BONOIVU<br />
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CHUYENDEV<br />
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PHAN MEM MA NGUON MO<br />
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TAP TAl LIEU GIANG DAY<br />
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DAND CRO LOP B()I DUONG<br />
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KIEN THUC vA<br />
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KY NANG CONG NGH:E: THONG TIN<br />
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CHO~BO, CONG CHUC XA KHU VVC MIEN NiH, TRUNG DU<br />
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vA VUNG DAN TQC<br />
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(B~ ".... . ~.."?Jt) Quyetiljnh s6: tKUQD-BNV ngiiy 50 tbling ~ nam<br />
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ciia Bi) tTuong Bi) Ni)i V{l)<br />
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Hit Noi - 2012<br />
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2012<br />
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BM 1: TONG QUAN vE pHAN MEM MA NGUON MO<br />
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San khi hoan thanh nqi dung nay, ngvoo sv d\lng nim dU'f}'e:<br />
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• PhAn rnem rna ngu6n mC! la gi.<br />
• T~i sao nen dimg phAn mem rna ngu6n mC!.<br />
• Chinh sach cua nha nuuc ve phAn mem rna ngu6n mC!.<br />
• Dinh huang cua nha nuuc ve phAn mem rna ngu6n mC!.<br />
• Gim thi~u bQ rna cai phAn mem rna ngu6n rna.<br />
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1. Phin m~m ma ngu8n mltla gi.<br />
PhAn rnern rna ngu6n rna (PMNM) la phAn rnern may tinh vm rna ngu6n duqc<br />
cong b6 va su d\lng rnQt gidy phep ngu6n rna.<br />
T6 chuc Sang ki~n Ngu6n rna (OSI - Open Source Initiative) hi t6 chuc phi lqi<br />
nhu~ qu6c t~ da dua ra djnh nghia PMNM va hi noi phe chufut cac gidy phep ngu6n<br />
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rna. OSI djnh nghia rdng PMNM la phAn rnern thoa man cac tieu chi co ban nhu sau:<br />
- Quyen ch~y chuang trinh;<br />
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- Quyen xern rna ngu6n, thay d6i no de phil hqp vm rn\lc dich cua rninh;<br />
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- Quyen tai phan ph6i l~i chuang trinh, rna ngu6n;<br />
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- Quyen tai phan ph6i l~i chuang trinh vm nhiing thay d6i cua rninh (sau khi da<br />
sua d6i);<br />
- Khong phan bi~t quyen do vm t6 chuc hay ~a nhan;<br />
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- Trung l~p vui cac san phfun ngu6n rna;<br />
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- Trung l~p d6i vm ph~ vi, nganh nghe irng d\Jng ngu6n rna;<br />
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- Trung l~p vm san phdrn ngu6n rna;<br />
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- Trung l~p vm cong ngh~.<br />
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PMNM co the co phi ho~c rni~n phi (phAn rnern rni~n phi hi phAn rnern vm chi<br />
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phi bdng khong). Vi d\l: Ban phan ph6i Debian (dga tren nhan Linux) cling nhu bQ<br />
phAn rnern van phong OpenOffice.org (hay LibreOffice.org) hi cac PMNM va rni~n<br />
1<br />
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phi. Ban phan ph6i Linux Redhat la rnQt PMNM co phi.<br />
