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Báo cáo khoa học: So sánh truyện cổ tích Việt Hàn

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Truyện cổ tích Việt – Hàn “Cây khế” gồm 150 trang được biên soạn bằng ngôn ngữ Việt Nam, Hàn Quốc với 10 câu chuyện cổ tích tiêu biểu của hai nước vừa được ra mắt tại Hà Nội.

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo khoa học: So sánh truyện cổ tích Việt Hàn

  1. so SANH TRUYEN CO TICH VIET - HAN LUU IHI HONG VIET F iet Nam va Han Qudc la hai nude cd nhieu diem tuang ddng ve ljch sir, van hda, van hgc trong dd cd van hge dan ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cd rat nhieu diem tuong ddng vd ndi dung, tir viec giai thich cac hien tugng tu nhien eho den sy bao luu gian ndi chung, truyen ed tich ndi rieng. Ben cac gia tri van hda nhu tin ngudng, phong canh nhting diem tuong ddng, chae chan kho tyc. Id hgi hoae cac ndi dung xa hdi - nhan tang truyen ed tich eua Viet Nam va Han sinh. Qudc cung cd nhtrng net khae biet lam nen + Tin ngudng, phong tue, li hpi ban sac ddc dao cua mdi dan tdc. Cac truyen cd tich giai thich cac hien The nhung eho den nay, vide gidi thieu tugng ty nhien trdn ca sd gat bd dan ban truyen cd tich Viet Nam d Han Qude va chat than ky, phi thudng cua tu duy than Iruyen cd tich Han Qudc d Viet Nam chua thoai nhung van giO lai each suy nghT va nhidu, vide nghien ciru so sanh truyen ed tich cam nhan nguyen thuy. Cd rat nhidu loai vat ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han van cdn dang khae nhau dugc ndi tdi trong truyen cd tich di nhting budc dau tien. Nhieu phuang dien cua Viet Nam va Han Qudc. Nhieu sy tich ndi dung va nghe thuat cua truyen cd tich ve cac cay cd, vat nudi, vat hoang da phan Viet Nam va Han Qudc van can dugc tiep anh mdt sd dac diem cua loai vat, the bien luc nghien ciru trong bdi canh giao luu Viet nhan thirc cua dan gian ve the gidi ty nhien. - Han hien nay. Tiep tyc hudng nghien ciru Vii try ddi vdi ngudi nguyen thuy ludn chira chung ma cae nha khoa hge di trudc da khai dyng nhirng bi an va qua to ldn, vi the con md, bai viet nay di vao Sr^ sdnh truyin co ngudi cd nhu cau kham pha, giai thich the tich ngicdi Viet (Viet Nam) vd truyin co tich gidi xung quanh va tim hieu mdi quan he ngicdi Hdn (Han Quae), de thuan tien trong cua con ngudi vdi thd gidi. Do dieu kien khi trinh bay, tae gia xin dugc rut ggn la So sdng va nhu cau ty nhan thirc bang su hieu sdnh truyen co tich Viet - Hdn. biet cd han, bang thd gidi quan than thoai 1. Sy tirong dong ciia truyen co tich nen khi giai thieh ve ngudn gdc loai vat dan nguoi Viet va truyen co tich nguoi Han gian thudng ndi tdi bat banh ciia con ngudi. LL Sir tuang dong ve npi dung Cac nhan vat ngudi da boa than thanh loai Dil d bat eir dan tdc, qude gia nao thi vat va dya vao tieng keu hay net dac trung truyen ed tich van la mdt trong nhirng the eua loai vat dd ma dan gian ggi la sy lich loai tieu bieu trong loai binh ty sy dan gian eon ng, cay kia... Ngudi Viet cd truyen cd vdi ngi dung chii yeu la phan anh sinh hoat tich de giai thich nguon gdc ciia cac loai vat mgi mat cua con ngudi. Truyen ed tich cua nhu truyen Sir tich chim hit co, Su tich chim tu hii, Su tich chim quoc, Su tich chim da da, Thac sy, Trudng Dai hoc Da Lat 58 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6(100) 6-2009
  2. Nghien citu khoa hqc Su tich con nhdi. Su tich con khi, Su tich ed Cd the ndi, Idp truyen luong ddi phd bien he, Su tich con sam, Su tich con dd trdng, Su ma ca ngudi Viet Nam va Han Qudc luu giir tich con muoi. Cdn ngudi Han cd truydn lai dugc la nhung truyen giai Ihich bien Chim Pul- kiic, Nguon goc chim Pa-khu-ky, tugng ty nhien qua dd con ngudi tir the be Hdn eon muoi. Do tinh chat ciia the loai nen nay den the he khae truyen lai cho nhau khi giai thich vd ngudn gdc loai vat ciing nhtrng hieu biet ve the gidi ly nhien phong nhu cac bien tugng ty nhien, dan gian phu, da dang. Va tir dd con ngudi tim ra con thudng dat trong mdi lien quan chat che vdi dudng de chinh phye ty nhien va sir dyng nd hoat ddng cua con ngudi. mdt each phii hgp, giiip ich cho cugc sdng Dan gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc con ngudi mdl each thiet thyc. deu sang tao nen nhirng cau chuyen ma qua Dan gian bai nudc deu cd quan niem van dd ta thay dugc ve dep ^y nhidn ciia mdi vat huu linh, van vat luong giao bdi cude qudc gia dan tdc vdi nhting niii cao, sdng sdng ludn gan bd vdi thien nhien, vdi mudn rdng, bidn Idn. Ngudi Viet cd hang loat sy loai. Vdi nhtrng rirng niii menh mdng, sdng tich vd mii, deo, sdng, sudi, ao, hd va chi can sudi day dac va bien ca rdng Idn da tao