Tài liệu ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Lịch sử: Phần 2

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Dưới đây là phần 2 của Tài liệu Hướng dẫn ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Lịch sử (Theo cấu trúc đề thi của Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo). Mời các bạn tham khảo Tài liệu để hệ thống lại kiến thức trong môn Lịch sử từ đó có sự chuẩn bị cho kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPT được tốt hơn.

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Nội dung Text: Tài liệu ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Lịch sử: Phần 2

Thin gian 15)Tir07- lOden 1 9 - 1 2 - 1947 Chicn dich Viet Bac ihu dong 1947. 16)TO16 - 9 den 22 - 10 - 1950 Chien dich Bien gidi thu - dong 1930. 17)TO11 den 1 9 - 0 2 - 1951 Dai hoi dai bieu loan quoc Ian thtf II rua E>ang Cong san Dong Di/dng hop d Chiem Hoa (Tuyen Quang). 18)Ngay 0 3 - 3 - 1951 Thong nhat Mat tran Viet Minh va Hoi Lien Viet thanh Mat tran Lien VieL 1 9 ) T O 1 3 - 3 d e n 0 7 - 5 - 1954 Chien dich lich suT Dien Bien Phu. 20)TOO8-5den21 - 7 - 1 9 5 4 Hoi nghi quoc te' Gidnevd (hop 26 - 4) ban giai phap cham dul chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d E>6ng DiTdng. 21)Ngay21 - 7 - 1954 Hiep dinh Gidnevd ve cham di?l chien tranh. lap lai hoa binh 5 Dong Difdng. 22)Ngay 1 0 - 1 0 - 1954 Quan doi xam lildc Phap nit khoi Ha Noi, cung ngay quan doi Viet Nam tie'n vao tiep quan ihu do. VIET NAM TLT NAM 1954 BEN NAM 1975 B A I 21 XAY Dl/NG C H U NGHIA XA HQI d M I E N B A C . D A U TRANH C H O N G DE Q U O C Ml VA CHINH Q U Y E N SAI G O N 6 MiEN NAM (1954-1975) [IJTINH HINH VA N H I E M VU C A C H MANG Nl/dC TA S A U HIEP DjNH GIdNEVd N A M 1954 VE DONG DJONG - Hiep dinh Gicmevd 1954 ve Dong Di/cfng du»c k i ket, da c h ^ duft cu6c chien tranh xam lifdc Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia cua thUt dan Ph^p c6 de quoc Ml giup sure. - Ve phia ta: + Ngky 10 - 10 - 1954, quan ta tien v^o tiep quan Noi trong khong khi ti/ng bifng cua ng^y hoi giai ph6ng. + Ngay 01 - 01 - 1955, Trung ifcfng Dang, C h i n h phu v a Chti tich Ho Chi Minh trd ve Thij do.
- Ve phia M i : ngay sau k h i Hiep dinh Gicfnevcf nam 1954 dUOc k i ket, Ml thay Phdp diing chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem d mien Nam, thuc hien a m m i A i chia cat Viet Nam, bien mien Nam thanh thuoc dia kieu m6i va can cur quan stf cua M i . l| nn M I E N B A C H O A N T H A N H C A I C A C H R U O N G DAT, KHOI P H U C KINH T E , C A I TAO Q U A N H E S A N X U A T (1954 - 1960) 1. H o a n t h a n h c a i e a c h r u p n g d a t , k h o i p h u c k i n h t e , h a n gSm v e t | thi^ctag c h i e n t r a n h (1954 - 1957) j a. Hodn thanh cai each ruong dot 1 - Thufe hien chu tnTcfng cua Trung ifcmg, trong hai nam (1954 - 1956), mien B a c tien hanh cai each ruong dat or 3314 xa thuoc 22 tinh dong bang va trung du. - Qua 5 deft cai c^ch ruong dat, da tich thu khoang 8 Ivan hecta ruong dat, 10 van nghin trau bo, 1,8 trieu nong cu til tay giai cap dia chu dem chia cho tren 2 trieu ho nong dan lao dong. - Ket qua: Giai cap dia chu can ban hi xoa bo. Nong dan da lam chu nong thon, nguyen vong lau dcfi cua nong dan la "ngilai cay c6 ruong" da dtfcfc thiic hien. - Sai lam: Daii to' ca nhuTng ngtfdi c6 cong vdi each mang, quy nham mot so nong dan, can bo, dang vien thanh dia chu. b. Khoi phuc kinh te, han gdn vet thuang chien tranh - Cong cuoc khoi phuc kinh te dUttc toan dan tich ciic hifdng ling va trien khai trong tat c a cdc nganh. I + Trong nong nghiep, nong dan h a n g hdi khai khan ruong dat bo h o a n g , bao dam cay cay het ruong dat vang chu, t a n g them dan trau b6, s a m them cong cu. He thong de dieu da difoc tu bo. Nhieu cong trinh thuy nong mdi dUtfc xay dtfng, c6 tac dung m d rgng dien tich tiTdfi va tieu nifdc. + Trong cong nghiep, giai cap cong nhan da nhanh chong khoi phuc d hau het c^c ccr sd cong nghiep. Den cudi nam 1957, mien Bac c6 tat ea 97 nha may, xi nghiep Idn nhd Nha nifdc quan l i . + Cac nganh thu cong nghiep mien B a c cung diiOe khoi phuc nhanh ch6ng. Den nam 1957, nganh thu cong nghiep da cung cap gan 59% sd hang hoa cong nghiep trong ca niidc, giai quyet phan nao viec lam cho ngUcri lao dong. + Trong t h U O n g nghiep, he thdng mau dich qudc doanh va hop tac xa m u a ban di/gc m d rong, da cung cap ngay cang nhieu m a t hang cho nhan dan; giao liftj hang hoa giora cac dia phutfng ngay cang phat trien; boat dong ngoai thiTcmg d a n dan t a p trung v a o t a y Nha n\i6c. Den cudi n a m 1957, mien B a c d a t quan he b u o n b a n vdri 27 nifdrc.