PMNM co th€ duQ'c phat tri€n bOi ca nhan, t6 chfrc, cong ty hay chinh phu. D~n<br />
nay, PMNM da thu hut duQ'c sg chu<br />
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y cua cQng d6ng,<br />
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doanh nghi~p cling nhu kh6i<br />
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chinh phu trong va ngoai nu6'c. Trang web sourceforge.net la nm k~t n6i hon 2 tri~u<br />
thanh vien vm hon 300 ngan dg an khac nhau. S6 lugng san phArn PMNM ngay cang<br />
phong phu, chAt lugng ngay cang duQ'c nang cao va co kha nang c~nh tranh duQ'c v6'i<br />
cac phcln rn€rn ban quy€n (hay phc1n rn€rn thuong rn~i).<br />
Tuong W PMNM, gc1n day cling xuAt hi~n cac phong trao phcln Clrng rna, nQi<br />
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-..<br />
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dung rna (tranh anh, nh~c, phirn...), du li~u rna (ban d6 (open street map), bach khoa<br />
toan thu (wikipedia))... thu hut cQng d6ng toan th~ gim tharn gia.<br />
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--..<br />
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2. T~i sao nen dung phin m~m ma ngu6n ma.<br />
Phcln rn€rn rna ngu6n rna dern l~i cac lqi fch nhu sau:<br />
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ThO' nhit: PMNM co tinh wong mc cao (d~ dang tich hQ'P·cac h~ th6ng, phcln<br />
rn€rn vm nhau thong qua "c6ng giao ti~p" la cac chuAn rna); d~ dang ban dja hoa (d~<br />
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.....<br />
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dang djch giao di~n sang ti~ng ban dja); co dQ my bi~n va tinh linh ho~t cao (co th€<br />
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dUng h~ th6ng, san phk PMNM do cho cac rno hinh, t6 chfrc rna chi ccln my bi~n<br />
theo cac d~c thu rieng bi~t cua nguOi sir d\lIlg).<br />
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ThO' hai: Giarn t6ng chi phi sa hftu (Total Cost of Ownership), C\l th€ la:<br />
- GiAm thi€u chi phi ban quy€n phc1n rn€rn;<br />
- Giarn thi€u chi phi trong su6t vong dOi san phArn (chi phi khi c~p nh~t cac<br />
phien ban);<br />
- Giarn chi phi phat tri€n phcln rn€rn dap lrng theo yeu cc1u nghi~p V\l: Sir d\lIlg<br />
phcln rn€rn, cac rno dun co sdn d€ phat tri€n ti~p, sira d6i di€u chinh cho phu hQ'P vm<br />
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nghi~p V\l C\l th€;<br />
- Lo~i b6 ho~c c~t giarn chi phi h3 trQ' h~u rnai. Trong rno hinh phat tri€n PMNM<br />
theo hu6'ng sir d\lIlg cQng d6ng, nguOi sir d\lIlg PMNM h3 trQ' ldn nhau, khong nhAt<br />
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-,<br />
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thi~t phai tra phi.<br />
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Chi phi ban dc1u cua PMNM wong d6i thAp vi da s6 PMNM la rni~n phi. N~u 19a<br />
chQn dUng PMNM co chAt lugng t6t, vi~c thay th~ rnQt phcln rn€rn ban quy€n khac<br />
cling nhu khi tri€n khai rnm la kha thi va ti~t ki~rn. Ngoai chi phi rnua phcln rn€rn, khi<br />
chuy€n d6i tic rnQt phcln rn€rn ban quy€n rna nguai dung da quen sir d\lng sang rnQt<br />
PMNM se phat sinh chi phi dao t~o l~i nguOi dUng. Di€u nay cang co<br />
chUng ta tri€n khai phcln rn€rn tren nhi€u may tinh khac nhau<br />
2<br />
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adi~n rQng.<br />