dieu nhd ten cac truyen cd tich nay la chiing ta se kien thuan lgi cho con ngudi tdn tai, phat bidt dugc ten niii, tdn sdng, ten hd gan vdi tridn ddng thdi cac tin ngirdng dan gian cimg nhtrng viing mien dan cu ngudi Viet sinh tir dd ma ra ddi. Dan gian tin rang linh bdn sdng. Dd la Su tich niii Ngu-hdnh, Su tich dd khdng chi cd trong con ngirdi ma cdn tdn tai Vong-phu, Su tich da Bd-rdu, Sic tich ho Ba- trong cac thd lyc thien nhien va loai vat, dd bi, Su tich ddm Nhdt-dg va bai Tic nhiin, Su vat. Vi thd. trong truyen cd tich ciia ngudi tich ddm Mice, Su tich song Nhd-be, Tgi sao Vict va ngudi Han deu cd nhirng cude ddi sdng T6-lich va song Thiin-phii hep lgi?. thoai rit sinh ddng gitra ngudi vdi cac loai Nhtrng tac phim nay da the hidn niem ty hao vat thd hien sy bidu bidt, cam thdng, chia se va tinh yeu thidn nhien dit nudc, vd dep dd gitra mudn loai vdi nhau. Ngudi Viet cd hda quyen vdi tinh cam con ngudi cang tao truyen Ngicdi hpc tro vd con ho, Tdm Cam, cho cd tich ve dep vira lung linh vira gan gui. Hai CO gdi vd cue bicdu, Co Chip... Ngudi Cach ly giai ciia ngudi Viet ve cac hien Han cd truyen Ldi phdn xu ciia tho, Cdi tugng ty nhien gin vdi ve dep van hda bicdu biit hdt, Bd vd, bd vdng, Ldi gido hudn truydn thdng ciia dan tdc mang tinh giao due ciia chim... cao, lieu bidu la cac truydn: Su tich trau, cau Nhiing tin ngudng thd cay, thd da, thd vd vol, Su tich cdy huyit du. Ngudi Han ed thin sdng, thin niii, thd ddng vat cung cd vai Su tich hdn da Mong Su, Su tich hdn da hinh trd quan trgng chi phdi den ddi sdng vat chat eon hd, Su tich ngpn mil Ok Nan. Ngoai ra, va tinh thin cua con ngudi. Ngudi Viet da cac hien tugng nhu chdm sao Bac Dau, mat ndi tdi tin ngudng thd da trong truyen irang, mat trdi, nude bidn man cung dugc Nguyin Khoa Ddng, thd thin cay nhu truyen dan gian Han Qudc ly giai rit thu vj: Chuyin Su tich con sam. Ngoai ra, dan gian cdn cd bdy anh em chdm sao Bdc Ddu, Mat trdng nidm tin vao cac than sdng bdi sdng sudi la vd mat trdi, Tgi sao nudc biin man... ca sd sinh sdng cua con ngudi. Truyen Ldy bdy nhu Cao Biin day non luy ndi tdi luc NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^C fl, s 6 6(100) 6-2009 59
  3. Nghien citu khoa hqc chgn huyet dat tdt nhung qua dd ngudi Viet tang cd tich cua ca ngudi Viet lan ngudi ciing mudn ndi tdi tin ngudng thd than sdng. Han. Ngudi Viet eiing phan nao tin vao "Trdi", Mdi mgt cgng ddng ngudi. do nen san vao Nggc Hoang thugng de {Npf nhu chua xuat hay la do nghe nghiep sinh sdng, se tao cham), hy vgng dugc trdi giiip dd mdi khi nen nhtrng phong tyc cua cdng ddng ngudi gap khd khan. Tir nhtrng ngudi dan vdi cude dd. Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu cd nhtrng sdng gian di, chan tbanb, md rdng tam ldng phong tyc an udng, ciing gid, lap dan cimg yeu Ihuong, giiip dd mgi ngudi den nhting te, phong tue chgn dat tdt, phan chia thira ke bac quan vuang sdng hgp Idng dan, dugc tai san, kdt nghTa anh em, hdn nhan phu he... dan tin ydu cting la hgp dao trdi se duge trdi Ciing vdi phong tyc la cae Id hdi cua dan thuang va che chd. gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc dugc Vd tin ngudng dan gian, ta cd the thay phan anh qua truyen ed tich, tieu bieu cd hdi dugc phan nao trong kho tang truyen cd tich xuan, hdi "vd gia" eiing Phat. eua Han Qudc. Thdng qua nhtrng truyen + Cdc quan he xd hpi - nhdn sinh duac gidi thieu trong tap Truyin c6 Han Gia dinh la ea sd cua xa hdi phong kien Qudc chiing ta hidu them vd tin ngudng thd ndng nghiep Viet Nam eiing nhu Han Qudc. thin niii, thd Hanunim (Nggc Hoang thugng Tinh anh em rudt thjt trd thanh ddi tugng dd) cua ngudi Han. Dan gian tin rang ciia nhieu truyen dan gian cua ca hai nudc. Hanunim ed sire manh va quyen lyc tdi cao, Trong truydn cd tich cua ngudi Viet va thiu hidu mgi ndi khd, nhirng tim Idng, ngudi Han, quan he anh em dugc the hien rd nhtrng khat khao cua con ngudi. Mdi khi rai net qua nhirng mau thuan, xung dot ve su vao canh khd dau, bit hanh, khdng ldi thoat, phan chia, thira ke tai san khi cha me mat di ngudi dan thudng clu khin Hanunim, mong (truyen Cdy khi cua ngudi Viet va truyen dugc ciru giup, ban thudng: Chuyin bdy anh Hung Pu vd Nan Pu eua ngudi Han). em chdm sao Bdc Ddu, Mat trdng vd mat Quan he gitra me ghe - con chdng, gitra trdi, Liia ciia trdi, Cd chip miia dong, Chdo me chdng - nang dau cung la mdt trong giun ddt. Nidm tin cua ngudi Han vao than nhirng quan he gia dinh da duge de cap trong niii da dugc phan anh qua truyen Man qud truyen cd tich cua bai nudc. Ndi dung ciia cua than niii. cac Iruyen xoay quanh sy dd kj, ghen ghet Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ddu