+ Giao thong van tai dutfc chu trong, khoi phuc gan 700 k m difcmg sat, sufa chfla va lam mdri hang nghin kilomet difcmg 6 to, xay diftig va md rong them mot so cang nhiT Hai Phbng, Cam Pha, Ben Thuy; dildng hang khong dan dung quoc te difoc khai thong. + Van hoa giao due difoc day manh. Nen giao due difoe phat trien theo hi/dtig xa hoi chu nghla. He thong giao due pho thong theo chuong trinh 10 nam da difoc khang dinh, giao due dai hoe dUOe chu y phat trien. + He thong y te cham soc sure koe cho nhan dan difoe Nha nifde quan tam xay difng. Nep song lanh manh, giOr gin ve sinh diWe van dong thifc hien d kh^p moi ncfi. - Trong giai doan nay, ehinh quyen va quSn doi difac cung eo, tang ci/cmg kha nang phong thu dat nifde, m d rong quan h e ngoai giao. 2. C a i tao q u a n s a n xuat, \i\ictc d a u p h a t t n e n Icitili te - v a n h o a (1958 - 1960) - Trong 3 nam tiep theo (1958 - 1960), mien B^e lay cai tao xa hoi chu nghia lam trong tam: cai tao doi vdi cong nhiep, thu cong nghiep, thifcmg nghiep nho, cong thifcfng nghiep tif ban tif doanh, trong do khau chinh la hcrp tac hoa nong nghiep. - Thife hien chu tnfcfng tren, khdp ncfi soi noi phong trao thi dua xay diftig hop tac xa. Cuoc vSn dpng hop tac xa nong nghiep dOtfc tien hanh theo nguyen tdc tiT nguyen, cung c6 loi va quan li dan chu; tifng btfdc dvta ngifcfi nong dan v a o lam an tap the di tif to doi cong len hop tac xa b a c thap, den b a c cao, ttf quy mo nho den quy mo Idn. + Doi vdi tif san dan toe, cai tao bang phuong phap hoa binh, suf dung mat tich cifc e u a tii san dan toe, dtfa ho vao lam an tap the difdi hinh thiifc cong tif hop doanh. + Doi vdi life lifcfng tieu thifcfng, ti§u chu, thg t h u cong, di«a vao con difcfng lam an tap the trong cae hop tac xa thu cong nghiep, hop tac xa mua ban. - Ket qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo b a n che do ngi/di boc lot ngifdi, eo tac dung thuc day san xuat phat trien, nhat la trong dieu kien chien tranh, hap tac xa d a b a o d a m dcfi song vat chat, tinh than cho nhiJng ngifcfi ra di chien d a u , phuc vu chien d a u . - Dong thcri vdi nhiem vu cai tao xa hoi c h u nghia, cong nghiep quoc doanh dtfoc lAi tien dau txi xay difng. Ben nam 1960, naien Bac c6 172 xi nghiep Idn do trung Uomg quan li, tren 500 xi nghiep do d i a phi«mg quan 11. 93
|mj MIEN NAM DAU TRANH CHONG CHE DO Ml - DIEM, GlQ GJN VA PHAT TOEN Life Ll/ONG CACH MANG TIEN Tdl "DONG KHdl" (1954 - 196Q) 1. D a u t r a n h choing che dp M i - D i ^ m , gifi v a phat t r i e n l\ic Itfotag e a c h m a n g (1954 - 1959). - Sau nam 1954, each mang mien Nam chuyen tii dau t r a n h vu trang sang dau tranh chinh t r i chong M l - Diem, doi t h i hanh Hiep dinh Gictoevo, bao ve hoa binh, gia ^ n va phat t r i e n Itfc Itfcfng each mang. - Md dau la "Phong trao hod binh" cua t r i thuTc va cua tang l(Jp nhan dan Sai Gon - Cho Ldn thang 8-1954. - M l - Diem tien hanh khung bo, dan. ap, liing bat c^c r h a lanh dao phong trao. NhiAig phong trao dau tranh v i muc tieu hoa b i n h cua cac tang Idp nhan dan tiep tuc dang cao, Ian rong, loi cuoh hang trieu ngtfdi tham gia, gom tat ca cac tang Idp nhan dan, cac dang phai, cac dan toe it ngUto—hinh thanh nen m a t t r a n cho'ng M l -Diem. 2. P h o n g t r a o D o n g khoTT' (1959 - 1960) I * Nguyen nhan biiiig no: - Trong nhOlag nam 1957 - 1959, each mang mien Nam gap muon van kho khan. Ngo Dinh D i e m ban hanh dao luat dat cong san ngoai vong phap luat, de r a Luat 10/59 (thang 5 - 1959) cho phep tay sai Diem thang tay giet hai bat cd ngucrt yeu nii(3c nao hoac bat cuf ai c6 bieu hien cho'ng lai chung, lam cho hang van can bo, dang vien bi gie't h a i , hang chuc van dong bao yeu nUdc bi tii day. Cuoc dau t r a n h cua nhan dan ta d mien Nam doi hoi c6 mot bien phap quyet het de difa each mang vifcrt qua kho khanthuTthach. - Thang 01 - 1959, H o i nghi Ian thif 15 Ban Chap hanh Trung iiang qujret dinh de nhan dan m i e n Nam stf dung bao life each mang danh di chinh quyen llfi - Diem, va nhan manh: ngoai con dudng bao life each mang, nhan dan mi in Nam khong c6 con difcfng nao khac. - Dii»c quyet 15 cua Trung liang soi sang, phong trao ndi day til ch6 le te d tiKng dia phtfcfng Ian rong khap mien N a m t h a n h cao trao each mang, tieu bieu vdi cuoc "Dong khori" d Ben Tre. * Dign bient - Cuoc uoi day d Vu\h Thanh (Binh Dinh), Bae Ai ( N i n h Thuan) thang 02 - 1959, d T r a Bong (Quang Ngai) thang 8 - 1959, r o i Ian ra khap mien Nam thanh cao trao each mang, tieu bieu vdri cuoc "Dong khdi" a Ben Tre 94
- N g a y 1 7 - 0 1 - 1960, cuoc " D o n g k h d i " n o r a d b a x a d i e m l a D i n h T h u y , B i n h K h a n h v a Phifdc H i e p t h u o c h u y e n M o C a y r o i n h a n h c h o n g l a n r a t o a n h u y e n M o Cay. - H o a n h i p vdi cuoc "E)6ng k h d i " a B e n T r e , d e n giOfa n&m 1960 t r d d i , phong trao "Dong k h d i " l a n r a cac t i n h N a m B p , T a y N g u y e n v a T r u n g T r u n g Bo. * K e t qua: - T a d a l a m c h u di/pc 6 0 0 x a d N a m B o , 9 0 0 t h o n d T r u n g T r u n g B o , 3200 t h o n d T a y Nguyen. * Y nghia: - G i a n g m o t d 6 n n a n g n e vao c h i n h s a c h thtfc d a n mdri cua M l , l a m l u n g l a y t a n goc c h i n h q u y e n t a y s a i N g o D i n h D i e m , d a n h dau bLfcrc n g o a t cua each m a n g m i e n N a m , c h u y e n each m a n g Hi t h e giuT g i n lUe l i / o n g s a n g t h e tie'n cong. - T h a n g Icfi cua p h o n g t r a o " D o n g k h d i " d i n d e n sii r a d d i cua M a t t r a n d a n tpc g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m V i e t N a m n g a y 20 - 12 - 1960. - C h a m