng s ~ d : Loai san chi g6m cb b an hogc panen d$t t ryc l6n t udng n t hi cBng d( chju l yc hogc dAu cot ma k h6ng c6 dAm. ThuOc nh6nl nAy cbn c6 loai san n6m t oan khdi, 1.2- 15p ghkp hogc b an 1Ap ghep. I Theo 2/- Theo phucfng phap thi cbng : phucfng va S an b6t6ng c6t t hep c6 thd dugc t hi c6ng the0 3 cach : a- Bi 2.1- Sail toan kh6i : Vdi p huong cach t hi c6ng nAy t hi dam b io d~fgc. o c 3ng d Nhjp ciia k ldn va lien kQt t6t cho s an. cdn dugc g d t ~ n g l ~ oac loai nha c6 m at b5ng khbng t he0 m ot qui tAc n hdt ddjnh hoac cac cc l ~ e p i dai v n h i c6 y6u cAu dgc biet. CGng cdn 1uU y ddn n hugc didm c ca cach thi c6ng nAy la t 6n b- Bin van khu6n va s dc lao dong, thi c6ng ch$m va bi h an c hQb6i t hdi ti&. ban : nCn ( I 2.2- San b6tbng c6t thep lAp ghep : c ua s in 118 r a- Uu d iem : ThoA miin yCu c au c ong nghi$p hoh s6n xugt v i c a gidi h oi thi cong. KCt cgu c hju luc san d uuc chC t ao b nha mhy hoac tai cBng t r u h g , sau 6 6 sE d ung thiCt c- Sin bi cdu l ap dua v18o vi tri. Loai s in nay n ing c ao d uuc hieu sugt l ao dong, tang toc d o thi hoac trbn d cong k h8ng bi han chi5 b bi thbi ti&, tiCt kiem g o vhn khudn vh n ing c ao c hat Iuqng c au trung b d$ kien, d bng thbi c 6 th6 cAi thi$n d uac d iiu kien l ao d ong c ha c 8ng n hin. e > 11321 \ I phhn loe crj I b- Nhuuc di6m : Loai n iy c 6 d o cimg k h8ng b ing loai s in t oin khdi. D o 6 6 c$n c 6 I bien phhp gia c 6 nhgt l i 6 chc vj t ri lien ke't rhp n6i. Loai shr 2.3 - S an b etong cot thep ban l ap g hep : t umg d6i l( I I 21- San Loai s i n d uuc thi c 8ng vui p humg chch tdng h ap uu di6m clia 2 l oai t r h , trong 6 6 I sE c 6 mot b o phi@ l ap ghkp. Nhb vay m i c 6 thd tiel kiCm d uqc m et k hoi l uqng g o vhn 2.1- D$ k hu6n va cAy c hdng, n ing c ao h i@ suat lao dong, d o cimg t dng th6 t u m g d 6i 1611.Tuy
nhi6n vhn ci; va"n d6 la qua trinh thi cbng u dt, tuctng d6i c on n h i h n6n vi& t hi cbng v5n bi hgr. c hg b6i t hdi t igt. 111.- Cgu tao san bGt8ng c6t thhp toan W 6 : 1i La loai shn ma trong do n hiing t hanh ph6n c6u tao s an n hu b an, hoQc b an d6m duuc t hqc 11ien dd t r6 t hanh mot kh6i duy n hgt va lien t uc 6 moi didm ngay t h 1uc duc Theo hinh t hdc ke"t cAu t a co 2 loai : - S an b stbng c6t t hkp h inh t hdc b an cbn duuc goi la s an khbng s udn. - S an betbng c6t t hep hinh t hdc b an d$m cbn duqc goi la s i n co s udn. :/-- S i n bGt6ng c6t thhp hinh thiz'c b in : 1.1- D 3c di6m : b an duqc lien k6t ng6m hay k6 tq do t r8n d6m hoijc t udng t he0 cac c anh. U'u didm c 6a loai san nAy l a khbng gian t hbng t h&ylun, t r6n p hing, van khubn 'chi c8ng d m gi&. 