de cao eua ngudi di ghe ddi vdi con chdng, ngudi chir hidu, ca nggi nhirng tim ldng hieu thao me chdng ddi vdi nang dau. ciia con cai ddi vdi cha me, dng ba, ciia the Ben canh dd dan gian cung nhan manh he con chau ddi vdi td tien, vi thd tin ngudng mdi quan he khdng the thieu trong mdi gia thd cung td tien cua hai dan tdc Viet Nam va dinh, mdi xa hdi dd la tinh yeu ddi lira, tinh Han Qude vin edn dugc luu gitr va cd vj tri, cam vg chdng. Ngudi Viet ed truyen Ndng vai trd quan trgng ddn ngay nay. Ciing vdi Xudn Huong, ngudi Han cd truyen Choon tin ngudng dan gian, cac ydu td Nho giao, Hyang-Huang miia xudn deu cd ngi dung Phat giao, Dao giao chi phdi sy sang tao gidng nhau ndi vd tinh yeu thuy chung, son truyen ed tich va ciing dugc luu lai trong kho sat ciia ddi trai tai gai sac. 60 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
  4. Nghien ciiu khoa hoc Qua day ta thay mdt trong nhtrng van de biin thanh con trau, Tgi sao nudc biin truyen cd tich bay de cap den la mdi quan he man... gitra ngudi vdi ngudi ma ndi bat la nhung Nhiing tam guong ve Idng hieu thao. linh xung dot trong gia dinh gitra anh va em, con that tha duge nggi ca va tran Irgng vi the ten cai va di ghe theo kidu ngudi tren ke dudi. ciia cae nhan vat chinh dugc lay de dat cho Mau thuan trong gia dinh chu yeu xoay cac truyen ke: Tdm Cam, Thgeh Sanh, Ndng quanh van de ciia cai, quyen lyc, dja vj. Tac Xudn Hicang, Quan Am Thi Kinh (ngudi gia dan gian la ngudi binh dan, ngheo khd, Viet) va cae truyen Shim Ch 'ong ngudi eon vj tri xa hdi thap kem ndn cting de hieu vi gdi hiiu thdo, Cong chua Pyonggang vd anh sao hg ludn dirng vd nhirng ngudi ngheo, ngoc Ondal, Choon Hyang-Huang tniia yeu the. Truyen ed tich quan tam den sd xudn, Ndng tiin 6c, Chii ri cdc (ngudi Han). phan cua nhieu ldp ngudi trong xa hdi trudc Den vdi Iruyen cd tich Viet - Han. chiing bet la nhirng ngudi ngheo, chju nhieu thiet ta Ihay cd nhieu truyen lay hinh dang ben thdi ludn mudn thoat khdi eai trat ty rang ngoai ciia nhan vat, tinh each cua nhan vat budc, tap tyc khdng binh dang, vd ly trong lam ten iruyen. Dd la cac truyen Ngicdi lay gia dinh phy quyen. Sy len an, td cao nhtrng cdc, Ldy chong di, Ngicdi lay ich, Ndi ddi nhan vat be tren, ngudi anh, ngudi me ke nhu Cupi, Em be thong minh, Gdi ngoan dgy chinh la sy phan khang lai nhtrng bat edng, chong, Chdng Ngoc duac kien... ciia ngudi chdng lai sy phan biet ddi xir trgng trudng Viet va truyen Chdng ri cdc, Ndng 6c sin, khinh thir, coi trgng con de ban con chdng... Viin quan dien r6, D6i va ch6ng uang vdn tdn tai trong xa hdi phong kien. budng. Ngicdi va thong minh cua ngudi Han. 1.2. Su tuong dong ve nghe thuat Ngoai ra, dan gian cdn lay nhtrng vat + Cdch dgt tin truyin quan trgng cd quan be nhieu vdi chii de va Khi sang tac truyen cd tich, dan gian hai cac nhiin vai trong Iruyen cung dugc chgn nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc thudng dat ten lam ten cho tac pham nhu Iruyen Cdy tre truyen theo ldi dan gian, de hieu, de nhd. trdm ddt (ngudi Viet), Cdy gay ciia nhicng Khi mudn giai thich mdt bien tugng ty nhien con Tokkaebi (ngudi Han). nao dd bay nhtrng dac diem ciia cac loai vat, Tim hidu sy tuong ddng ve each dat ten dan gian lly ngay ten ggi cua cac bien tugng Iruyen cd tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han tu nhidn, cac dac diem loai vat de dat ten cho ta cang thiy sy gin gui Irong quan niem ve truyen cd tich. Ngudi Viet cd cac truyen tieu thd gidi ty nhien, ve xa hdi va con ngudi, bidu: Su tich chim da da, Su tich con sam, dac biet la vd nghe Ihuat truyen cd tich. Su tich ong ddu rau, Sir tich con dd trdng, + Cdc kiiu nhdn vgt Su tich ho Ba-bi, Su tich da Vpng-phu, Goc Nhan vat trong truyen cd tich ciia dan tich edi ndt dudi co con trau. Sic tich cdi gian hai nudc rit phong phu, da dang, cd chdn sau con cho...Con day la cac truy?n nhidu kidu nhan vat khae nhau: quan lai, cua ngudi Han: Tgi sao lan co mid ngdn, ngudi giau, ngudi anh, di ghe, me chdng; Ngudi duac "Khen vi bica dn ", Bi mat vi ve ngudi em, nhan vat md cdi. nhan vat mang ngodi eiia cdc. Tgi sao ngicdi ddn ong bi ldi, nhan vat ngirdi con dau. Nhan vat Ihudng dugc chia thanh hai tuyen: nhan vat NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, s 6 6(100) 6-2009 61