dijft t h d i k i o n d i n h t a r n thcfi che do tlure d a n mdri cua M i or m i e n N a m , md r a thcfi k i k h u n g h o a n g cua che do S a i G o n . ] v | MIEN B A C X A Y Dl/NG B J C J C DAU CCJ Sd VAT CHAT - KI THUAT CUA CHU NGHlAXA HOI (1961 - 1965) 1. E ) a i h p i d a i b i e u t o a n q u o c l a n thuT I I I c u a D a n g ( t h a n g 9 - 1960) * Hoan canh: - GiuTa lue each m a n g d h a i m i e n N a m - Bac eo nhCftig btfdc t i e n q u a n t r o n g . D a n g L a o d o n g V i e t N a m t o chute D a i h o i d a i b i e u t o a n quoc l a n thi? n i . - D a i h o i h o p tCr n g ^ y 05 d e n 10 - 9 - 1960 d H a N o i . * N o i dung Dai hoi: - D a i h o i de r a n h i e m v u chiein lUtfc cua each m a n g ca nifdc v a n h i e m v u cua each m a n g t i f n g m i e n ; c h i r o v i t r i , vai t r o cua each m a n g tifng" m i e n , m o i q u a n he g i a a each m a n g h a i m i e n . - D a i h o i t h o n g qua Bao cao c h i n h t r i , B a o cao sufa chGTa d o i D i e u l e D a n g v a t h o n g qua k e h o a c h N h a nufdc 5 n S m thuT n h a t ( 1 9 6 1 - 1965) n h d m x a y d i f n g biidc dau ccf s d v a t c h a t - k i t h u a t cua c h u n g h I a x a h o i , t h u t h i e n m o t btfdc c o n g n g h i e p hoa x a h o i c h u n g h i a . - D a i h o i b a u B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g utrng m d i cua D a n g . H o C h i M i n h duoc b a u l a m C h u t i c h D a n g , L e D u i n gicr chute B i thiT thuf n h a t cua D a n g . 95
2. M i e n B S c t h i f c h i $ n k e h o a c h N h a ntfdfc 5 n a m (1961 - 1965) - N h i e m v u ccf b a n c u a ke hoach 5 n a m l a r a sure phdt t r i e n cong nghiep nong nghiep, tiep tuc cong cupc cai tao x a h o i chu n ^ i l a , cung CO v a t a n g cifcfng t h a n h p h a n k i n h te quoc doanh, cai t h i e n mot biJfe dsn song v a t c h a t v a v a n hoa cua n h a n d a n lao dong, cung co quoc phdng, t a n g cifcfng t r a t t\i v a a n n i n h x a hoi. - T r o n g k i n h te, n g a n h cong nghiep di/oc ifti tien dau Ul xay dijng. - T r o n g nong nghiep, sau k h i di*a dai bo p h a n nong d a n vao cac hop tac x a nong nghiep, tCf n a m 1961, cac d i a phutfng thiJc h i e n chu tnfong xay difng hap tac x a s a n xuat nong nghiep bac cao. - ThiTcmg nghiep quoc doanh difgc N h a mSdc lAi t i e n ph^t t r i e n n e n d a c h i e m l l n h t h i tni&ng, gop p h a n p ha t t r i e n k i n h te. C u n g c d quan h e s a n xuat m(5i, on d i n h v a cai t h i e n ddi song n h a n dan. - thong giao thong diXdng bo, dii&ng s a t , difcfng l i e n t i n h , l i e n huyen, di/cfng song, di/cmg h a n g khong diWc cung co. V i e c d i l a i trong nxidc v a giao thong quoic te thuan Igi hon. - H e thong giao due tif pho thong den d a i hoc phat t r i e n m a n h . - H e thong y te, c h a m lo sure khoe diii^c dau tif phat t r i e n . NhiDog loai dich be n h d m i e n B a c co b a n diTcfc xoa bo. N h i l n g t h a n h tdu dat di/oc trong viec thiic h i e n k e hoach 5 n d m d a l a m t h a y d5i bo m a t m i e n B a c . V] MIEN NAM CHIEN DAU CHONG CHIEN Ll/dC "CHIEN TRANH DAC BIET' CUA DE QUOC Ml (1961 - 1965) 1. C h i e n IvCdc " C h i e n t r a n h d a c b i $ t " c u a d e q u o c M i d m i e n Nam * C h i e n t r a n h dac biet: - TCr n a m 1961 d e n n a m 1965, M i thifc h i e n c h i e n lUtfc " C h i e n t r a n h dac biet" d m i e n N a m . - " C h i e n t r a n h dac biet" l a h i n h thufc c h i e n t r a n h x a m luoc t h * d S n mdi, duoc t i e n h a n h b a n g quan doi tay s a i , di/di sif c h i h u y cua h e thfflig "co v a n " M i , difa vao v u k h i , t r a ng h i k i thuat, phiAmg t i e n c h i e n t r a n h cua M l n h a m chong l a i cac life liftmg each m a n g v a n h a n d a n ta. * A m mifti cua M i : - A m miiU co b a n cua " C h i e n t r a n h dac biet" l a "dung ngifcri V i e t d a n h ngLfcri V i e t " . - M i de r a " k e hoach X t a l a y - T a y l o " vdi noi dung chu yeii l a h i n h d i n h m i e n N a m trong v o n g 18 thang. 96
- Thac hien ke' hoach. M i t a n g ciicmg vien tro quan sif cho Diem, tang nhanh life lifcmg quan doi Sai Gbn, t i e n hanh don dan lap "ap chien liicfc", sijf dung pho bien cac chien thuat mdi "true thdng van", "thiet xa van". - Vien trcr quan sii cua Mi tSng gap doi. Bo chi huy quan sir M i (MACV) ducfc t h a n h lap t a i Sai Gon ngay 08 - 02 - 1962. + "Ap chien iMc" difoc xem nhif "XiAmg song" cua "Chien t r a n h dac biet" va nang len t h a n h "quoc sach". Chiing coi viec lap: Ap chien \Mc" nhif mot cuoc chien t r a n h tong lift; nhSm day Itfc li/cfng each mang ra khoi cac ap, t^ch dan ra khoi each mang, tien t
+ Chien thSng Ap BSc ( M l Tho) ngay 02 - 01 - 1963 da danh bai cuoc h^nh quan can quet cua hcfn 2000 binh l i n h quan doi Sai Gon c6 co van M l chi buy, diTcJc phao b i n h , may bay, xe tang, xe boc thep yem tro. Sau t r a n Ap Bdc, phong trao "thi dua Ap Bdc giet giac lap cong" day len khap mien Nam. + Sau chien thdng Ap BSc, Quan giai phong nbanh chong tnliomg t h a n h va t i e n len danh nhOfng t r a n c6 quy mo 1dm. + Trong dong - xuan 1964 - 1965, quan ta md chien dich tien cong dich a mien Dong Nam Bo vdi t r a n danh md man vao ap B i n h Gia ngay 02 - 12 - 1964. Trong t r a n nay, ta da loai khoi vong chien t r e n 1700 ten dich, phA buy hang cbuc may bay va xe boc thep, danh thang chien thuat "triTc thang van", " t h i e t xa van" cua dich; chien higc "Chien tranh dac biet" h i pha s a n ve co ban. + Thifa t h ^ g sau chien thang B i n h Gia, quan giai phong va nhan dan mien Nam day manh t i e n cong Xuan - He 1965 va gianh nhieu thang Icri trong cac chien dich A