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y nghia khi<br />
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Th.r ba: TiOO an toan va bao rn~t cao.<br />
Cac nghien cUu da cho th~y rfutg, do tiOO rniOO b~ch (se dUQ"c trinh bay duO;<br />
day), PMNM thu hut dUQ"c S\l tharn gia dong dao cua ngmJi dUng, nguOi ki~rn thir,<br />
nguOi phat tri~n. Do do, 16i (va dijc bi~t 16i lien quan tai bao rn~t) cua phfut rn€rn dUQ"c<br />
giri to; nguOi phat tri~n sam han.<br />
thanh vien chiOO cua d\l<br />
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an<br />
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day, ngmJi phat tri~n khong chi bao g6rn OOUng<br />
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PMNM rna con bao g6rn OOUng nguai phat tri~n co sir<br />
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d\lng PMNM do. Vi OOUng nguOi dUng va nguOi phat tri~n do chia se IQ"i ich vo; OOau,<br />
nen 16i phfut rn€rn thuang dUQ"c sira sam han so vo; cac phfut rn€rn ngu6n dong.<br />
Tinh rniOO b~ch cua PMNM co lien quan rn~t thi~t to; tinh an ninh, bao rn~t cua<br />
phfut rn€rn. Khac vai phAn rn€rn ngu6n dong, PMNM dam bao b~t IcY ai cling co th~<br />
"OOin" dUQ"c rna ngu6n cho dil chung ta co th~ khong hi~u hoan toan no, di€u nay co y<br />
nghla Ian d6i vo; nguai phat tri~n khi hQ sira 16i va them tiOO nang rno; cho phfut rn€rn<br />
hQ sir d\lllg; d6ng thOi dijc bi~t co y nghla vo; cac phfut rn€rn dUng trong an ninh, qu6c<br />
phong cling OOu kh6i cong noi chung, vi n~u khong co rna ngu6n, khong co S\l ph\l<br />
thuQc thi nguOi sir d\lllg bi<br />
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I~<br />
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thuQc vao rnQt cong ty hay rnQt OOorn 000.<br />
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Th.r til': Giarn tinh tr~g vi ph~ ban quy€n phfut rn€rn.<br />
- V~ d€ v€ ban quy€n la rnQt v~ d€ dang dUQ"c Chinh phu va xa hQi quan tam<br />
trong thOi IcY hQi OO~p hoa, dijc bi~t la khi Vi~t Nam da gia OO~p T6 chuc Thuangrn~i<br />
Th~ gio; (WTO). Do v~y vi~c sir d\lllg PMNM la rnQt giai phap d~ ti~t ki~rn v€ chi phi<br />
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cling OOu tuan thu cac quy djnh v€ ban quy€n phfut rn€rn t~i Vi~t Narn.<br />
3. Chinh sach cfta Nhi nlfCYC v~ phin mim ma ngu6n mO".<br />
DAy rn~OO lIng d\lllg va phat tri~n PMNM la rnQt chu truang dUng dfut da dUQ"c<br />
khfutg djnh trong OOi€u van ban, chti truang, chinh sach cua Dang, Nha nuac va cac<br />
BQ, ban, nganh, C\l th~ OOu sau:<br />
- Quy~t djnh s6 235/2004/QD-TIg ngay 02/3/2004 ctia Thti tuang ChiOO phti v€<br />
phe duy~t D\l an t6ng th~ "Ung d\lng va phat tri~n'PMNM aVi~t Narn giai do~ 2004<br />
2008".<br />
- Quy~t djnh s6 169/2006/Qf)-TIg ngay 17/07/2006 va Quy~t djnh s6<br />
223/2006/QD-TTg ngay 04/10/2006 ctia Thti tuang ChiOO phti v€ vi~c dAu tu rnua s~rn<br />
cac san phdm cong ngh~ thong tin cua cac co quan, t6 chuc sir d\lllg ngu6n v6n ngan<br />
sach OOa nuac, trong do quy diOO phai<br />
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Uti<br />
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tien dAu tu, rnua sb sir d\lllg cac san phdm<br />
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phfut rn€rn t\l do ngu6n rna.<br />
- Quy~t djnh s6 50/2009/QD-TIg ngay 03/4/2009 ctia Thti tuang ChiOO phti ban<br />