  5. Ngh ien citu khoa hqc chinh didn va nhan vat phan dien phii hgp gidi Ihieu ve nhan vat chinh cua truyen ve vdi motif va col truyen. Cac loai nhan vat than the, gia canh, tinh net sau dd la mdt nay khae nhau vd canh ngd, pham chat, lai chudi nhtrng hanh ddng ciia nhan vat, tieu nang va ket cue sd phan. Truyen cd tich hap bieu ed truyen Ndng Xudn Hicang ciia ngudi dan ngudi dgc bdi truydn da chieu rgi anh Viet va Choon Hyang - Hicang miia xudn sang lac quan tin ludng vao cugc sdng. (J cua ngudi Han. day cugc dau tranh gitia cai thien va eai ac Trong truyen cd tich hai nudc chiing ta ral quyet liet nhung bao gid cai thien ciing thay yeu td than ky gdp phan tao ndn gia Irj chien thang. Vdi dae diem diing hinh thire ky ciia truyen, tao cho tae pham mdt ve dep ao lam phuang thire chuyen tai ngi dung, eac lung linh, huyen ao, vira hu vira thyc. Ldi truyen cd tich ed sire hap dan mgi lira tudi, giai quyet the hien thai do, quan diem ciia mgi the he. Ngudi dgc se ciing eac nhan vai dan gian qua viee sir dyng yeu td than ky cua truyen phieu didu trong the gidi vira hu nhu truyen Ai mua hdnh toi hay Id Ip nudc vira thyc, cd ca cai thap hen, cai cao thugng, than ciia ngudi Viet, truyen Cdi Ip thdn cua ed ca nhirng cai sinh hoat thudng ngay, an ngudi Han. Yeu td than ky the hien sy phat oan, ghen tudng, dd ky, Ige lira. trien d mdt chirng mye nhat djnh eua tu duy + Cdc kiiu truyin, dgc diim cot truyin vd nghe ihuat ciia dan gian. yiu to thdn ky + Nhicng motif chu yiu Ndi bat trong truyen cd lich Viet - Han la Ciing vdi ydu td than ky la cac motif da cac kieu truyen: Cdy khi, Co gdi lay chong tao nen sy hap dan cua truyen cd tich, la hodng tic, A Chicc chdng Ngicu, kidu truydn thanh td tao nen cac kieu cdt truyen cd tich vd nhan vat mang Idt, kieu truyen ve sy Viet - Han.^Cac motif giup ngudi dge de thdng minh. dang tim thay sy tuang ddng trong truyen cd Do dac tinh ude Id va tugng trung nen cdt tich hai nudc. Chiing tdi chi neu mdt sd truyen cua truyen ed tich hai nude cdn kha motif ehu yeu ciing xuat bien trong truyen cd dan gian, trong dd con ngudi xuat hien mang lich ngudi Viet va truyen cd tich ngudi Han: tinh phidni chi. Mac dii vay, thdng qua cdt su kit hon, su tricng phgt, sic tha thu, va truyen ngudi ta ed the hinh dung duge mdt motif vi trdi. each ca ban nhat con ngudi va xa hdi duong 2. Su- khae biet cua truyen co tich nguoi thdi. Truyen cd tich cua hai dan tdc deu Viet va truyen co tich nguoi Han duge xay dyng theo mgt true thdi gian va 2.L Sir khdc biet ve npi dung khdng gian, cd trinh ty dau cudi, trudc sau, + Sic khdc biit vi tin ngudng, phong tue, vide gi xay ra trudc kd trudc, vide gi xay ra li hpi sau kd sau. Khdng gian va thdi thdi gian qua Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu tdn tai khir, khdng xae djnh. Cdt truyen eua cac tin ngudng thd dgng vat nhung ngudi Viet truyen cd tich hai nudc Viet - Han ca ban thd thudng ludng {Sic tich dam Mice) cdn ddu cd dly du cae thanh phan: trinh bay, ngudi Han cd tyc thd huau va gac huau bdi khai doan (thit nut), phat trien, dinh diem nd la bidu tugng ciia su sinh sdi hay sy hdi (cao trao) va kdt thuc (md mil). Md dau sinh {Chang don cui vd nang tien, Ngudi truyen, dan gian danh nhtrng Idi ngan ggn de duac "khai vi bua dn "). Truyen cd tich cua NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 62
  6. Nghien citu khoa hqc ngudi Viet khdng de cap tdi tin ngudng thd Cam. Ve dep the bien trong trang phuc nay huau nhu truyen ciia ngudi Han. chi cd d Viet Nam, mang dam ban sac dan Ngudi Viet cd tin ngudng thd than nghd tdc Viet Nam, that khae ve dep cua trang nhu than nghe diic ddng dugc ndi tdi trong phuc Han Qudc. truyen Khong Lo due chudng hay ld*su tich Khae vdi phong tyc lam banh chung banh trdu vdng Ho Tdy va truyen Ngicdi tha due day cua ngudi Viet vao ngay mimg mdt let vd anh hpc nghi, trong khi tin ngudng thd Nguyen dan, ngudi Han dang cung td lien than nghe khdng dugc ngudi Han nhac ldi mdn ttok-kuk va cho rang an llok-kuk cd trong nhirng Iruyen cd lich ma chung ldi nghTa "an" mdl nam khae, phong tue nay nghien ciru. dugc ndi tdi trong truyen cd tich Tiing keu Didm khae biet trong tin ngudng ciia cua chim gdy. ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cdn the hidn d ehd: Ngoai ra, van hda ngudi Viet cdn cd sy trong van hoa Han Qude, tin ngudng ban dja khae biet vdi van hda ngudi Han thdng qua Shaman dugc the hidn dam net. Ngudi dan mdt sd phong tue khae. Ngudi Viet cd phong thd cac thin linh ma tren tat ca la tyc diic kim nguu (trau bang vang hay la "Hanunim". Trong 81 truyen cd tich ciia bing kim khi) dd ydm cac mii sdng va phong ngudi Han cd tam truyen ndi tdi tin ngudng luc nay cd tir thdi Bac thudc, da dugc phan thd Hanunim, nhung trong 201 truyen cd anh qua truyen Khong Lo diie chuong hay Id tich cua ngudi Viet ebi cd hai truyen ndi ve su tich trdu vdng Ho Tdy. Ddi vdi ngudi tin ngudng nay. Han. qua mdt sd tai lieu vd van hda, dat Qua cac truyen cd tich eiia ngirdi Viet, nudc, con ngudi Han Qudc... Cac tac gia cd