n Lao (Binh Dinh), Ba Gia (Quang Ngai), Dong Xoai (Binh Phadc). - Phong trao dau t r a n h chinh t r i : d do t h i cung vdi phong trao pha "ap chien lifOc" cf nong thon v a nbuTng don t i e n cong lien tiep cua cac life lifong vu t r a n g each mang da day nbanh qua t r i n h suy sup ciia chinh quyen Ngo D i n h Diem. B A I 22 NHAN DAN HAI MIEN TRl/C TIEP CHIEN DAU CHONG DE Q U d C Ml XAM LLfOC NHAN DAN MIEN BAC VCfA CHIEN DAU VCfA SAN XUAT (1965-1968) T] C H I E N DAU C H O N G C H I E N L U d C -CHIEN TRANH C U C BO" C U A DE Q U O C Ml 6 MIEN NAM (1965 - 1968) 1. C h i e n hide " C h i e n t r a n h cue bp" c u a de quoc M i d m i e n N a m - Sau t h a t bai c h i e n lifoc "Chien t r a n h dac biet". M i day m a n h chien t r a n h x a m lifcfc m i e n N a m , chuyen sang chien liWc "Chien tranh cue bg" va md rong c h i e n t r a n h pha hoai mien Bac. - "Chien t r a n h cue bo" l a loai h i n l i c h i e n t r a n h x a m lUtfc thifc dan mdi, difOc tien h a n h bang life lifOng quan doi M l , quan dong m i n h cua M i va quan doi Sai Gon n h a m chohg l a i each m a n g v a n h a n d a n mien Nam.' 98
- De thiic hien "Chien t r a n h cue bo", vifa m6i vko m i e n Nam, M i da cho quan md ngay cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" vao c&n cuf cua Quan giai phong or Van Tifcrng (Quang Ngai). Tiep do. M i md lien hai cuoc phan cong chien lifgc mua kho (dong - xuan) 1965 - 1966 va 1966 - 1967 bang hang loat cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " vao viing: "dat t h d n h Viet Cong" . 2. C h i e n d a u chd'ng c h i e n Itfofc " C h i e n t r a n h c u e bp" c u a M i - Md dau la thang Igi cf Nui Thanh (Quang Nam), Van Ti/cfng (Quang Ngai). - 6 Van Tifcfng (Quang Ngai) vao ngay 18 - 8 - 1965, M i huy dong 9000 quan va nhieu xe tang, may bay, tau chien, md cuoc hanh quan vao thon Van TiTdng nham tieu diet mot don v i chu life cua ta. - Sau mot ngay chien dau, mot trung doan chu liic cua ta cung vdi quan du kich va nhan dan dia phufcfng da day l u i duoc cuoc hanh quan cua dich, loai khoi vong chien dau 900 dich, ban chay hang ehue xe tang, xe boc thep v^ ha 13 may bay. - Van Tadng difoc coi la "Ap Bac" doi vdi quan M i v a quan dong m i n h , md dau cao trao "Tim Ml ma ddnh lung nguy ma diet" tren kh^p mien Nam. - Sau t r a n Van Tufdng kha nang chien thdng M i trong "Chien t r a n h cue bo" cua quan dan ta con tiep tuc dtfOe the hien trong hai miia kho. - Bifdc vao kho thuf nha't (dong - xuan 1965 - 1966) vdi 72 van quan, dich md dot phan cong vdi 450 cuoc hanh quan, trong do c6 5 cuoc hanh quan " t i m diet" Idn, nham vao hai hadng chien lifgc chinh d Dong Nam Bo va Lien IQiu V, vdi muc tieu danh bai Quan giai phong. Quan dan ta trong the t r a n chien t r a n h nhan dan, vdi nhieu phiRjng thdc tac chien, da chan danh dich tren moi hirdng, chu dong t i e n cong dich tren khap moi noi. Quan ta da loai khoi vong chien dau 104 000 dich, ban rcri 1 430 may bay. - Btfdc vao mua kho t h d hai (dong - xuan 1966 - 1967), vdi life lUtfng diWc tang len hom 98 van quan, chiing md dot phan cong vdi 895 cuoc hanh quan, trong do c6 3 cuoc hanh quan Idn "tim diet" va "binh dinh", Idn nhat la cuoc hanh quan Gianxon X i t i danh vao can cuf DifOng M i n h Chau (Bac Tay Ninh), nham tieu diet quan chu life va eo quan dau nao eija ta. - Cung vdi nhiifng cuoc chu dong tien cong dich t r e n chien tnfdng T r i - Thien, Di/dng so' 9 ... quan ta md hang loat t r a n phan cong danh bai cac cuoc h a n h quan " t i m diet" va "binh d i n h " cua dich. Loai k h o i vong chien dau 151 000 ten dich, ban roi 1 231 may bay.
- (5 h a u khap c a c v u n g n o n g t h o n , q u a n c h u n g diiWc s i / h6 t r g c u a lut liicmg v u t r a n g d a d i J n g l e n d a u t r a n h c h o n g a c h k i m k e p c u a dich, p h a t i f n g m a n g "Ap chien luge". Trong h a u khap cAc t h ^ m h thi, gfiai c a p cong n h a n , c a c t a n g Idp n h a n d a n l a o d o n g k h a c , h o c s i n h , sinh vien, Phat tuf, binh si Sai Gon... d a u t r a n h d o i M i r u t v e n i f d c , doi XAI do dan c h u . Vimg g i a i p h o n g di/oc m d r o n g , u y t i n c u a M a t t r a n dan t o e giai p h o n g mien Nam difoc n a n g cao t r e n t n f c f n g quoc t e . - Den c u o i n a m 1967, M a t t r a n g i a i p h o n g c6 ccf quan t h i X c m g tri*; d h a u h e t c a c nxidc xa h o i c h u n g h i a v a d m o t so n U d c t h e gidi t h i J ba. Ctfcfng l i n h cuaM a t t r a n difcfc 41 nifiJc, 12 t o chiirc quoic te, 5 to chute k h u vifc l e n t i e n g u n g h o . 3. C u p c T o n g t i e n cong v a n o i d a y T e t M a u T h a n n a m 1968 * Hoan canh: - Biidc v a o m u a x u a n 1968, x u a t p h a t tii nhan dinh so sanh lot liiong thay doi c6 Icfi c h o t a s a u h a i m u a k h o . - Nam 1968 t a l o i d u n g m a u t h u a n of M i t r o n g n a m b a u cuf t o n g t h o n g (1968), t a c h u tnicfng md m o t cuoc Tong t i e n cong ndi day tren toan m i e n Nam, t r o n g t a r n l a d o t h i . * Muc d i c h : N h a m t i e u d i e t m o t b o p h a n liTc l i i M i g quan Mi, quan dong m i n h , d a n h d o n m a n h v a o c h i n h q u y e n va q u a n d p i Sai Gon g i a n h chinh q u y e n v e t a y n h a n d a n , huge M l p h a i d a m p h a n , nit quan ve n i i d c . * Dien bien: - Cuoc Tong t i e n c o n g v a n o i d a y difOc m d d a u b a n g cuoc t a p k i c h c h i e n lugrc c u a q u a n c h u life v a o h a u khap c a c do thi t r o n g dem 30 rang s a n g n g a y 31 - 1 - 1968. - Cuoc T o n g t i e n c o n g v a n o i d a y d i e n r a b a dot: 30 - 01 den 25 - 02; t h a n g 5 va 6; t h a n g 8 v a 9 - 1968. - T a i Sai Gon, q u a n g i a i p h o n g t i e n c o n g v^o cac vi tri dau n a o c u a d i c h , n h a Toa d a i suT M i , D i n h "Doc l a p " . Bo Tong tham mtftj quan Sai Gon, Bo T ' i l e n h b i e t k h u Thu d o , Tong n h a c a n h sat, Dai phat thanh, san b a y T a n Son Nha't. * K e t q u a : TCf t r o n g cuoc Tong tien cong v a noi day, c6 t h e m n h i e u lUt lifgrng m d i c h o n g Mi, chong chinh quyen Sai Gon xuat hien, mat tran d o a n k e t d a n t o e , c h o n g M i culU n i f d c difOc m d r o n g . To chdte Lien minh cac lUc licgng dan toe, dan chu hod binh d Sai Gon, Hue va toan mien Nam, d a i dien cho t a n g Idp t r i thijfc, i\i s a n d a n t o e tien bo d t h a n h t h i difoc t h a n h l a p . 100