1.2- Phiill loai : (H4-29) Theo p h ~ t ~ nhdc truy6n lqc ma c6 thd ph5n t hanh : b i n m et p h u a ~ gb an hai tg , p hum~g a s i n d m . v a- Ban mot p humg :BAn chju Iqc t he0 mot p humgvui ti s 6 gida 2 c anh ld/ln > 3. Nhip c 6a b8n n en chon t rong khoang 2rn 18 k inh t 6 v i b l d6y c lia bHn 1 6 - 8cm. B i n 1 , c611 duuc gac s5u vao t udng 112 gach. K6t cAu b an m et p h ~ t hich~h ap cho s an nha ~ g h ep va dai 1 111~ h anh Iang, khu ve s inh hoQc bGp. 6 b- Ban hai p humg : Ban chiu luc the0 2 p humg, b8n kC 4 canh v6i ti so gi8a 2 canh ban : nCn chon 1/1 - 1 /1,5 v8 chi& d ii c ic canh trong khoang 3 - 4m, v6i chieu d iy cua sin l i 8-12cm. Do d 6 m i ke"t cfiu ban 2 phucmg thich hqp vdi s in nh8 c 6 m$t bang c- S in n m : (H4-30) K6t cgu cua s in ngm gom mot ban day c 6 mat b ing w 8ng A' hoac trbn duqc dat 6 tren mot d3u cot chju 6 trung tam b in. 3l.6 giam thi6u fip sugt tgp trung b d2u cot t h u h g duqc cgu tao m i cot loe ra. I 6 d iy e c6a ban duqc chon C 3 e > 1/321 v6i bu6c cot 1 = 6 - 8 m v&chi& c ao ciia mii cot h = 4 - 5 e v6i d o doc cha p h h loe c 6 th6 chon 18 30°, 45', 60'. Loai s8n nhy t h u h g dugc dem fip dung cho c8ng trinh ki6n truc co yeu c8u mat bang t umg da'i 1dn nhu n hi bfich hofi, chg hoac c a x u h g . 21- S an betong cot thep hinh thitc b i n dam :
day b ii - La loai san c6 S I I gdm cac b i n va h e dQm t ao thanh t ren m at b hng n h h g 6 ~ - chi& c h inh c hQ n u t vdi ti so" @Qa2 c anh > 2. 7cm d6 - H inh t hdc b i n ddrn duqc a p dGng t rong t r d f n g h qp n hjp c ca sail t Wng do"i l dn, - . nQu d ung hinh t hdc b i n t hi dij day c ca b i n s6 1dn k h6ng k inh t6, do do ma p hii t hem sau chc cac dQmdd g iim b dt chi6u d ii n hjp cfia b in. Ne"u b& -Vdi san c6 k6t cc$ut he0 h inh t hdc b i n dAm s6 d at duqc hi@ q u i k inh t6' khi san li&nto; c6 n hip t rung binh - T uy n hien s6 t 6n g6 van khubn h m loai san hinh t hdc b in. M at d ~ dcilia s an s6 k hbng b h g p hhng v&p hii lam t r$n t reo khi co y6u chu. C- ciia sb 2.2- Phan loai : T heo hinh t hdc chju l qc c6 thd phAn t hanh 2 loai : - S an m6t b in k6 he tho"ng ddm. c 1, - S an hai h e tho"ng dQm. san, ti a- San m6t h e d$m : (H4-31A) a p dung khi m at bAng s an hep. CQn c hon phuchlg san qu; chju Iqc d6 c6 n hjp c ca d$m ngAn nh$t vdi k hoing cach gi3a cac d6m tir l m dQn 2m. c2- b- San hai he d6m : (H4-31B.C) a p dung khi i nat bAng sail r ong s d d8 kQtcdu d ~ d c luc nhj xem 111111 la bail kg 131 dAm p hu, ddin p hu gdi 