chiing ta thiy sy anh hirdng ciia tam giao ndi vd phong tue due chudng ddng cd tir thdi Nho, Phat, Dao duge thd bien ro net trong dd Tam qudc nhirng cac iruyen cd lich ma ndi bat ban la Phat giao, cdn d truyen cd tich chiing tdi nghien ciru cung khdng ndi tdi Han Qudc, Nho giao dugc the hidn dam net nghe diic ddng truyen Ihdng nay. ban, tit nhien la chi trong pham vi de tai ma Ld hdi Viet Nam kha phong phii dugc chiing tdi khao sat. phan anh ro net trong cac truyen cd tich. Ngudi Viet cd phong tue an trau the hien Didm khae biet ve le hdi ciia ngudi Viet va tinh nghTa thlm thidt gitra ngirdi vdi ngudi, ngirdi Han thdng qua cac truyen cd tich ma la bidu tugng ciia tinh ydu, sy gan bd va boa chung ta dd dang nhan thay nhat dd la le hdi hgp ma ngudi Han khdng cd phong tyc nay. dugc cd tich ngudi Viet phan anh ro net ban, Triu cau gin chat vdi phong tue tap quan lau dd cap tdi nhidu Id hgi ban, truyen cd tich ddi ciia Viet Nam, gin vdi tinh each con Han Qudc rit it ndi tdi van hda le hdi mac dil ngudi Han ciing cd rat nhieu le hdi gan ngudi Viet Nam thuy chung. nhan nghTa {Su vdi ddi sdng tinh than nhan dan. Le hdi ciia tich trau. cau vd vol, Tdm Cam...) ngudi Viet mang dau an cua tin ngudng tdn Ao md ba. cai sdng lua va cai ydm lua giao. dac biet la Phat giao dam net ban didu ciing vdi chide khan nhieu kdt hgp vdi ngudi Han. Qua le bdi ma chiing ta thay nhau thanh mdt bd trang phuc dy hdi that dugc net dep rieng trong van hda Viet Nam. dep, Ihd hien sy dju dang cua cac cd gai Han Qudc. ngudi Viet da dugc ndi tdi trong truyen Tdm NQHI£N cdru OONG B^C A. S6 6(ioo) 6-2009 63
  7. Nghien ciiu khoa hqc + Su khdc biit ve quan hi gia dinh vd xd qua nhtrng mdi quan he Irong gia dinh nhat hpi la quan he cha me va con cai thi yeu Id dao Qua nhiing truyen cd tich, mdi quan he dire va nhtrng quan niem Nho giao ehi phdi gan bd tran day tinh ydu thuang gitra me den quan he do d trong gia dinh ciia ngudi chdng va nang dau dugc ngudi Han phan Viet khdng sau dam nhu ddi vdi cac gia dinh anh rd net, sinh ddng qua eac truyen Liia ciia ngudi Han. trdi, Chdo giun ddt. Nhung trong 201 truyen Qua truyen cd tich, chiing ta thay quan he ed tich cua ngudi Viet duge gidi thieu d Kho giira anh va em trong gia dinh ngudi Viet tdng truyin co tich Viet Nam thi chi cd dien ra gay gat va khae nghiet ban quan he truyen Quan Am Thi Kinh ndi vd sy bat hda anh em trong gia dinh ngudi Han. Ngudi giiia me chdng va nang dau edn quan he tdt Viei cd quan nidm: cai thien va cai ac khd cd dep, hai chieu thi khdng duge nhan manh, the dung hda, nd ludn tdn tai va ddi lap vdi khdng dugc phan anh rd nhu cac Iruyen ed nhau nhung cai ae se bj tieu diet. Truyen tich ciia ngudi Han. Cdy khi cua ngudi Viet nhan manh den vide Sang tao truyen ed tich, ngudi Viet khdng "khuyen thidn trirng ac" cai thien ludn dugc tap trung xay dyng nhtrng nhan vat ngudi hudng nhtrng dieu tdt dep nhat cdn eai ac se con hy sinh than minh de ciru cha nhu cae bj tidu diet tan gdc cdn truyen Hung Pu vd truyen ciia ngudi Han ma chu yeu phe phan Non Pu cua ngudi Han thi lai giao due con sy xau xa cua nhirng ngudi con bat hieu, tir ngudi Idng vj tha, biet nhan Idi, sira ldi, can dd khuyen ran con ngudi sdng diing vdi dao dieu hoa mdi quan he trong gia dinh. Trong lam con, nhtrng thanh vien di nguge vdi dao truyen ed tich cua ngudi Han, mdi quan he ly ciia tinh mau tir se bj dan gian len an anh em ludn dugc phat tridn theo chieu manh me va phai nhan nhtrng hinh phat nang hudng tich eye the hien su dieu hda cac mdi ne. Tieu bieu cd eac truyen Su tich khdn quan he trong gia dinh ciing nhu trong xa tang, Cha me nuoi con bi ho lai ldng, con hdi. nuoi cha me ki thdng ki ngdy, Dica con trdi Ngoai ra, mau thuan gitra ngudi vg va ddnh hay la truyin tiic gd chon me. Khi eai ngudi chdng, giiia ndng dan vdi dja chii, nha ac xen vao cude sdng gia dinh se pha vd mdi giau duge phan anh trong nhiing truyen ciia quan he than tinh, rudt thjt, gia dinh bj xao ngudi Viet ro net va gay gat ban trong cac trgn anh hudng tdi xa hgi, khien xa hdi cang truyen cua ngudi Han. them rdi ren, phirc tap. 2.2. Stf khdc biet ve nghe thuat Neu nhu ngudi Viet xay dung nhtrng nhan Trong nhiing truyen ciing kieu (type) vat dien hinh eiia sy bat hieu vdi eha me thi truydn, nhan vat dugc ngudi Viet va ngudi ngudi Han lai quan tam den sy hidu thao cua Han xay dyng mang nhiing net khae biet ve con cai. Tir dd, quan he cha con mang dam each ggi ten nhan vat, gidi tinh ciia nhan vat, nghia tinh va cam dgng sau sac dugc ndi tdi than phan, dja vj cua nhan vat, hanh ddng va trong truyen Shim Ch 'ong ngicdi con gdi tinh each nhan vat, tieu bidu cd truyen Su hiiu thdo, Cd chip miia dong. tich chim da da, Ndng Xudn Hicang, A Chicc Truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ciing lay chdng Nguu (ngudi Viet) va Chitn Pul-kuc, dao dire va tinh cam lam chinh yeu nhung Choon Hyang - Hicang miia xudn, Kyon-u 64 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