- Cuoc Tong tien cong va ndi day Tet Mau Than da danh don bat ngcf, lam cho dich choang vang. NhUng do liic Itfcrng dich con dong (hcfn nijfa trieu linh Mi va dong minh, gan 1 trieu quan dpi Sai Gon) ccf sd d t h a n h thi manh, nen chiing da nhanh chong to chufc l a i liTc lifong phan cong quan ta gap khong it kho k h a n va ton that. Quan each mang vao chiem giur thanh phd trong deft 1 h i day ra ngoai. * Y nghia: Mac du c6 nhOng ton t h a t va han che do, cuoc Tong t i e n cong va noi day c6 y nghia het sure to lorn: - L a m lung lay y chi xam li/oc cua quan M i , buoc M i phai tuyen b d " p h i Ml hoa" chien tranh xam ILTOC (tiJc thijfa nhan t h a t bai cua "Chien t r a n h cue bo"). - Bfi phai tuyen bd chain duft khong dieu kien chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bic, chiu den ban dam phan d Pa ri de ban ve chain dilt chien tranh. - Cuoc Tong tien cong va noi day da md ra biidc ngoat cua cuoc khang chien chong Mi culU nifdc ciia quan dan ta. [ H ] M E N B A C V C T A C H I E N D A U C H O N G C H I E N TRANH P H A HOAI LAN THCT N H A T C U A Mi VlfA S A N X U A T V A L A M N G H I A Vy H A U PHUONG (1965 - 1968) 1. M l tien hanh chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien B^c - Cudl nam 1964 dau nam 1965, dong thori v6i day m a n h chien t r a n h xam lUOc mien Nam, Mi md rong chien t r a n h khong quan va h a i quan pha hoai mien Bdc. - Ngay 05 - 8 - 1964 sau k h i difng len "su kien Vinh Bdc Bo", M i cho may bay nem bom ban pha mot so' noi d mien Bae, n h i i cijfa song Gianh (Quang Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghe An), Lach Tradng (Thanh Hoa), thi xa Hon Gai (Quang Ninh). - Ngay 07 - 02 - 1965, lay cdr " t r a dua" viec Quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong doanh trai quan M i cr Playcu, M i cho may bay nem bom b i n pha thi xa Dong H ^ , dao Con Co (Quang Tri)..., chinh thufc gay ra cuoc chien tranh bang khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thijf nhat). - Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai, M i am miiii pha t i e m life k i n h te, quoc phong, pha cong cuoc xay difng chii nghia xa hoi cr mien Bac; ngan chan nguon chi vien ttf ben ngoai vao mien Bac va tCr mien Bac vao mien Nam; uy hiep tinh than, lam lung lay y chi chdng Mi cua n h a n dan t a d hai mien dat midc. 101
2. M i e n B S c vita, s a n x u a t vijfa c h i e n d a u c h o n g c h i e n t r a n h p h a hoai, vita s a n x u a t v a l a m n g h i a v u h ^ u phi^oTng - M i e n BSc chuyen moi boat dpng sang thdi chien, thifc hien quan sir hoa toan dan. - M i e n Bac vtra sSn s ^ g chohg lai h ^ n h dong ddnh p h ^ cua M i vira lao dong san xuat. - Trong chien dau, mien B^c da ban rcfi va pha buy 3 243 may bay M l ; chdy v a chim 143 tau chien M l . Ngay 01 - 11 - 1968, M i tuyen bo ngiftig ban chien t r a n h pha hoai mien Bac. - Trong san xuat, mien Bac lap dvtac nhufng thanh tich quan trong: + Trong nong nghiep, dien tich canh tac md rong, nang suat lao dong khong ngCftig tang len. + Trong cong nghiep, nang life san xuat d mot so' nganh diiac giuT viifng, ode ccr sd cong nghiep 16n k i p thdi scf tan. Cong nghiep dia phi/ong va cong nghiep qudc phong deu phat t r i e n . + Giao thong van t a i , dam bao thiTcfng xuyen thong suot, phuc vu kip thcfi viec van chuyen chi vien cho chien trircmg mien Nam. - L a hau phi/cmg Idn cua khang chien chong M l cufu nifdc, mien Bac luon hi/dng ve mien Nam. V i mien Nam ruot t h i t , mien Bac phan dau "Moi ngiCcfi lam viec bhng hai". V i tien tuyen keu goi, hau phifcfng sSn sang dap l a i "Thoc khong thieu mot cdn, quan khong thieu mot ngiCai". - Tuyen dtfdng van chuyen chien lifotc Bac - Nam mang t e n Ho Chi M i n h t r e n bo (doc day nui TriTcfng Scfn) va t r e n bien (doc theo bcf bien) hit dau k h a i thong tif thang 5 - 1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phiicfng v d i t i e n tuyen. - Qua hai tuyen di/cfng van chuyen chien lagc do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968) mien Bdc da difa hcfn 300.000 can bo, bo doi vao mien Nam tham gia chien dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay difng k i n h te, van hoa tai cac vung g i ^ ph6ng, va cung da gOli vao Nam hang chuc van t a n vu k h i , dan difcfc, quan trang, quan dung, xang dau, Itfcmg thifc, thi/c pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac. T i n h chung sufc ngifcfi, siJc cua tif mien Bac chuyeft vao N a m t r o n g 4 nam da tang gap 10 Ian so vdi giai doan tnidc. [HTI CHIEN DAU CHONG CHIEN LL/OC "VIET NAM HOA CHIEN TRA VA "DONG DUONG HOA CHIEN TRANH" CUA DE QUOC Ml (1969 - 1973) 1. C h i e n Ivtdc "Vi$t N a m h o a c h i e n t r a n h " v a '•Dong Dvtdng h o a c h i e n t r a n h " cika MI. 102