1611 dAm chin11 d at 16n c at. 11 cac d% lu*g b l - Sa d 6 bo" tri ddrn : Phucmg c ua he ddrn duuc chon tujr thuoc vao su bo tri chung duqc n cua ng8i nha vh c i c yCu cdu khac. Khi dat ddm chinh the0 phucmg d oc nha, trdn nhh vh c a g ian nhh d uuc chiC'u s ang tot 2.3 hcm nhung c 6 thk phai kC m ot so" ddrn phu lCn phdn t u h g trCn 8 c ua b t u h g d oc - 16c Tu! d 6 c an d at lanh t 8 k hoi d6 chju luc tir m6t ddrn phu truykn xu6ng. Trong t r u h g h ap d at d im dl d i m c hinh the0 phucmg ngang nhh, n 6 si5 c ung v6i c ot tao thanh khung ngang lhm tang d o c h g k h8ng gian cba 8 cira. a- Ngoai ra khi b 6 t ri cot trong nhh, cdn quan tarn de"n n h h g yCu C&J s u d ung ng8i nhh Sin n hu su sap x6p dhy chuykn san xudt viec sir d ung k hbng g ian c ba phbng o c ... cd. Trc Trong pham vi m 8i nhlp c ba ddm c hinh c 6 thk bo tri mot, hai hoac ba ddrn phu, vh phang nCn x6p d at the" nao c ho c 6 mot d am phu dat the0 truc cot. Lor Theo chu vi s in, ban vh ddrn c 6 thk kC truc tiCp 1Cn t u h g chju l uc (duui mmlit ddrn cdn b- d at tdm d em bCt8ng c ot thCp) hoac d uc likn tohn kh6i v6i gihng t u h g . Li b2- Tham s o kich thuuc ban va ddrn : li6n mi Dam chinh : d o c ao h cba ddrn chinh > 11151, t h u h g d ung 1/81 - 11121 vui nh!p - thuc hi c ba dLm chinh 1 trong khoang tir 5 de"n 8 m. bMnt - Ddm phu : d o c ao h cua ddrn phu > 11201' vui n hip c ba ddrn phu 1' trong khoang 4 A vi( m d6n 6 m vh khoang chch d am phu tir 1,5 - 2,5m. c- ,
day bAn ir m3c do be nh$t c6 thd t rong k hoing td 6 d6n 10cm. Theo yGu cdu k9 t huet 8 chidu day cua bAn k hdng lgy n h6 him 5cm ddi vdi mai, 6cm d6i vdi san n ha d6n dung, 7~111 6i vdi san n h i cdng nghiep, 8cm ddi vdi s i n trGn c6 x e di lai. d 3, - Khi s i n k t rqc ti6p IGn t u t n g dopn k6 IGn t & n g gach k h6ng be h bn cac t ri s 6 G m . sau cho cac bo p hen : 12cm do"ivdi b in, 22cm dBi vdi dhm phu, 34cm d6i vdi d im c hinh. N6u b6 day c i a t utmg k hdng d 6 t hi chn lam t hem bo"t ru. Mut ddm c hinh phai du($cduc In l i&nt oin khdi vdi cot b6t6ng cdt t h6p d et d t rong t utng h osc s at t udng. at c- S an 6 c t : S an 6 cd l a mot d ang dac biet cua s i n co ban k b6n c anh. Ke"t cgu G c ua sail d ~ d cdu t ao bdi h e dAm giao nhau theo 2 p h~fung, hia m$t s an t hanh cac d c 6t bAn k6 b6n c anh, k hoing cach g i3a cac dhm kh6ng qua 2m. cl- S i n 6 cd h inh vuhng, chi3 n h$t : Phucfng cua dAm dude d$t s ong song vdi canh sail, t i s 6 kich t hudc m at b ang sail duqc c h ~ ldlln k hdng nGn qua 1,5, khi m at b5ng n s ail qua rong hopc keo dai cAn lain cac cot va dAm c hinh tlvung gian. (H4-32a + H4-33) .