  8. Nghien citu khoa hqc ngudi chdn gia siic vd Chik-nyo ngicdi tha ngudi Han lai ed mdt hudng ket thuc bang dit (ngudi Han). sy khoan nhugng, sy ldn tai va chung sdng Mdt sd truyen ciia ngudi Viet, thdi gian ciia hai tuyen nhan vat ddi lap. Nhirng nhan dugc mieu ta dai ban vdi nhidu su vide, dien vat tham lam, gian ac cudi ciing nhan ra Idi bien va nhan vat cung boat ddng trong mdt lam, biet hdi ban va cd dieu kien sua chira khdng gian rdng ban so vdi khdng gian va Idi lam cua minh trd thanh mdt thanh vidn thdi gian Irong cac truyen cua ngudi Han. ciia cdng ddng, sdng tdt ban va dugc mgi Truyen Thgeh Sanh, Tdm Cam la hai truyen ngudi yeu men, gan bd, chia se... tieu bieu cua ngudi Viet ed khdng gian rdng, + Cdc motif chii yiu thai gian trai dai cho nen truyen ed nhieu sy Cac motif trong truyen cd tich hai nudc kien, bien cd xay ra ddi vdi nhan vat. rat phong phii, da dang. Cd nhtrng motif chi Trong truyen ctia ngudi Viet, nhan vat cd d truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ma khdng hda than phai nhd den sire manh sieu nhien cd trong Iruyen cd tich cua ngudi Han nhu ciia nhan vat sieu thyc nhu Nggc Hoang, motif trdu cau, ngicdi cam, chdng trai khoi. than tien. Dire Phat Bd Tat, linh hdn linh Ben canh dd, ciing ed nhtrng motif ciing xuat thieng cua ngudi chet tbi cac nhan vat trong hien trong truyen cd tich hai dan tdc nhung truyen cua ngudi Han vi linh bdn mang ban chiing lai mang net khae nhau ve tan sd xuat nen ly minh hda than, khdng ed sy can thiep bien. nguyen nhan, y nghTa va hinh thirc bieu ciia cac luc lugng sieu nhien. bien, lieu bieu cd \nai\{ diet yiu qiidi, chdng Yeu td than ky trong cac truydn ciia ngudi ngoc. Viet cdn the hidn qua viec xay dyng nhan 3. Nguyen nhan, y nghTa ciia su tuong vat mang nhtrng dac diem ky la: nhan vat cd dong, khae biet chin ndt rudi dd {Vua Heo), dac diem ay Trirdc bet hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc giiip cho nhan vat cd sire khde, tai nang ban ciing nam trong viing van boa Ddng A, ciing ngudi. Nhung hau nhu cac truyen cd tich ciia anh hirdng mdt ngudn van hda chung - van ngudi Han ma ehimg tdi nghien ciru khdng hda Trung Hoa - la ly do thir nhat lao nen cd truyen nao xay dyng nhan vat vdi nhirng nhtrng diem tuong ddng ve ndi dung va nghe dac diem mang tinh than ky nhu mdt sd nhan thuat cua van hgc dan gian ndi chung, truyen vat trong truyen cd tich eiia ngirdi Viet. cd tich ndi rieng. Truyen Ngudi bdn muoi rong vd con ma Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han mang tinh each, xuang edng chdn, Co gdi cdo, Mat trdng vd . pham chat chung ciia ngudi phuang Ddng, mat trdi cua ngudi Han cd nhtrng chi tiet sdng coi trgng tinh nghTa, xa hdi cung dugc khae ban vdi tri tudng tugng eua ngudi Viet. xem nhu mdt gia dinh md rdng, vdi mdt che Kdt Ihiic truyen, ngirdi Viet thudng nhan do phong kien d phuang Ddng tdn tai hang manh: cai thien dugc hudng mgi dieu tdt dep nghin nam trong ljch sii. Do dd, Viet Nam cdn cai ac se bj trirng trj thich dang hay cai va Han Qudc cd nhung hoan canh xa hdi ac dil dugc tha thir thi nd cung khdng the tdn nhu nhau, ciing tdn tai che do xa bdi phong tai dugc trong cude sdng, nd phai chap nhan kien, con ngudi ca nhan trd nen nhd be trude kdt cue bi Iham luang img vdi nhtrng viec gia dinh, ddng hg, lang xa, qudc gia. Dd cd lam, hanh ddng gay ra. Truyen cd tich ciia NGHIEN ecru 0 6 N G BflC fl, so 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 65
  9. Nghien citu khoa hqc the la nguyen nhan thir hai ciia sy tuong hgp tac ben vtrng vdi Han Qudc thi sy hidu ddng van hge dan gian, trong dd ed cd tich. biet sau sac ve truyen thdng van hda ciia Ben canh do, ca hai nude eiing tdn tai va ngudi Han la dieu can thidt, tir dd Viet Nam phat trien theo phuang thire san xuat chau A, va Han Qude se cd su hgp tac hiiu bieu trong sdng Irong dieu kien ty nhien uu ai va cd quan tam nhin xa trdng rdng cung vdi tinh than niem: thien - dja - nhan hgp nhat. Viet Nam va phdi hgp chan thanh, tdn trgng va tin ludng Han Qudc ngoai sy anh hudng sau sac cua lan nhau de thuc day mdi nudc phat trien Nho giao edn chju sy anh hudng cua Phat phii hgp vdi xu the chung eiia thdi dai. giao va Dao giao. Viet Nam va Han Qude van hda cua ngudi Viet mang nhieu tinh nhidu thdi ky bj day day xeo bdi nan ngoai chat tinh edn van hda cua ngudi Han mang xam. Nhting