- That bai t r o n g chien lijgc "Chien t r a n h cue bo". Ml chuyen sang chien Itfoc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " va "Dong Difcfng hoa chien tranh". - Chien liJOC "Viet N a m hoa chien t r a n h " difoc tien hanh bang liic lifcmg quan dpi Sai Gon la chu yeu, c6 sii phoi hop ve hoa liTc, khong quan Ml, va v i n do M i chi huy bkng he thong co van. - Dg thifc hien chien liWc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " M i da: + Rut dan quan M i va quan dong m i n h khoi chien t r a n h de giam xi/cfng mau. + TSng ciidng lifc lilcmg quan dpi Sai Gbn nh&m thiTc hien am miiU "dung ngii&i Viet d^nh ngtfdi Viet". - M i diing life lii^ng quan doi Sai Gbn de thifc hien "Dong Duofng hoa chien tranh". - M i con dung thu doan ngoai giao nhtf: Icfi dung mau thu&n Trung - X6, thoa hiep vod T n m g Quoc, hoa hoan vdi Lien X6 nhkm han che sif giup dd cua cac nifdc do doi vdi cuoc khang chien cua nhan dan ta. 2. C h i e n d a u c h o n g c h i e n Ividc "Vi#t N a m h o a c h i e n t r a n h " v a "Dong Difcfng h o a c h i e n t r a n h " c u a M L - Chien dau chong chien li/oc "Viet N a m ho^ chien t r a n h " 1^ chong l a i cuoc chien t r a n h xam liiOc toan dien difpc tang cifc/ng va m d rong ra toan Dong Difcmg, vixa chien dau chong chien dich t r e n chien tnicfng, vtfa dau tranh vdi dich t r e n ban dam phan. - Ngay 06 - 6 - 1969, Chinh phu each mang lam thcfi Cong hoa mien Nam Viet Nam dutrc thanh lap. Vifa ra dcfi, Chinh phu each mang lam thcfi da difcfc 23 ntf6c cong nhan, trong do c6 21 nifcfc dat quan he ngoai giao. - GiiJa luc cuoc chien chong M i cufU midc cua nhan dan t a 6 ca hai mien dang tren da t h i n g Igi, t h i Chu t i d i Ho Chi M i n h qua dbi ngay 02 - 9 - 1969. Do \k mot ton t h a t l&n, kliong gi c6 the bii dSp do'i vdi dan tpc ta, doi vcJi c^ch mang nifdc ta. - Thuc hien d i chiic cua Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h , nhSn dan d h a i mien day manh khang chien chong M i cuHi nifdc. - Trong hai nSm 1970 - 1971, nhan dan ta ciing v d i nhan dan hai nifotc Campuchia va Lao gianh nhflng thSng Ipi c6 y nghia chien Iifpe t r e n mat tran quan sif va chinh t r i . + Trong hai ngay 24 va ngay 25 - 4 - 1970, H o i nghi cap cao ba niidfc Viet Nam - Lao -Campuchia hop n h k m bieu t h i quyet tarn cua nhan dan ba niidc Dong Difcfng doan ket chien dau chong M l . 103
+ Tii n g a y 30 - 4 d e n n g a y 3 0 - 6 - 1970, q u a n d o i V i e t N a m c6 s i i p h o i h o p cua q u a n d a n C a m p u c h i a d a dap t a n cuoc h a n h q u a n x a m li/gc C a m p u c h i a v a q u a n d p i S a i G o n , l o a i k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau 17.000 d i c h , g i a i p h o n g n h i e u v i m g r o n g I d n d a t d a i v d i 4,5 t r i e u d a n . + Tii n g a y 12 - 02 d e n n g a y 23 - 3 - 1 9 7 1 , q u a n dpi V i e t N a m c6 siT phoi hop cua quan d a n L a o da t a p t a n cupc h a n h quan m a n g ten " L a m Son - 719" cua 4,5 v a n q u a n M l v a q u a n d p i Sai G o n , l o a i k h o i v o n g c h i e n dau 22.0000 t e n d i c h , bupc q u a n M i va q u a n d p i Sai G o n n i t k h o i diJcfng 9 - N a m Lao, giuT h k n h l a n g c h i e n lu»c each m a n g D o n g Dtfong. - T h ^ g I p i t r e n m a t t r a n q u a n s i i da h o t r o v a t h i i c day p h o n g t r a o dafu t r a n h c h i n h t r i , c h o n g " b i n h d i n h " . + d k h S p cac t h a n h t h i , p h o n g t r a o cua cac t a n g \6p n h a n d a n no r a l i e n tuc. Dac b i e t d S a i G o n , H u e , D a N S n g , p h o n g t r a o hoc s i n h , s i n h v i e n no r a r a m r p da t h u h u t d o n g dao g i d i t r e t h a m g i a . + T a i cac v i m g n o n g t h o n , d o n g b k n g , r i f n g n i i i , v e n do t h i , khSp n o i c6 p h o n g t r a o cua q u a n c h u n g n o i day chong " b i n h d i n h " p h a ""ap chien lifpc' cua d i c h . D e n dau n a m 1 9 7 1 , each m a n g g i a n h quyen l a m chii t h e m 3600 ap v6i 3 t r i e u d a n . 3. CuQC t i e n c o n g c h i e n hide n a m 1972 - N g a y 30 - 3 - 1972, ta m d cupc T i e n c o n g d a n h vao Q u a n g T r i , l a y Q u a n g T r i l a m hxi&ag t i e n c o n g chu y e u , r o i p h a t t r i e n r o n g r a k h ^ p chien tn/cmg m i e n N a m . - D e n cuoi t h a n g 6 - 1972, q u a n t a choc t h u n g b a p h o n g t u y e n m a n h n h a t cua d i c h l a Q u a n g T r i , T a y N g u y e n , D o n g N a m B p , l o a i k h o i vong c h i e n dau h o n 2 0 v a n d i c h , g i a i p h o n g n h i e u v i i n g d a t d a i r o n g I d n vh dong dan. - Sau d 6 n m d d a u b a t ngcr cua q u a n t a , q u a n d p i S a i G o n c6 sif y e m t r p cua M i da p h a n c o n g l a i , g a y cho t a n h i e u t h i e t h a i . M l t r d l a i c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i m i e n BSc. Cupc t i e n cong c h i e n luoc n a m 1972 da g i a n g don n a n g ne vao chien li/pc " V i e t N a m hoa c h i e n t r a n h " , bupc M i p h a i t u y e n bo " M i hoa" trcr l a i chien t r a n h x a m lifpc (tijfc thiiCa n h a n t h a t b a i cua " V i e t N a m hoa chien t r a n h " ) . "ivi M I E N B A C KHOI P H U C V A PHAT TRIEN KINH TE - X A HOI, C H I E N DAU C H O N G C H I E N TRANH PHA HOAI LAN THL/ HAI CUA Ml (1969 - 1973) 104