% c2- S in 6 c b hinh quA t rim : Phucmg c ha ddm duqc chon xiCn g6c 45" vdi canh san, Crc luc nay chi& d ai shn khong bi han ch6. D ac di6m c ua phucmg i n dam dat xiCn la ir cho c ic dbm ngan dat s it g6c lam goi tua dhn hdi c ho n h h g dam d i i g iao nhau vdi n6. Khoi I u p g Wtong cot thCp gan giong nhau so vdi s in 6 c b dam t hing nhung si5 giam thidu ng duqc nhieu cot hcm, rgt thich dung c ho c i c phbng tien sanh, cira h ing ... (H4-32b). tot 2.3- Kieu cach cau tao : l ic Tujr the0 vi t ri lien kgt giQa b in v i d im m i c su tao s i n bCt6ng c6t thCp hinh thuc ban l$t dAm duqc quy v&3 k iiu c ich chinh nhu sau : "g a- S in duiri : (hoijc ddm lo) (H4-34a), (H4-35). lha S in d uac d6c viri b in trCn dbm d u h , d$t the0 mot phucmg, hai p humg hoac dan 6 cd. Trong t r u h g h ap nhy, khi c 6 yCu cdu c in che dgu s u h thi c 6 th6 cfiu t ao them trbn phang bang giii p hip t rsn treo 1% t rit trCn Iudi thCp hoac trCn lati g in v io s u h . vh Loai s in nay t h u h g duqc img dung c ho c a x u h g hoac nha kho. : an b- Ban k tp : (H4-34b) La loai san co s u h vdi b in d$t trCn dam g iQ n hitm k6t cgu m$t s in, va ban d6c lien mat dudi c 6a dam gifi nhiem vu che diiu s u h dong thbi ciing 18 mat tran s in. D & ! 'P thuc hien d&d ing loai s in ban kCp thdng t h u h g ch6ng ta phai ch6n bo luon v8n khuon b bCn trong than s in. D o d 6 mh loai s in nay si5 tiel giam d ing ke" v truyCn n hitt, truy6n C :4 am v i chgn dong. c- S u h t rtn : (H4-34c) Cu I
Sail dUuc duc vdi m @tdddi cua bAn va dAm c6 c ung m et cao t rinh d6i1g t hdi c ung la m at t rhn s an. T rong trGdng h gp nAy, n6u m at s an dUqc l at v an g6 t hi cac d5m k &s6 d at l &nt r&nkh6i b &tbngc6t lieu nhe tram dAy lbng q 6 n g gida k c ddm. Ndu m at s an 11- I d ~ d lc gach t hi duqc cdu t ao t r&ncac tfim b$t6ng c6t thip&'i t r&ndam hoac ciing co ht nu6c d l t h6 l at t rqc ti6p t r6n khdi b &tdngc6t lieu n he n h u c6ch l at van. Xet v&pllUmlg dien . ch6ng tl t inh t oan kdt cgu tlli lo@ n ay k hbng d ~ d tc kiem lain so vdi san sudn t r&n,tuy n hi6n iQt vila gra] v&i nat s d d ung t hi co k h i n ang cach A cao va ciing t l~u,dng u'qc s 6 d ung vao s an c6 m d t ao m$t y$u cdu cllbn ddu cac d ~ d n 6ng. g 21- 21- Lan.c all .: 2.1 La b6 phfjn kQt cgu che ch5n cua b an cbng va 16 gia, dSng t hdi cuilg dong vai t rb tUollg d quail t rong t rong nghe t hu$t x d ly m at d ang cua n ha, do do ~ $11 hii quan t i m c ung p c6ng sd l6c ddn viec A d ung v$t lieu n he n h m g ki6n c6, a n t oan, inau