hanh "Quy ch~ quan Iy Chuang trinh phat tri~n cong nghi~p phfut rn€rn va Chuang<br />
3<br />
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trinh phat tri~n cong nghi~p ne)i dung s6 Vi~t Nam", trong do quy dinh: Ngan sach<br />
Trung uang h6 trQ' 63 tinh, thanh ph6 tren toan qu6c, rn6i dia phuang 0,3 tY d6ng rn6i<br />
narn trong giai do~ 4 narn ill 2009 d~n 2012; h6 trQ' Be) Thong tin va Truyen thong 13<br />
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tY d6ng cho nhi~rn Y\l thuc dAy phat tri~n PMNM, C\l th~ cho cac nhi~rn Y\l sau: hoan<br />
chinh, ban dia hoa, Vi~t hoa rne)t s6 san phArn phfut rnern rna ngu6n rna; h6 trQ' chuy~n<br />
d6i sir d\lllg ill phfut rnern ngu6n dong sang phAn rnern rna ngu6n rna; h6 trQ' dao ~o;<br />
bien so~, phat hanh cac tai li~u; t6 chilc he)i thao, he)i nghi nang cao nh~ thilc ve<br />
phfut rnern rna ngu6n rna; h6 trQ' danh gia phAn rnern rna ngu6n rna dap irng duQ'c yeu<br />
cAu d~ khuy~n cao sir d\lng.<br />
- Chi thi s6 07/2008/CT-BTTTI ngay 30/12/2008 cua Be) Thong tin va Truyen<br />
thong ve dAy rn~ irng d\lng PMNM trong ho~t de)ng cua co quan nha nuac.<br />
- Thong tu s6 41/2009/TT-BTITT (thay th~ Quy~t dinh 08/2007/QD-BTITT<br />
ngay 24/12/2007) ngay 30/12/2009 cua Be) Thong tin va Truyen thong ban hanh danh<br />
rn\lC PMNM dap irng yeu cAu sir d\lllg trong co quan nha nuac, trong do co 13 san<br />
phArn PMNM (ca tren may tr~ va may chu) duQ'c khuy~n nghi sir d\lllg.<br />
- Thong tu lien tich s6 142/201O/TTLT-BTC-BTITI ngay 22/9/2010 cua Be) Tai<br />
chinh, Be) Thong tin va Truyen thong ve huang dan vi~c quan ly sir d\lllg kinh phi chi<br />
phat tri~n cong nghi~p CNTT, trong do quy dinh rne)t s6 ne)i dung chi va djnh rnilc chi<br />
cho cong vi~c chuy~n d6i sir d\lllg PMNM va dao ~o.<br />
- Thong tu s6 19/2011/TI-BTITT ngay 0117/2011 cua Be) Thong tin va Truyen<br />
thong ve quy dpm ap d\lllg tieu chuAn djnh d~ng tfli li~u rna trong co quan nha nuac.<br />
Trong tho; gian qua rne)t s6 Be), nganh da tich C\lC tri~n khai cac cong vi~c lien<br />
quan d~n PMNM:<br />
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By Khoa hQC va Cong ngh~: Ph6i hQ'P vai Dai truyen hinh Vi~t Narn t6 chilc<br />
tuyen truyen PMNM, t6 chilc cac he)i thao ve PMNM; h6 trQ' tri~n khai, phat tri~n,<br />
cung cAp giai phap va hinh thanh kho thong tin ve PMNM; xay d\lfig phong tm, nghi~rn<br />
PMNM (OpenLab) ~i TP H6 Chi Minh - day la nm nghien ciru thir nghi~rn, danh gia<br />
cac san phArn PMNM, tu vfut leY thu~t va t6 chilc thumtg xuyen cac khoa dao t~o nang<br />
cao ve PMNM cho cac chuyen gia CNTT Clla cac dan vi quan ly va doanh nghi~p. Be)<br />
Khoa hQc va Cong ngh~ cling da ph6i hQ'P vai CICC Nh~t Ban, UNDP t6 chilc cac<br />
khoa dao t~o giao vien, chuyen gia trlnh de) cao h6 trQ' cho Be), nganh va dja phuang,<br />
cac doanh nghi~p va ce)ng d6ng trong vi~c chuAn bi ngu6n nhan l\lc cho tri~n khai cac<br />
ho~t de)ng ve PMNM. Ngoai ra, Be) cling da dua ne)i dung thi PMNM vao cue)c thi<br />
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Olympic tin hQc toan qu6c nam 2005, narn 2006 va narn 2007.<br />
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B9 Giao dyc va Bao t~lO: (fng d\lllg va dao t~o PMNM trong cac truOng d~i hQc,<br />
cao dfulg va trung hQc chuyen nghi~p: Be) da yeu cAu cac Sa Giao d\lC va Dao t~o, cac<br />
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