1. M i e n B d c k h o i p h u c v a p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e - x a h o i - T r o n g tiong nghiep, t a c6 m o t so c h u t n i o n g k h u y e n k h i c h s a n xuat. Chan nuoi diiac dtfei l e n t h a n h n g a n h c h i n h . C a c h o p tac x a t i c h cUC ap dung t i e n bo k h o a hoc - k i thuat, n h i e u b i e n p h a p t h a m c a n h t a n g vu. Nhcf do, n h i e u hop t a c x a dat dtfac muc t i e u 5 t a n , m o t so' h o p tac x a dat tir 6 den 7 t a n . S a n iMng \Mng thifc n a m 1970 t a n g hcfn 6 0 v a n u^ih so vdi n a m 1968. - T r o n g cong nghiep, nhieu cO sd cong nghiep t r u n g ifcfng v a dia philcmg b i t a n p h a diiOc khoi phuc n h a n h chong. N h i e u cong t r i n h dang lam dang dd dUWc OU t i e n dau Ui x a y d i f n g t i e p , dtfa vao b o a t dong. - H e thong giao thong v a n t a i , n h a t l a cac t u y e n giao t h o n g chieia lifoc, bi pha hoai n a n g n e diWc k h a n trtfcfng k h o i phuc. - V a n hoa, giao due, y te, cung n h a n h chong dtfcfc k h o i phuc va p h a t trien. DcJi sang n h a n dan on dinh. M o t so k h o k h a n do sai l a m k h u y e t d i e m cua t a trong chi dao, quan K k i n h te - x a h o i biidc dau dutfc khac phuc. 2. M i e n B a c vvCa c h i e n d a u c h o n g c h i e n t r a n h p h a h o a i vvfa s a n xuat v a l a m n g h i a v u h a u phxi
- "Bien Bien Phu tren khong" la t r a n th^ng quyet dinh cua ta, ^ buoc M i phai t u y e n bo ngtftig b i n cac b o a t dong chong p h a mien BSc (15 - 01 - 1973) va Hiep d i n h P a r i ve c h a m duTt c h i e n t r a n h , l a p l a i h o a binh d ^ e t Nam (27 - 01 - 1973) - T r o n g d i e u k i e n tifcfng d o i hoa b i n h , ca t r o n g chien tranh p h a hoai, m i e n BSc d a t a p t r u n g lorn k h a n a n g ve life liJong va phuong tien de khac phuc k i p thcri hau qua cua nhurng t r a n d a n h p h a ac liet, vuUt qua nhO&g cuoc bao v a y p h o n g t o a gat gao cua d i c h , bao d a m tiep nhan tot hang v i e n t r o txi ben n g o a i va c h i v i e n t h e o yeu cau cua tien tuyen mien Nam, CO ca c h i e n trtfcmg Lao va Campuchia. VJ HIEP DINH PARI N A M 1973 V E C H A M DlfT CHIEN THANH. L A P LAI HOA BINH d VIET N A M 1. D a u t r a n h doi M I x u o n g t h a n g c h i e n t r a n h v a tiuAlk^ Itfrtng d Hpi nghi P a r i - Ngky 31 - 3 - 1968, sau d o n b a t ngcf ciia cugc Tong tien cong va nm day Tet Mau Than cua q u a n t a , Gionxon tuyen bo ngiftig nem bom bSn pha m i e n BSc t i r v i tuyen 20 trd ra va bat dau n o i d e n d a m phan vdi Viet Nam. - Ngay 13 - 5 - 1968, cuoc thiTcfng li/cfng c h i n h thiJe h a i ben, giflSa dai d i e n C h i n h p h u Viet N a m Dan chii Cong h o a va dai dien Chinh phu Hoa K i . Tif n g a y 25 - 0 1 - 1969, di§n ra h o i n g h i b o n ben d Pari. 2. H i ^ p d i n h P a r i 1973 ve c h a m Avtt c h i e n t r a n h , l^p l a i h o a b i n h dVi^tNam - Quan d i e m cua ta: doi M ' r u t het q u a n cua minh va quan dong minh k h o i m i e n N a m v a d6i h o t o n t r o n g cac q u y e n d a n toe ca ban cua nhan dan V i e t N a m va q u y e n t i f q u y e t cua n h a n dan m i e n Nam Viet Nam. - Phia M i c6 q u a n d i e m ngifoc l a i , n h a t la van de rut quan, doi quan doi m i e n Bi(*;*^ng r u t k h o i mien Nam, va tif c h o i ky dai thao Hiep dinh do p h i a Viet N a m difa ra (10 - 1972) de m d cuoc tap kich Uidng quan b^ng may bay B52 vao Ha Noi, H a i Phong t r o n g 12 ngay dem cuoi nam 1972 vdri y do buoc p h i a Viet Nam ki dif t h a o Hiep dinh do I f i dub ra. - Nhung M i da t h a t bai, Viet N a m da dap t a n cuoc tap kich khong q u a n bang may bay B52 cua M i , lam nen t r a n "Tran EHen Bien Phu tren khong", sau do buoc M i trd l a i k i dii t h a o Hiep dinh Pari do ta doa. ra tnJiSc do. - Hiep d i n h Pari k i c h i n h thuTc n g a y 27 - 01 - 1973 giffa baa Bo tnidiig dai d i e n cho cac c h i n h phu t h a m dif hoi n g h i t a i Pari. 106
- Noi dung Hiep d i n h : + Hoa K i va cac niidc cam ket t o n trong doc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho cua Viet Nam. + Hai ben ngtftig ban a Viet Nam vao 24 gict ngay 27 - 01 - 1973 vk Hoa Ki cam ket cham dutt moi boat dgng quan sU chong mien Bac V i e t Nam. + Hoa K i n i t het quan dpi ciia m i n h va quan dong m i n h , huy bo cac can cuf quan sif M l , cam ket khong tiep tuc d i n h Uu quan stf hoac can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua mien Nam Viet N a m . + N h a n dan mien N a m Viet Nam tU quyet d i n h tifcmg l a i chinh t r i thong qua tong tuyen cijf tif do, khong c6 sU can thiep cua niJdc ngoai. + Cdc ben thiia nhan thiic te mien Nam Viet N a m c6 h a i chinh quyen, hai quan doi, hai vCing k i e m soat va ba luc lifong chinh t r i (lUfc lifcmg each mang, lire Itfong hoa b i n h t r u n g lap va life lifong chinh quyen Sai Gon). + Hai ben t i e n hanh trao t r a tu b i n h va dan thifcrng b i bat. + Hoa K i cam ket gop phan vao viec ban gSn vet thiftjng chien t r a n h d Viet Nam va Dong Difcmg t i e n tori thiet lap quan he b i n h thiidng va d i n g CO Igi giaa hai xuidc. - Y nghia: + Hiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thSng loi cua sif ket hdp gputa dau t r a n h quan sir, dau tranh chinh t r i va dau tranh ngoai giao, \h ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien ctfcmg, bat khuat cua quan dan ta d hai mien dat nifdc, mcf ra bifdc ngoat m6i cua cuoc khang chien chong M i ciifU midc ciia dan toc.^ + V(Ji Hiep dinh Pari, M l phai cong nhan cac quyen dan toe c