s ac va kidu cach trang p NQ t r i p hong p hu. 2.1- IIiilh t hdc : C hi&ucao cua Ian can c6 thd ~11011 song k hoang ti3 90 - IlOcin t vdi hi1111 t hdc. a- Lan can d$c, b it kin. b-- Lan can rdng, thoang c- KQthgp vda co phdn d$c vda co phdn t hoang rBilg. D6i vdi lan can rdng t hi s t hbng gio t6t vv&niia h6. Khi l jin lan call sBng c311 luu G i 9 cac k hoihg t r6ng khbng d w c 16n 11dn lOcm va khbng n en 1Ai11 C AC tllailh ngang d6 t ranh tr; em leo t r6o 1811 be ma t e nga r a ngoai. (H4-48a). 2.2- V8t lieu : C11
N &nb5ng thu'ung d@c l im b h g bGtang hoac b&tbngc6t t h6p va c6 thk lam d sc 7 3 hoac r6ng. 2 1 1 - N ~ Id+c : ~ h bd 15 b6n t r&n16p d st pha cat hogc cat b6 t dng 16p 20cm, tudi 1 I id11 3 n u.6~ Ain nen k?, lain mot ldp d em b&tdnggach v6 day 7-15cin. Sau do dd 1lup b&t6ng d n . cl1611g thdm dAy 6-12cm va t r&nciing la cdu tao 16p mat n6n co th8 la lang vda ximgng, n vtia g ranite, l at gach ciment, gach chi, gach k him ho$c l at gb van gh6p pack6 (xem c6u o t ao lllgt sari). (H4-49). N eil r 6ng : 2- 1 2.1- Dac d ism : Khi i nst n6n cao han m at d6t tg n hi&nhopc i nat d6t tll$c hien 6 tu'ang ddi n l d u 60~111, 6'u lam n6n dgc t hi khdi luqng dgt d ip s6 r dt 1611, t6n nhieu n 'g c611g sifc d im n en va chuy6n van ddt. 'g N6n r8ilg co u u d iiin d im bao kh6 rao, t i& kiem Idp dem va khdi luung ddt d ip. ' PhAn logi :N &nr ang co t h8 lam bang gd hogc bGt6ng c dt thep. 2.2- ll1 a- NCn g6: - Khi n hjp n h6, dAm co thd gac t rqc ti6p 1211 be tu'ang. - Khi n hlp 1611, d i tikt giain chi& dai cua n hip thi c6 thd tiing didm g6i t ga v6i cac t uung xAy d iy l lcm, 22cm, cach khoang 180 - 200cm. - D8 d6in bao tl1611g gi6 t 6t cho n &nr8ng, cAn c6 16 c 6a t hoang gi6 b tu'ang ngoai Llu nh5m bao v$ g8 va ph6ng dm du'di 11611. Ngoai r a c i n l u y~a p dung cac bien p hap phbng di c11dng mdi inuc nlot cho cac b ph$n bhng g8 cdu tao 11611. Q b- NBn xAy g q ~ hoQc d6c b&tbngcdt t hep : an - Ddi vdi n an r ang xAy gach cudn t hi phhn tr6n d8 lup betBng gach v8 cho bhng ch m at cudn, d @t i$t h6ng d6m gd dung b8t s i t dubi ca dgt cach n hau 100cm dd ghim c hat h dhm xu6ng 11611 b6tbng va t r6n cung ldp lbp g3 van s an (n6u lngt s an dugc cgu tao bhng iia g6). an - Ddi v6i n &nduc betbng cdt t l ~ e p 6u khdng gian 6 du'di 11611 r6ng nho, kh6ng n G n t huQn t ien cho viec t hao lap van khu6n t hi co t h6 d h g t ~ f d n nAy d6 giam ngBn nhip g s in, vdi khoang cach gida chc t ~ f d n g,40m va s6 d at ban bet6ng c6t t hep g6i t qa I&n 2 d su tu'hng. (H4-50). 11.- N&nd6c : (H4-5'1) 11- Dgc didm : T rong cac n ha cdng tong nhu. hOi t r~fung, iang du'dng, r ap chit% g 16n bbng ... co yeu chu dam bao cho khan g ii n hin r6 man a nh, bang vi6t t1ogc sdn khdu, do d 6 chi1 ca"u t ao n6n d6c. Vdi do d6c 1/10 - 118 t hi lam mgt n6n d6c, ndu dSj d6c > 1. t hi .! 8 I