yeu td dja ly, ljch sir, kinh te, nhieu chat dpng hon la tinh. Trong tinh each tdn giao eiing gdp phan lam ndn diem tuong ngudi Viet, ndi bat la tinh edng ddng lang xa ddng van hgc dan gian, trong dd cd cd tich va tinh dan chii nhung van hda Han Qudc lai cua hai nudc. mang net dac trung vdi chii nghia gia dinh. Trong Ijch sir, cd sy kien da trd thanh nen Nhtrng hoan canh Ijch sir va xa hdi vdi tang cho sy giao luu van hoa Viet - Han tir nhtrng bien ddng cd sy khae nhau, tren con xa xua, dd la sy kidn nam 1226, Hoang tir dudng di chuyen qua khdng gian va thdi Ly Long Tudng la con thir cua vua Ly Anh gian, nhiing truyen cd tich da thu hut them Tdng da ciing gia tdc vugt bien va trdi dat nhtrng sy kien mdi de bd sung vao lam cho den quan Khang Linh, trd thanh ngudi dat ehiing ngay cang hoan chinh, phong phu va nen mdng cho mdi giao luu van hda Viet da dang. Trong qua trinh luu truyen, hien Nam - Han Qude. Sy giao luu trong qua khir thyc xa hdi phong kien da tac ddng khdng il gitra hai dan tdc chae cung it nhieu dem lai den ndi dung cdt truydn, lam cho truyen cd sy tuong ddng dii chua cd dieu kien kidm tich cua ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cd sy thay ehirng mdt each chae chan. Ngoai ra, cdn cd ddi, khae nhau ve cdt truydn, them hoae bdt mdt sd motif. Ngoai ra, nhtrng khae biet ve sy tuong ddng ngau nhidn ma khdng phai do van hda vat chat va tinh than eung gdp phan giao luu hay do ciing anh hudng cua ngudn tao nen sy khae biet ve nhtrng motif thudc ve van hda chung. bieu tugng van hda. Tim hidu sy tuang ddng cua truyen cd tich Viet - Han ciing la tim hieu ve van hda Ngoai ra, van hda Viet Nam ed truyen ca ciia nudc ban (Han Qudc) dd tir do thay dugc ban thudc pham trii van hda Ddng Nam A. sy giao thoa gitia hai nen van hda. Sy giao van hda truyen thdng Han Qudc thudc pham thoa nay lam eho con ngudi hai nude gan tni van hda Ddng Bae A. nhau ban, hieu nhau hon. Day la nen tang, Nhting khae biet nay tao nen ban sac ca sd cho mdi quan he cua hai nudc phat rieng eua van hda mdi nudc. Ngudi Viet cd trien ban ntra theo hudng tich eye. Ngay the hgc hdi tinh hoa van hoa ngudi Han va nay, nhu cau giao luu, tiep xue gitia nhan ngudi Han cd the hgc hdi tinh hoa van hda dan hai nudc tren nhieu ITnh vue cang ngay cua ngudi Viet de giai quyet nhirng van de cang tang do dd rat can ed sy trao ddi ca con rieng cua minh. Tinh each dan tgc ciing vdi ngudi Ian tri tud. Va Viet Nam mudn ed sy nhu cau thudng thirc va sang tao cua hai dan 66 NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^e fl. so 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
  10. Nghien citu khoa hqc tdc dugc the hien bang nhidu each khae nhau mdi kieu nhan vat ben canh nhtrng dac diem de hudng tdi nhtrng gia trj nghe thuat. Hidu chung cdn ed nhtrng dac diem rieng the bien sau, bieu thau nhtrng gia trj dich Ihyc cua sy sang tao tai tinh cua ngudi xua, dem tdi van hgc dan gian ciia ngudi Viet, chiing ta nhieu bat ngd, cam xue cho ngudi nghe. cang them ty bao ve con ngudi Viet Nam ngudi dgc. Cdi Iruyen don tuyen, cac he vdi ban ITnh ridng, ca tinh, dac tinh sang tao thdng sy kien dugc ke lai ggn gang, don gian thich hgp rieng khdng gidng, khdng the hda ve sd lugng, lap Irung vao hanh ddng, linh trdn, nham lan vdi cac nen van hda khae. each cua nhan vai. Cdt truyen dugc cau tao Ket luan bang chudi hanh ddng ciia cac nhan vat va Tuy vide nghien ciru so sanh iruyen cd Ihudng cd md dau. dien bien. ket thiic. Thdi tich Viet - Han mdi d mire do ban dau gian va khdng gian it lien quan den tinh each nhung cd the tam ket mdt sd van de so bd nhan vat. Yeu td than ky trong truyen cd tich nhu sau: ddng vai trd mdt thii phap quan trgng bd trg 1. Ve phuang dien ndi dung, Iruyen cd nhan vat chinh va thuc day cho cdt Iruyen tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu luu phat trien. Nhieu motif ciing xuat hien trong gitr nhtrng net dep vd van hda, phan anh rd truyen cd tich hai nudc, la san pham ciia tri nhtrng tin ngudng, phong tyc, nhtrng Id hdi tudng tugng, ciia sy quan sat cugc sdng xa va ddi sdng vat chat eiia dan gian hai nudc. hdi, lam ndi bat dac trung ciia the loai truyen Truyen cd tich bai nude mang tinh giao dye cd lich ndi rieng, truyen cd dan gian ndi cao va dugc the bien mdt each rd net, sinh chung. ddng. Khi giai thich thien nhien, tac gia dan 3. Mac dil truyen cd lich Viet Nam, Han gian bao gid cung Idng vao trong dd ndi Qudc cd nhieu net tuang ddng ve ndi dung dung xa bdi - nhan sinh. Cac quan he trong song van cd nhung khae biel. Sy khae biet gia dinh, xa hdi eung dugc phan anh rat sinh dd dugc the hien qua nhirng tin ngudng, dgng, rd net nhu