- Ben cuoi t h a n g 6 - 1973, mien Bac co ban di vao cupc song binh thUcfng. - Sau h a i n a m 1973 - 1974, ve co ban mien BAc khoi phuc xong cac ca sd k i n h te, he thong thuy nong, mang Itfdi giao thong, cong t r i n h van hoa, giao due. - Den cuoi nam 1974, s a n xuat cong nghiep, nong nghiep t r e n mot sd mat t r a n quan t r o n g da dat vxiat mure nam 1964 va nam 1971 la hai nam dat mure eao nha't trong 20 nam xay diAig chu nghia xa hoi d mien Bac. - That hien nghia vu hau phutfng, trong hai nam 1973 - 1974, mien Bac diia vao chien trUcmg mien Nam, Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bo doi, hang van thanh nien xung phong, can bg chuyen mon, nhan vien k i thuat, dot xuat trong hai thang dau nam 1975, mien Bac gap rut dua vao mien Nam 57.000 bo dpi (trong tong so 108.000 bo dpi cua ke hoach dpng vien 1975). - Ve vat chat - k l thuat, mien Bac da co nhflng no liic phi thifcfng, dap ting day du va k i p thcri nhu cau to Idrn va cap bach cua eupc Tong tien cong chien lutfc d mien N a m . 7] M I E N NAM D A U TRANH C H O N G DjCH ' B I N H DjNH - L A N C H I E M ' T A O T H E V A HjC, T I E N T6| G I A I P H O N G H O A N T O A N - V6i Hiep d i n h Pari nam 1973, ta "ddnh cho Mi cut" . Ngay 29 - 3 - 1973, toan l i n h M i cuoi cung da n i t khoi nUdfc ta. Nhifng M l vSn giil lai hcfn 2 v a n eo' van quan sii, lap ra Bp chi huy quan sU, tiep tue vien trp quan sif, k i n h te cho chinh quyen Sai Gon. - EhftJC CO van M i chi huy v a nhan vien trp eua M i , ehinh quyen Sai Gon Dgang nhien pha hoai Hiep dinh Pari, chung huy dpng gan nhif toan bp luc liJ»ng t i e n hanh chien dich "tran nggp Idnh tho", hen tiep md nhutng cupc hanh quan "Binh dinh - Ida chiem" vung giai phong. Day thifc chat la hanh dpng tiep tue chien Itftfc "Viet Nam hoa chien t r a n h " cua Nichxcfn. - Ve phia t a , viec k i Hiep dinh Pari ve cha'm dOrt chien t r a n h or Viet N a m , viec quan dpi xam lupc M i n i t khoi niftJc ta, da tao nen sir thay doi cSn ban t r o n g so sanh luc liJOng giCra each mang va phan each mang c6 Idi cho cupc dau t r a n h cua nhan dan d mien Nam. - Trong cupc dau t r a n h chdng dich "binh dinh - Idn chiem", ehdng am milU "tran ngdp Idnh tho" eua ehung vao nhutng thang dau nam sau k i hiep d i n h , quan d a n ta da dat diipe mot sd ket qua nhat dinh. Nhtftig do khong danh gia het am miAi pha hoai Hiep d i n h eua dich, do qua nhan manh den hoa b i n h , hoa hop dan toe ... nen t r e n mot sd^ dia ban quan trpng, t a b i m a t dat, mat dan. 108
- Thang 7 - 1973, Ban Chap hanh Trung Lfcmg Dang hop H o i nghi Ian thil 21. Hoi nghi neu ro nhiem vu co ban ciia each mang mien N a m trong giai doan hien t a i la tiep tue cuoc each mang dan toe dan chii nhan dan. Hoi nghi nhan manh trong bat a i t i n h h i n h nao cung phai tiep tuc con di/cfng each mang bao liic, phai nam viftig chien lugc t i e n cong, k i e n quyet dau t r a n h t r e n ca ba mat t r a n quan sif, chinh t r i , ngoai giao. - Thtfc hien N g h i quyet Hoi nghi Trung ifcfng Ian thijr 21 eua Dang, tit cuoi nam 1973 quan dan ta d mien Nam \iia k i e n quyet danh t r a , quyet danh dich, bao ve vung giai phong, viia chu dong m d nhCtng cuoc t i e n cong dich, md rpng vung giai phong. - Cuoi nam 1974 dau nam 1975, ta md dot boat dong quan sif Dong - Xuan vac hifdmg Nam Bo, trong tarn la d&ng bang song CijIU Long va Dong Nam Bo. Quan ta da g i i n h thang Icri vang doi trong chien dich DiTcmg 14 - Fhxidc Long. - Sau chien thang nay cua ta, chinh quyen Sai Gon phan utng manh difa quan chiem l a i , nhtfng da that bai. Con M i chi phan ufng yeu
a. Chien dich Tdy Nguyen (tU 04 - 3 den 24-3) - Tay Nguyen l a dia ban chien li/ac het sufc quan trong, ca ta va dich deu CO nSan giU. Nhiftig do nhan dinh sai hi/dng tien cong cua quan dan ta, dich chot gior a day mot liic Itfong mong, bo phong c6 nhieu so hd. Can cuT vac do. Bo C h i n h t r i Trung ifcfng Dang ta quyet d i n h chon Tay Nguyen l a m hifdng t i e n cong chu yeu trong n&m 1975. - T h a t h i e n ke hoach, ta tap trung chu liic manh vdi vu k h i k l thuat h i e n dai, m d chien dich quy mo l&n d Tay Nguyen. T r a n then chdt md miui d Buon Me Thuot ngay 10 - 3 - 1975 da gianh thSng Icri, (tnfdrc do, ngay 04 - 3, quan t a danh nghi b i n h a Playcu va Kon Tum nhkm thu hiit quan dich vac hiTdng do). Ngay 12 - 3 - 1975, dich phan cong chiem lai Buon Me Thuot nhiing khong thanh. - Sau h a i don d Buon M a Thuot (vao cac ng^y 10 va 12 - 3), he thong phong t h u cua dich d Tay Nguyen rung chuyen, quan dich mat t i n h than, hang ngu r m loan. - Ngay 14 - 3 - 1975, Nguyen Van Thieu ra lenh n i t toan bo quan Tay Nguyen ve giflr vuCng duyen hai mien Trung. Tren dudng^ n i t chay, chiing h i quan t a t n i y k i c h tieu diet. Den ngay 24 - 3 - 1975, Tay Nguyen rong Idn v d i 60 v a n dan hoan toan giai phong. Chien dich Tdy Nguyen thdng lai dd chuyen cugc khdng chien chong Ml ciiu nuac sang giai doom, mcri: tit tien cong chien licac d Tdy Nguyen phot trien thanh Tong tien cong chien licgc tren toan chien truang mien Nam. b. Chien dich Hue - Dd Ndng (tU 21 - 3 den 29 - 3) - N h a n t h a y t h d i ca chien li/oc den nhanh, het sure thuan l o i , ngay khi chien dich Tay Nguyen dang tiep dien. Bo Chinh t r i c6 quyet dinh kip t h d i ke hoach giai phong S^i Gron va toan mien N a m , tnfdc tien tien h a n h chien dich g i a i phong Hue - Da NSng. - Ngay 21 - 3, quan ta danh t h ^ g vao can cijf dich, chan cac difcmg nit chay cua chung, h i n h thanh the bao vay chiing trong thanh pho' Hue. Diing 10 gid 30 ngay 25 - ?s quan ta tien vao co do Hue, den hom sau (26 - 3) thi giai phong t h a n h phr va toan t i n h ThiTa Thien. - Da N i n g , t h a n i pho lorn thiJ hai d mien N a m , mot cSn cur quan sif l i e n hop I d n n h a t a o M i va quan dpi Sai Gon roi vao the c6 lap. H(Jn 10 v a n dich don ur ve day t r d nen hon loan, mat kha nang chien dau. Sang 29 - 3, quan t a tCf ba phia BSc, Tay, Nam tien thSng vao t h a n h pho, den 3 gid chieu t h i chiem toan bo Da NSng. - Trong cung t h d i gian t r e n , tif cuoi th^ng 3 den t h a n g 4, nhan dan cac tinh con l a i d ven hien mien Trung, Nam Tay Nguyen va mot so tinh d N a m Bo, c6 si/ ho t r o cua liTc lugng vu trang dia phUOng va quan chu life, da noi day gianh quyen l a m chu. 110