viec t hi cbng t hudng d ung mqt g5y. N &nd6c c ung d ~ g c6u t ao t he0 2 loai : n &ndgc va n &nrdng. c 21- N Qnd$c :T rudng h qp n$y n6n c6 thd bj l 6n k hbng d6u d6 s inh ra cac v6t n& gay vi dien t ich t u m g d6i ldn va lai c6u t ao t he0 mgt d6c hoac d$t b$c, do d6 ldp b6tbng i I cdn d 6 day va gia c 6 c6t t h k p Ngoai ra c$n ki, inach ph8n n &nt hanh cac 8 n ho va ch6n a- ' i n h6t bituin vao khe h d phAn 6 nAy. l6n n&n, I hoqc di ( 31- N en r6ng : Khi cao 66 c ha mqt n6n so vdi mgt d 6t tq n hien =. 60cm thi n6n cdu t ao n &nd6c rBng. T uy t he0 y6u cAu s d d ung ma bi$n p hip c$u t ao n6n rBng c6 th6 qua 4cm, i I c hon t he0 2 cach. b-' i 3.1- D ung t udng hoac k hung chju l qc b6 c hju dd s an n &nk hi khbng s h d ung khbng v3a mac ong hogc gian du'iri n &nd6c. bhng bd ( I 3.2- Khi c6n s d d ung k hbng gian dudi sail n &nd6c t hi p hai c6 bi$n p hap zdu t ao I 31- I c hdng t lldn~ a c h6ng din. v khbng bl lam 60 sd dAy hoac § 6 .- C ~ tU mat sin. ao 1.- Cac bo ph$n chu y6u : 4.1- co y&G 4 c M$t s an dugc c6u t ao vdi cac ldp : B s hn, ldp bein, ldp di&uc hlnh va ldp 6p chAn o (tru.dng k t ~rdllg. sail khi \ 11- AO s &n(ldp p hd) : L ldp t r6n c i n g c 6a s i n , c hiu t ac dQng t rqc ti6p k hi sir dung, A tusdng. do d6 tily t heo y6u cAu s d d ung ma chon v at lieu va kidu cach cdu t ao p hu h dp. 4.2- 1.1- Muc dich y&uc6u : Dam bAo s13 d ung chung thbng thu'dng ldp i o s i n c6 ao sail n t yfiu CALI phAi kien c6, k hbng mbn, h e s 6 h 6t n hiet n ho, b hng p h h g s ang sua, dk lain v e chon logi I s inh. Cac n ha c6 y6u cAu s ii d ung khac n hu : n ha t am, n ha x i c6 yeu cAu chju duuc din I 51- C u dt do d6 cdn phAi d at khA nTing c h6ng t hgm cao, c i c p l~bnghi nghiem h 6a c h6t t hi t c6 yeu cdu c h6ng a n mbn c 6a a cit ... cac p hbng thu Am, phbng t $p thd duc thd t hao t hi Ngoi c6 y6u C$U ach A v i d an h6i ... c m d ~rdc $t I d 1.2- V$t lieu : H ien nay khi xAy d qng n ha d va nha cbng tong tuy theo c6p n ha Idp ao san d ~rgc ung b5ng cac tdin g6 l at ddn c hi& hay t dng b ( packe), cac t6m van d Q gd gh6p 11oQc lam b 5ng vai d6u cuon (linol6um), cac tdm c h6t dde, cao su ... hay 16t cac loai gach. Ngoai ra ldp ao san cbn co thd t hqc h ien tqi chd b ang c ach lang v3a ximang + cat, vda granito, vda xiingng chAp h inh, ximTing chiu n hiet, m attit, b6tbng a tfan. L dp dem : 21-