mdt ndi dung ca ban cua phong tue. Id hdi mang ban sac rieng ciia thd loai cd tich. Quan be ay that da dang va mdi dan tdc. Cd tin ngudng, phong tue, le phirc tap bao gdm quan he vua tdi, cha con, hdi chi cd trong ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi chdng vg, ban be, anh em, thay trd, quan he Viet ma khdng cd trong ddi sdng linb than gitra me chdng - nang dau, dja chu - ndng ciia ngudi Han. Ddng thdi eae yeu td van dan gin lidn vdi sy ddi lap giiia giau ngheo, hda vdi nhirng vj tri, y nghTa khae nhau, xau tdt, thien ac. mang sac thai dam nhat khae nhau d mdi 2. Vd khia canh nghe thuat, khi sang tao nudc da gdp phan tao nen nhtrng quan he gia tmyen cd tich, ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han dinh, xa hdi mang nhieu net khae biel. ludn dat ten iruyen mang tinh dd nhd, dd 4. So sanh truyen cd tich ngudi Viet vdi hidu va don gian. Khi xay dung nhan vat thi truyen cd tich ngudi Han, chiing la thay chu trgng den hanh ddng nhan vat, coi nhe dugc net rieng trong nghe thuat ciia truyen ngi tam va ngoai hinh ciia nhan vat. The gidi cd tich hai nude ve xay dung nhan vat, thdi nhan vat vdi nhidu kidu nhan vat khae nhau. gian va khdng gian. yeu td than ky. ket Ibiic NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, s6 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 67
  11. Nghien ciiu khoa hqc truyen va cac motif. Euan hdi va sd menh ddng va khae bidt ehu yeu ciia kho tang ciing vdi yen td than ky thudng dugc sir truyen cd tich ngudi Viet va ngudi Han. dung, la nhtrng phuang tien nghe thuat hiru hieu de ngudi Viet md rdng khdng gian va TAI LIEU THAM KHAO thdi gian truydn ke, hd trg nhan vat va giup eho edt truydn phat trien den ket thue cd hau. 1. Nguyen Long Chau (2000), Tim hieu vdn Trong ket thiic ay, ngudi Viet thudng cd sy hod Hdn Qudc, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi. thudng phat rach rdi, khdng cd sy khoan 2. Nguyen Ddng Chi (2000), Kho tdng truyen nhugng va chung sdng hda thuan eua hai cd tich Viet Nam, I, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ngi. tuyen nhan vat ddi lap nhu trong truyen eua 3. Nguyen Ddng Chi (2000), Kho tdng truyen cd tich Viet Nam, II, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi. ngudi Han. 4. Trinh Huy Hoa (bien djeh) (2004). Ddi 5. Viet Nam va Han Qudc cd nhieu thuan thogi vdi cdc nen vdn hod Trieu Tien. Nxb Tre, Igi de thiet lap, phat tridn mdi quan he, sy TP.Hd Chi Minh. giao luu hgc hdi lan nhau bdi cd nhtrng 5. Dai hge Qude gia Ha Ngi-Trudng Dai hoc tuang ddng trong van boa eiia hai nude. Sy Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van-Khoa Dong tuang ddng ay cd edi ngudn sau xa duge Phuong bgc (2006), Tap hgp cdc bed gidng hinh thanh sudt hang ngan nam va ed sy ben chuyen de Hdn Qudc hgc. Ha Ngi. viing lau dai, la ca sd vtrng chae tao dyng 6. Dinh Gia Khanh (chii bien) (2001), Vdn mdi quan he Viet Nam - Han Qudc phat hoe ddn gian Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi. trien nhanh chdng. Su tuong ddng va khae 7. Jeon Hye Kyung (2005), Nghien cuu so biet trong sy phat trien van hda va van hgc sdnh truyen cd Hdn Qudc vd Viet Nam thdng ciia hai dan tdc da khidn cho mdi quan he hai qua tim hieu su tich ddng vdt, Nxb Dai hgc nudc cd y nghTa dac biet, tao ca sd eho Quoc gia Ha Ngi, Ha Ndi. nhirng cugc giao luu trong tucmg lai. 8. Dang Van Lung (ebii bien) (1998), Truyen ed Hdn Qudc, Nxb Van hoa Dan toe. Ha Ngi. Trong bdi canh qude td va tinh hinh khu 9. Dang Van Lung (2002), Tiep can vdn hod vye cd nhieu bien ddi, cac mdi quan he ngay Hdn Qudc, Nxb Van boa -Thdng tin. Ha Ngi. cang rdng md, xu budng toan eau hda md 10. Nhidu tae gia (1999), Hdn Qudc xin chdo cua hdi nhap kinh te qudc te trd thanh trao bcin (HELLO from KOREA), Cue Thdng tin Han Imi ehung cho the gidi. Viet Nam, Han Qudc Qudc xuat ban, Seoul. ddu hda minh vao ddng chay chung cua thdi 11. Le Hdng Phong (2001), Vdn hge ddn gian dai, mang lai eho dat nudc su phat trien, Viet Nam (Bdi gidng tdm tdt), (luu banh ngi bo), phdn thjnh hon. Trudng Dai bgc Da Lai. Qua so sanh truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet 12. Co quan Thdng tin Hai ngoai Han Quoc va truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Han (qua tai lieu (2003), Hdn Qudc ddt nude - eon ngudi. Nxb djeh), mac dii chua the khai quat het cac dac Thd Gidi, Ha Ngi. didm eua ed tich hai dan tdc nay, nhung 13. Nguyen Ba Thanh (1996), Tuang ddng budc diu tae gia cung da chi ra nhiing tuong vdn hod Viet Nam - Hdn Qudc, Nxb Van boa- Thong lin. Ha Ngi. 68 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
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