2.1- Muc dich y&u &u La ldp tao n6n vo c ang va d sc ch5c n5m gi3a ao san va c: k Qtcdu s an, c6 t ac d yng gia c 6cho ke"t cdu s an tuy t he0 v et lieu ma n o co thd t i%ngc~dng khA n ang c ach Am, cach n hiet cho s an. a- T r ~ l m hgp s an xhy t r6n m at n &nbhng d dt, ldp dem l i m n hiem vu t ruy&nt ai g 16n n bn, do d6 chn d ugc d 6 t ren d dt n bn d$m c hat. T rudc k hi dd ldp dem d ung da dam hoac s6i c 6 h at 4 - 6cm va d8m bhng q u i l an cho dkn khi ldp dB nAy a n sAu vho ddt khbng qua 4cm, ti6p s au l a dd ldp betdng l ot. b- Trong c ac t rudng hgp k hac, ldp dem b ang ximiing c at d w c dilng rQng rhi vdi viia m ac 50 - 100.C6 t hd dd ldp n4y len ldp cach A va cach n hiet (xi, c at, b6t6ng t i m o ng hogc b6ti3ng nhq ...). Mot t ren ciia ldp dem phai t hdp h dn mgc ciia s an mQt doan bgng b&dAy cGa vat lieu d ung dd p hu san (ao s an). tao 31- L dp didu chinh : La b p h4n duqc t hgc h ien k hi ltrp k6t cdu hoac ldp dem Q k hbng b ang phling, chn p hai t ao m at phAng hay m at ddc n h6t d jnh cho sail t r ~ d khi c lAm ao san. Khi b6 day clia Idp di&uc hinh c ho p hep tlli c6 ti16 lqi d ung dd d @t ac dudng c d$y h oac d&ng Bng t rang t higt bj. 4.1- Muc dich y&u &u La Idp bao ve 6 vi t r i qua d gida t udng va san. do di, c: Q ci, y6Li C ALI dain bao c hju IUC va c ham, ch6i1g t hgm lain ve s inh t dt va cach ly c hdn dQ11g ( trifdng 11gp doc b iet). Ddi vdi m at s an Iat g6 con c6 y4u cAu dam bao tlibng gio d ~fdi et m s ail klli v an d at t r4n d$m sail hoac d6in k4 bgng cach cdu t ao klle hd 6 van 6p chAn tua6ng. 4.2- V et lieu T hdng t hu6ng ldp dp chAn tuedngd w c lam cung loai v$t lieu ciia n co ao s ail 11hu chAn t udng 6p v an, dp gach hoQc t rat viia. Tuy nhiGn, vAn co t h6 l inh d6ng n V$ c hon loai v et lieu 6 p chAn t udng cho phu llqp t he0 y6u c6u s d d ung va t rang t ri. :Bin Cac bij ph4n phy : 51- t t hi Ngoai c ac b p h4n chii yQun4u t r4n t rong kdt c h i n@t an cbn co c ac bo ph$n p l y Q s I t hi d m c d at c hen 1611 t rong c ac ldp nhhm dam bao n h3ilgy8u cAu sif d ung ciia in6i loai san. 5.1- Ldp c h6ng t hdin : g6in mot 1dp hogc vai ldp ngan can nude vli c ac c hdt long nha k hi sG d ung hoac s an xudt t hdm vao thAn s an. van t cac 5.2- L6p c ach n hiet : Ldp bao v s an co kha n ang Ian1 giain d dAn n l~ii$t. Q Q n alg 5.3- Ldp cach A : Ldp c6 t inh h 6t Am. m n. 5.4- Ldp cach hdi : Ldp bao ve thifdng d ~iqc d t ri 6 t r4n ciia p hbng t h i nghiem b hoa lloc, t ren ndi hdi hoec t rong phong cb hdi bay ra.